LEONARDO DA VINCI PROJECTNumber: TR/06/B/F/PP/178066

01.10.2006 - 30.09.2008

WASTE-TRAIN

VOCATIONAL TRAINING, EDUCATION, CONVEYING INFORMATION ON UP-TO-DATE WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES TO DECISION MAKERS/STAFF INVOLVED IN WASTE MANAGEMENT

EDUCATION AND

CULTURE

TURKISH NATIONAL

AGENCY

SLOVENIAN CASE

Stanislav Avsec

Univerza v LjubljaniPedagoška fakulteta

Strategic and program directives

• Prevention: reducing of generation and potential dangerous to environment• Increasing of mass and energetic efficiency of wastes and reducing of

emission of hot-bed gasses (recycling, reusing, reshaping…)• Establishment of an efficiency system of waste management • Graduallistic removing of old burden

Measures for implementation of the program of waste management are:• Reusing of packaging and own composting in households,• Separate ladle of hazardous waste at origin,• Separate ladle mass stream of wastes at origin for producing clean fraction

for mass recovery,• Intermediate warehousing and preparation useful sources, • Thermo recovery with minimization of residuum and increase the efficiency

of energetic potential of wastes,• Disposal of inert residuum .

Needs analysis-municipal waste

• Investigation :

– Questionnaire,

– Respondents in 7 testing groups , more than 100

– Students from different faculties; from technical to social sciences,

– Gender: male, female,

– Age: under 25,

– Date: 1st of March 2007,

– Environment / local: urban vs. rural,

– Type of respondents: participants of education process,

– Critical approach.

What does the w aste present for you?

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1

Interpretation

Resp

onde

nts

A1:Costs

A2:Something to be rid of

A3:I don't think about it, we have a suitable service

A4:Other:

How m uch w aste do you produce daily?

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1

Interpretation

Resp

onde

nts

A1: Appr. 1-2 kg

A2: Appr. 10 kg

A3:I don't care about quantity

A4: I don't know , but I'm notinteresting for

What are you looking for at your purchasing activities?

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1

Interpretation

Res

po

nd

ents

A1:Price

A2:Quality of product

A3:Packaging-practical and easyfor transport

A4:Packaging-posibility of recyclingor reusing

Do the w astes present problem for you?

55%

45%A1: Yes -Why?

A2: No - Why ?

Do you provide ow nself for less w aste?

71%

29%

A1: Yes - Example !

A2: No - Why not?

What is upseting you at system of waste management in your local area?

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1

Most frequent answers

Resp

oden

ts

A1: work of waste company:not enoughcartage of large pieces, frequency of cartage,price of cartage, irresponsibility of wastetreatment at collecting

A2: not enough number and size ofcontainers, rabish boxes, eco-islands, largedistance

A3: sensless and irresponsibility of citizensabout separating and disposing of wastesand ignoring of rules, regulations aboutwaste treatment

A4: wild landfills and bad conditions ofexisting landfills

A5: not enough information about separatingof waste and treatment of hazardous waste

Do you have enough inform ation for right w aste treatm ent?

47%

47%

6%

A1:Yes

A2: No

A3: Other

Do you collect w aste separately?

56%33%

11%

A1: Yes

A2: No

A3: Other

Where did you get m ost inform ation about w aste m anagem ent and w aste treatm ent?

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1

Interpretation

Resp

onde

nts

A1: New spaper

A2: TV

A3: Web

A4: Radio

A5: Literature

A6: Other

What is the m ain purpose of m unicipal w aste 's recycling?

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1

Interpretation

Res

pond

ents

A1: Preservation of sources

A2: Recreation - f itness

A3: Earnings

A4: Less volume of landf ills

A5: Valuableness / cleanlyenvironment

A6: Rigorous legislation andregulation

Comparison and solutions

Collecting and remaking of municipal wastes

Total municipal waste collected

Quota of collected mixed wastes per capita

% of separate collected wastes from total collected wastes

Total costs of collecting per capita

Total costs of remaking of wastes per capita

Total costs of collecting and remaking of wastes per capita

• Recommendations: the feature of environmental effectiveness is under average, costs of collecting are quite comparative. Operating costs of landfill are lower, but we must take care about price of land and sanitation of full dumps. In future we must take care about taxes of non-separation of wastes because by the new law, quantity of waste a week per capita will be 20 liters (now is 60 liters). Containers will be equipped with special chip for measuring level or quantity. From last year, 2006 we had separate collecting of biowaste, but we still have no separate collecting of electrical and electronic appliances.

