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THE
ULTIMATE
LIE
DETECTOR
DEOXY RIBONUCLEIC ACID
think of this!!!
• 99.9% of human DNA is the same in everyone
• Only 0.1% of our DNA is
unique
• BUT each human cell contains 3 Billion DNA
base pairs
0.1% of 3B translates to
3 million base pairs!
a glimpse from the past
1868
Gregor Mendel
Laws of Heredity
Friedrich Meischer
DNA on fish sperm
Pus on wounds
CHROMOSOMAL THEORY
of INHERITANCE
1920 P. A. Levene
ADOLF HITLER
Cloning
Oswald Avery
Colin Mcleod
Max Delbruck
Erwin Chargaff
“THE KEY TO THE
PUZZLE”
• James Watson
• Francis Crick
• ROSALIND FRANKLIN
X-ray Diffraction Photomicrographs of
Crystalline DNA
1984
ALEC JEFFREYS
brought DNA to the
courtroom
Richard Buckland
Colin Pitchfork
DNA FINGERPRINTING
“FINGERPRINTING”
DNA PROFILING
DNA TYPING
The
Genetic
Blueprint
the DNA Helix
Repeat Sequence
A-T-G-C-T-A-G-C-G-C-G-C-G-C-A-C-T-A-G-C-C-A-T-A-C-G-T-A-T-A-T-A-T-T-G-C-C-T-C-G-C-G-C-G-C-G-C-A-G-A-T-G-
C-T-A …….
Sources of
DNA samples
BLOOD:
GENDER
BUCCAL SMEAR:
SEMINAL STAINS:
SALIVA:
TISSUES:
URINE:
unreliable
PRODUCTS OF CONCEPTION
• Paternity
• Incestuous relationship
• Rape resulting in
pregnancy
the
DNA
Outside
the
Courtroom
Gene Testing
Congenital
Hypothyroidism
Hypoadrenalism
ALZHEIMER’S
Galactosemia
Phenylketunuria
Colon cancer
Congenital Coronary
Insufficiency
New Issues:
Discrimination
Right NOT to know
Changes in Society
• GENETIC
STRATIFICATION
• GENETIC
ENGINEERING
• CLONING
PATERNITY and FILIATION
BLOOD
TYPING
PROVE and
DISPROVE
PATERNITY
DISPROVE
PATERNITY
DNA
Blood grouping test
• Co Tao vs. CA • “possible father”
• Paternity was imputed to the
putative father after paternity
was proven during trial of
facts
• Jao vs. CA negative
CONCLUSIVE AS TO NON-PATERNITY
Cabatania vs. CA In this age of genetic
profiling and deoxy ribonucleic acid (DNA) analysis, the extremely subjective test of physical resemblance or similarity of features will not suffice as evidence to prove paternity and filiation before the courts of law.
PATERNITY AND FILIATION
Probability of a MISMATCH:
American Blacks: one in 1.4 B
Caucasians: one in 840 M
Afro-Americans: one in 76 T
filipinos: one in 85 m
INHERITED DISORDERS
The DNA technology:
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Short Tandem Repeat (STR)
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
END
of
PART
ONE