Lecture Question

7/28/2019 Lecture Question

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Lecture Question #1

How do scientists use ice core data to figure out earth's past temperature and atmospheric carbondioxide concentrations? (select all that are correct)

They monitor the rate at which sections obtained at various depths melt to determine the

temperature at which if froze. They examine it under polarized light to estimate the volumeof gas bubbles present in cross sections from various depths to determine the carbon dioxide

concentrations in the atmosphere. They use the ratio of heavy to light water molecules incross sectional samples from various depths to determine the atmospheric temperature at the time

the ice at those depths froze. After storing ice cores for at least a year, they examine thedensity of ice at various points to assess temperature and carbon dioxide at the time the ice froze.

They examine the gas from air bubbles trapped in the ice to determine the concentration of

carbon dioxide in earth's atmosphere going back hundreds of thousands of years.You have used 2 of 2 submissions

Lecture Question #2

Beyond temperature recordings and ice core data, additional evidence that global averagetemperatures are increasing comes from (select all that are correct):

glacial size spring flowering dates species movements carbon monoxide levels in

the atmosphere rock formations in Greenland

Lecture Question #1

Models of Earths climate (select all that are correct):

are infallible enable scientists to make predictions about the Earths future climate

generally have 3 variables: carbon dioxide concentrations, solar input, and aerosols have

increased spatial resolution over time do not include the effects of the worlds oceansYou have used 0 of 2 submissions

Lecture Question #2


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An examination of radiative forcing components reveals that(select all that are correct):

solar energy has had the largest influence in the past century urban aerosols have had a

small but increasing cooling effect since the late nineteenth century that greenhouse gases

have had a significant and growing warming effect especiallly after 1950 that the sum of all

the forcing components taken together is near zero ozone has had a cooling effectYou have used 0 of 2 submissions

Figure for Question #3

Lecture Question #3


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The retrocasting experiment shown in the figure above, which compares observations to modeloutputs, illustrates:

past observed temperature observations are unreliable that greenhouse gases do not

explain observed warming model variability is so large as to make it difficult to determinewhether greenhouse gases are driving warming the validity of climate models and their

potential to accurately make future climate projections that volcanoes matter more to earthsclimate than greenhouse gases.

Lecture Question #4

Climate scenarios as depicted in the tree diagram presented in class (select all that are correct):

provide frameworks for population, technology and economic development that inform

climate models and their predictions indicate that depending upon the choices we make todayabout, for instance, the types of energy we use and how large our population will grow, future

global average temperatures may differ by 3 degrees C or more. do not take into account land

use change inform other research into the health effects of climate changeYou have used 0 of 2 submissions

Lecture Question #5

In the holocene, the earths climatic period for roughly the past 11,000 years:

ice expanded to cover large portions of Asia, Europe and North America receded.agriculture has occurred amid temperatures that have varied by no more than two degrees on

average. temperatures have been significantly cooler than in the pleistocene, the precedingclimate period.


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Lecture Question #1

Greenhouse gases, without which the planet would be 60 degrees F/28 degrees C cooler, havebeen known to affect the temperature of the planet by the scientists since:

only the past few decades the late 20th century the early 20th century the late 19th

century the early 19th centuryYou have used 0 of 1 submissions

Figure for Question #2

Lecture Question #2

How is it that greenhouse gases disproportionately reflect radiation back towards earth ratherthan back towards space?

as solar radiation goes through the atmosphere it changes the nature of greenhouse gases sothat when the radiation bounces off the surface of the earth and heads back towards space they


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are able to trap it in earth's atmosphere. scientists do not yet understand this property of

greenhouse gases adequately to make a confident statement about it. the wavelength ofincoming solar radiation changes as it is reflected off earth's surface such that greenhouse gases

are able to trap it in earth's atmosphere. they do not. The greenhouse effect is caused by the

increase in their atmospheric concentrations since the industrial revolution. none of theabove.You have used 0 of 2 submissions

Lecture Question #3

Year to year fluctuations in carbon dioxide concentrations as observed in the Mauna Loa recordsare due to:

solar cycles measurement error industrial processes emissions from the MaunaLoa volcano vegetation in the northern hemisphere

Lecture Question #1

Which of the following support the claim that the scientific community as a whole believes that

the addition of greenhouse gases is causing climate change?

