LENGTH-WEIGHT RELATIONSHIP, HAEMATOCRIT … author: [email protected] Received 15 August 2015; accepted 11 September 2015 Abstract The fresh water eel fish

128 International Journal of Research in Fisheries and Aquaculture 2015; 5(3): 128-139

ISSN 2277-7729

Original Article

LENGTH-WEIGHT RELATIONSHIP, HAEMATOCRIT AND HAEMATOLOGICAL

PARAMETERS OF INDIAN FRESHWATER EEL

Anguila bicolor (McClelanand)

R.Sripriya,K.Kumar, K.Rajendran

P.G. and Research Department of Zoology and Biotechnology, A.V.V.M. Sri pushpam college (Autonomous),

Poondi, 613 503, Thanjavur Dt.TamilNadu, India.

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Received 15 August 2015; accepted 11 September 2015

Abstract

The fresh water eel fish Anguilla bicolor is an important economic fish and an alternative source for human dietary

constituents. The present study, discuss about the role of direct relationship compared between the body length and weight.

As age of the fish increased, the length and weight were also increased. The haematocrit and haematological parameters of

the blood had shown the significant seasonal variations. The present investigation result had shown that the serum protein

was found to be high in monsoon and low in summer. Albumin and globulin were maximum in monsoon and minimum in

summer. The amount of glucose content was found to be high in summer and low in monsoon. The data clearly indicates

the amount of cholesterol triglycerides, haemoglobin, RBC, WBC, PVC, MCV, MCH and MCHC in the blood showed

marked seasonal variations during the two years of the study period.

© 2015 Universal Research Publications. All rights reserved

Key words: Anguilla bicolor, haematocrit, haemoglobin, RBC, WBC, PVC, MCV, MCH and MCHC.

INTRODUCTION Indian fisheries and aquaculture is an important

sector of food production, providing nutritional security to

the food basket, contributing to the aquacultural exports

and engaging about fourteen million people in different

activities. The water in which a fish lives is the principal

environmental component that influences its health. Some

of the most critical water quality conditions that are readily

influenced by biological activity. The length-weight

relationship in fishes is a useful measure to total weight and

growth pattern of fishes. The length-weight relationship in

freshwater as well as marine fishes has been reported by

many workers (Froese, 1998; Cardin and Friendland, 1999;

Simon and Mazlan, 2008; Nowak et al., 2009;

Manimegalai et al., 2010; Santhoshkumar et al., 2011).

Rajappa Pantulu (1957) studied the biology of the Indian

freshwater eel Anguilla bengalensis with reference to

length weight relationship.

Mustafa (1978) studied length-weight relationship

and condition factors of Esomusdannicus from different

freshwater environments. The length-weight relationship

and condition factors of various fish species such as

Botapohachata (Mortuza and Mokarrama, 2000)

Diplodussargus, D. puntaze and Lithognathus mornurus

(Ptama and Andhade, 2002); Sardina pilchardus (Silva,

2003) Cirrhinus rela (Lashari et al., 2004); Leucisus-

-burdigalensis (Poulet et al., 2005); Mystus vittatus

(Hossain et al., 2006); Labeo boga (Rokshanara Pervin and

Golam Mortuza, 2008); Anguilla australis (Kearney et al.,

2011); Channa punctatus (Dars et al., 2012) have been

reported. The present study is aimed to observe the length

weight relationship of freshwater eel Anguilla bicolor from

the river Cauvery.

Haematology is the science of studying the

anatomical, physiological and pathological aspects of

blood. Fishes are the rich sources of animal protein and

good for human health. Fishes are immediately associated

with aqueous environment. Haematological parameters,

haematocrite and biochemical composition of fishes have

been studied by many investigators (Tandon and Joshi,

1975; Mcleay, 1977; Das, 1978; Orun et al., 2003;

Campbell, 2004). The variation in protein, glucose,

cholesterol, lipid fatty acids, carbohydrates, triglycerides,

RBC and WBC count in relation to sex, size, season and

age of the fish have been reported (Silbergeld, 1974; Ake

Larsson, 1976; Sastry and Subhadra, 1985; Coles, 1986;

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Beritc et al., 1989; Boon et al., 1989; Klinger and

Echevarria, 1996; Bedii and Kenan, 2005; Shankar and

Kulkarni, 2007; Tavares et al., 2008).

The comparative study of some

haematological and biochemical parameters of blood in

fishes have been reported by Larsson et al. (1976). In

Salvalinus fontinalis decline in RBC value leading to

anemic conditions were observed (Holcombe et al., 1976).

McArthur (1977) reported the morphology of erythrocytes

in freshwater eel Anguilla australis and A. diffenbrachii.

Erythrocyte degeneration in the European eel Anguilla

anguilla have been studied (Eiras, 1983). The monthly

variation in the haematocrit values of freshwater teleost

Cirrhinus mrigala have been reported (Raizada et al.,

1983). The aim of present study is to investigate the length-

weight relationship,haematocrit and haematological

parameters of Indian freshwater eel Anguila bicolor

(mcclelanand) in the relation of seasonal variation in

freshwater bodies of river Cauvery at Lower Anaicut,

Trichirappally.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The fresh water eel fish Anguilla bicolor were

collected from the fresh water bodies of river Cauvery at

Lower Anaicut, Trichirappally. They were acclimatized to

laboratory condition under the normal temperature for 27±

2 0C in a plastic container containing with sufficient fresh

water, so that fishes are submerged. Before

experimentation the fishes segregated into different size

groups. The specimens were identified based on

morphometric characters of the fish (Jayaprakash,

1989).The length weight relationship, haematology, were

studied by utilizing these specimens adapting standard

methods.

