1SOSC1960Discovering Mind and Behavior

Lecture 9Development

2 Developmental psychology is the scientific study of the patterns of growth and change throughout life Psychosocial development Cognitive development

3 Psychosocial development Development of an individuals interactions

and understanding of each other and of their knowledge and understanding of themselves as members of society

4Attachment

Attachment is an emotional bond or tie to the caregiver (Bowlby, 1969) The child can use the caregiver as a safe base

from which he/she derives _______________

The ability to make strong emotional bonds is innate because it ensures survival

5 Phase 1: Non-focused orienting and signaling (0-3 months) Exhibition of an innate set of behaviors to

everyone they come across with to signal needs

Phase 2: Focus on one or more figures (3 6 months) Signals directed to ____________ figures

Smiles more at people who regularly care for them

6 Phase 3: Secure base behavior (6 24 months) Proximity seeking behaviors directed at the

primary caregiver especially when they are _________________________

7 Phase 4: Internal model (24 months and beyond) Child can imagine how her behavior would

affect the bonds with her caregiver Attachment with the primary caregiver forms

the basis of subsequent interpersonal relationship

8 Characteristics of attachment The 4 phases appear in a fixed sequence that

naturally unfold with age (i.e. ____________)

The first 2 years constitute a ___________period for attachment in human infants

9 Characteristics of attachment The most essential component in attachment

formation is ________________ The opportunity for parent and infant to develop a

mutual, interlocking pattern of attachment behaviors

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Characteristics of attachment Harlows surrogate mother study

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Characteristics of attachment Attachment is more than fulfilling physical

needs, it provides a _________________

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Attachment Behaviors ___________ anxiety

Expressions of discomfort in the presence of strangers

____________ anxiety Expressions of discomfort when separated

from the caregiver

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Social ________________ An infants use of the caregivers facial

expressions as a guide to his/her own emotions

Joseph Campos of UC Berkeley's Visual Cliff experiment shows that young children look for cues and clues from others to determine how to proceed in uncertain circumstances.

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Mary Ainsworths Strange Situation A widely used measure to assess the quality of

attachment Strange situation: a procedure involving

several brief episodes during which experimenters observe a babys responses to strangers, separation from mother, and reunion with mother

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1. Baby plays with toys while mother is present2. Stranger enters 3. Mother leaves4. Stranger tries to interact with baby5. Mother returns, first union, and stranger leaves6. Mother leaves7. Stranger returns8. Mother returns, second union

Strange situation (Ainsworth et al., 1978)

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Secure Attachment Child easily become absorbed in exploration When threatened or frightened, child seeks

comfort and contact from caregiver and is readily consoled

Upon reunion, child greets the parent positively or easily soothed if upset

The child prefers the parent to stranger

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Insecure Attachment _______________ attachment

Avoid contact with caregiver, especially at reunion

When offered a choice, these children will show no preference between a caregiver and a complete stranger.

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Insecure Attachment ______________ attachment

Little exploration; clingy to the parent Extreme separation anxiety in the absence of

the parent, but not reassured by parents return or comfort

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Insecure Attachment _____________ attachment

Seem dazed, confused, apprehensive Terrified by the situation Contradictory behavioral pattern

Approaching the parent but gaze averted

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What determines the quality of attachment? Synchrony: Quality of parent-infant

interactions ______________________

Is the parent emotionally available and willing to form emotional attachment to the infant

_______________________ Sensitive to the infants cue and respond

appropriately

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Avoidant attachment The parent rejects the infant or withdraw from

contact or The parent is overly intrusive or overly stimulating

Ambivalent attachment The parent is inconsistent or unreliably available

Disorganized attachment Abusive parents

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Does attachment change over time? Attachment with parents provides an

_____________________________ of how the world works Early emotional attachment shapes subsequent

interpersonal relationship Attachment style is relatively stable

Major upheavals can alter attachment

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What is your attachment style in intimate relationship? Relationship Scale Questionnaire (RSQ; Griffin

& Bartholomew, 1994)

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Scoring Reverse scoring

1 = 5 2 = 4 3 = 3 4 = 2 5 = 1

The domain with the highest score indicates your attachment style with your intimate partner

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Adult Attachment with Intimate Partners Secure attachment

Positive view of themselves and partners Feel emotionally close to the partner Feel comfortable both with intimacy and

independence

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Dismissive-avoidant attachment (avoidant attachment) Attempt to avoid intimate relationship Self-sufficient/ desire a high level of

independence

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Anxious-preoccupied attachment (ambivalent attachment) Seek high levels of intimacy from their partner Become overly dependent on their partner