97.4% of surveyed climate scientists and nearly 90% of non-climate scientists agree that

human activity is contributing to climate change. of 928 peer reviewed scientific publicationson climate change between 1993 and 2003 75% agreed with the position that humans are causingclimate change and the other 25% were either methods or paleoclimate papers that made no

statement on whether human activities are contributing 27 scientific organizations fromaround the world have signed a statement that asserts most of the global warming in recent

decades can be attributed to human activities. of 908 researchers, 97% were convinced by

the evidence that climate change is very likely responsible for most of the warming observedin the latter half of the 20th century. all of the above

1.Lecture Question #1


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The European heatwave of 2003 (select all that are correct):

was roughly twice as likely to have occurred given the addition of greenhouse gases

to earths atmosphere since the industrial revolution. illustrated the greater effects of

climate change upon Europe over other continents. caused the premature death of tens

of thousands of Europeans. was demonstrated via research to mostly be related to

natural climate variability provided evidence that climate change is not only changingthe mean temperature but also likely the distribution, or variance, of temperatures inEurope.

You have used 0 of 1 submissions

2.Lecture Question #2The combination of increased average temperature and increased variance oftemperatures:

makes extreme heat much more likely than an increase in average temperature alone.

makes extreme heat much less likely than an increase in average temperature alone.

has little effect upon extreme temperatures as the two effects offset each other.

was not suggested by the European heatwave of 2003. none of the above


3.Lecture Question #3Heatwaves may cause harm by (select all that are correct):

causing skin cancer increasing air pollution contributing to heat stroke

causing diabetes contributing to dehydration


4.Lecture Question #4Wet bulb temperature:


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can be used to assess how readily people can dissipate heat from their bodies. is a

more accurate measure of temperature than dry bulb temperature is the only way to

measure temperature in the tropics given the usual high ambient humidity is not

affected by climate change is unlikely to exceed a temperature threshold above whichpeople will be unable to dissipate heat, even with 12 degrees Celsius of warming.


5.Lecture Question #5The heat index (select all that are correct):

measures the health costs of extreme heat. declines with increasing humidity.

is a measurement that combines temperature and humidity. is not associated with

increased mortality. tends to peak before the peak in mortality during heat waves, asevidenced by data from the Chicago heat wave of 1995.


6.Lecture Question #6The urban heat island (select all that are correct):

causes cities to remain warmer than their surrounding areas. has caused less

warming in cities than climate change in recent decades. effects nighttime minimum

temperatures more than daytime high temperatures. is preventable through changes to

the designs of urban landscapes. none of the above


7.Lecture Question #7Advantages of green roofs over white roofs include (select all that are correct):

prevention of urban runoff lower heating bills in the winter lower cooling billsin the summer



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1.Lecture Question #1Increased carbon dioxide concentrations in earths atmosphere, independent of their

effects upon temperature, can have effects upon human health.

True False


2.Lecture Question #2Rising temperatures and carbon dioxide levels in the past several decades have affectedragweed pollen production in the United States:

by making it higher as a result of temperature lengthening the pollen season andcarbon dioxide boosting pollen production. by making it higher as a result of higher

temperatures driving both a longer pollen season and greater pollen production. bymaking it higher as a result of higher temperatures overcoming the effects of highercarbon dioxide concentrations that would otherwise have decreased pollen production.

by making it lower as elevated carbon dioxide interferes with the plantsphotosynthesis and higher temperatures have impaired the plants growth.


3.Lecture Question #3The Russian Heatwave occurred because of:

a combination of a natural high pressure blocking event and elevated overall

temperatures due to human caused global warming natural forces alone humancaused climate change alone


4.Lecture Question #4Higher air concentrations of particulate matter 2.5 microns in diameter or smaller, orPM2.5, cause more people to die.

True False


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5.Lecture Question #5Forest fires release which of the following air pollutants (select all that are correct):

formaldehyde particulate matter carbon monoxide viruses radioactiveelements


6.Lecture Question #6Warmer temperatures have facilitated the spread of mountain bark beetles by (check allthat apply):

causing the beetles to grow larger mouthparts and wings. increasing the number

of reproductive cycles each summer. facilitating successful overwintering of beetles.

increasing the virulence of a fungus that may live on the beetles and that can block

the release of tree sap. weakening the trees cellular immune system.


7.Lecture Question #7The production of ground level ozone depends upon (check all that apply):

volatile organic compounds (VOCs) ultraviolet radiation from the sun carbon

dioxide particulate matter concentrations temperature oxides of nitrogen(NOx)


8.Lecture Question #8Exposure to ground level ozone is primarily harmful because it causes:

headaches and dizziness inflammation in the lung hair to fall out heart

arrhythmias blood cancer


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Lecture Question #1

Intensification of the water cycle in a region refers to:

more precipitation falling overall in a given time period. less precipitation falling overall

in a given time period. precipitation falling in greater amounts during some periods with less

precipitation falling during others. an increase in the frequency of hurricanes. none of theaboveYou have used 0 of 1 submissions

