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Retaining Wall
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Fo
un
da
tio
nE
ng
ineeri
ng
Fo
un
da
tio
nE
ng
ineeri
ng
Lectu
reL
ectu
re##
23
23
Typ
eso
fR
eta
inin
gW
all
s-
Gra
vity
wa
lls
-P
re-c
ast
crib
wa
lls
-G
ab
ion
wa
lls
-R
ein
forc
edco
ncr
ete
wa
lls
-S
hee
tp
ile
wa
lls
-M
Sw
all
s(m
ech
an
ica
lly
sta
bil
ized
)
-S
lurr
ya
nd
Sec
an
tW
all
s
-S
oil
na
ilin
g
L.P
riet
o-P
ort
ar
20
08
Ret
ain
ing
wall
sar
est
ruct
ure
use
dto
reta
inso
il,ro
ckor
oth
erm
ater
ials
ina
ver
tica
lco
ndit
ion.
Hen
ceth
eypro
vid
ea
late
ral
support
tover
tica
lsl
opes
of
soil
that
would
oth
erw
ise
coll
apse
into
am
ore
nat
ura
lsh
ape.
Most
com
mon
mat
eria
lsuse
dfo
rre
tain
ing
wal
lsar
e:
-W
ood
shee
ts;
-S
teel
and
pla
stic
inte
rlock
ing
shee
ts;
-R
einfo
rced
concr
ete
shee
ts;
-P
reca
stco
ncr
ete
elem
ents
(cri
bw
alls
and
blo
ckw
alls
);
-C
lose
lysp
aced
in-s
itu
soil
-cem
ent
pil
es;
-W
ire-
mes
hboxes
(gab
bio
ns)
;-
Wir
e-m
esh
boxes
(gab
bio
ns)
;
-A
nch
ors
into
the
soil
or
rock
mas
s(s
oil
nai
ling).
Ea
rth
-Ret
ain
ing
Str
uct
ure
s
Ex
tern
all
yS
tab
iliz
edS
yst
ems
Inte
rna
lly
Sta
bil
ized
Sy
stem
s
In-S
itu
Wa
lls
Gra
vit
yW
all
s
-Sh
eet
Pil
e
-S
teel
-C
on
cret
e
-So
ldie
rP
ile
-Cas
tIn
-Sit
u
-S
lurr
y
-M
assi
ve
-S
ton
e
-U
n-r
ein
forc
edM
aso
nry
-U
n-r
ein
forc
edC
on
cret
e
-C
anti
lev
er
-R
ein
forc
edM
aso
nry
Rei
nfo
rced
So
ils
In-S
itu
Rei
nfo
rcem
ent
-Rei
nfo
rced
Ear
th
-G
eote
xti
le
-S
oil
Nai
lin
g
-R
etic
ula
ted
Mic
ro-p
iles
-S
lurr
y
-S
ecan
t
-T
angen
t
-S
oil
Cem
ent
Can
tile
ver
ed
Bra
ced
-Cro
ss-L
ot
-Rak
ers
Tie
d-B
ack
-Au
ger
ed
-Str
aigh
t
-Bel
led
-Pre
ssu
re-I
nje
cted
-Scr
ew
-Dea
d-m
an
-R
ein
forc
edM
aso
nry
-R
ein
forc
edC
emen
t
-C
ou
nte
r-fo
rtan
dB
utt
ress
-G
abio
n
-C
rib
-B
in
-C
ellu
lar
Co
ffer
dam
Hy
bri
dS
yst
ems
-T
aile
dG
abio
ns
-T
aile
dM
aso
nry
Ma
ssiv
eG
ravi
tyW
all
s.
Gra
vit
yw
alls
are
the
earl
iest
know
nre
tain
ing
stru
cture
s.T
hey
are
buil
tfr
om
soli
dco
ncr
ete
or
rock
rubble
mort
ared
toget
her
.T
he
late
ral
forc
esfr
om
bac
kfi
llis
resi
sted
by
the
wei
ght
of
wal
lit
self
,an
ddue
toth
eir
mas
sive
nat
ure
,th
eydev
elop
litt
leor
no
tensi
on.T
her
efore
,th
ey
are
usu
ally
not
rein
forc
edw
ith
stee
l.G
ravit
yw
alls
are
econom
ical
for
hei
ghts
up
to3
m(1
0
feet
).
Mas
sco
ncr
ete
wit
hbat
tere
dfa
ce.
Mas
sco
ncr
ete
wit
hbat
tere
dbac
k.