Length-weight relationship

Random collections of A. bicolor were measured

to nearest 1 mm in a fish measuring broad and weighed to

the nearest 0.1 g in electronic balance. The data was

transformed into log-log transformate. The transformed

data of length-weight relationship was estimated by the

method of least square as used by Ricker (1973) and Iqbal

et al. (1995).

Haematological analysis

The blood samples were drawn by cardiac

puncture using 21 gauge hypodermic needle in two

different vials, one containing the anticoagulant EDTA for

blood cell studies and another vial without EDTA allowing

the clot and serum to separate for studying biochemical

constituents and enzymes. Standard haematological

procedure described by Blaxhall and Daislay (1973) were

followed for analysis.

RBC (Red blood) Corpuscles Count

Total red blood cells (tRBCs) were counted using

an improved Neubaur haemocytometer (Shah and Altindag

2005). Blood was diluted 1:200 with Hayem’s fluid

(Mishra et al., 1977). Erythrocytes were counted in the

loaded haemocytometer chamber and total numbers were

reported as 106 mm-3 (Wintrobe, 1967).

WBC Count

Total white blood cells (WBC) were counted

using an improved Neubaur haemocytometer (Shah and

Altindag 2005; Mgbenka and Oluah, 2003). Blood was

diluted 1:20 with Turk’s diluting fluid and placed in

haemocytometer. 4 large (1sq mm) corner squares of the

haemocytometer were counted under the microscope

(Olympus) at 640X. The total number of WBC was

calculated in mm3 X10-3 (Wintrobe, 1967).

Haemoglobin (Hb)

Haemoglobin (Hb) was determined with a

haemoglobin test kit (DIAGNOVA, Ranbaxy, India) using

the method followed by McKim et al. (1976).

Haemotocrit volume (Packed cell volume –PCV)

(Svobodava et al., 1991)

The haematocrit value expresses the corpuscular

volume in relation to the total volume of blood. It is related

to the total volume of blood calculated by taking oxylated

blood mixing thoroughly by repeated in version and filled

in in vitro upto 100 mask, centrifuged at 2500 rpm for 30

minutes. After centrifuging the haematocrit percentage is

directly read on the haematocrit meter.

Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) (Dacie and Lewis,

1977)

The value of the mean corpuscular volume can be

calculated from the haematocrit value (PCV), expressed in

1.1-1, and from the erythrocyte count (Er), expressed in T.1-

1. The following formula is used for this calculation:

Mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) (Dacie and

Lewis, 1977)

Mean corpuscular haemoglobin expresses the

average haemoglobin concentration in individual

erythrocytes and is given in picogrammes - pg (10-12 g). It

is calculated from the haemoglobin value in g.1-1 and from

the erythrocyte count (Er) in T.1-1 according to the

following formula:

Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

(Dacie and Lewis, 1977)

The mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration

expresses the concentration of haemoglobin in unit volume

of erythrocytes. It is calculated from the haemoglobin value

(Hb) in g.1-1 and from the haematocrit value (PCV),

expressed in 1.1-1, according to the following formula:

Albumin and globulin

Albumin and globulin were estimated following

the method of Welchselbam (1964).

Total protein

Serum total protein was estimated by Biuret

method (Welchselbam, 1946).

Glucose

The glucose was estimated by enzymatic

colorimetric method (Schmidt, 1971).

Cholesterol

The cholesterol was estimated by enzymatic

colorimetric method (Fleg, 1973).


Table 1. The Ratio of total body length, weight and intestinal length, weight of fresh water eel Anguilla bicolor

S. No. Body length

(cm)

Body weight

(g) Intestinal length Intestinal weight Length ratio Weight ratio

1. 35.7 180 10.3 12.4 0.29 0.068

2. 37.4 196 10.5 12.7 0.28 0.065

3. 39.1 205 10.7 13.0 0.27 0.063

4. 39.8 212 11.2 13.6 0.28 0.064

5. 40.9 220 11.6 13.2 0.29 0.06

6. 43.6 245 12.3 15.1 0.28 0.062

7. 45.9 250 12.0 16.8 0.26 0.071

8. 46.3 262 12.4 15.7 0.27 0.059

9. 47.5 280 12.5 17.4 0.26 0.062

10. 48.4 286 13.2 19.0 0.27 0.066

11. 49.9 292 13.1 17.1 0.26 0.058

12. 50.3 305 13.6 18.6 0.27 0.061

13. 52.7 324 12.8 17.9 0.24 0.055

14. 53.6 341 14.1 18.8 0.26 0.055

15. 53.8 349 14.8 20.5 0.28 0.06

16. 55.2 286 14.7 19.9 0.27 0.07

17. 55.6 345 15.0 19.7 0.27 0.057

18. 56.3 372 14.2 20.1 0.25 0.054

19. 57.5 366 14.9 22.5 0.26 0.06

20. 58.7 384 15.8 23.6 0.27 0.06

21. 60.1 381 14.4 22.3 0.24 0.058

22. 62.7 395 16.3 24.4 0.26 0.061

23. 63.2 403 15.7 26.7 0.25 0.065

24. 65.1 408 14.8 25.9 0.23 0.063

25. 65.6 410 166 26.8 0.25 0.065

Total 1284.9 7697 486.9 473.7 6.61 1.542

Mean 51.39 307.88 19.47 18.94 0.26 0.061

Triglycerides

The triglycerides in the blood serum were

estimated by glycerol phosphate oxidase (GPo) method

(Fossatip, 1982).

