24
1 Tissues Tissues Cells work together in functionally related groups called tissues How is this done? Attachments communication Types of tissues: 1. Epithelial – lining and covering 2. Connective – support 3. Muscle – movement 4. Nervous – control Lateral Surface Features Factors holding epithelial cells together Adhesion proteins link plasma membranes of adjacent cells Contours of adjacent cell membranes Special cell junctions

Tissues Lecture Handouts.pdfSupport by connective tissue at the basal surface, both the epithelial tissue and the connective tissue contribute to the basement membrane Avascular nutrients

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    9

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Tissues Lecture Handouts.pdfSupport by connective tissue at the basal surface, both the epithelial tissue and the connective tissue contribute to the basement membrane Avascular nutrients

1

Tissues

Tissues

Cells work together in functionally related groups called tissues

How is this done?Attachmentscommunication

Types of tissues:1. Epithelial – lining and covering2. Connective – support 3. Muscle – movement4. Nervous – control

Lateral Surface Features

Factors holding epithelial cells togetherAdhesion proteins link plasma membranes of adjacent cellsContours of adjacent cell membranes Special cell junctions

Page 2: Tissues Lecture Handouts.pdfSupport by connective tissue at the basal surface, both the epithelial tissue and the connective tissue contribute to the basement membrane Avascular nutrients

2

Lateral Surface Features – Cell Junctions

Tight junctions (zona occludens) – close off intercellular space 

Found at apical region of most epithelial typesSome proteins in plasma membrane of adjacent cells are fusedPrevent molecules from passing between cells of epithelial tissue

Tight Junction

Lateral Surface Features – Cell Junctions

Adherens junctions (zonula adherens) –anchoring junction

Transmembrane linker proteins attach to actin microfilaments of the cytoskeleton and bind adjacent cellsAlong with tight junctions, form the tight junctional complex around apical lateral borders of epithelial tissues

Page 3: Tissues Lecture Handouts.pdfSupport by connective tissue at the basal surface, both the epithelial tissue and the connective tissue contribute to the basement membrane Avascular nutrients

3

Zonula Adherens (Belt Desmosome)

Lateral Surface Features – Cell Junctions

Desmosomes (macula adherens) – two disc‐like plaques connected across intercellular space

Plaques of adjoining cells are joined by proteins called cadherins Proteins interdigitate into extra‐cellular spaceIntermediate filaments insert into plaques from cytoplasmic side

CDH1 - E-cadherin (epithelial) CDH2 - N-cadherin (neural) CDH12 - cadherin 12, type 2 (N-cadherin 2) CDH3 - P-cadherin (placental) CDH4 - R-cadherin (retinal) CDH5 - VE-cadherin (vascular endothelial) CDH6 - K-cadherin (kidney) CDH7 - cadherin 7, type 2 CDH8 - cadherin 8, type 2 CDH9 - cadherin 9, type 2 (T1-cadherin) CDH10 - cadherin 10, type 2 (T2-cadherin) CDH11 - OB-cadherin (osteoblast) CDH13 - T-cadherin - H-cadherin (heart) CDH15 - M-cadherin (myotubule) CDH16 - KSP-cadherin CDH17 - LI cadherin (liver-intestine) CDH18 - cadherin 18, type 2 CDH19 - cadherin 19, type 2 CDH20 - cadherin 20, type 2 CDH23 - cadherin 23, (neurosensory epithelium)

Desmosome

Figure 4.7b

Page 4: Tissues Lecture Handouts.pdfSupport by connective tissue at the basal surface, both the epithelial tissue and the connective tissue contribute to the basement membrane Avascular nutrients

4

Desmosome Detail

Lateral Surface Features – Cell Junctions

Gap junctions – passageway between two adjacent cells

Let small molecules move directly between neighboring cellsCells are connected by hollow cylinders of protein