Mas
sco
ncr
ete
wit
hst
epped
bac
k.
Ste
pped
and
butt
ress
ed.
Cri
bW
all
s.
Cri
bw
alls
are
mad
eup
of
inte
rlock
ing
indiv
idual
boxes
mad
efr
om
tim
ber
or
pre
-cas
tco
ncr
ete.
The
boxes
are
then
fill
edw
ith
crush
edst
one
or
oth
erco
arse
gra
nula
rm
ater
ials
tocr
eate
afr
ee-
dra
inin
gst
ruct
ure
.T
her
ear
etw
obas
icty
pes
of
crib
wal
l:
-T
imber
,an
d
-R
einfo
rced
pre
-cas
tco
ncr
ete.
Apre
-cas
tco
ncr
ete
crib
wal
l,par
tof
anex
itra
mp
for
S-1
12
inM
iam
i,buil
tin
1959.
Ati
mber
crib
wal
l.
Apoorl
ydes
igned
tim
ber
crib
wal
l,sl
ow
lyco
llap
sing.
This
slow
lyco
llap
sing
tim
ber
crib
wal
lhas
lost
the
stre
ngth
of
its
sold
ier
pil
es.
Apre
-cas
tpan
elcr
ibw
all.
Note
the
dra
inag
eap
ron
atth
eto
eof
the
wal
l.
Ga
bb
ion
wa
lls.
Gab
bio
ns
are
mult
i-ce
lled
,w
elded
wir
eor
rect
angula
rw
ire
mes
hboxes
,w
hic
har
eth
enro
ck-
fill
ed,an
duse
dfo
rco
nst
ruct
ion
of
erosi
on
contr
ol
stru
cture
san
dto
stab
iliz
est
eep
slopes
.T
hei
r
appli
cati
ons
incl
ude,
-R
etai
nin
gw
alls
,
-B
ridge
abutm
ents
,
-W
ing
wal
ls,
-C
ulv
ert
hea
dw
alls
,
-O
utl
etap
rons,
-S
hore
and
bea
chpro
tect
ion
wal
ls,an
d
-T
empora
rych
eck
dam
s.-
Tem
pora
rych
eck
dam
s.
This
gab
bio
nw
all
ispro
vid
ing
tem
pora
rysl
ope
stab
ilit
yunti
lth
eveg
etat
ion
cover
sth
ehil
lsi
de.
Agab
bio
nw
all
use
dfo
ra
par
kin
glo
tat
aC
arib
bea
nholi
day
reso
rt.
An
exam
ple
of
alo
wh
ead
wei
rb
uil
tw
ith
gab
bio
ns
atL
os
Ala
mo
sC
anyo
n,
Ari
zon
a.(C
EO
ct.2
00
0).
Ca
nti
leve
rW
all
s.
Can
tile
ver
wal
lsar
ebuil
tof
rein
forc
edco
ncr
ete
and
are
typic
ally
com
pose
dof
ahori
zonta
l
footi
ng
and
aver
tica
lst
emw
all.
The
wei
ght
of
the
soil
mas
sab
ove
the
hee
lhel
ps
kee
pw
all
stab
le.C
anti
lever
wal
lsar
eec
onom
ical
for
hei
ghts
up
to10
m(3
2fe
et).
Ty
pic
alco
sts
in2005
isap
pro
xim
atel
y$
80/s
f.
L-s
hap
edw
alls
.T
-shap
edw
alls
.
RC
wal
lw
ith
counte
r-fo
rts.
RC
wal
lw
ith
butt
ress
es.
Acr
ane
isli
ftin
ga
wal
lfo
rmto
cast
this
rein
forc
ed-r
etai
nin
gw
all.
This
30-f
oot
tall
rein
forc
edco
ncr
ete
wal
l
was
bei
ng
buil
tin
Atl
anta
,G
eorg
ia,in
1980
aspar
tof
the
renovat
ion
of
aport
ion
of
I-
75.
The
del
ayin
const
ruct
ion
has
lead
toa
par
tial
erosi
on
of
the
bac
kfi
ll.
An
aban
doned
counte
r-fo
rtre
tain
ing
wal
lth
athad
bee
nuse
das
abri
dge
abutm
ent.
Geo
-fo
amfr
om
Geo
Tec
hS
yst
ems
issh
ow
nh
ere,
bei
ng
inst
alle
db
ehin
da
bri
dg
eab
utm
ent
tore
du
ceth
ela
tera
lea
rth
pre
ssu
res
on
the
wal
l.P
erfo
rman
ceh
asb
een
equ
ival
ent
toso
ilan
dcr
ush
edro
ckfi
lls.
