LESSON 1: REVOLUTIONARY AND EARLY REPUBLIC PERIODS … · 2019-05-03 · LESSON 1: REVOLUTIONARY AND EARLY REPUBLIC PERIODS ... Party. King George III was furious, and Parliament

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Unit 2: United States History

LESSON 1: REVOLUTIONARY AND EARLY REPUBLIC PERIODS This lesson covers the following information:

• The effects of American colonization and Manifest Destiny. • Factors and events that led to the American Revolution and the War of 1812. • Policy of the United States toward Native Americans.

Highlights include the following:

• The United States started with the encampment at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607 and grew to thirteen colonies by 1732.

§ Virginia (1607): The first British colony was established in an encampment called Jamestown. • Massachusetts:

§ The Pilgrims came on the Mayflower in 1620 and settled the Plymouth Colony. • New York (1624)

§ Peter Minuit settled on Manhattan Island with other Dutch settlers and bought the island from the local Indians for 60 gilders ($24.) worth of goods

• Rhode Island (1636) § Roger Williams bought land from Native Americans in what is now called Providence. This

colony was a haven for those seeking religious freedom. • Pennsylvania (1682)

§ In 1763, Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon established the Mason-Dixon Line, a borderline between Maryland and Pennsylvania.

• Over the course of 125 years, the population of the thirteen colonies exploded. • The French and Indian War was a turning point in the way that the British and colonists saw each other

and themselves. • After the French and Indian War in North America, King George III angered the American colonists by

writing the Proclamation of 1763 which said colonists could not settle in the Ohio valley. • The colonies debated England's legal power to tax them and, furthermore, did not wish to be taxed

without representation. • Colonists began to unite and work together against Great Britain. • Bitter feelings toward King George III grew even stronger after March 5, 1770, when a small group of

colonists began throwing snowballs and rocks at British troops. The troops fired their weapons on the group and killed five people. Colonists called this the Boston Massacre.

• The British passed the Tea Act in 1773, Sam Adams and the Sons of Liberty planned the Boston Tea Party. King George III was furious, and Parliament passed new laws which the colonists the Intolerable Acts.

• In June 1776, the Continental Congress moved closer to declaring the colonies independent. Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence.

• The first attempt at an American government was the Articles of Confederation. • State governments were supreme in some matters, while the national government was supreme in other

matters. The delegates called this new form of government a confederation, or alliance. • The Articles of Confederation had several major flaws:

§ There was no strong central government; Congress was too weak and couldn't force the states to do anything.

§ There was no Executive branch of government.



§ Each state received 1 vote, regardless of size. § Any changes in the Articles had to be unanimous. § States were basically tiny nations acting in their own self-interest.

• Between the 18th and 19th centuries, the United States saw rapid growth in government policies, economic policies, foreign policies, industry, and innovation

• As the eastern settlers of the United States moved westward, Native Americans were treated unfairly. § Eastern Indian tribes were violently forced out of their homelands and required to live in barren

areas. § Native Americans were in a weakened state at this point due to loss of population from warfare

and rampant disease. • Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin in 1793.

§ Whitney's gin brought the South prosperity, and a need for more cotton that lead to the increased use of slaves on cotton plantations.

• Louisiana Purchase: President Thomas Jefferson had become very concerned about the ability of the United States to secure free trade along the Mississippi River since France controlled Louisiana. In1803, Jefferson signed a treaty agreeing to purchase Louisiana.

• The Missouri Compromise (1820) stipulated that all the Louisiana Purchase territory north of the southern boundary of the Missouri territory, would be free, except Missouri, and territory below that line would be slave territory.

Reflection Westward expansion and manifest destiny greatly impacted our nations growth and independence. This country began with thirteen colonies that were loosely organized through the Articles of Confederation. Notes:



Crossword Puzzle

Across

2. To approve, confirm, or give official sanction. 4. America's duty to bring democracy and progress to the West. 7. The first set of laws in England to limit the King's powers. 9. A group of confederates, especially of states or nations, united for a common purpose; a league.

Down

1. The representative government that makes laws for Great Britain. People vote for the representatives of Parliament.

3. An order that is written by a government leader. 5. A geographical area belonging to or under the jurisdiction of a governmental authority. 6. A primitive camp where the first colonists settled. 8. A group of people who settle in a distant land but remain under the political jurisdiction of their native

land.



LESSON 2: CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION This lesson covers the following information:

• Events leading to the American Civil War. • Effects of the American Civil War.