Lecture Question #2

Based upon data in the United States, heavy precipitation events (heaviest 1% of daily events)over the past fifty years have:

increased decreased remained the sameYou have used 0 of 1 submissions

Lecture Question #3

Most of the water in the atmosphere comes from:

evaporation off of lakes and rivers condensation from outer space evaporation off of

land evaporation off of oceans none of the aboveYou have used 0 of 1 submissions

Lecture Question #4

Flooding affects availability and quality of freshwater by:

shutting down water treatment facilities. contaminating surface water with pollutants.

cutting off access to wells. damaging infrastructure such as water reservoirs or distribution

channels. contaminating water with pathogens. all of the aboveYou have used 0 of 1 submissions


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Lecture Question #5

The Texas drought of 2011 (select all that apply):

cost about $8 billion to the agricultural sector. was associated with one of the hottestsummers on record in Texas. was over in early 2012. is less likely to recur in the futuregiven the effects of climate change upon the water cycle.You have used 0 of 1 submissions

Lecture Question #6

Glacial melt in the Andes:

has not yet occurred to any significant extent but is expected to in coming decades. can

affect the ability to grow food due to the effects on timing of glacial melt. is occurring but

will not likely affect people in the Andean region within the next 50 years. is the onlyexample of retreating glaciers on earth.You have used 0 of 1 submissions

Lecture Question #7

Sea level rise related to climate change (select all that apply):

is mostly due to ice melting. is mostly due to thermal expansion of water. has beenunderestimated by models because of previously underappreciated positive feedback in ice melt

in the arctic and Greenland. is expected to reach about 100cm/40in by 2100. is onlyanticipated to affect people living in Africa and Asia.You have used 0 of 1 submissions

Lecture Question #8

Salinization of water supplies in Bangladesh (select all that may apply):

is more likely as sea level rises because of osmotic intrusion of saltwater into fresh

groundwater. poses risks to pregnant women and their fetuses. is not occurring in

Bangladesh at the present but is expected to occur in coming years. is unlikely to affect many

people in Bangladesh given the population lives largely away from the coast. none of theabove


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Lecture #9

Municipal combined sewer systems:

have stormwater and sewage input. have pop-off valves that are used when flow

through the system exceeds capacity. are present in most eastern U.S. cities. may lead togreater discharges of water contaminated with bacteria into freshwater systems with more

frequent heavy rainfalls. all of the above

1.Lecture Question #1The extrinsic incubation period of the malarial parasite:

gets shorter as temperature increases gets longer as temperature increases isirrelevant to malarial transmission as it refers to the parasite lifecycle outside the human

host. is insensitive to changes in temperature none of the above


2.Lecture Question #2Why is it important to think about the effects of temperature on both the growth of themalarial parasite and lifecycle of the mosquito vector?

Because the speed of mosquito reproduction is the rate limiting step in malaria

transmission Because the speed of parasite development is the rate limiting step in

malaria production Because the differing rates of development between the mosquitoand parasite need to be considered in determining the overall effect of increased

temperatures on risk of malarial spread. Because mosquito reproduction, but notparasite reproduction reaches a temperature threshold above which reproduction

markedly slows none of the above



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3.Lecture Question #3Through which of the following pathways might climate change affect the likelihood ofmalarial spread:

by enabling the survival of mosquitoes in parts of the world presently unsuitable

because they are too cold. by increasing the likelihood of extreme precipitation events

that can produce standing water in which mosquitoes may breed. a and b none ofthe above


4.Lecture Question #4Given the trends in malarial prevalence around the globe between 1900 and 2007, thefollowing conclusion can be made:

climate change has greatly reduced the prevalence of malaria over time.

population growth has decreased malarial prevalence over time. malarial incidence

has decreased despite increasing global average temperature. extreme precipitation

has not substantially altered malarial prevalence. malaria remains prevalent in 2007 inall the areas it had been prevalent in 1900.


Lecture Question #1

Which of the following statements is true? (select all that apply)

Air conditioning is a protective mechanism by which humans can adapt to climate change

Air conditioning is a mechanism which contributes to climate change Increased urban

infrastructure is correlated with increased urban temperatures over time. Increased urbaninfrastructure is necessary to protect vulnerable populations against adverse effects of climatechange.You have used 0 of 1 submissions


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Lecture Question #2

What are the mechanisms by which climate change increases health risks from indoor airpollution?