This
bas
emen
tw
all
was
insu
ffic
ientl
y
rein
forc
edto
carr
yth
eac
tive
eart
h
pre
ssure
sim
pose
dupon
its
surf
ace.
Noti
ceth
atth
eco
llap
sed
concr
ete
blo
cks
do
not
show
any
type
of
rein
forc
emen
t.
AC
BS
wal
lco
llap
sedue
toin
suff
icie
nt
rein
forc
ing.
This
CB
Sw
all
coll
apse
ddue
toim
pro
per
dra
inag
e.
Are
info
rced
concr
ete
wal
lis
coll
apsi
ng
due
toim
pro
per
dra
inag
e.
The
load
on
the
wal
lfr
om
wat
erca
nbe
reli
eved
wit
hw
eep
hole
san
dgeo
texti
les.
Apro
per
lydra
ined
wal
lhas
ageo
texti
lefi
lter
and
adra
inag
esy
stem
.
This
stone
wal
lhas
wee
phole
s,but
the
clay
com
ing
thro
ugh
indic
ates
lack
of
filt
ers.
The
gar
den
wal
lin
the
fore
gro
und
isdra
ined
wit
hw
eep
hole
s,w
her
eas
the
one
inbac
kis
not.
This
gar
den
wal
lis
rota
ting
away
from
the
ver
tica
l,an
dw
ill
even
tual
lyco
llap
se.
Itla
cks
both
rein
forc
ing
and
wee
phole
s.
Mec
ha
nic
all
yS
tab
iliz
edE
art
h(M
SE
)W
all
s.
Thes
ew
alls
are
among
the
most
econom
ical
,an
dm
ost
com
monly
const
ruct
ed.C
ontr
ary
to
oth
erty
pes
,th
eM
SE
wal
lsar
esu
pport
edby
the
soil
,an
dnot
the
oth
erw
ayar
ound.T
hey
are
support
edby
sele
cted
fill
s(g
ranula
r)an
dhel
dto
get
her
by
rein
forc
emen
ts,w
hic
hca
nbe
eith
er
met
alli
cst
rips
or
pla
stic
mes
hes
.T
ypic
alpri
ces
range
from
$25/s
fto
$45/s
f.
Th
eM
SE
Cate
gori
es.
A)
Pan
elW
alls
,A
)P
anel
Wal
ls,
B)
Concr
ete
Blo
ckW
alls
,an
d
C)
Tem
pora
ryE
arth
Wal
ls.
The
firs
tM
SE
wal
lbuil
tin
Flo
rida
was
for
Met
ro-R
ail’
sM
edle
yY
ard.T
he
firs
tst
epw
asto
buil
d
this
tem
pora
ryso
ldie
rpil
ean
dla
ggin
gw
all
tore
tain
the
Hia
leah
Expre
ssw
ay(N
W74
thS
tree
t).
This
photo
show
sa
close
-up
of
the
sold
ier
pil
ean
dw
ood
laggin
gw
all.
The
stee
lW
-sec
tions
(sold
ier
pil
es)
wer
e
vib
rate
din
toth
eso
ilat
6-f
oot
inte
rval
s.T
he
soil
was
reta
ined
usi
ng
the
wooden
boar
ds
(lag
gin
g)
clip
ped
toth
efr
ont
of
the
W-
sect
ions.
Ach
eaper
alte
rnat
ive
isto
pla
ceth
e
bea
rdbeh
ind
the
stee
l,an
dle
tth
eso
ilpre
ss
them
into
pla
ce.T
he
dis
advan
tage
of
this
met
hod
isth
atth
ew
ooden
laggin
gle
aves
larg
evoid
sin
the
gro
und.T
he
extr
aex
pen
sela
rge
void
sin
the
gro
und.T
he
extr
aex
pen
se
of
closi
ng
thes
evoid
sm
akes
the
trad
itio
nal
met
hod
less
pra
ctic
al.
The
exca
vat
ion
show
nw
ill
be
the
loca
tion
of
the
des
cendin
gra
mp
for
the
Met
ro-R
ail
trai
ns
ente
ring
the
Yar
d(o
nth
ele
ft).
Note
the
hig
hly
conta
min
ated
soil
san
dw
ater
atth
esi
te.
The
wal
lis
beg
un
wit
ha
conti
nuous
footi
ng.T
his
photo
isat
the
beg
innin
gof
the
ram
p.
