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Lecture outlineI. Puberty & Development of Secondary
Sexual CharacteristicsA. Establishing the ovarian cycle B. Breast developmentC. Pubic and Axillary Hair growth
II. Human Reproductive AnatomyA. Pelvic GirdleB. External GenitaliaC. Uterus, Ovaries & OviductsD. Breasts
III. Gender Differences: an anatomical perspective
A. Male Reproductive Tract
Puberty & Development of Secondary Sexual Characteristics Puberty
Hormones involved in regulating changes
involved with puberty
Endocrine organs involved in sex development:
Hypothalamus & Pituitary: Hypothalamus secretes GnRH (gonadotropin releasing
hormone), which in turn regulates the Pituitary gland. GnRH is secreted through a complex of veins routed
directly to the Once at anterior portion of pituitary, GnRH
FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone) Estrogen acts as positive feedback to regulate
hypothalamus to stimulate production of GnRH, which triggers increased LH
LH (Leutenizing hormone)
Ovaries & estrogen secretion 3 major estrogens secreted
1) Estradiol
2) Estrone
3) Estriol
Estradiol Breast development and maintenance Adding fat to breasts, hips, thighs during puberty Improving bone strength and density Accelerating bone maturation and bringing epiphyses to closure,
completing growth Growth of the uterus Development of the endometrial lining to a thickness necessary to
support pregnancy and menstruation Thinning of cervical mucus at ovulation Promoting and maintaining vaginal mucosal thickness and secretions Serving as the primary feedback to the brain of sex hormone levels in
both males and females. Participating in triggering ovulation Preservation of egg cells Enabling spermatogenesis Effect on lipids Vascular effects Cerebral effects
A. Establishing the ovarian cycle- Gonadotropins trigger changes: From birth to puberty, the gonads secrete
Estrogens inhibit the
As the brain matures, the hypothalamus begins to override the negative feedback and begins GnRH secretion
GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to release FSH & LH
Adult cyclic pattern achieved & hormonal interactions stabilize – events heralded by
B. Breast development Mammary glands =
Thelarche (breast development) occurs as a result of the increased estrogen levels
Tanner’s 5 stages of breast development(based on Caucasian girls)
C. Pubic and Axillary Hair growth
Andrenarche =
Pubarche =
In most girls, pubic hair first appears along the edges of the labia majora, and spreads forward over the next 2 years. By 3 years into puberty, the pubic triangle is densely
filled. Within another 2 years pubic hair also grows from the
near thighs in most young women, and sometimes a small amount up the line of the abdomen toward the umbilicus.
II. Adult Female Anatomy
A. External Genitalia
B. Uterus, Ovaries & Oviducts
C. Breasts
A. External Genitalia
Shaft contains 2 corpora cavernosa consisting of erectile tissue.
B. Uterus, Ovaries & Oviducts
1) Uterus:Cervix:External Os –
Internal Os –
Endocervical canal –
Endocervical glands
The cervix convulses during orgasm and the external os dilates in order to facilitate the transfer of semen from vagina into the uterus.
Positions of uterus The uterus is very mobile
and its position between the rectum and bladder varies depending on posture, how full the bladder or rectum is, and # of children borne
2) Ovaries & Oviducts
C. Breasts
A fat-tailed dunnart with young attached to her teats
III. Gender Differences: an anatomical perspective
A. Male Reproductive Tract
B. Skeletal differences
Os coxae
1. Female v. Male Pelvis Anthropiod & android pelvis more common in
males
Position of reproductive organs within the pelvic girdle
2. Angle of pelvic tilt
3. Q-angle differences