Lecture 8:Standards

Adapted from a presentation by Dr. Thomas Jerse in Spring 2003

ELEC 422-41Summer 2004

Read the Fine PrintDECLARATION OF CONFORMITY

Manufacturer’s Name: Agilent Technologies, Inc. Manufacturer’s Address: 1400 Fountaingrove Parkway Santa Rosa, CA 95403-1799 USA Declares that the products Product Name: Spectrum Analyzer Model Number: E4401B, E4402B, E4403B, E4404B E4405B, E4407B, E4408B, E4411B Product Options: This declaration covers all options of the

above products.

Conform to the following product specifications: EMC: IEC 61326-1:1997+A1:1998 / EN 61326-1:1997+A1:1998 Standard Limit CISPR 11:1990 / EN 55011-1991 Group 1, Class A IEC 61000-4-2:1995+A1998 / EN 61000-4-2:1995 4 kV CD, 8 kV AD IEC 61000-4-3:1995 / EN 61000-4-3:1995 3 V/m, 80–1000 MHz IEC 61000-4-4:1995 / EN 61000-4-4:1995 0.5 kV sig., 1 kV power IEC 61000-4-5:1995 / EN 61000-4-5:1996 0.5 kV L-L, 1 kV L-G IEC 61000-4-6:1996 / EN 61000-4-6:1998 3 V, 0.15–80 MHz IEC 61000-4-11:1994 / EN 61000-4-11:1998 1 cycle, 100% Safety: IEC 61010-1:1990 + A1:1992 + A2:1995 / EN 601010-1:1983 + A2:1995 CAN/CSA-C22/2 No. 1010.1-92 Supplementary Information: The products herewith comply with the requirements of the Low-Voltage Directive 73/23/EEC and the EMC directive 89/336/EEC and carry the CE-marking accordingly. Santa Rosa, CA, USA 17 April 2000 Greg Pfeiffer/Quality Engineering Manager

CERTIFICATE DELIVEREDWITH THE NEWSPECTRUM ANALYZERRECEIVED BY THEECE DEPARTMENT

Standards• Internal• External

– Governmental– Trade/Professional Association– Customer

• Voluntary • Mandatory

– Cannot sell a product in a country unless it meets all applicable standards levied by that country.

Umbrella Organizations• ISO – Geneva, Switzerland• ANSI – Washington, DC

These organizations collect and disseminatestandards in all types of industries. They alsoestablish working groups to review and solicitstandards with the goal of harmonizing conflictsamong competing standards.

Purposes• Compatibility

– Screw threads– Batteries– Connectors on cables

• Protection– Safety– Hazardous materials– Electromagnetic interference

Sources of Standards• Manufacturers• Trade groups and professional

societies• Insurers• Government regulatory agencies• Department of Defense

Manufacturers• Test equipment interconnect

– HPIB Bus• Cables and connectors• Command set and protocol

– IEEE-488• Extended HP standard to the industry and

allowed other manufacturers to participate.

– VXI/PXI/PCI/USB/RS-232

Professional Societies• IEEE

– Set standards for nearly all aspects of EE

– “Color Books”– Some well known

• IEEE1394 (FireWire)• IEEE 802 (Wireless communications)• IEEE 488.2 (GPIB instrumentation protocols)

Insurers• Fire safety• Personnel safety• Underwriters Laboratories (UL)

Government Regulations• Many government regulations are

imposed to ensure that the product will not have a negative effect on its environment including its operators.

• Others are imposed to facilitate or control trade.

Government Agencies• OSHA

– Personnel safety• EPA

– Environmental protection• FCC

– Electromagnetic interference• FAA

– Safety of flight

Department of Defense• Standards for military equipment• Adopted by most nations• MIL-STD-28800D

– Portable electronic equipment• MIL-STD-461D

– Electromagnetic compatibility

Other Agencies• CSA

– Personnel safety (Canadian)• IEC

– Safety and electromagnetic interference (European)

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

• First President was Lord Kelvin (1906)• HQ: Geneva, Switzerland• Prepares and publishes international

standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies

• 61 member countries• Promotes international cooperation and

harmonization of standards• Removes technical barriers to trade

IEC Standards• Terminology and symbols• Electromagnetic compatibility• Measurement and performance• Dependability• Safety and the environment.

IEC Standards

• Currently 179 Technical Committees• Members from around the world• Covers all aspects; for example,

– Batteries– Motors– Components

• Often categorized by usage– Industrial– Laboratory– Home– Medical

Political Context

• With the establishment of the European Economic Community (EEC), the IEC took on greater importance because it was chosen to establish standards to facilitate trade.

• The World Trade Organization (WTO) also uses the IEC, with the result that most national standards have migrated to the IEC.

Standards are Big Business

• Most companies employ full-time departments to read, disseminate, and assess compliance of a product in development with the relevant standards.

Assessment• Companies are required to furnish proof of

compliance.• 100% test of all units produced is very expensive

and generally not required. • Typically a few units are tested for “type

acceptance.” Testing can be done by the manufacturer or by a third party if the manufacturer does not have the necessary test facilities.

• Companies should have an audit plan where units off the production line are periodically tested.

Compliance• The “check” in the system is the liability

of the manufacturer for non-compliant units.

• For example, if someone were to receive a lethal electric shock, all equipment in the system will be scrutinized for compliance. The entire compliance process of each manufacturer could be examined and justified in court.

The 6 Hazards of Product Safety

• Risk of Shock• Risk of Energy• Risk of Fire• Risk of Injury• Radiation Hazards• Chemical Hazards

Risk of Shock

• Prevent access to hazardous voltages:– 30 Vrms

– 60 Vdc

Risk of Energy

• Prevent access to circuits capable of delivering 240 VA or more.

• Energy can melt bracelets, watches, and rings

Risk of Fire

• Limit flammability of combustible materials

• Limit temperatures of flammable materials

• Prevent electrical discharge to flammable/explosive materials

• Containment of fire

Risk of Fire

• European standards used to aim at proof that there is no potential for fire.

• US focus is on fire containment.• New international standards have

adopted the US approach.

Risk of Injury

• Limit access to hazardous moving parts, sharp edges, pinch points, etc.

• Prevent equipment tipover

Radiation Hazards

• Limit exposures• Lasers• CRT• Non-ionizing radiation• Ionizing radiation

Chemical Hazards

• Ozone• Spillage of hazardous liquids• Batteries

Summary• Standards help obtain compatibility

between products.• Mandatory standards must be met to sell

products legally.• Internal standards are often used to assure

the quality and reliability of the product.• External standards are imposed for

compatibility and protection.• Compliance with the applicable standards

must be guaranteed by the manufacturer.