The
firs
tro
ws
of
pre
-cas
tco
ncr
ete
pan
els
hav
ebee
npla
ced
upon
the
conti
nuous
footi
ng.
The
pan
els
are
alig
ned
and
seal
edto
pre
ven
tth
ees
cape
of
gro
undw
ater
thro
ugh
the
join
ts.
Gal
van
ized
met
alst
rips
are
laid
out
beh
ind
the
wal
l.
The
gal
van
ized
met
alst
rips
are
bolt
edto
embed
ded
anch
or
tabs
inth
eco
ncr
ete
pan
els.
Aft
erth
em
etal
stri
ps
are
bolt
edto
the
pan
els,
the
gra
nula
rfi
ll(h
igh�
)is
spre
adin
6”
to12”
lift
s.
Spre
adin
gth
egra
nula
rfi
llca
nbe
done
by
afr
ont
load
eror
bull
doze
r.
Noti
ceth
eH
iale
ahX
-way
atle
ft,
and
the
Met
ro-R
ail
pie
rsat
right.
The
MS
Ew
all
isin
bet
wee
n.
This
coal
bin
in
Pen
nsy
lvan
ia
show
sa
novel
use
of
anunder
-
gro
und
stora
ge
of
the
coal
for
a
ther
mal
pow
er
pla
nt.
The
top
fram
een
close
d
the
coal
from
rain
and
snow
,an
d
elim
inat
esth
eel
imin
ates
the
ugly
vie
wof
coal
pil
esar
ound
indust
rial
site
s.
Aty
pic
alM
SE
wal
lpro
vid
esth
ead
van
tage
of
chea
per
wal
lsto
atta
ina
gre
ater
traf
fic
capac
ity
in
smal
ler
right-
of-
way
s.
Lar
ge
MS
Ew
alls
pro
vid
eac
cess
tora
ilro
adan
dhig
hw
ays
thro
ugh
this
sloped
terr
ain.
An
alt
ern
ati
ve
toth
eM
SE
wall
sis
the
MS
con
cret
eb
lock
wall
ssh
ow
nab
ove.
This
photo
show
san
MS
Tem
pora
ryE
arth
Wal
l.
Sh
eet
Pil
eW
all
s.
Use
dto
buil
dco
nti
nuous
wal
lsfo
rw
ater
front
stru
cture
san
dfo
rte
mpora
ryco
nst
ruct
ion
wal
l
hei
ghts
>6
mif
use
dw
ith
anch
ors
.
Can
be
mad
eof
stee
l,pla
stic
s,w
ood,
pre
-cas
tco
ncr
ete.
Th
eadva
nta
ges
of
usi
ng
stee
lsh
eet-
pil
ing:
1.P
rovid
eshig
her
resi
stan
ceto
dri
vin
gst
ress
es;
2.Is
of
anover
all
lighte
rw
eight;
3.C
anbe
reuse
don
sever
alpro
ject
s;3.C
anbe
reuse
don
sever
alpro
ject
s;
4.P
rovid
esa
long
serv
ice
life
above
or
bel
ow
the
wat
erta
ble
;
5.E
asy
toad
apt
the
pil
ele
ngth
by
eith
erw
eldin
gor
bolt
ing;
and
6.T
hei
rjo
ints
are
less
apt
todef
orm
duri
ng
dri
vin
g.
This
bri
dge
isbei
ng
wid
ened
,an
dth
etr
affi
cis
mai
nta
ined
wit
hth
iste
mpora
rysh
eeti
ng.
This
tem
pora
ryst
eel
shee
tpil
ing
wal
lis
bra
ced
wit
hhori
zonta
lW
-bea
mw
aler
san
din
clin
ed
gro
und
anch
ors
(thei
rti
edar
ese
enon
top
of
the
wal
ers)
.
So
ldie
rP
iles
an
dL
ag
gin
gW
all
s.
This
type
of
wal
lw
asknow
nto
Rom
anm
ilit
ary
engin
eers
,an
dw
asuse
dfo
rdee
pex
cavat
ions.
Itis
are
lati
vel
yin
expen
sive
syst
em,ea
syan
dfa
stto
const
ruct
.It
ispri
mar
ily
lim
ited
to
tem
pora
ryco
nst
ruct
ion,an
dca
nnot
be
use
din
hig
hw
ater
table
condit
ions
wit
hout
exte
nsi
ve
dew
ater
ing
and
expen
se.It
isnot
asst
iff
asoth
erty
pes
of
reta
inin
gw
alls
.
Slu
rry
Wa
lls.