More time indoors with increasing indoor pollutant sources. More time indoors with less

physical activity. More time indoors with inadequate ventilation. a and b a, b and cYou have used 0 of 1 submissions

Lecture Question #3

What is the approximate temperature increase inside an attic space (compared to the outdoortemperature) when black or grey shingles are used:

5 Degrees 20 Degrees 40 Degrees 100 Degrees

1.Lecture Question #1Worldwide, undernourishment is (select all that are correct):

decreasing in prevalence since the early 90s. more prevalent in sub-Saharan

Africa today than 20 years ago. most common in South America. a problem of

distribution, rather than production, of food. none of the above


2.Lecture Question #2C3 plants (select all that are correct):

have higher protein concentrations as carbon dioxide concentrations increase. domore photosynthesis in comparison to C4 plants when exposed to carbon dioxide

concentrations above current levels. include wheat, rice, barley, and oats. aredistinguished from C4 plants by the mechanism they use to capture carbon dioxide from

the atmosphere. tend to have lower protein concentrations if exposed to higher carbondioxide levels.


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3.Lecture Question #3In our diets, protein comes (select all correct statements):

more than half from plant sources in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa equally

from plant and animal sources for most people in the world half from plant sources

globally. predominantly from animal sources in North America


4.Lecture Question #4In coming decades, ground level ozone concentrations:

will generally improve crop yields. pose the greatest risks to crop production in

south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. are expected to increase in the United States.

have no bearing upon crop yields. none of the above


5.Lecture Question #5Available evidence suggests that exposure to elevated carbon dioxide concentrations:

will make crop pests and pathogens generally more successful. will make crop

pests and pathogens generally less successful. may increase soy vulnerability to corn

rootworm and Japanese beetle infestations. may decrease soy vulnerability to corn

rootworm and Japanese beetle infestations. none of the above


6.Lecture Question #6Increasing global temperatures due to climate change matter to crop productivity because(select all that are correct):


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crops tend to have a linear increase in yield with increases in temperature. manystaple crops are already being grown in climate that are above their optimum temperature.

C4 plants may fare better than C3 plants at higher temperatures they will, on

average, yield increases in global crop yields. several staple crops have a non-linear

yield response to temperature extremes.


1.Lecture Question #1Many factors have contributed to the humanitarian crisis in Syria. Available evidencesuggests that climate change may be contributing primarily via:

more intense heat waves more intense droughts sea level rise increased

ozone concentrations wildfires


2.Lecture Question #2Which of the following affects flooding risk in Bangladesh:

sea level rise subsidence increased glacial melt off the Tibetan plateau

regular cyclones all of the above


3.Lecture Question #3In the United States, sea level rise (select all that are correct):

puts at risk about 3.7 million people in the United States who live at or below 1m

above sea level. is unlikely to augment the flooding potential of intensifying Atlantic

hurricanes. may lead to certain coastal populations experiencing 100 year floods


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every few years by 2050. is occurring at equal rates on the east and west coasts.none of the above


4.Lecture Question #4Factors that contributed to damages from Hurricane Sandy included:

the extent of storm surge off the coast of New Jersey and New York. the high

population density of the coastal areas where it made landfall in the U.S. flooding that

prevented aid from gaining access to some the most affected areas in Haiti.

deforestation in Haiti. all of the above


5.Lecture Question #5Based upon the best available scientific models, by 2100, tropical cyclones are expectedto:

increase in frequency and intensity decrease in frequency and intensity

increase in frequency but decrease in intensity decrease in frequency but increase in

intensity remain constant in frequency and intensity


1.Lecture Question #1Jim Hansens climate dice:

are an analogy about how climate science is like rolling the dice. are intended to

capture the chance that the planet will heal itself. describe the probabilities of climate

change exceeding 4 degrees celsius. deal with the value of investing in adaptation


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over mitigation. are used to help people understand how the odds of extreme weatherhave been changing under the influence of greenhouse gas added to earths atmosphere.


2.Lecture Question #2Which of the following affect scientists abilities to attribute specific extreme weatherevents to climate change?

the amount of data on extreme events as they are infrequent the various types of

extreme weather events computing power a and c a and b


3.Lecture Question #3The social cost of carbon refers to:

an estimate of the effects of climate change upon social networks. the costs of

climate change as applied across a country. the effects of climate upon social media.

an estimate of the damage caused by additions of carbon dioxide to earths

atmosphere. none of the above


4.Lecture Question #4The benefits of mitigation over adapation include greater clarity about (select all that arecorrect):

the value of near-term benefits, in the next 10 years the up front costs where,

what and how it can be achieved. the long term benefits, over the span of decades tocenturies none of the above


5.Lecture Question #5


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Comparing the nations that have emitted the most carbon dioxide to those most likely tobe harmed by climate change reveals that:

they are roughly the same countries. they are for the most part different countries.

that theres no clear relationship between them. that China has been both thegreatest emitter of carbon dioxide and is likely to be the most affected by it. none ofthe above


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