Gap Junction

Figure 4.7c

Page 5: Tissues Lecture Handouts.pdfSupport by connective tissue at the basal surface, both the epithelial tissue and the connective tissue contribute to the basement membrane Avascular nutrients

5

Epithelial Tissue –General Characteristics & Functions

Covers a body surface or lines a body cavity Forms most glandsFunctions of epithelium

ProtectionAbsorption, secretion, and ion transportFiltrationForms slippery surfaces

Special Characteristics of Epithelia

Cellularitycells are in close contact with each other with little or no intercellular space between them

Specialized contactsmay have junctions for both attachment and communication

Polarityepithelial tissues always have an apical and basal surface

Support by connective tissue at the basal surface, both the epithelial tissue and the connective tissue contribute to the basement membrane

Avascularnutrients must diffuse

InnervatedRegenerative 

epithelial tissues have a high capacity for regeneration

Special Characteristics of Epithelia

Page 6: Tissues Lecture Handouts.pdfSupport by connective tissue at the basal surface, both the epithelial tissue and the connective tissue contribute to the basement membrane Avascular nutrients

6

First name of tissue indicates number of layers

Simple – one layer of cells

Stratified – more than one layer of cells

Classifications of Epithelia

Classifications of EpitheliaLast name of tissue describes shape of cells

Squamous – cells wider than tall (plate or “scale” like)

Cuboidal – cells are as wide as tall, as in cubes

Columnar – cells are taller thanthey are wide, like columns

Naming Epithelia

Naming the epithelia includes both the layers (first) and the shape of the cells (second)

i.e. stratified cuboidal epithelium

The name may also include any accessory structuresGoblet cellsCiliaKeratin

Special epithelial tissues (don’t follow naming convention)

PsuedostratifiedTransitional

Page 7: Tissues Lecture Handouts.pdfSupport by connective tissue at the basal surface, both the epithelial tissue and the connective tissue contribute to the basement membrane Avascular nutrients

7

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Description single layer of flat cells with disc‐shaped nuclei

Special types Endothelium (inner covering) 

slick lining of hollow organs

Mesothelium (middle covering) Lines peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities Covers visceral organs of those cavities

Simple Squamous EpitheliumFunction 

Passage of materials by passive diffusion and filtration

Secretes lubricating substances in serous membranes

Location Renal corpuscles

Alveoli of lungs 

Lining of heart, blood and lymphatic vessels

Lining of ventral body cavity (serosae/serous memb.) 

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Simple squamous lining the walls of

the capillary

If it’s from a mesothelial lining

Page 8: Tissues Lecture Handouts.pdfSupport by connective tissue at the basal surface, both the epithelial tissue and the connective tissue contribute to the basement membrane Avascular nutrients

8

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Descriptionsingle layer of cube‐like cells with large, spherical central nuclei

Function secretion and absorption

Location kidney tubules, secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Description single layer of column‐shaped (rectangular) cells with oval nuclei

Some bear cilia at their apical surfaceMay contain goblet cells

Function Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substancesCiliated type propels mucus or reproductive cells by ciliary action

Page 9: Tissues Lecture Handouts.pdfSupport by connective tissue at the basal surface, both the epithelial tissue and the connective tissue contribute to the basement membrane Avascular nutrients

9

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Location Non‐ciliated form 

Lines digestive tract, gallbladder, ducts of some glands

Ciliated form Lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and uterus

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

DescriptionAll cells originate at basement membraneOnly tall cells reach the apical surfaceMay contain goblet cells and bear ciliaNuclei lie at varying heights within cells

Gives false impression of stratification

Function secretion of mucus; propulsion of mucus by cilia

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

LocationsNon‐ciliated type 

Ducts of male reproductive tubes Ducts of large glands

Ciliated variety Lines trachea and most of upper respiratory tract

Page 10: Tissues Lecture Handouts.pdfSupport by connective tissue at the basal surface, both the epithelial tissue and the connective tissue contribute to the basement membrane Avascular nutrients