RESULTS

Length-Weight relationship

In the present investigation, the length-weight

relationship of freshwater eel A. bicolor was studied and

the results are given from this data the length weight

relationship showed significant result. The fish collected

during the study period, the body length ranged from 35.7

to 65.6 cm. It was found to be minimum (35.7 cm) and

maximum (65.6 cm). The weight of the eel fish ranged

from 180 to 410 grams. It was found to be low (180 gm)

and high (410 gm). There was a direct relationship noticed

between body length and body weight. As age of the fish

increased the body weight and length were also increased.

Ratio of Intestinal and body length varied from 0.23 to

0.29.

The ratio of intestinal weight and body weight

ranged from 0.055 to 0.071.The result of length weight

relationship as body length (X) Vs body weight is Y =

1.194X + 35.86 R2 = 0.990, body length (X) Vs Intestinal

length Y = 0.977X + 57.21 R2 = 0.476, Intestinal length Vs

Intestinal weight Y = 0.276X + 9.317 R2 = 0.812, and Body

weight Vs Intestinal weight Y = 7.384X + 351.7 R2 = 0.484

(Table.1).

Haematology and Haematocrit

The result of haematocrit and haematological

parameters in the blood of freshwater eel Anguilla bicolor

in different months are given in Table.

Protein

The data clearly indicates that the amount of

protein content in the blood showed significant seasonal

variations. It ranged from 2.8 0.21 to 4.5 2.24 g/dl in

the year 2010 and 2.7 0.18 to 4.6 0.28 g/dl in 2011. It

was found to be minimum (2.8 0.21 g/dl) in June 2010

and maximum (4.5 0.24 g/dl) in December 2010. The

highest value (4.67 0.28 g/dl) was recorded in December

2011 and the lowest value (2.7 0.18 g/dl) in June 2011.

The protein showed higher value when compared to other

biochemical compounds. The protein was found to be high

(4.37 0.30 g/dl) in monsoon and low (2.90 0.19 g/dl in

summer (Tab 2 &3).

Albumin

The monthly mean value of albumin content in the present

study showed slight seasonal variations. It varied from 2.4

0.14 to 3.1 0.17 g/dl in the year 2010 and 2.5 0.13 to

3.2 0.18 g/dl in 2011. The minimum value (2.4 0.14

g/dl) in June 2010 and maximum value (3.1 0.17 g/dl) in

December 2010 was recorded. It was found to be low (2.5

0.13 g/dl) in May 2011 and high (3.2 0.18 g/dl) in

November 2011. The maximum value (3.03 0.17 g/dl) in


monsoon and minimum value (2.53 0.14 g/dl) in summer

2010 (Tab 2 &3).

Globulin

The seasonal variation of globulin in the blood of

eel A. bicolor showed slight fluctuations. It varied from 1.8

0.14 to 2.5 0.16 g/dl in 2010 and 1.8 0.12 to 2.4

0.14 g/dl in 2011. The maximum value (2.5 0.16 g/dl)

was recorded in November 2010 and minimum (1.8 0.14

g/dl) in September 2010. It was found to be high (2.4

0.14) in November and December 2011 and low (1.8

0.12) in July 2011. The higher value (2.34 0.14 g/dl) was

obtained in monsoon 2011 and lower value (1.87 0.14

g/dl) in premonsoon 2011(Tab 2 &3).

Table 2. Haematocrit values of freshwater eel A. bicolor from January 2010 to December 2011 (Lower Anaicut)

S. No. Month and Year Protein (g/dl) Albumin (g/dl) Globulin

(g/dl)

Glucose

(mg/dl)

Cholesterol

(mg/dl)

Triglycerides

(mg/dl)