Separate collecting of wastes

Large wastes –bulky waste (per capita)

Organic wastes for composting (per capita)

Paper, pasteboard (per capita)

Paper, pasteboard (number of citizen on place of collection)

Glass (per capita)

Glass (number of citizen on place of collection)

Other separated fractions (per capita)

Hazardous wastes (per capita)

Recommendations: worse results in table are shown that citizen don’t have in mind a benefit from separate collection of wastes (different perception), but the costs of non-separated collection of wastes will be higher and depend on: approach to be applied and a content of waste stream and relative grade of capture of different types of wastes

Cleansing of public surface

Total hours of cleansing per capita

Total quantity of collected wastes per capita

Total costs of cleansing per capita

Total costs of cleansing a ton of collected wastes

Recommendations: operating of our waste’s company is quite effective. A labor force is chipper than abroad (GB, Germany), the time of cleansing is comparable, but we don’t have clear reason for less total quantity of collected wastes at cleansing. In the future we must work on: inspection and monitoring of cleansing, measuring of customer’s satisfaction, introduction of policies and goals for public cleansing.

Waste, collected and recycling of packaging

Packaging

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

180000

200000

2002 2003 2004 2005

year

ton

es waste packaging

collected packaging

recycling packaging

Landfills in Slovenia

- on eco-islands we must collect more packaging (1 eco-island for 300 to 500 citizens).

- for remaking of packaging, the goal is recovery of 60 % of own waste packaging,

- 59 landfills, 23 of them will be shutdown to the end of 2007. Most of them supply 10.000 to 20.000 inhabitants and that’s caused increasing of costs. A whole area of all landfills is 364 ha.

- just 6-8 % of waste remaking, thermo recovery 2 %, means that 90% of wastes finished on landfills.

- a small % of 59 landfills (up to 8) have fully engineered process,

- more then 60.000 wild dumps without any control, in Ljubljana with surroundings area, 457 of them appear on place of 7 ha out of central landfill Barje (Swamp).

Industrial waste

Problems are depicted in: • Large volumes,• Hygiene and health dangerous: bacterial, hazardous materials dangerous

for human living, environment fauna and flora, radiation, • Mechanical instability of landfills,• Possibility of explosion and burning effects of methane and carbon oxygen ,• Washing out in rain period ,• Accumulation of dangerous components in organisms,• Destruction of fauna and flora on side and around,• Degradation of human surface and living space, urban planning is limited,• For the last statistical year, we can see reduction of total industrial wastes

but industrial hazardous wastes are increased. From balance control, we can see that quantity of collected wastes must be

approximately:• Equal to quantity of generated waste ( minus for recovery)• Equal to sum of disposal and recovery wastes, but the relation is 1.3

‘’ Target missing grade’’

Phase Status Quo SLO

1 Regular solid waste collection service 0 %

2 Absence of scavenging (during collection and/or disposal) 0 %

3 Centralization of disposal (closure of dumpsites) 5 %

4 Engineered landfills 85 %

5 Sanitary landfills (complying with EU standards) 0 %

6 Documentation of waste streams 5 %

7 Separate collection of … % of all generated

7.1 Hazardous waste 1.92%

7.2 Municipal green waste 0.4 %

7.3 Paper 2.05 %

7.4 Glass 1.53 %

7.5 Biowaste 1.15%

7.6 Electric and electronic appliances 0.34 %[1]

8 Pretreatment of remaining waste before land filling 10 %[2]

[1] This is % of non-separated (mixed) municipal waste[2] Rough estimation (thermic recovery, composting..)

(D)eficiency Analysis

Basics regulations for waste management in Slovenian legislation

Waste management is well and fully defined by:

• Law about Environment protection (OJ of RS No 41/04, 28/06),• Law about living space regulation (OJ of RS No 110/02),• Law about economy public services (OJ of RS No 32/93),• Regulation about waste management (OJ of RS No 41/04),• Regulation about waste disposal (OJ of RS No 43/04),• Regulation about waste incineration (OJ of RS no 32/00),• Decree about operational program of waste packaging management for period

2002 to 2007 (OJ of RS No 29/02),• Ordinance about taxes of environment impact because of waste disposal (OJ of

