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Leisurely Moments or Lifetimes? Context and the Study of Leisure, Consumption and Stratification. Paul Lambert, Stirling University Max Bergman, Universität Basel Ken Prandy, Cardiff University. ‘Leisure / Consumption’ in Stratification studies. Persistence of relationship? - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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May 6th 2005, RC28-OsloMay 6th 2005, RC28-Oslo 11
Leisurely Moments or Leisurely Moments or Lifetimes?Lifetimes?
Context and the Study of Leisure, Context and the Study of Leisure, Consumption and StratificationConsumption and Stratification
Paul Lambert, Stirling UniversityPaul Lambert, Stirling UniversityMax Bergman, Universität Basel Max Bergman, Universität Basel
Ken Prandy, Cardiff UniversityKen Prandy, Cardiff University
May 6th 2005, RC28-OsloMay 6th 2005, RC28-Oslo 22
‘‘Leisure / Consumption’ in Leisure / Consumption’ in Stratification studiesStratification studies
Persistence of relationship?Persistence of relationship? Homology v’s Individualisation v’s ‘Univore/Omnivore’Homology v’s Individualisation v’s ‘Univore/Omnivore’ Purpose behind relationshipsPurpose behind relationships
Specification of relationship?Specification of relationship? Methods of representing stratification / Unit of analysisMethods of representing stratification / Unit of analysis Anticipated importance of LC type: Anticipated importance of LC type:
Some LC patterns not associated with stratificationSome LC patterns not associated with stratification Some LC patterns are linked to strat. in ‘type’Some LC patterns are linked to strat. in ‘type’ Some LC patterns are linked to strat. in ‘degree’Some LC patterns are linked to strat. in ‘degree’
VeblenVeblen Multiple mechanisms of the LC linkMultiple mechanisms of the LC link Seemingly contradictory – or still consistent?Seemingly contradictory – or still consistent?
May 6th 2005, RC28-OsloMay 6th 2005, RC28-Oslo 33
3 critical empirical contexts?3 critical empirical contexts?
Longitudinal Longitudinal Changing LC choices over lifetimeChanging LC choices over lifetime Vulnerability of LC choices to other lifetime changesVulnerability of LC choices to other lifetime changes Trends:Trends: Is evidence of change (period) conflated with Is evidence of change (period) conflated with
lifetime effects (age, cohort) lifetime effects (age, cohort) Regional / geographicRegional / geographic – ‘opportunity structures’ – ‘opportunity structures’ Stratification measuresStratification measures
This paper: evidence on these from:This paper: evidence on these from: British Household Panel Study 1991-2002British Household Panel Study 1991-2002 Swiss Household Panel 1999-2003Swiss Household Panel 1999-2003
May 6th 2005, RC28-OsloMay 6th 2005, RC28-Oslo 44
Measuring Leisure/ConsumptionMeasuring Leisure/Consumption [Table 2][Table 2]
Household level:Household level: Individual levelIndividual level
Access to CarAccess to Car Member of sports clubMember of sports club
Washing machineWashing machine Member of political partyMember of political party
Dish washerDish washer Member of charityMember of charity
Home computerHome computer Goes to cinema regularlyGoes to cinema regularly
Home computer + internetHome computer + internet Goes to theatre / concertsGoes to theatre / concerts
Owns a second homeOwns a second home Goes out for a drinkGoes out for a drink
Private gardenPrivate garden Does home/garden improvementsDoes home/garden improvements
Go on holiday 1+ per yearGo on holiday 1+ per year
May 6th 2005, RC28-OsloMay 6th 2005, RC28-Oslo 55
Evidence of LC–Stratification Evidence of LC–Stratification associationsassociations
[Table3][Table3] Numerous, albeit moderate, associationsNumerous, albeit moderate, associations + + Considerable variations by LC typeConsiderable variations by LC type
Strongest: Computer; dishwasher[UK]; holidays; theatreStrongest: Computer; dishwasher[UK]; holidays; theatre Weakest: Washing machine; garden; Sports club[Sw]; Drinking; Weakest: Washing machine; garden; Sports club[Sw]; Drinking;
DIY DIY Some National differences: Car ownership; dishwasher; 2Some National differences: Car ownership; dishwasher; 2ndnd
home; sports club; drinkinghome; sports club; drinking Remarkable x-national persistence – eg, cinema Remarkable x-national persistence – eg, cinema
[Unit & Level of measurement – see later]
Conclude: These are consistent with more than 1 theory..