1. Jan. 2010 3.9 0.32 2.8 0.15 2.2 0.14 97 1.78 184 2.51 148 2.29

2. Feb. 2010 3.7 0.24 2.6 0.16 1.9 0.16 99 1.84 178 2.46 145 2.18

3. Mar. 2010 3.5 0.26 2.6 0.14 2.0 0.12 102 1.96 175 2.37 139 2.11

4. April 2010 3.4 0.22 2.7 0.17 2.0 0.14 104 2.14 175 2.41 127 2.08

5. May 2010 2.9 0.19 2.5 0.12 2.4 0.15 108 2.23 169 2.38 125 2.12

6. June 2010 2.8 0.21 2.4 0.14 2.3 0.13 110 2.27 168 2.34 131 2.16

7. July 2010 3.2 0.27 2.4 0.15 2.2 0.12 103 1.68 172 2.36 138 2.24

8. Aug. 2010 3.6 0.28 2.8 0.16 2.1 0.15 104 1.59 187 2.44 141 2.18

9. Sep. 2010 3.6 0.26 2.7 0.16 1.8 0.14 102 1.74 184 2.53 140 2.28

10. Oct. 2010 4.1 0.31 2.8 0.18 1.9 0.16 98 1.87 195 2.61 152 2.37

11. Nov. 2010 4.4 0.29 2.9 0.18 2.4 0.15 94 1.58 198 2.57 153 2.32

12. Dec. 2010 4.5 0.24 3.1 0.17 2.5 0.16 97 1.62 199 2.58 147 2.27

13. Jan. 2011 4.2 0.25 2.8 0.16 2.3 0.14 99 1.69 191 2.49 148 2.31

14. Feb. 2011 3.8 0.27 2.7 0.16 2.0 0.13 102 1.94 183 2.43 140 2.15

15. Mar. 2011 3.6 0.23 2.7 0.15 2.2 0.15 105 1.97 177 2.44 136 2.14

16. April 2011 3.2 0.21 2.6 0.14 2.1 0.12 108 2.06 1.72 2.37 128 2.11

17. May 2011 2.8 0.19 2.5 0.13 2.0 0.13 112 2.14 169 2.36 126 2.13

18. June 2011 2.7 0.18 2.6 0.17 2.1 0.11 113 2.22 167 2.39 132 2.78

19. July 2011 3.0 0.24 2.8 0.16 1.8 0.12 106 2.03 173 2.42 134 2.17

20. Aug. 2011 3.4 0.29 2.7 0.15 1.8 0.14 102 1.92 181 2.51 139 2.16

21. Sep. 2011 3.5 0.27 2.7 0.15 2.0 0.15 99 1.85 181 2.45 145 2.29

22. Oct. 2011 4.2 0.31 2.9 0.17 2.2 0.14 98 1.74 192 2.55 147 2.41

23. Nov. 2011 4.3 0.32 3.2 0.18 2.4 0.13 95 1.63 199 2.53 152 2.34

24. Dec. 2011 4.6 0.28 3.0 0.17 2.4 0.14 97 1.59 201 2.56 150 2.31

Mean 3.6208 2.7292 2.1250 102.2500 174.9883 140.1250

SD .56720 .19886 .21110 5.26060 38.43739 8.77404

Minimum 2.70 2.40 1.80 94.00 1.72 125.00

Maximum 4.60 3.20 2.50 113.00 201.00 153.00

Table 3. Seasonal variations in haematocrit values of freshwater eel A. bicoloir from Lower Anaicut during 2010-2011

Year and season Protein

(g/dl)

Albumin

(g/dl)

Globulin

(g/dl)

Glucose

(mg/dl)

Cholesterol

(mg/dl)

Triglycerides

(mg/dl)

Post monsoon (Jan., Feb., March 2010) 3.70 0.27 2.67 0.15 2.03 0.14 99.34 1.86 179.0 2.45 144.00 2.20

Summer (April, May, June 2010) 3.04 0.21 2.53 0.14 2.24 0.14 107.34 2.22 170.67 2.38 127.67 2.12

Pre monsoon (July, Aug., Sept. 2010) 3.47 0.27 2.63 0.16 2.04 0.14 103.00 1.67 181.00 2.45 139.67 2.24

Monsoon (Oct., Nov., December 2010) 4.33 0.24 2.93 0.18 2.27 0.16 96.34 1.69 197.34 2.59 150.67 2.32

Post monsoon (Jan., Feb., March 2011) 3.87 0.25 2.73 0.16 2.17 0.14 102.00 2.46 183.67 2.46 141.34 2.20

Summer (April, May, June 2011) 2.90 0.19 2.57 0.15 2.07 0.12 111.00 2.14 169.34 2.38 128.67 2.34

Pre monsoon (July, Aug., Sept. 2011) 3.30 0.27 2.73 0.15 1.87 0.14 102.34 1.94 178.34 2.46 139.34 2.21

Monsoon (Oct., Nov., December 2011) 4.37 0.30 3.03 0.17 2.34 0.14 96.67 1.66 197.34 2.55 149.67 2.36


Table 4. Haematological parameters of freshwater eel A. bicolor from January 2010 to December 2011 (Lower Anaicut)

S.

No.

Month and

Year

Haemoglobin

(g/dl)

RBC

(106/ml)

WBC

(103/ml)

PCV

(%/dl)

MCV

(m2)

MCH

(pg)

MCHC

((%/mg/dl)

