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1SOSC1960Discovering Mind and Behavior
Lecture 8Intelligence
2Intelligence What is intelligence Assessing intelligence Differences in intelligence Alternative perspectives
3 Intelligence The capacity to understand the world, think
rationally, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges (Feldman, 2009)
Intelligence as a construct to clarify and organize this complex set of phenomena
What is intelligence
4 Is there a general intelligence or is intelligence multidimensional?
Ling Sui Fong
Ling Sui Fong
5 g or g-factor (Spearman, 1927) there is one factor that is common to all
intellectual tasks
Ling Sui Fongtraditional IQ test is measure for general intelligence
Ling Sui FongIt may miss other aspects of intelligence
6 Physiognomy Judging inner character of people from their
outward physical appearance, especially the face
Phrenology (reading bumps on the head) Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828) A cranial bump signifies an enlargement of the
underlying faculty corresponding to the brain area
Ling Sui Fonglook at how you look
7memory
Ling Sui Fongthe brain area biggerthe ability of memory is better
8Gould (1996)
9 Craniometry Intelligence in particular can be determined by
physical measurement of the skulls either outside (by ruler or indices of shapes and sizes of heads) or inside (by mustard seed or lead shot to fill the cranium and measure the volume of the skull)
10
Craniometry Paul Broca (1824-1880)
A large skull meant a large brain and high intellectual capacity
In general, the brain is larger in mature adults than in the elderly, in men than in women, in eminent men than in men of mediocre talent, in superior races than in inferior races (1861, p.304)
11
Samuel George Morton (1799-1851) measured cranial capacity of various races
12
Alfred Binet (1905) To devise a test to identify mentally subnormal
children to provide remedial training, and to avoid complete
reliance on teachers subjective evaluations
Philosophy: performance on tasks improves with _____________________
Ling Sui FongChronological age
13
Alfred Binet (1905) Scoring children in terms of _____________
indicating that a child displays the mental ability typical of a child of that chronological age
A child with mental age of 6 performed like the average of 6-year-old
Ling Sui Fongmental age
14
Intelligence Quotient IQ = (mental age / chronological age) x 100
15
The average score of everyone of the same age who takes the test is assigned an IQ of 100; a persons IQ then indicates his/her relative performance to this average of his/her own age group
Deviation IQ Scores
16
Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III) An examiner estimates the ability of the test
taker, and then administers items of appropriate difficulty level.
If the test taker is able to answer all questions at this level, the examiner proceeds to successively more difficult items, until the test taker reaches the limit of their capacity.
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20
21
Flynn effect (Flynn, 1984) Steady worldwide rise in intelligence test
performance Average gain is about 3 IQ points per decade
since 1940
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Flynn effect (Flynn, 1984) Changes in _____________________ may
have produced corresponding changes in complexity of mind
Improvements in _____________ (large nutritionally-based increases in height have occurred during the same period as the IQ gains)
Improvement in ________________
Ling Sui Fongcomplexity of life
Ling Sui Fongnutrition
Ling Sui Fonggeneral social environment
24
Is intelligence inherited? (nature vs nurture debate)
Adoption studies Target sample: individuals adopted early in infancy,
raised without having contact with the biological parents
Objective: to examine the resemblance between adopted children and both their ____________and their ______________ parents
Determinants of Intelligence
Ling Sui Fongbiological
Ling Sui Fongadoptive
25
Loehlin, Horn, & Willerman (1994)
26
27
Is intelligence inherited? Twin studies
Assess hereditary influence by comparing the resemblance of _____________________and ____________________ with respect to a trait
If sets of identical twins are more like each other on a trait than fraternal twins (and other kinds of siblings) are, evidence of a genetic contribution for that trait
Ling Sui Fongidentical twins
Ling Sui Fongfraternal twins
28
McGue et al. (1993)
______ do matter!
Ling Sui Fonggenetic
29
McGue et al. (1993)