RS No 70/01, 68/05),• Regulation about waste oils (OJ of RS No 85/98),• Regulation about packaging and waste packaging management (OJ of RS 12/02),• Ordinance about handling separated fractions collected by public service of

municipal waste (OJ of RS No 21/01),• Regulation about recovery of biodegradable wastes into compost (OJ of RS No

42/04) .[6]

Strategic directions of Slovenia for waste management

• Situation of handling with wastes is very critical and waste management becomes more and more important,

• Basics rules for waste management are applied well : starting from prevention to final disposal ( concept of 3R -reduce, reuse, recycling),

• Removal the wastes at origin and disposal to well regulated land fields,

• Hazardous potential of landfills is quite high because of non-separated wastes including hazardous and improprieties of landfills,

• By reconstruction old landfills and build up new ones after the regulations and standards of EU ,

• Sanitation of old burden landfills,• Strategy of 5 R :reduce, reuse, recycle materials and recycle energy

and reject or final disposal on well regulated landfills,• Strategy of “zero waste”.

Target groups and beneficiariesINDUSTRY

Decision makers Operation management Production , Suppliers

Waste companies Level

Good basis for management, executive staffs and experts to gain certain comparable and up to date information from foreign practice and solutions even in companies, which could not handle directly from waste recovery, recycling, disposing etc.,

Better information for employees and they can make decision on higher level, acceptance a functional strategy for overcome gaps of differentiation, especially in waste companies

Education and teachers trainings in companies, (SME’s , Waste treatment…), also by e-learning, blended learning and forums

Environmental sensibility of employees grow up and better perception and knowledge of waste management lead to prevention and less waste,

Help to acceptance of Standards ISO 14001… and reduce negative impacts to environment, social impact

Information and informing for public with own media, newspapers, brochures, flayers, posters, local radio, TV…

Detailed identification of work process can be done in SME’s,

Learning about natural resources consumption, ratio cost/efficiency,

Different scenarios: matter balanced, energy balance, costs balanced…can be build up for each waste involved company.

EDUCATIONSciences Education Research Upbringing Level

Research and scientific activities on environment and living space

Eco and nature friendly products

Informing about waste treatment and regulation

New environmental classes and programs

Expert excursion to the waste company, landfills, museum, etc

Problem and project based learning from kindergarten to the universities education

GOVERNMENTMinistries Agencies Banks Insurance Level

Policy makers and legislation-relevant information and monitoring

Fiscal policy (taxes) and environmental actions , eco credits

EU projects and funds, more cultural and interstates integration

MEDIAPress agencies, online publications, magazines, newspaper,

Broadcast ( TV, radio..), environmental programs

LOCAL COMMUNITY AND CIVIL ORGANIZATIONSInforming, courses, civil initiatives,,

Environmental organizations and associations, informing and feedback,

Sports and cultural activities, sponsorships by waste and environmental companies.

Conclusion

• Statistical data show that Slovenia produces more then 400 kg wastes per capita in year. A trend for the last four years shows that we have a little increasing of wastes, but trend in EU is quite similar. New directives of EU predict that quantity per capita must fall down under 400 kg per capita. A share of population involved in regular collecting and carting off, is increasing from 76 % in 1995 to 97.8 % in 2005. More then 80 % of wastes companies which work with wastes, separated collection is used by them. Most prevailing way of handling with wastes is, still now, disposal to landfills but after 2008 just 17 landfills will operate. Those 17 landfills must be fully integrated in contemporary system of waste management, under domestic and EU legislation.

• In last five years, a share of waste delivered to abroad increase. We export mostly hazardous waste in EU (just) countries such as Austria, Great Britain, Germany, Belgium etc. For final removing go 90 % of all waste, just 10 % of them go for recovery. We have also a large share of imported waste, mostly from Croatia, Hungary, Romania and almost 90 % of them go for recovery, just 10% for final removing.

• Incineration of waste is still active, but a share of incinerated waste is small, less than 1.5 % of all municipal and less then 15 % of industrial waste including incineration for fuel (95 %) and incineration for disposing (5%). We have 2 companies for incineration for disposing and 5 more for incineration for fuel.

• About data collection, we can say that year from year; more reporters for waste records and reports are involved. So, in future, detailed picture can be made easily. Of course, methodologies must be determined strictly and usage of it must be equal at all obligators for waste report.

Discussion and questions….

Thank you for your attention !

Hvala za pozornost!

BUS: establish or design differnet scenarions (software supported) of technological procces: matter balanced, energy balanced, cost balance… etc.