1. Jan. 2010 10.26 0.74 3.18 0.38 4.3 0.88 33.19 0.78 104.37 1.62 32.26 0.69 30.91 0.52

2. Feb. 2010 9.84 0.72 3.16 0.39 4.4 0.31 32.13 0.84 103.65 1.73 31.14 0.56 30.62 0.63

3. Mar. 2010 9.16 0.68 2.93 0.48 4.4 0.28 31.45 0.77 107.33 1.89 32.79 0.64 30.55 0.58

4. April 2010 9.42 0.59 2.98 0.55 4.5 0.39 30.74 0.68 103.15 1.58 31.61 0.71 30.64 0.51

5. May 2010 9.36 0.46 2.81 0.34 4.8 0.27 30.24 0.67 107.6 1.92 33.31 0.75 30.95 0.49

6. June 2010 9.48 0.47 2.79 0.47 4.7 0.33 30.25 0.66 108.4 1.98 33.98 0.79 31.33 0.64

7. July 2010 9.55 0.52 2.85 0.52 4.6 0.29 30.06 0.72 105.5 1.96 33.50 0.72 31.77 0.48

8. Aug. 2010 9.61 0.57 2.93 0.56 4.5 0.36 31.38 0.73 107.1 1.77 32.76 0.74 30.62 0.52

9. Sep. 2010 9.74 0.66 3.18 0.46 4.4 0.38 32.61 0.74 106.6 1.87 30.63 0.51 29.86 0.44

10. Oct. 2010 10.21 0.75 3.22 0.38 4.4 0.29 33.67 0.77 104.5 1.59 31.70 0.62 30.32 0.48

11. Nov. 2010 10.85 0.78 3.36 0.39 4.3 0.32 34.98 0.84 103.9 1.63 32.29 0.63 31.16 0.51

12. Dec. 2010 11.13 0.69 3.42 0.41 4.2 0.27 34.95 0.81 100.7 1.54 32.07 0.57 31.85 0.62

13. Jan. 2011 10.18 0.74 3.21 0.54 4.5 0.34 33.11 0.78 103.1 1.48 31.71 0.49 30.75 0.63

14. Feb. 2011 9.97 0.71 3.14 0.44 4.4 0.36 32.30 0.65 102.8 1.61 31.75 0.53 30.87 0.66

15. Mar. 2011 9.76 0.65 2.97 0.32 4.6 0.28 31.28 0.59 105.32 1.66 32.86 0.67 31.20 0.71

16. April 2011 9.54 0.67 2.89 0.55 4.6 0.31 30.56 0.62 105.74 1.73 33.01 0.73 31.28 0.69

17. May 2011 9.36 0.58 2.88 0.31 4.8 0.36 29.83 0.64 103.58 1.59 32.50 0.66 31.37 0.61

18. June 2011 9.18 0.51 2.81 0.48 4.7 0.25 29.47 0.58 104.87 1.47 32.67 0.58 31.15 0.57

19. July 2011 9.45 0.62 2.94 0.53 4.4 0.36 30.16 0.63 102.58 1.73 32.14 0.61 31.33 0.49

20. Aug. 2011 9.61 0.64 3.18 0.41 4.5 0.34 31.43 0.72 105.47 1.82 30.37 0.67 30.57 0.53

21. Sep. 2011 9.97 0.71 3.26 0.39 4.5 0.29 32.59 0.85 99.97 1.46 30.58 0.54 30.59 0.61

22. Oct. 2011 10.14 0.69 3.34 0.42 4.2 0.27 34. 75 0.77 104.04 1.55 30.36 0.48 29.18 0.42

23. Nov. 2011 10.97 0.74 3.42 0.38 4.3 0.36 34.42 0.76 100.64 1.54 32.08 0.62 31.8 0.71

24. Dec. 2011 11.28 0.76 3.49 0.42 4.1 0.23 35.37 0.79 98.52 1.65 32.32 0.71 31.86 0.60

Mean 9.9175 3.0975 4.4625 32.1217 104.142 1.39 32.0996 30.9388

SD 0.60993 0..21794 0..18371 1.84011 2.49664 0..97717 .63467

Minimum 9.16 2.79 4.10 29.47 98.52 30.36 29.18

Maximum 11.28 3.49 4.80 35.37 108.40 33.98 31.86

Glucose

The amount of glucose content in the blood of

freshwater eel A. bicolor during the study period showed

significant fluctuations. It ranged from 94 1.58 to 110

2.27 mg/dl in 2010 and 95 1.63 to 113 2.22 mg/dl in

2011. It was found to be low (94 1.58 mg/dl) in

November 2011 and high (110 2.27 mg/dl) in June 2010.

The maximum value (113 2.22 mg/dl) was recorded in

June 2011 and minimum (95 1.63 mg/dl) in November

2011. The glucose level was recorded maximum (111.00

2.14 mg/dl) in summer 2011 and minimum (96.34 1.69

mg/dl) in monsoon 2010(Tab 2 &3).

Cholesterol

The seasonal variation in cholesterol content showed a

significant fluctuation. It ranged from 168 2.34 to 199

2.58 mg/dl in 2010 and 167 2.39 to 201 2.56 mg/dl in

2011. The maximum value (199 2.58 mg/dl) was

recorded in December 2010 and minimum (168 2.34

mg/dl) in June 2010. It was found to be low (167 2.39

mg/dl) in June 2011 and high (201 2.56 mg/dl) in

December 2011. The minimum (169.34 2.38 mg/dl) was

recorded in summer 2011 and maximum (197.34 2.59

mg/dl) in monsoon 2010 and 2011(Tab 2 &3).

Triglycerides The monthly average of triglycerides in the blood

of A. bicolor also showed a significant variation. It varied

from 125 2.12 to 153 2.32 mg/dl in 2010 and 126

2.13 to 152 2.34 mg/dl in 2011. It was found to be

minimum (125 2.12 mg/dl) in May 2010 and maximum

(153 2.32 mg/dl) in November 2010. The higher value

(152 2.34 mg/dl) was recorded in May 2011 and lower

value (126 2.13 mg/dl) in November 2011. The minimum

value (150.67 2.32 mg/dl) was observed in monsoon

2010 and minimum value (127.67 2.12 mg/dl) in summer

2011(Tab 2 &3).

Haemoglobin

The amount of haemoglobin found in the blood of

eel A. bicolor showed a slight variation during the study

period. It ranged from 9.36 0.46 to 11.13 to 0.69 g/dl in

the year 2010 and 9.18 0.51 to 11.28 g/dl in 2011. It was

found to be low (9.36 0.46 g/dl) in May 2010 and high

(11.13 0.69 g/dl) in December 2010. The maximum was

recorded (11.28 0.76 g/dl) in December 2011 and

minimum (9.18 0.51 g/dl) in June 2011. The lower value


Table 5. Seasonal variation in haematological parameters of freshwater eel A. bicolor from Lower Anaicut during 2010-2011

Year and season Hemoglobin

(g /d1)

RBC

(106/ml)

WBC

(103/ml)

PCV

(% dl) MCV (m2) MCH (Pg)

MCHC

(% mg/d1)

Post monsoon (Jan.,

Feb., March 2010) 9.75 0.71 3.09 0.42 4.37 0.49 32.26 0.80 105.12 1.75 32.40 0.63 30.69 0.58

Summer (April,

May, June 2010) 9.42 0.51 2.86 0.45 4.67 0.33 30.41 0.67 106.38 1.83 32.97 0.75 30.97 0.55

Pre monsoon (July,

Aug., Sept. 2010) 9.63 0.58 2.99 0.51 4.50 0.34 32.35 0.73 106.40 1.87 32.30 0.66 30.75 0.48

Monsoon (Oct.,

Nov., December

2010)

10.73 0.74 3.33 0.39 4.30 0.29 34.53 3.94 34.35 1.59 103.03

1.59 31.11 0.54

Post monsoon (Jan.,

Feb., March 2011) 9.97 0.70 3.11 0.43 4.50 0.33 32.23 0.67 103.74 1.58 32.11 0.56 30.94 0.67

Summer (April,

May, June 2011) 9.36 0.59 2.86 0.45 4.70 0.31 29.95 0.61 104.73 1.60 32.73 0.66 31.27 0.62

Pre monsoon (July,

Aug., Sept. 2011) 9.68 0.66 3.13 0.44 4.47 0.33 31.39 0.73 102.67 1.67 30.96 0.61 30.83 0.54

Monsoon (Oct.,

Nov., December

2011)

10.80 0.73 3.42 0.41 4.20 0.29 34.85 0.77 101.07 1.58 31.59 0.60 30.95 0.58

(9.36 0.59 g/dl) was obtained in summer 2011 and higher

value (10.80 0.73 g/dl) in monsoon 2011(Tab 4 &5).