10

Stratified Epithelia

Contain two or more layers of cellsRegenerate from belowMajor role is protectionAre named according to the shape of cells at apical layer

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

DescriptionMany layers of cells – squamous in shapeDeeper layers of cells appear cuboidal or columnar Thickest epithelial tissue – adapted for protection

Stratified Squamous EpitheliumSpecific types 

Keratinized – contain the protective protein keratinSurface cells are dead and full of keratin 

Non‐keratinized – forms moist lining of body openings

FunctionProtects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion

Location Keratinized – forms epidermisNon‐keratinized – forms lining of esophagus, mouth, and vagina

Page 11: Tissues Lecture Handouts.pdfSupport by connective tissue at the basal surface, both the epithelial tissue and the connective tissue contribute to the basement membrane Avascular nutrients

11

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Non-keratinized vs. Keratinized

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

Descriptiongenerally two layers of cube‐shaped cells

Functionprotection

LocationForms largest ducts of sweat glandsForms ducts of mammary glands and salivary glands

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

Descriptionseveral layers; basal cells usually cuboidal; superficial cells elongated

Functionprotection and secretion

Location Rare tissue typeFound in male urethra and vas deferens, largest ducts of salivary glands, nasopharynx

Page 12: Tissues Lecture Handouts.pdfSupport by connective tissue at the basal surface, both the epithelial tissue and the connective tissue contribute to the basement membrane Avascular nutrients

12

Transitional Epithelium

Description Basal cells usually cuboidal or columnarSuperficial cells dome‐shaped or squamous

Functionstretches and permits distension of urinary bladder

Location Lines ureters, urinary bladder and part of urethra  

Transitional EpitheliumRelaxed state

Stretched state

Glandular Epithelium

Ducts carry products of exocrine glands to epithelial surfaceInclude the following diverse glands 

Mucus‐secreting glands Sweat and oil glandsSalivary glandsLiver and pancreas

May be: unicellular or multicellular

Page 13: Tissues Lecture Handouts.pdfSupport by connective tissue at the basal surface, both the epithelial tissue and the connective tissue contribute to the basement membrane Avascular nutrients

13

Unicellular Exocrine Glands (The Goblet Cell)

Goblet cells produce mucin Mucin + water  mucusProtects and lubricates many internal body surfaces

Multicellular Exocrine Glands

Have two basic partsEpithelium‐walled ductSecretory unit

Classified by structure of ductSimpleCompound

Categorized by secretory unitTubularAlveolarTubuloalveolar

Types of Multicellular Exocrine Glands

Page 14: Tissues Lecture Handouts.pdfSupport by connective tissue at the basal surface, both the epithelial tissue and the connective tissue contribute to the basement membrane Avascular nutrients

14

Exocrine Vs. Endocrine Glands

Endocrine Gland Characteristics:Ductless glandsSecrete substances directly into bloodstream Produce molecules called hormones

Which is Which?

Basal Feature: The Basal LaminaNoncellular supporting sheet between the epithelium and the connective tissue deep to it Consists of proteins secreted by the epithelial cells Functions:

Acts as a selective filter, determining which molecules from capillaries enter the epithelium Acts as scaffolding along which regenerating epithelial cells can migrate 

Basal lamina and reticular layers of the underlying connective tissue form the basement membraneHemidesmosomal junctions… holding it all down!

