Upload
cory-clarke
View
216
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Lemnaceae;
from green nuisance ………
………to green technology
Dr. Marcel Jansen
Lemnaceae
Wolffia globosa
Wolffiella gladiata
Lemna minor
Spirodela polyrhiza
http://waynesword.palomar.edu
Smallest flowering plants
http://waynesword.palomar.edu
http://world-flowers-plants.blogspot.com/2011/04/smallest-crop-in-world.html
Doubling time at UCC
Lemna minor 2.27 dayLemna gibba 2.18 dayLandoltia puntata 2.11 dayWolffia brasiliensis 3.35 day
Doubling time optimal conditions <20 hours
Small plant – fast grower!
Fast growth; problem or opportunity ?
Lake Maracaibo - Venezuela
Pennsylvania
Cork http://imageshack.us/
http://www.voltairenet.org/The-Promise-of-Restitution-of
http://www.mobot.org/jwcross/duckweed/duckweed.htm
Lemnaceae in traditional /sustainable agriculture (FAO 2011)
Lemnaceae; problem or opportunity ?
http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/resources/documents/DW/Dw2.htm
Lemnaceae; problem or opportunity?
Protein (43% DW) feed aquaculture
Essential amino acids (Lys, Leu, Ile, Phe, Thr, Val)
Bio-crude (renewable fuel)
Technology for growth, harvesting and processing
Yield up to 4 ton FW / hectare / day PetroAlgae Inc Florida Lemna production
http://www.petroalgae.com/
Lemnaceae; problem or opportunity ?
Devils Lake – North Dakota – 10.000 inhab.
Tertiary wastewater treatment (N/P removal)
Plant nutrient uptakeAnaerobic microbial processes
Marriage between biology & engineeringhttp://www.ci.devils-lake.nd.us/departments/sewer-department.html
Metals and heavy metals
Lemnaceae as bioaccumulators– Phytoremediation– Feed fortification
Phytoremediation–I - Zinchttp://www.imdb.com/
Zinc uptake by Lemna minor
Time in days
zinc
Linear model with first order kinetics
Zinc bioaccumulation by Lemna minor
Literature; accumulation factors Zn > 35000
Based on 0.2 mg/L BCF=1000 kg/ha/day
Zinc in the food chain
Available for trophic transfer
From phytoremediation to …. ……….food fortification
Zinc in Gammarus pulex fed on Lemna minor and after 24h depuration
Phytoremediation-II - TCP
Chlorophenols
Priority pollutant Genotoxic, mutagenic, carcinogenic Ubiquitous in aqueous environment
– Sawmills (wood impregnation agents)– Precursors / degradation products chemicals– Landfill sites
2,4,6, trichlorophenol
TCP is phytotoxic
Specific growth rate (day-1)
L.punctata L.minor L.gibba
EC
50 (
µM
)
Peroxidase activity in medium L. punctata
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Landoltia punctata Lemna minor Lemna gibbaPO
D a
ctiv
ity (
nm
ol A
BT
S m
in-1 m
g-1)
TCP
TCPTCP
Response to TCP concentration that gives ca. 15% growth inhibition
UV/VIS spectrophotometry
Enzyme + 2,4,6, TCP
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
SpEx
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
240 280 320 360 400
HRP-C
Wavelength (nm)
Oxidation to 2,6 dichloro-1,4 benzoquinone
LC-MSTCP - no enzyme
TCP - peroxidase
m/z 195 TCP (+2, +4, +6 for 37Cl)
Isomer dichloro benzoquinone
Substrates for class III peroxidases
Trichlorophenol
(1) Recognition& Induction
(2) Enzyme secretion
Class III peroxidase(3) Oxidative detoxification by
Mono and Dichlorobenzoquinones
Lemnaceae frond
Three components of Lemnaceae response system
Lemnaceae bioreactor?
Range of potential substrates?
TCP breakdown products?
Capacity Lemnaceae reactor?------------------------- Secrete other desirable proteins
http://www.lemnagene.com/
………..Lemnaceae andthe Green Economy…..?
Engineering solutions
Molecular transformation technologies
DOE-JGI genome sequence
Green technology
Protein/biofuel PharmaceuticalsPhytoremediationFood fortification
UnderstandingPhysiological
potential
Acknowledgements
TCP (JIC, Norwich, UK)• Roger Thorneley• Lionel Hill
TCP (UCC)• Dilip Biswas (BEES)• Gillian Scannell (BEES)• Nurlan Akhmetov (Chemistry)• Dara Fitzpatrick (Chemistry)
Zinc (UCC)• Elma Lahive (BEES)• John O’Halloran (BEES)
Funding EPA and IRCSET