15
Gérard Finet MD PhD Department of Cardiology and Interven:onal Cardiology Cardiovascular Hospital Hospices Civils de Lyon INSERM Unit 1086 CARMEN Claude Bernard University Lyon 1 Lyon France EBC 2011 – Lisbon, Portugal LeF main atheroma: Insight into mechanical proper:es of plaque

Lemainatheroma:Insightintomechanicalproper:esofplaque& · 2016. 3. 29. · Gérard&Finet&&MD&PhD& DepartmentofCardiologyandIntervenonalCardiology! Cardiovascular!Hospital!0!Hospices!Civils!de!Lyon!

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    2

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Lemainatheroma:Insightintomechanicalproper:esofplaque& · 2016. 3. 29. · Gérard&Finet&&MD&PhD& DepartmentofCardiologyandIntervenonalCardiology! Cardiovascular!Hospital!0!Hospices!Civils!de!Lyon!

Gérard  Finet    MD  PhD  Department  of  Cardiology  and  Interven:onal  Cardiology  Cardiovascular  Hospital  -­‐  Hospices  Civils  de  Lyon  INSERM  Unit  1086  CARMEN  Claude  Bernard  University  Lyon  1  Lyon  -­‐  France  

EBC  2011  –  Lisbon,  Portugal        

LeF  main  atheroma:  Insight  into  mechanical  proper:es  of  plaque  

Page 2: Lemainatheroma:Insightintomechanicalproper:esofplaque& · 2016. 3. 29. · Gérard&Finet&&MD&PhD& DepartmentofCardiologyandIntervenonalCardiology! Cardiovascular!Hospital!0!Hospices!Civils!de!Lyon!

Choy  &  Kassab.  J  Appl  Physiol  2008    

Scaling  of  myocardial  mass    to  flow    and  morphometry  of  coronary  arteries  

Q0  =  Q1  +  Q2      Law  of  conserva:on  of  mass    D0

3  =  D13  +  D2

3      Murray’s  law    

D0  =  0.678  x  (D1  +  D2)  Linear  law  

Murray CD. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 1926 Zamir M. J Theor Biology 2001

Kassab GS et al. AJP 2005 Finet G et al. EuroIntervention 2007

Distribu:ve  func:on  of  coronary  bifurca:on  

Page 3: Lemainatheroma:Insightintomechanicalproper:esofplaque& · 2016. 3. 29. · Gérard&Finet&&MD&PhD& DepartmentofCardiologyandIntervenonalCardiology! Cardiovascular!Hospital!0!Hospices!Civils!de!Lyon!

Mechanical  objec:ve  of  PCI  

Reference    Lumen  CSA  

Stenosis    MLA  

2D  finite  element  analysis  of  stent  implanta<on  

Page 4: Lemainatheroma:Insightintomechanicalproper:esofplaque& · 2016. 3. 29. · Gérard&Finet&&MD&PhD& DepartmentofCardiologyandIntervenonalCardiology! Cardiovascular!Hospital!0!Hospices!Civils!de!Lyon!

Mechanism  of  coronary  lumen  enlargement  

1-­‐  Vessel  expansion      2-­‐  Axial  plaque  redistribu:on    3-­‐  Plaque  reduc:on  

Lee  et  al.  JACC  1993  Bap<sta  et  al.  EHJ  1995  

Ahmed,  Mintz,  et  al.  Circula<on  2000  Finet,  Weissman,  Mintz  et  al.  Heart  2002  

Mechanism  of  Lumen  enlargement  

60%  

40%  

Radial  strain  maps  during  stent  implanta<on  

Page 5: Lemainatheroma:Insightintomechanicalproper:esofplaque& · 2016. 3. 29. · Gérard&Finet&&MD&PhD& DepartmentofCardiologyandIntervenonalCardiology! Cardiovascular!Hospital!0!Hospices!Civils!de!Lyon!

