Lecture Notes ENGG4000 Lecture 3 2013 2014

ENGG4000 Renewable and Sustainable Energy Climate Change & Energy-Lecture-3

Dr Hussein A Kazem Faculty of Engineering 1

Climate Change and Energy

Part I

By Dr Hussein A Kazem



1. Global Warming is due to Strengthened Greenhouse Effect:

The Earth has a natural temperature control system. Certain atmospheric gases are critical to this

system and are known as greenhouse gases. On average, about one third of the solar radiation

that hits the earth is reflected back to space. The Earth's surface becomes warm and as a result

emits infrared radiation. The greenhouse gases trap the infrared radiation, thus warming the

atmosphere. Naturally occurring greenhouse gases create a natural greenhouse effect. However,

human activities are causing greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere to increase.

Fig. 1 Greenhouse effect.

Fig. 2 Earth’s energy budget.



2. Strengthening of Greenhouse Effect is due to Increase of Greenhouse Gases in the

Atmosphere

The six greenhouse gases under the Kyoto Protocol:

• Carbon dioxide or CO2

• Methane or CH4

• Nitrous oxide or N2O

• Perfluorocarbons or PFC compounds

• Hydrofluorocarbons or HFC compounds

• Sulphur hexafluoride or SF6

Other greenhouse gases:

• Ozone or O3

• Bromine compounds or halogens, e.g. CF3Br

• Freons or chlorofluorocarbons or CFC:s

• Water vapour or H2O (g)

• Global atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased markedly as

a result of human activities!

Fig. 3 Different greenhouse gases have different meaning to global warming

3. Meaning of Carbon Dioxide to Global Warming

• Carbon dioxide is the most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas.

– The primary source of the increased atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide

results from fossil fuel use in power and heat production as well as transport.



– The change of land use provides another significant but smaller contribution.

– The atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide exceeds by far the natural range

over the last 650,000 years.

Fig. 4 Carbon dioxide stock photos and images.

Teollisuus20 %

Energiasektori28 %

Liikenne21 %

Maanvilje ly10 %

M uut4 %Kotita loudet,

palvelut ja kauppa

17 %

Lähde : EEA

Other 4 %Households

and SM Es17 %

Power sector28 % Idustry

20 %

Agriculture10 %

Source: EEA

Transport21 %

Fig. 5 Sources of EU-27 greenhouse gas emissions.



Fig. 6 According to researches earth’s mean temperature has risen in the 20th and the 21st

century.

Source: Climatic Research Unit Fig. 7 According to measurements the temperature is raising.

Fig. 8 Energy production and consumption.



**Asia excludes China.

Source: EEA

Fig. 9 Global total primary energy supply is increasing (Mtoe).

Source: EEA OECD: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development

Fig. 10 Use of all fuels has increased globally (Mtoe).

In 2008, total worldwide energy consumption was 474 exajoules (474×1018

J) with 80 to 90 percent derived from the combustion of fossil fuels. This is equivalent to an

average annual power consumption rate of 15 terawatts (1.504×1013 W). Not all of the world's

economies track their energy consumption with the same rigor, and the exact energy content of a

barrel of oil or a ton of coal will vary with quality.

Despite advances in efficiency and sustainability, of all the energy harnessed since the industrial

revolution, more than half has been consumed in the last two decades. However, when

considering this fact, it should not be overlooked that this is primarily the result of global

increases in the standard of living and of the increase in world population, and not as a failing of

energy management as a whole.



Source: E EA

Fig. 11 Fuel shares of world’s total primary energy supply.

**Other includes geothermal, solar, wind, combustible renewables & waste.

Source: EEA Fig. 12 Increasing of electricity generation has been even faster than world’s total primary

energy supply.

In 2009, world energy consumption decreased for the first time in 30 years (-1.1%) or 130Mtoe,

as a result of the financial and economic crisis (GDP drop by 0.6% in 2009). This evolution is

the result of two contrasting trends. Energy consumption growth remained vigorous in several

developing countries, specifically in Asia (+4%). Conversely, in OECD, consumption was

severely cut by 4.7% in 2009 and was thus almost down to its 2000 levels. In North America,

Europe and CIS, consumptions shrank by 4.5%, 5% and 8.5% respectively due to the slowdown

in economic activity. China became the world's largest energy consumer (18% of the total) since

its consumption surged by 8% during 2009 (from 4% in 2008). Oil remained the largest energy

source (33%) despite the fact that its share has been decreasing over time. Coal posted a growing

role in the world's energy consumption: in 2009, it accounted for 27% of the total.



**Other includes geothermal, solar, wind, combustible renewables & waste.

Source: EEA

Fig. 13 Fuel shares of electricity generation 2005.

**Asia excludes China.

Source: EEA

Fig. 14 Evolution from 1971 to 2005 of world’s electricity generation by regions (TWh).

* * A s ia e x c lu d e s C h in a .

S o u r c e : E E A

Fig. 15 World’s electricity generation by regions in 2005.



L ä h d e : V T T , E n e rg ia s u o m e s s a 2 0 0 4O il G a s C o a l U r a n iu m

O v e r 2 0 0 0 y e a rY e a rs o f p ro d u c t io n le f t

C o n s u m p tio n p e r y e a r , 1 0 0 0 M to e

K n o w n a n d id e n t if i e d r e s o u r c e s

E s t im a te d a d d i ti o n a l r e s o u r c e s

D if f i c u l t t o u t il iz e

V e r y d if f i c u lt t o u t il i ze

S o u rc e : V T T , E n e rg ia S u o m e s s a 2 0 0 4 Fig. 16 Remaining natural resources.

Fig. 17 Renewable Energy.

4. Renewable Energy Sources:

Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain,

tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable (naturally replenished). In 2008, about 19% of

global final energy consumption came from renewable, with 13% coming from traditional

biomass, which is mainly used for heating, and 3.2% from hydroelectricity. New renewable

(small hydro, modern biomass, wind, solar, geothermal, and biofuels) accounted for another

2.7% and are growing very rapidly. The share of renewable in electricity generation is around

18%, with 15% of global electricity coming from hydroelectricity and 3% from new renewable

energy technologies are directly or indirectly powered by the sun – as well as fossil fuels.



Biofuel10,9 %

Peat7,3 %

Waste fuels0,7 %

Nuclear power24,9 %

Natural gas11,4 %

Coal14,8 %

Oil 0,4 %

Net imports13,9 % Wind power

0,2 %

Hydro power15,5 %

Renewable energy26,6 %

Source: Finnish Energy Industries, Energy Year 2007

Fig. 18 Renewable energy covered more than a fourth of the electricity supply in Finland.

Oil24,8 %

Coal13,2 %

Natural gas10,5 %

Nuclear16,9 %

Hydro and Wind Power3,5 %

Renewable24,2 %

Peat7,3 %

Net Imports of Electricity

3,1 % Wood-based fuels20,7 %

Source: Finnish Energy Industries, Energy Year 2007Source: Statistics Finland

Fig. 19 Renewable energy covered almost a fourth of the energy consumption in Finland

2007.

Documents

Lecture Notes ENGG4000 Lecture 3 2013 2014