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8/2/2019 Lecture Presentation RM 1&2
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Research Methodology
Course InstructorDr.SivaAssistant ProfessorDepartment of Electrical
Engineering
Lecture 1 & 2
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Man coming to grips with his environment and tounderstand the nature through experience, reasoningand research
1. Experience Knowledge or skill gained through involvement,
exposure and observation of some thing or some eventPersonal experience, i.e., body of knowledge and
skills derived from encounters and acquaintance withfacts and events in his environment
Experience of others (immediate circle)Sources beyond immediate circle, i.e., authoritativesources
2. Reasoning Reasoning is the cognitive process of looking forreasons, beliefs, conclusions, actions or feelings
BACKGROUND
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge8/2/2019 Lecture Presentation RM 1&2
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What is Research?
The word research derives from the Frenchrecherche and Its literal meaning is :
Systematic process of collecting and analyzinginformation (data) in order to discover new knowledge or
expand and verify the existing one (e.g. theory - law)
To do so, it requires a ..
Scientific Method
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Applied Research aims at finding a solution for animmediate problem facing a society or an industrial / business organizations. The major aim of appliedresearch is to discover a solution for some pressingpractical problem
Fundamental (Basic or Pure) research is mainlyconcerned with generalizations and with theformulation of a theory. Basic research is directedtowards finding information that has a broad base ofapplications (thus adds to the already existingorganized body of scientific knowledge). Gathering knowledge for knowledges sake is termed pure or basic research . Eg.: Research concerning somenatural phenomenon, Pure Mathematics, Studies
concerning human behaviour carried on with a viewto make eneralisations about human behaviour
2. Applied Vs Fundamental
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Quantitative Research is based on themeasurement of quantity or amount. It is applicableto phenomena that can be expressed in terms ofquantity
Qualitative Research is concerned with qualitativephenomenon, i.e., phenomena relating to orinvolving quality or kind. Eg.: Research on humanbehaviour (why people think or do certain things),
Research on leaf colour
3. Quantitative Vs Qualitative
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Conceptual Research is that related to someabstract idea for theory. It is generally used byphilosophers and thinkers to develop new conceptsor to reinterpret existing ones
Empirical Research relies on experience orobservation alone, often without due regard forsystem or theory. It is data-based research, comingup with conclusions which are capable of being
verified by observation or experiment. It is alsocalled as experimental type of research
4. Conceptual Vs Empirical
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5. One Time Vs LongitudinalIn One Time Research, the research is confined toa single time periodIn Longitudinal Research, the research is carriedon over several time periods
6. Research can be Field-setting Research orLaboratory Research or Simulation Research ,depending upon the environment in which it is to becarried out
7. Clinical or Diagnostic Research Clinical or Diagnostic research follow case-study
methods or indepth approaches to reach the basiccasual relations
8. Historical Research : Research which utilizeshistorical sources like documents, remains etc. tostudy events or ideas of the past
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SYSTEMATIC - Reject the use of guessing &intuition, but does not rule out creative thinking
CONTROLLED - Variables are identified &controlled, wherever possible
LOGICAL - Guided by rules of logical reasoning& logical process of induction & deduction
EMPIRICAL- Provides a basis for external
validity to results (validation) REPLICABLE - Verified by replicating the study
SELF CORRECTING - Built in mechanism &open to public scrutiny by fellow professionals
QUALITIES OF GOOD RESEARCH
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iii) Hypotheses
It is a proposed explanation for an observablephenomenon. It also refers to tentative
assumption made in order to draw out and testits logical and empirical consequences. It isparticularly important since they provide thefocal point for research. Hypothesis should be
very specific and limited to the piece ofresearch because it has to be tested
iv) ExperimentationIt is also used to test existing theories or newhypotheses in order to support them or disprovethem. An experiment or test can be carried outusing the scientific method to answer aquestion or investigate a problem
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For a clear perception of the term research, one
should know the meaning of scientific method.The two terms, research and scientific method,are closely related. The terms, research methodand research technique, are combined to givethe name scientific method
Scientific Method is defined as, Pursuit of truth as determined by logical
considerations The ideal of science is to achieve a systematic
interrelation of facts Scientific Method attempts to achieve this idealby experimentation, observation and logicalarguments from accepted postulates(combination of these three in varying
proportions)
RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC METHOD
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A science of studying how research is donescientifically
A way to systematically solve the researchproblem by logically adopting various steps
Methodology helps to understand not only theproducts of scientific inquiry but the processitself
Aims to describe and analyze methods, throwlight on their limitations and resources, clarifytheir presuppositions and consequences,relating their potentialities to the twilight zone at
the frontiers of knowledge
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
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Advancement of wealth of human knowledge Tools of the trade to carry out research; Provides toolsto look at things in life objectively
Develops a critical and scientific attitude, disciplinedthinking or a bent of mind to observe objectively(scientific deduction & inductive thinking); Skills ofresearch will pay-off in long term particularly in the age
of information Enriches practitioner and his practices; Provides chance tostudy a subject in depth; Enable us to make intelligentdecisions; Understand the material which no other kind ofwork can match
As consumers of research output helps to inculcate theability to evaluate and use results of earlier research withreasonable confidence and take rational decisions
Doing research is the best way to learn to read and thinkcritically
Additional benefits in case of librarianship i.e., Helps tolearn how to use libraries & other information resources
Enables critical evaluation of literature
Develops special interests & skills
BENEFITS OF RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY
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Questions?