Epithelial Surface Features

Apical surface features Microvilli – finger‐like extensions of plasma membrane

Abundant in epithelia of small intestine and kidneyMaximize surface area across which small molecules enter or leaveAct as stiff knobs that resist abrasion

Page 15: Tissues Lecture Handouts.pdfSupport by connective tissue at the basal surface, both the epithelial tissue and the connective tissue contribute to the basement membrane Avascular nutrients

15

Epithelial Surface Features

Apical surface featuresCilia – whip‐like, highly motile extensions of apical surface membranes

Contains a core of nine pairs of microtubules encircling one middle pairAxoneme – a set of microtubulesEach pair of microtubules – arranged in a doublet Microtubules in cilia – arranged similarly to cytoplasmic organelles called centriolesMovement of cilia – in coordinated waves

A Cilium

Connective TissueMost diverse and abundant tissueMain classes

Connective tissue properCartilageBone tissueBlood

Components of connective tissue:Cells (varies according to tissue)Matrix

Fibers (varies according to tissue)Ground substance (varies according to tissue)

dermatin sulfate, hyaluronic acid, keratin  sulfate, chondroitin sulfate…

Common embryonic origin – mesenchyme

Page 16: Tissues Lecture Handouts.pdfSupport by connective tissue at the basal surface, both the epithelial tissue and the connective tissue contribute to the basement membrane Avascular nutrients

16

Classes of Connective Tissue

Connective Tissue Model Areolar connective tissue

Underlies epithelial tissueSurrounds small nerves and blood vesselsHas structures and functions shared by other connective tissues Borders all other tissues in the body 

Structures within areolar connective tissue allow:Support and binding of other tissuesHolding body fluidsDefending body against infectionStoring nutrients as fat

Connective Tissue Proper

Loose Connective TissueAreolarReticularAdipose

Dense Connective TissueRegularIrregularElastic

Page 17: Tissues Lecture Handouts.pdfSupport by connective tissue at the basal surface, both the epithelial tissue and the connective tissue contribute to the basement membrane Avascular nutrients

17

Areolar Connective TissueDescription 

Gel‐like matrix with:all three fiber types (collagen, reticular, elastic) for supportGround substance is made up by glycoproteins also made and screted by the fibroblasts.

Cells – fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, white blood cellsFunction 

Wraps and cushions organsHolds and conveys tissue fluidImportant role in inflammation Main battlefield in fight against infection

Defenders gather at infection sitesMacrophagesPlasma cellsMast cellsNeutrophils, lymphocytes, and eosinophils

Areolar Connective Tissue

Location Widely distributed under epitheliaPackages organsSurrounds capillaries

Adipose Tissue

Description Closely packed adipocytes Have nucleus pushed to one side by fat droplet FunctionProvides reserve food fuelInsulates against heat lossSupports and protects organs

LocationUnder skin Around kidneys Behind eyeballs, within abdomen and in breasts

Page 18: Tissues Lecture Handouts.pdfSupport by connective tissue at the basal surface, both the epithelial tissue and the connective tissue contribute to the basement membrane Avascular nutrients

18

Reticular Connective Tissue

Description – network of reticular fibers in loose ground substanceFunction – form a soft, internal skeleton (stroma) – supports other cell typesLocation – lymphoid organs 

Lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Description Primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibersSome elastic fibers and fibroblasts

Function Withstands tensionProvides structural strength 

LocationDermis of skinSubmucosa of digestive tractFibrous capsules of joints and organs

Dense Regular Connective TissueDescription

Primarily parallel collagen fibersFibroblasts and some elastic fibersPoorly vascularized

FunctionAttaches muscle to boneAttaches bone to boneWithstands great stress in one direction

LocationTendons and ligamentsAponeuroses Fascia around muscles

Page 19: Tissues Lecture Handouts.pdfSupport by connective tissue at the basal surface, both the epithelial tissue and the connective tissue contribute to the basement membrane Avascular nutrients

19

CartilageCharacteristics:

Firm, flexible tissueContains no blood vessels or nervesMatrix contains up to 80% waterCell type – chondrocyte 

Types:HyalineElasticFibrocartilage

Hyaline Cartilage

DescriptionImperceptible collagen fibers (hyaline = glassy)Chodroblasts produce matrixChondrocytes lie in lacunae 

FunctionSupports and reinforcesResilient cushionResists repetitive stress

Hyaline Cartilage

LocationFetal skeletonEnds of long bonesCostal cartilage of ribsCartilages of nose, trachea, and larynx