Mechanical  proper:es  of  coronary  plaque  

Radial  displacement  during  sten<ng   Effec<ve  stress  distribu<on  during  sten<ng  

Plaque  cons:tuents  are:    

Incompressible  (Poisson’s  modulus  -­‐  ν)  Anisotropic  Hyperelas=c  (Young’s  modulus  -­‐  E)  Heterogeneous  

Emedia      =  150  kPa  Ecore        =  1  to  20  kPa  Ehypocellular  fibrosis    =  500  kPa  Edense  fibrosis      =  1000  -­‐  3000  kPa  Ecalcifica=on      ≥  5000  kPa  

NB  :  1  bar  =  100  kPa  =  750  mmHg  

STRAIN   STRESS  

Page 6: Lemainatheroma:Insightintomechanicalproper:esofplaque& · 2016. 3. 29. · Gérard&Finet&&MD&PhD& DepartmentofCardiologyandIntervenonalCardiology! Cardiovascular!Hospital!0!Hospices!Civils!de!Lyon!

Spa:al  Intraplaque  circumferen:al  stress  distribu:on  

Plaque  s:ffness  =  1200  kPa  Plaque  s:ffness  =  600  kPa  

>  300  kPa   >  300  kPa  

PCS   PCS   PCS   PCS  

PCS  =  550  kPa   PCS  =  950  kPa  

STRESS  (kPa)   STRESS  (kPa)  

Lendon  et  al.  Atherosclerosis  1991  Cheng  et  al.  Circula<on  1993  

Holzapfel  et  al.  AJP  2005  

Page 7: Lemainatheroma:Insightintomechanicalproper:esofplaque& · 2016. 3. 29. · Gérard&Finet&&MD&PhD& DepartmentofCardiologyandIntervenonalCardiology! Cardiovascular!Hospital!0!Hospices!Civils!de!Lyon!

Water  displacement  and  arterial  wall  porosity  

Kaltenbach    et  al.  Cathet  Cardiovasc  Diagn.  1984  ;  1:213-­‐219.  

Page 8: Lemainatheroma:Insightintomechanicalproper:esofplaque& · 2016. 3. 29. · Gérard&Finet&&MD&PhD& DepartmentofCardiologyandIntervenonalCardiology! Cardiovascular!Hospital!0!Hospices!Civils!de!Lyon!

Summary  of  the  mechanical  impacts  of  stent  implanta:on  

Radial  force  exerted  by  the  balloon  on  the  stent  and  the  coronary  plaque    Op:mal  stent  strain  for  an  op:mal  lumen  diameter  or  CSA  (Murray’s  law)    With  consequently  an  increase  in  effec:ve  stress  distribu:on  in  ATS  plaque    The  stent  keeps  this  elevated  stress  state  stable          This  stress  state  induces  signal  transduc[on  in  the  arterial  wall    (mechanobiology  or  mechanotransduc:on)  

Hoffman  et  al.  Nature  2011;475:316-­‐323.  

Page 9: Lemainatheroma:Insightintomechanicalproper:esofplaque& · 2016. 3. 29. · Gérard&Finet&&MD&PhD& DepartmentofCardiologyandIntervenonalCardiology! Cardiovascular!Hospital!0!Hospices!Civils!de!Lyon!

In  vivo  assessment  to  mechanical  proper:es  of  coronary  plaque  

Gray-­‐scale  IVUS    

OCT  

VH®  

Page 10: Lemainatheroma:Insightintomechanicalproper:esofplaque& · 2016. 3. 29. · Gérard&Finet&&MD&PhD& DepartmentofCardiologyandIntervenonalCardiology! Cardiovascular!Hospital!0!Hospices!Civils!de!Lyon!

Ruptured plaque !cross-sections!

Adjacent non-ruptured plaque cross-sections!

IVUS imaging! IVUS imaging!Finite element meshes! Circumferential stress maps!CTH  =  160  µm  

CTH  =  56  µm  

Ohayon  et  al.  Coronary  Artery  Disease    2001;12:655-­‐663.  Finet  et  al.  Coronary  Artery  Disease  2004;15:13-­‐20  

Biomechanical  plaque  instability  is  a  consequence  of    plaque  excentricity,  plaque  composi=on,  plaque  heterogeneity    

411  kPa  

368  kPa  

Page 11: Lemainatheroma:Insightintomechanicalproper:esofplaque& · 2016. 3. 29. · Gérard&Finet&&MD&PhD& DepartmentofCardiologyandIntervenonalCardiology! Cardiovascular!Hospital!0!Hospices!Civils!de!Lyon!

Fung  YC.  Biomechanics  Springer  1997.  Ohayon  J  et  al.  Am  J  Physiol  Heart  Circ  Physiol  2007;293(3);H1987-­‐1996.  