Red blood corpuscles (RBC count)

The RBC count in the blood of freshwater eel A.

bicolor showed a slight variation. It varied from 2.79

0.47 to 3.42 0.41( 106 erythrocytes/ml) in 2010 and 2.81

0.48 to 3.49 0.42 ( 106 erythrocytes/ml) in 2011. It

was found to be maximum (3.42 0.41 106

erythrocytes/l) in December 2010 and minimum (2.79

0.47 106 erythrocytes/l) in June 2010. The higher count

(3.49 0.42 106 erythrocytes/l) was recorded in

December 2011 and lower count (2.81 0.48 106

erythrocytes/l) in July 2011. The maximum value (3.42

0.41 106) was obtained in monsoon 2011 and minimum

value (2.86 0.45 106) in summer 2010 and 2011(Tab 4

&5).

White Blood corpuscles (WBC count)

The seasonal variation in WBC count showed a

slight variation. It varied from 4.2 0.32 to 4.8 0.27 (

103 leucocytes/l) in 2010 and 4.1 0.23 to 4.8 0.36 (

103 leucocytes/l) in 2011. It was found to be low (4.2

0.32 103 leucocytes/l) in December 2010 and high (4.8

0.27 103 leucocytes/l) in May 2010. The maximum

(4.8 0.36 103 leucocytes/l) in May 2011 and minimum

(4.1 0.23 103 leucocytes/l) in December 2011.The

highest leucocytes value (4.70 0.31 103) was found in

summer 2011 and lowest value (4.20 0.29 103) in

monsoon 2011(Tab 4 &5).

Packed Cell Volume (PCV)

The PCV in the blood of freshwater eel A. bicolor showed a

slight fluctuation during the study period. It ranged from

30.06 0.72 to 34.98 0.84 %/dl in 2010 and 29.47 0.58

to 35.37 0.79 %/dl in the year 2011. It was found to be

high (34.98 0.84 %/dl) in November 2010 and low (30.06

0.72% / dl) in July 2010. The maximum (35.37 0.79

%/dl) in December 2011 and minimum (29.47 0.58%

/dl) in June 2011 was recorded. The higher value (34.85

0.77% dl) was obtained in monsoon 2011 and lowest

value (29.95 0.61% dl) in summer 2011(Tab 4 &5).

Mean Corpuscular volume (MCV)

The monthly average of MCV in the blood of eel

A. bicolor showed a slight variation. It varied from 100.7

1.52 to 108 1.88 m3 in the year 2010 and 98.52 1.65 to

105.74 1.73 m3 in 2011. It was found to be maximum

(108 1.98 m3) in June 2010 and minimum (100.7 1.52

m3) in December 2010. The maximum (105.74 1.73

m3) was recorded in April 2011 and minimum (98.52

1.65 m3) in December 2011. The higher value (106.40

1.87 mm2) was recorded in premonsoon 2010 and lowest

value (101.07 1.58 mm2) in monsoon 2011(Tab 4 &5).

Mean Corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH)

The MCH value showed a slight fluctuation

during the study period. It ranged from 30.63 0.51 to

33.98 0.79 pg in the year 2010 and 30.36 0.48 to 33.01

0.73 pg in 2011. The maximum value (33.98 0.79 pg)

was recorded in June 2010 and minimum (30.63 0.48 pg)

in September 2010. It was found to be low (30.36 0.48

pg) in October 2011 and high (33.01 0.73 pg) in April

2011. The minimum (30.96 0.61 pg) was obtained in

premonsoon 2011 and maximum (32.97 0.75 pg) in

summer 2010(Tab 4 &5).

Mean Corpuscular haemoglobin concentration

(MCHC)

The mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration

of erythrocyte haemoglobin is the most faithful erythrocyte

constant and gave a slight variation. It varied from 29.86

0.44 to 31.87 0.62 %/mg/dl in 2010 and 29.18 0.46 to

31.87 71%/mg/dl in 2011. It was found to be low (29.86

0.44% mg/dl) in September 2010 and high (31.85

0.62%/mg/dl) in December 2010. The maximum was

recorded (31.87 0.71 %/mg/dl) in November 2011 and

minimum (29.18 0.46%/mg/dl) in October 2011. The


high value (31.27 0.62% mg/dl) was estimated in summer

2011 and low value (30.69 0.58% mg/dl) in post

monsoon 2010 (Tab 4 &5).

DISCUSSION

Length-Weight relationship

The length-weight relationship would be helpful in

calculating the total weight of fish, measuring the changes

in robustness or health of the population and comparing the

condition of the population. The result of present

investigation reveals that the observation of the earlier

workers said that the length-length (LLR) relationships are

also useful in the standardization of length (Froese, 1998;

Lashari et al. 2004; Hasnain et al., 2005; Kumolu-Johnson

and Ndimele, 2011). In the present study length-weight

relationship of Indian short fin freshwater eel Anguilla

bicolor showed significant positive relationship. There was

a direct relationship noticed between body length and body

weight of the fish. However there was a slight seasonal

variation observed in weight of the fish. Similar

observations have been reported by earlier workers

(Pankhurst, 1982; Kearney et al., 2009).