May 6th 2005, RC28-OsloMay 6th 2005, RC28-Oslo 66
Homology v’s Univore/OmnivoreHomology v’s Univore/Omnivore Inconclusive {appropriate data?} [Table 4]#acts-Cam:
UK:
2002- 0.36
1996- 0.35
Switz:
1999- 0.32
2002- 0.30
May 6th 2005, RC28-OsloMay 6th 2005, RC28-Oslo 77
Context(1): Regional effectsContext(1): Regional effects
Consistently moderate cluster effects Consistently moderate cluster effects [Table 5][Table 5] X-national difference - larger for UK {household} UK: Smaller districts greater context Switzerland: Larger aggregates (urban/rural; language) more
significant LC studies should acknowledge regional context…
Varying impact as regression effects Varying impact as regression effects [Tables 5/9][Tables 5/9] A number of significant main effects – eg UK London effect A few examples of LC interactions – eg hhld goods LC studies should acknowledge regional context, though it
probably won’t affect anything else?
May 6th 2005, RC28-OsloMay 6th 2005, RC28-Oslo 88
Context(2): representing stratification Context(2): representing stratification
[Tables 3 and 6][Tables 3 and 6] Occupational measuresOccupational measures
Primarily – same effects regardless of measure Aside1 – selected examples of categorical structures: non-
linearities (T6) and categorical transition assocs (T8) Aside2 – measures of social interaction, eg CAMSIS
EducationEducation [national variation – harmonisation problems]
Income Income [dominance of household level]
Unit of analysisUnit of analysis Individual – not appealing, but adequate and convenient Household – usually strongest association Parental – persistently strong, esp UK; hierarchical schemes
Gender differencesGender differences – need more exploration – need more exploration
May 6th 2005, RC28-OsloMay 6th 2005, RC28-Oslo 99
Longitudinal context 1: Temporal effectsLongitudinal context 1: Temporal effects
[Table 7][Table 7] AgeAge
Strong for PC, Cinema; otherwise fairly weak usually negative quadratic X-national similarity
PeriodPeriod Usually LC varies by (categorical) year (NB # years varies)
CohortCohort Close equivalence to age
Age + Period or Age + CohortAge + Period or Age + Cohort Consistent ability to distinguish A + P/C main effects UK - Age effects most often greater in latest years (12 yrs) Switz – Age effects sometimes lower in later years (5yrs)
May 6th 2005, RC28-OsloMay 6th 2005, RC28-Oslo 1010
Longitudinal context 2: LC TransitionsLongitudinal context 2: LC Transitions
[Table 8][Table 8] LC history {in} stabilitiesLC history {in} stabilities
Most measures have stability, but non-ignorable within-person transitions (# years varies)
Models for transition propensitiesModels for transition propensities no bivariate relation to stratification scale, but relate to both
current, and changes in, stratification class often associated with age Common regression finding: T = C + A + Δ + F
Conclude: L/C patterns adjust evolve over life course in a way that is partially influenced by stratification
May 6th 2005, RC28-OsloMay 6th 2005, RC28-Oslo 1111
Longitudinal context(3): Relative impact Longitudinal context(3): Relative impact of time and stratificationof time and stratification
[Table 9][Table 9] Stratification effects diminish once account for Stratification effects diminish once account for
longitudinal context plus selected regional, longitudinal context plus selected regional, household measures household measures
Main effects of linear time period usually minimalMain effects of linear time period usually minimal Stratification-Age interaction often positiveStratification-Age interaction often positive Period/Cohort differences insubstantial (short Period/Cohort differences insubstantial (short
panel spells don’t support this)panel spells don’t support this) Lagged Dep-Var – shifts focus to transitions, Lagged Dep-Var – shifts focus to transitions,
diminishes all other explanatory factorsdiminishes all other explanatory factors
May 6th 2005, RC28-OsloMay 6th 2005, RC28-Oslo 1212
ConclusionsConclusions
Importance of LC type Importance of LC type {Some geographical impacts} {Small stratification measurement impacts}Longitudinal impacts:Longitudinal impacts:
AgeAge – can be substantial, though varies by LC type – can be substantial, though varies by LC type - interaction: greater impact of strat. at older ages- interaction: greater impact of strat. at older ages - role of (age-related) household structure- role of (age-related) household structure Period – inconclusivePeriod – inconclusive Cohort – inconclusiveCohort – inconclusive TransitionsTransitions – substantial importance of state changes – substantial importance of state changes