Computerized  simula:on  and  closing  condi:ons  

Artery

Fibrosis Lipid

By  neglec[ng  the  residual  stress/strain  we  overes[mate  the  peak  cap  strain/stress,  but  this  peak  occurs  always  at  the  same  loca:on  

P=14 kPa

390 kPa

Residual Von-Mises stress (kPa)

P=0 kPa

534 kPa

Page 12: Lemainatheroma:Insightintomechanicalproper:esofplaque& · 2016. 3. 29. · Gérard&Finet&&MD&PhD& DepartmentofCardiologyandIntervenonalCardiology! Cardiovascular!Hospital!0!Hospices!Civils!de!Lyon!

Quasi-­‐UNIFORM  distribu[ons  

HETEROGENEOUS  distribu[ons  

Without  LV  mo:on  

With  LV  mo:on  

A

B

LM

LAD

LCx

LM

LAD

LCx

>300 165 30

WALL STIFFNESS

(kPa)

Influence  of  heart  mo:on    

 Dynamic  MRI  tagging  technique  Torsion  –  Radial  strain  –  Axial  strain  

Ohayon  et  al.  Am  J  Physiol  Heart  Circ  Physiol  2011  

0

150

300

450

600

750

900

10 20 30 40 50

Luminal wall stretch (%)

Lum

inal

wal

l stif

fnes

s (k

Pa)

Elastic behavior of Arterial wall

300 kPa

Lesion sites

800 kPa A

Correla=on  between    plaque  loca=on    and  wall  s=ffness  

ESS  and  Wall  S:ffness  Poten<al  combina<on  for  predic<ng  the  risk  of  atherosclerosis  

Page 13: Lemainatheroma:Insightintomechanicalproper:esofplaque& · 2016. 3. 29. · Gérard&Finet&&MD&PhD& DepartmentofCardiologyandIntervenonalCardiology! Cardiovascular!Hospital!0!Hospices!Civils!de!Lyon!

Mintz  et  al.  Circula<on  2003;107:2660-­‐2663.  

Virmani  et  al.  Circula<on  2004;109:701-­‐705.  

Regional  remodeling  as  a  cause  of  late  stent  malapposi:on  Mechanical  explana=ons  

E:400 kPa!

Young’s  modulus    E  :  400  kPa  to  100  kPa  

Constant  pressure  =  100  mmHg  

(Finet  G.  unpublished  data)  

Page 14: Lemainatheroma:Insightintomechanicalproper:esofplaque& · 2016. 3. 29. · Gérard&Finet&&MD&PhD& DepartmentofCardiologyandIntervenonalCardiology! Cardiovascular!Hospital!0!Hospices!Civils!de!Lyon!

Conclusions  

A  biomechanical   approach   to   atherosclero[c  plaque   and  PCI   is  mandatory   to  improve   our   knowledge   and   our   way   of   thinking,   but   does   not   necessarily  makes  things  more  comprehensible,  but  rather  o_en  adds  novel  complexi[es    Computerized  simula[on  is  a  very  useful  tool  for  that    These  simula[ons  require   in  vivo  assessment  of  plaque  geometry  and  precise  elas[city  maps.    Grayscale   IVUS  or  VH  offer   this  geometrical  assessment  but  without  accuracy  for  detec[ng  Young’s  moduli.  IVUS  with  Modulography  could  probably  provide  these  data.  

Le  Floc’h  et  al.  IEEE  Medical  Imaging  2008  -­‐  Le  Floc’h  et  al.  Phys  Med  Biol  2010    

Page 15: Lemainatheroma:Insightintomechanicalproper:esofplaque& · 2016. 3. 29. · Gérard&Finet&&MD&PhD& DepartmentofCardiologyandIntervenonalCardiology! Cardiovascular!Hospital!0!Hospices!Civils!de!Lyon!

FRANCE    Jacques  Ohayon,  PhD  Gilles  Rioufol,  MD,  PhD    USA    Roderic  I.  Peggrew,  MD,  PhD  Ahmed    M.  Gharib,  MD  Julie  Heroux,  MSc    CANADA  Guy  Clou:er,  PhD  Jérémie  Fromageau,  PhD  Roch  Maurice,  PhD    SPAIN  Manuel  Doblare,  PhD  Miguel-­‐Angel  Mar:nez,  PhD  Mauro  Malves,  PhD  Alberto  Garcia,  PhD  Std