Haematology and Haematocrit

Fish are immediately associated with aqueous

environment. Physical and chemical changes in the

environment are rapid and reflected as measurable

physiological changes in fish. In the present investigation,

proximate composition such as protein, albumin, globumin,

glucose, cholesterol, triglycerids and haemoglobin in the

blood of eel, Anguilla bicolor showed significant seasonal

variation which agrees with the earlier observation (Das et

al., 2002; CaZenane et al., 2009 and Bani and Vayghan,

2011).

According to Naseem and Siddiqui

(1970) in Cirrhinus mirgala and Labeo rohita, almost all

biochemical composition of the blood was significantly

varied when the environmental condition is adverse.

Raizada and Singh (1982) observed that the percentage of

protein content in the blood plasma of estuarine fishes was

found to be higher than freshwater fishes. In air breathing

eel Amphiprous cuchia the protein level significantly varied

with seasons. Plasma proteins were found to be decreased

in Clarias gariepinus on expose to toxicants (Kori-

Siakpere, 1995). The quality of protein may also be

affected due to the impaired incorporation of amino acids

into polypeptide chains (Ram et al., 2003).

Albumin and globulin are complex with some of

the circulating steroid hormones, such complexes act as

circulatory reservoirs of the hormones which the tissues can

draw at the time of need. In the present study albumin and

globulin in the blood of Anguilla bicolor showed a slight

seasonal fluctuation. The present study agrees with earlier

workers (Hafer et al., 2000; Nuriade Predro et al., 2005;

Ahmad et al., 2007; Davis et al., 2008; Gupta et al., 2013).

An elevated level in serum protein, albumin,

globulin were observed in Tilapia mossombica (Rani et al.,

2001) and Notopherus notopterus (Shankar and Kulkarani,

2007). Physical and chemical parameters of water reflected

the albumin and globulin values of fishes (Davis et al.,

2008). The changes in physical and chemical parameters

influence the protein profile of Mugil cephalus (Francesio

Fazio et al., 2013).

Glucose is another important major energy

yielding component and is the precursor for the synthesis of

other organic components. In the present study, the glucose

level in the blood of eel Anguilla bicolor showed a slight

seasonal fluctuation. Physical and chemical changes in the

water medium are influenced as measurable glucose change

in fish. Similar observations are reported by earlier workers

(Mugila and Sayer, 2004; Adeyemo, 2005).

According to Tandon and Joshi (1975) the blood

of freshwater fishes have a moderate amount of glucose. It

was found to be of low value when compared to protein

and cholesterol. In the European eel Anguilla anguilla

decreased blood glucose was observed after fasting for 95

days (Larsson and Lewander, 1973). Silbergeld (1974)

stated that the blood glucose is a sensitive indicator to

environmental stress.

The increase in blood glucose is usually correlated

with mobilization of glycogen and development status of

hyperglyceamia (Mcleay, 1977). The glucose level showed

slight variation with effect to body size and ecological

condition (Raizada et al., 1983). In Indian major carps and

cat fishes, the glucose level was found to be varied

significantly when they reared under different rearing

conditions (Goel et al., 1984). Blood glucose is a sensitive

indicator of environmental stress which induced

hyperglycaemia with decreased level in Heleropneustes

fossilis (Sastry and Subhadra, 1985). In rainbow trout

Oncorhynthis mykiss the glucose level is influenced by

various environmental factors (Martinez et al., 1994). In eel

Anguilla anguilla increase in glucose level depends on

acute and sub-lethal concentration of toxicants (Ceron et

al., 1997). Plasma glucose was significantly changed in

Tincatinca during winter and summer (Nuriade Predro et

al., 2005).

According to Bedii and Kenan (2005) the increase

in serum glucose level in fish Cyprinus carpio was due to

stress. The concentration of serum glucose did not change

significantly during starvation of Anguilla anguilla

suggesting that fasted fish were able to maintain their value

of glycaemia by enchanting glyconeogenesis (Caruso et al.,

2010). In Clarias gariepinus a significant increase in

glucose was observed when the fish exposed to chemical

additives effluents (Dahunis et al., 2011). The increase in

blood sugar level in infected Cyprinus carpio may be due

to increase in the breakdown of glycogen or due to

decreased synthesis of glycogen from glucose (Ali and

Ansari, 2012).

Cholesterol is animal sterol which occurs as free

state or as fatty esters. It is an important compound of some

cell membrane and plasma protein. In the present study,

cholesterol contents in the blood of eel Anguilla bicolor

showed a significant seasonal variation. The increase or

decrease in cholesterol content mainly depends on

environmental condition. It agrees with earlier observations

(Sharma and Simlat 1971; Tandon and Joshi, 1975).

Serum triglycerides are important parameters in

the investigation of hyperlipoproteinemia. In the present

study, the triglycerides showed significant seasonal

variation. The physical and chemical changes in the


environment influence the fluctuation of triglycerides in the

blood of A. bicolor. Similar observations were reported by

earlier workers (Gangadhara et al., 1997; Tort et al., 2003;

Nuriade Predro et al., 2005).

In the present study blood parameters such as

Haemoglobin, RBC, WBC, PCV, MCV, MCH, MCHC in

the blood of eel Anguilla bicolor showed significant

seasonal variations which agree with the earlier

observations (Kavitha et al., 2010; Lavanya et al., 2011).

Red blood cells, haematocrit and haemoglobin involved in

gaseous transport, white blood cells play a major role in

fish defence system and the percentage of each leucocyte

type is a variable tool for assessing fish condition

(CaZenane et al., 2009).