Page 20: Tissues Lecture Handouts.pdfSupport by connective tissue at the basal surface, both the epithelial tissue and the connective tissue contribute to the basement membrane Avascular nutrients

20

Elastic CartilageDescription

Similar to hyaline cartilageMore elastic fibers in matrix

Function Maintains shape of structureAllows great flexibility

LocationSupports external earEpiglottis

Fibrocartilage

DescriptionMatrix similar, but less firm than hyaline cartilageThick collagen fibers predominate

FunctionTensile strength and ability to absorb compressive shock

LocationIntervertebral discsPubic symphysisDiscs of knee joint

Bone Tissue

FunctionSupports and protects organsProvides levers and attachment site for musclesStores calcium and other mineralsStores fatMarrow is site for blood cell formation

Location Bones

Page 21: Tissues Lecture Handouts.pdfSupport by connective tissue at the basal surface, both the epithelial tissue and the connective tissue contribute to the basement membrane Avascular nutrients

21

Blood TissueDescription

red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix

Functiontransport of respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes

Locationwithin blood vessels

CharacteristicsAn atypical connective tissueDevelops from mesenchymeConsists of cells surrounded by nonliving matrix

Covering and Lining Membranes

Combine epithelial tissues and connective tissuesCover broad areas within bodyConsist of epithelial sheet plus underlying connective tissue

Three Types of MembranesCutaneous membrane – skin Mucous membrane 

Lines hollow organs that open to surface of bodyAn epithelial sheet underlain with layer of lamina propria 

Serous membrane – slippery membranesSimple squamous epithelium lying on areolar connective tissueLine closed cavities

Pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial cavities

Page 22: Tissues Lecture Handouts.pdfSupport by connective tissue at the basal surface, both the epithelial tissue and the connective tissue contribute to the basement membrane Avascular nutrients

22

Covering and Lining Membranes

Covering and Lining Membranes

Muscle Tissue

TypesSkeletal muscle tissueCardiac muscle tissue Smooth muscle tissue

Page 23: Tissues Lecture Handouts.pdfSupport by connective tissue at the basal surface, both the epithelial tissue and the connective tissue contribute to the basement membrane Avascular nutrients

23

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

CharacteristicsLong, cylindrical cellsMultinucleateObvious striations

Function Voluntary movementManipulation of environmentFacial expression

LocationSkeletal muscles attached to bones (occasionally to skin)

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

FunctionContracts to propel blood into circulatory system

CharacteristicsBranching cellsUninucleateIntercalated discs

LocationOccurs in walls of heart

Smooth Muscle Tissue

CharacteristicsSpindle‐shaped cells withcentral nucleiArranged closely to form sheetsNo striations

FunctionPropels substances along internal passagewaysInvoluntary control

LocationMostly walls of hollow organs

Page 24: Tissues Lecture Handouts.pdfSupport by connective tissue at the basal surface, both the epithelial tissue and the connective tissue contribute to the basement membrane Avascular nutrients

24

Nervous Tissue

FunctionTransmit electrical signals from sensory receptors to effectors

LocationBrain, spinal cord, and nerves

DescriptionMain components are brain, spinal cord, and nervesContains two types of cells

Neurons – excitatory cellsSupporting cells (neuroglial cells) 

Tissue Response to Injury

Inflammatory response – non‐specific, local response

Limits damage to injury site

Immune response – takes longer to develop and very specific

Destroys particular microorganisms at site of infection

The Tissues Throughout Life

At the end of second month of development:Primary tissue types have appearedMajor organs are in place

AdulthoodOnly a few tissues regenerateMany tissues still retain populations of stem cells

With increasing age:Epithelia thin Collagen decreasesBones, muscles, and nervous tissue begin to atrophyPoor nutrition and poor circulation – poor health of tissues