(clinginess) Distressful when being abandoned

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Fearful-avoidant attachment (disorganized attachment) Mixed feeling: desire to have emotionally close

relationships but feel uncomfortable with emotional closeness

Lack of trust in partner Seek less intimacy and frequently suppress or

hide feelings

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Individuals with secure attachment have greater satisfaction and longer-lasting intimate relationship Trust Intimacy

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Out of the conflict between trust and mistrust, the infant develops hope, which

is the earliest form of what gradually becomes faith in adults Erik Erikson

(1983)

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Cognitive Development The process by which a childs understanding

of the world changes as a function of age and experience

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Piagets Cognitive Development Theory Schema

Beliefs, cognitions, and ideas about things

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_________________ Process of using schemes to make

sense of experiences

_________________ Changing a scheme to incorporate new

information We refine our skills and knowledge

_________________ Balancing assimilation and accommodation

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Piagets Cognitive development Theory From action-, physical reality-based thinking

to abstract, symbol-based thinking

1. Sensorimotor stage (birth-2 years)2. Preoperational stage (2-7 years)3. Concrete operations stage (7-12 years)4. Formal operations stage (12 years-adulthood)

Operations: mentally acting on objects

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1. Sensorimotor stage (0-2 years old) Infants acquire knowledge of the world from

the ______________________they perform on the environment

Infants progresses from reflexive actions at birth to the emergence of symbolic thoughts toward the end

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Reflexes (birth-1 month) Automatic body reactions to specific

simulation Some reflexes persist into adulthood (e.g.,

eye-blink reflex, pupillary reflex) Some reflexes disappear gradually in the first

year of life

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________reflex

__________ reflex

_________ reflex

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Reflexes (birth-1 month) Some reflexes are essential to the infants

survival Some reflexes are important to development

of later voluntary movements

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Circular reactions Experimentation with body and the outer world

based on trial-and-error learning Means-end behavior

The understanding that behavior can lead to certain outcomes

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Circular reactions 1-4 months: primary circular reactions

Discover body actions by accident, repeat them until they become habits

4-12 months: secondary circular reactions Repeat some actions in order to trigger a reaction in

the environment 12-18 months: tertiary circular reactions

Try to produce novel reactions with variations of previous actions

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Object permanence The understanding

that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched

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Until the age of about 9 months, children will make no attempt to locate hidden toys

Soon after that age they will actively search for hidden objects

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Infants use information from their senses and motor actions

to learn about the world

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2. Preoperational Stage (2-7 years) During this stage, the child learns to use and to

represent objects by symbols (e.g., images, words, and drawings)

Preoperational thought is still illogical Egocentricism Centration Inrreversibility

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________________ The belief that everyone sees and

experiences the world the way he/she does Inability to take the perspective of others

Piagets Three Mountains Task

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Gzesh & Surber (1985)

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Centration Childs tendency to think of the world in terms

of one variable at a time

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____________________ The inability to mentally reverse actions or

ideas

Inability to solve conservation tasks due to centration and irreversibility Conservation: the understanding that

quantity is unrelated to arrangement or appearance of objects

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Increased proficiency in the use of symbols but still have difficulty thinking logically

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3. Concrete operations stage (7-12 years) Elimination of egocentrism Development of a set of powerful, abstract

concrete operations critical to logical thinking

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Operations Conservation: understanding that quantity is

unrelated to arrangement or appearance of objects Decentration: taking multiple variables into account

Reversibility: mentally undoing a physical or mental transformation

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Operations Classification: naming and identifying sets of

objects according to appearance, size or other characteristic

Transitivity: understanding logical relationships among elements in a serial order

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Operations Inductive logic

General principles are inferred from specific experiences

Operate on reality Require concrete things and events as

objects of thoughts

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Children are better capable of thinking logically about objects and events in the real world

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4. Formal operations stage Individuals move beyond concrete

experiences and begin to think abstractly, reason logically, and apply these processes to hypothetical situations

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Systematic problem solving The ability to search methodically for an

answer Example: which factor determines the period

of the swinging pendulum: Length of string Weight of object Force of push Holding the weight at different height

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Hypothetical-deductive reasoning The ability to derive conclusions from

hypothetical premises All men are mortal You and I are men (Therefore,) we are mortal

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Criticisms of Piagets theory Stage changes are not as clear-cut as Piaget

believed Under-estimation of childrens cognitive ability Piaget overestimated the cognitive skills of

many adults

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Required readings Chapter 12