Asl
urr
yw
all
refe
rsto
the
met
hod
of
const
ruct
ion.S
pec
ific
ally
,th
edig
gin
gof
adee
ptr
ench
wit
ha
spec
ial
buck
etan
dcr
ane.
As
the
tren
chbec
om
esdee
per
,th
eso
ilis
pre
ven
ted
from
coll
apsi
ng
into
the
tren
chby
kee
pin
gth
ehole
fill
edw
ith
a“s
lurr
y”.
This
slurr
yis
am
ixtu
reof
wat
erw
ith
ben
tonit
e(a
mem
ber
of
the
Montm
orr
illo
nit
efa
mil
yof
clay
s).T
he
ben
tonit
e
mak
esth
esl
urr
yth
ick,but
liquid
.T
his
kee
ps
the
soil
late
ral
wal
lsfr
om
coll
apsi
ng
into
the
exca
vat
ion.W
hen
the
exca
vat
ion
reac
hes
the
inte
nded
dep
th,th
esl
urr
yfi
lled
exca
vat
ion
is
rein
forc
edw
ith
stee
lan
dca
refu
lly
fill
edw
ith
concr
ete.
Thes
ew
alls
hav
ebee
nbuil
tto
100
foot
dep
ths
and
range
from
2fe
etto
4fe
etin
thic
knes
s.T
hes
ew
alls
hav
ebee
nbuil
tto
100
foot
dep
ths
and
range
from
2fe
etto
4fe
etin
thic
knes
s.
The
pan
els
are
typic
ally
15
feet
to25
feet
long,an
dar
eli
nked
wit
hone
anoth
erth
rough
tongue
and
gro
ove
type
seal
s(t
opre
ven
tth
ein
trusi
on
of
gro
undw
ater
into
the
futu
re
under
gro
und
site
.
Slu
rry
wal
lshav
eth
ead
van
tage
of
bei
ng
stif
fer
than
shee
tpil
ew
alls
,an
dhold
bac
kth
eso
il
bet
ter
than
sold
ier
pil
es,la
ggin
gan
dst
eel
shee
ting.T
hey
also
tend
tobe
more
wat
erti
ght
than
oth
erex
cavat
ion
met
hods.
An
anch
ore
dre
tain
ing
wal
lfo
ra
resi
den
cebuil
t
on
top
of
ast
abil
ized
slope.
Sec
an
tP
ile
Wa
lls.
Thes
ew
alls
are
form
edby
the
inte
rsec
tion
of
indiv
idual
rein
forc
edco
ncr
ete
pil
es.T
hes
epil
es
are
buil
tby
usi
ng
dri
llin
gm
ud
(ben
tonit
e)an
dau
ger
ing.
The
seca
nt
pil
esover
lap
by
about
3in
ches
.
An
alte
rnat
ive
are
the
tangen
tpil
ew
alls
,w
her
eth
epil
esdo
not
hav
ean
yover
lap.T
hes
epil
es
are
const
ruct
edfl
ush
wit
hea
choth
er.
The
import
ant
advan
tage
of
seca
nt
and
tangen
tw
alls
isth
ein
crea
sed
alig
nm
ent
flex
ibil
ity.
The
wal
lsal
som
ayhav
ein
crea
sed
stif
fnes
s,an
dth
eco
nst
ruct
ion
pro
cess
isle
ssnois
y.w
alls
also
may
hav
ein
crea
sed
stif
fnes
s,an
dth
eco
nst
ruct
ion
pro
cess
isle
ssnois
y.
Am
ong
the
dis
advan
tages
are
that
wat
erpro
ofi
ng
isdif
ficu
ltto
obta
inat
the
join
ts,th
eir
hig
her
cost
,an
dth
atver
tica
lto
lera
nce
sar
ehar
dto
achie
ve
for
the
dee
per
pil
es.
Sec
ant
wal
lsar
ebei
ng
buil
tto
const
ruct
this
subw
ayst
atio
n.
In-S
itu
Wa
lls.
Thes
ew
alls
do
not
rely
on
thei
rm
ass
tore
tain
the
soil
.R
ather
,th
eyre
lyon
thei
rfl
exura
l
stre
ngth
sto
reta
inth
eso
il.T
hey
are
support
edby
pen
etra
tion
into
the
soil
or
by
anch
ori
ng
syst
ems.
For
exam
ple
,so
ilnai
ling,sh
ow
nbel
ow
.
Ref
eren
ces.
-w
ww
.sch
nab
el.c
om
-w
ww
.worl
dofu
rete
k.c
om