___________ does matter too!
Ling Sui Fongenvironment
30
Gene-environment interactionHeredity may set certain limits on intelligence (_________________) and environment determines where an individual fall within this range
3131
Mental Retardation/Intellectual Disabilities Significantly subaverage intellectual
functioning (IQ < 70) Mild: 50-70 Moderate: 35-49 Severe: 20-34 Profound: below 20
32
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Impairments in at least 2 of the following areas: Communication, self-care, home-living,
social/interpersonal skills, use of community resources, self-direction, functional/academic skills, work, leisure, health, and safety
Age of onset before 18 years
3434
Some statistics 1-3% of the population suffers from MR
Approximately 90% of the cases are mild mental retardation
Male-to-female ratio 1.6 : 1 in mild retardation No gender differences in severe forms
3535
Causes
One-third of the cases have identifiable biological reason
Down syndrome an extra chromosome 21 Linked with maternal age
Age 20: 1 in 2000; Age 25: 1 in 500; Age 45: 1 in 18 Perinatal complications e.g. anoxia Brain injury
3636
Fetal alcohol syndrome Abnormal facial features Growth retardation Permanent CNS damage
poor memory, attention deficits, impulsive behavior, poor cause-effect reasoning, mental retardation
37
Two-thirds of MR are classified as familial retardation No identifiable biological defects but a history
of MR in the family Possible factors
Extreme poverty leading to malnutrition Abuse, neglect, social deprivationGenetic factors
38
Does IQ score tell us all about a person? The meanings of intelligence
Neisser et al. (1996) Correlation between IQ scores and grades: Correlation between IQ scores and total years of
education: Correlation between IQ scores and job performance:
Correlation between IQ scores and juvenile offenses:
Ling Sui Fong.50
Ling Sui Fong.55
Ling Sui Fong.30 to .50
Ling Sui Fong-.17
39
The meanings of intelligence General vs. specific abilities
intelligence has been traditionally viewed as a single entity, which is extremely general and underlies all sorts of abilities
scholars call for more emphasis on specific abilities as opposed to the general, single intelligence
40
Multiple intelligences (Gardner, 2000) The scope of psychometric intelligence tests
includes only verbal, mathematical, logical, and some aspects of spatial intelligence, to the exclusion of other skills
Even in the included domains, the paper-and-pencil format rules out many kinds of intelligence performance that matter a great deal in everyday life
41
Multiple intelligences (Gardner, 2000) 8 relatively independent forms of human
intelligences Each person has the same eight kinds of
intelligence but in varying degrees
42
Musical Intelligence Involves skill in the performance, composition,
and appreciation of musical patterns Suitable occupation:
Ling Sui Fongmusician,composer,disc jockey
43
Bodily kinesthetic intelligence Using one's whole body or parts of the body to
solve problems Suitable occupation:
Ling Sui Fongathlete, dancer, actor, surgeon
44
Logical-mathematical intelligence Capacity to reason and think logically, and to
investigate issues scientifically Suitable occupation:
Ling Sui Fongscience, engineering
45
Linguistic intelligence Sensitivity to spoken and written language, the
ability to use language effectively express oneself
Suitable occupation:
Ling Sui Fongteacher
46
Spatial intelligence Recognize and use the patterns of spatial
relationships Suitable occupation:
Ling Sui Fongsailor, architect, interior, decorator
47
Interpersonal intelligence Capacity to understand the intentions,
motivations, behaviors, and moods of other people
Suitable occupation:
Ling Sui Fongcounselor, politician, salesperson
48
Intrapersonal intelligence The capacity to understand oneself, to
appreciate one's feelings, fears and motivations
Suitable occupation:
Ling Sui Fongnovelist, psychologists, theologians
49
Naturalistic intelligence The ability to compare and classify living
things and recognize features of the natural world
Suitable occupation:
50
What are the implications for education?
It is not how smart you are, but how you are smart!
51
Multiple intelligence (Gardner, 2000) __________________, referring to a rare
condition in which mentally deficient individuals who have a highly developed talent in a single area (savants)
Ling Sui Fongsavant syndrome
52
Kim PeekIn psychological testing, Peek has scored well below average on general IQ tests. But he showed superb memory performance. He reads a book in about an hour and remembers approximately 98.7% of everything he has read, memorizing vast amounts of information in subjects ranging from history and literature, geography, and numbers to sports, music, and dates. He can recall the content of some 12,000 books from memory.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k2T45r5G3kA&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AfDEAIszuQI&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dhcQG_KItZM&feature=related
53
Triarchic view of intelligence (Sternberg, 2000) Analytical intelligence: the ability to analyze
and evaluate information, solve problems and make decisions
54
Creative intelligence: involves going beyond what is given to generate invention, discovery, and novel ideas
55
Practical intelligence: the ability of an individuals to solve everyday problems; to find the best fit between themselves and the demands of the environment How to get a cork out of the bottle?
56
Emotional intelligence The set of skills that underlie the accurate
assessment, evaluation, expression, and regulation of emotions
Underlies social skills, empathy, and self-awareness
May account for successes
57
Emotional intelligence Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence
Test (Mayer, Salovey, & Caruso, 2002) Four-branch of emotional intelligence
Perceiving emotions Using emotions Understanding emotions Managing emotions
58Perceiving emotions
59
Using emotions
60Understanding emotions
61Managing emotions
62
Predictive validity of EI Correlation with college grade:_________ Correlation with deviant behaviors (e.g.
aggression, physical fights, vandalism):__________
Correlation with quality of interpersonal interactions: __________
Ling Sui Fong.20 to .25
Ling Sui Fong-.20 to -.45
Ling Sui Fong.30 to .40
63
Chapter 9
Required Readings