Panigrahi and Mishra (1978) observed reductions

in haemoglobin percentage and RBC count of the fish

Anabas scandenes treated with mercury. According to

Boon et al. (1989) the haematocrit value were found at the

lowest level in eel fishes. Klinger and Echevarria (1996)

stated that haemoglobin and packed cell volume (PCV) as

tests can be carried out on routine basis in fish hatchery as a

check on health status. Tripathi et al. (2003) showed that

haemoglobin levels decreased in Clarias batrachus

exposed to arsenic. In Tincatinca the haemoglobin content

showed similar trends in spring and summer seasons

(Nuriade Predro et al., 2005).

Haemoglobin content is affected by endogenous

factors such as age and general condition of the fish and

also exogenous factors like handling, transport and

sampling (Kori-Siakpere et al., 2005). Shah (2006)

observed that haemolysis and impairment in haemoglobin

synthesis and stress-related release of red blood cells from

the spleen and hypoxia, induced by exposure to toxicant.

Karimi et al. (2013) observed the values of haematological

parameters of Acanthopagrus latus in the wild during the

pre spawing period.

The erythrocytes (RBC) are responsible for

gaseous exchange. The number, size and efficiency of RBC

are significantly varied from species to species even in the

same species, age, size and maturity (Gupta et al., 2013). In

the present study RBC count in the blood of eel Anguilla

bicolor showed a slight seasonal variation. The higher

value was recorded in monsoon months and lower value in

summer months. The variation may be due to

hydrobiologial factors of the water. Similar observation

was reported by earlier workers (Hafer et al., 2000; Singh

and Srivastava, 2001; Tavares et al., 2008). In fishes

Salvalinus fontinalis decreased RBC value leads to anemic

conditions (Holcombe et al., 1976).

Morphological difference was observed in

erythrocytes neutrophils, lymphocytes and thrombocytes of

freshwater eels Anguilla australis (Schmith) and A.

diffenbrachii (McArthur, 1977). In European Anguilla

Anguilla erythrocytes and leucocytes values have to be

altered due to pathogens (Eiras, 1983). The characteristics

of leucocyte of eel Anguilla japonica indicate four

leucocytes that is lymphocytes, thrombocyte, neutrophil

and monocytes (Kusuda and Ikeda, 1987). The RBC count

and related parameters were higher in male cyprinid fish

(Orun et al., 2003). Sahan et al. (2007) and (Tavares et al.,

2008) started that RBC count were relatively high in

Anguilla anguilla, Leporinus macrocepholus and

Prochilodus lineatus. Seasonal variation influence the RBC

count in Nile tilapia (Jeronimo et al., 2011).

Total and differential leucocytes counts are

important indices of non-specific defence activity in fish.

The WBC count in fishes significantly varied from species

to species and in some species with seasons. WBC count in

eel fish Anguilar bicolor showed a slight seasonal

variation. The change in WBC is in relation to

environmental factors. The present study agrees with the

earlier observation (Kavitha et al., 2010; Gupta et al.,

2013).

In Clarias gariepinus significant variations were

observed in WBC count when the fishes were exposed to

industrial effluent (Adeyemo, 2005). In increase in the

leucocyte number was observed in fish Hoplia malabaricus

exposed to mercury (Oliverira Ribeiro and Filipak Nelo,

2006). WBC value did not show a significant difference

between male and female fish. However the differences in

the WBC count could be attributed in relation to size, age,

maturity and seasons (Pavlidis et al., 2007). Sahan et al.

(2007) studied on haematological values of European eel

Anguilla anguilla and found that physico-chemical

parameters influence on the total white blood cell and

neutrophil. In Indian major carp Catla catla white and red

blood cells considerably decreased when the fish exposed

to arsenic exposure (Kavitha et al., 2010).

In the present study, the values of PCV, MCV,

MCH, MCHC in freshwater eel Anguilla bicolor showed a

slight seasonal fluctuation which agrees with earlier

workers (Yavuzean et al., 2005; Lavanya et al., 2011). The

calculated blood indices MCV, MCH, MCHC and PVC

have particular importance in anemia diagnosis in most of

the fishes and animals (Coles, 1986). The significant

change in the MCH may be due to the reduction in cellular

blood iron in Balmogarndri (Hodson et al., 1978).

The mean values of packed cell volume (PCV) in

Clarias garipeinus were found within the range in other

fishes (Gabriel et al., 2001 and 2004). According to

Yavuzean et al. (2005), the packed cell volume of the

Asian eel was higher than packed cell volume of the

European eel Anguilla anguilla. The level of leucocytes,

agranulocytes, MCV, MCH and MCHC were increased in

Catla catla during chronic sublethal exposure of arsenic

(Lavanya et al., 2011).

CONCLUSION

The results of this study, the physico-chemical

parameters show great seasonal fluctuation which may

influence the feeding, growth and proximate composition

of freshwater eel Anguilla bicolor. The present

investigation provides the baseline data on feeding and

length-weight relationship. Further, the haematocrit,

haematological parameters and biochemical composition of

blood and body tissues of the eel A. bicolor during the two

years of study showed a significant variations. Among the

biochemical compounds protein showed higher value. It

indicates that the eels are the main sources of animal

protein with essential amino acids and fatty acids.

Therefore, the present study concludes that the eels A.


bicolor are highly nutritive and proteinous species good for

human consumption.

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Source of support: Nil; Conflict of interest: None declared

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LENGTH-WEIGHT RELATIONSHIP, HAEMATOCRIT … author: [email protected] Received 15 August 2015; accepted 11 September 2015 Abstract The fresh water eel fish