• The American Civil War was not only about slavery; it was also about the constitutional argument over whether or not a state had a right to leave the Union

• In the early nineteenth century, slavery was seen as an economic issue first, and a moral issue second • A series of legislative actions, most notably the Missouri Compromise of 1820, had been enacted by

Congress to put limits on the spread of slavery. • The South had an economic interest in the spread of slavery to the new territories, so new slave states

could be created, and the South's political influence would remain strong. • The North had an interest in limiting the spread of slavery into the new territories for both purposes of

controlling Southern political power and support of the moral issue of slavery. • Kansas-Nebraska eliminated the old Missouri Compromise and made it possible for slavery to be

introduced in virtually any new territory. • The concept of allowing residents of the territories to decide the slavery issue for themselves was called

Popular Sovereignty. • Tensions between the North and the South increased with the release of Uncle Tom's Cabin, the Dredd

Scott court case, and the election of Abraham Lincoln. § Harriet Beecher Stowe published Uncle Tom's Cabin. Stowe made slavery a moral issue to

many northerners and forced them to look at the issue in a new light. § Dred Scott Case

o being in a free state did not make a slave free o slaves were considered property according to the Constitution o Dred Scott had no right to sue because he wasn't a citizen and he had no Constitutional

rights o territories could not exclude slavery because it would be denying a person their property

§ Election of 1860 o Abraham. Lincoln's victory convinced Southerners that they had lost their political power

in the United States. • The first major battle of the Civil War, Bull Run/Manassas, • In the beginning of 1863, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation. Some mistakenly believed that

this statement freed the slaves. It really stated that, "All slaves in states of rebellion are freed." This proclamation also allowed for the recruitment of federal regiments of volunteer African American volunteer soldiers.

• In two years of fighting, the death toll from the American Civil War had reached over 300,000 people. • The South would have stood a much better chance of winning the war had they fought a war of Attrition.

§ This type of warfare is designed to continue fighting until the enemy is worn out and gives up. § The North had a three-part plan for victory: 1) to blockade Southern ports in order to keep out

supplies; 2) to split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi; 3) to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. This plan was called the Anaconda plan.



• When the American Civil War started, women joined volunteer brigades and signed up as nurses. This was the first time in America's history that women took an active role in a war effort.

§ Nearly 20,000 women worked for the Union war effort. • Reconstruction was the period of rebuilding after the Civil War and the process of bringing the Southern

states back into the nation. Reconstruction lasted from 1865 to 1877. • Congress also passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866. The act declared that states could not enact black

codes - laws that discriminated against African Americans. • Reconstruction ended with the Compromise of 1877. Democrats allowed Hayes to become president and

Republicans agreed to withdraw federal troops from the South, ending Reconstruction. • In the 1800s, there were so many ideas and improvements; it was like a revolution - a dramatic change in

the way things were. • The lack of oversight from the laissez faire government related to living and working conditions during

the Industrial Revolution led to many people working in, and living in, horrible conditions. • Children worked in many industries, like textile mills, tobacco factories, and garment workshops. By

1900, there were close to 2 million children under the age of 15 working throughout the country. • The railroad became very important after the Civil War. It allowed for expansion of the West. • Many of the factories in the early 20th century operated under the philosophy of scientific management.

§ The theory was that workers would definitely make mistakes, but inspectors would catch these at the end of the assembly line. Workers could then be docked for faulty workmanship. If a worker made too many mistakes, he or she could be fired.

Reflection The American Civil War divided the country between the culture of the North and the South. While the country was reconstructed after the Civil War, the differences between the two continued to divide the country socially, economically, and politically for years to come leading to the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s. Notes:



Cryptogram



LESSON 3: CIVIL RIGHTS This lesson covers the following information:

• Early attempts at Civil Rights • Jim Crow laws • Supreme Court rulings that impacted the Civil Rights movement • Women's roles in politics and social issues connect to the Civil Rights movement


• Jim Crow Laws separated whites and blacks in private and public places • The Supreme Court Case Plessy v. Ferguson upheld segregation. • Social customs also belittled and humiliated African Americans. • It is estimated that 3,446 blacks and 1,297 whites were lynched between 1882 and 1968. • Ida Wells-Barnett documented the lunching practices in the South. • W.E.B. DuBois published The Souls of Black Folk. He was the founder of the National Association for

the Advancement of Colored People. • The drowning of Eugene Williams led to 13 days of rioting leading to the death of 23 blacks and 15

whites. • World War II helped lay the groundwork for the American Civil Rights. • De facto segregation is segregation that exists by practice and custom • The Watt’s Riot is an example of violence coming out of frustration of the poor conditions of Northern

cities for African Americans. The riot lasted 6 days, cost the lives of 34 people, and led to the injury of 1,000 people.

• Martin Luther King, Jr. was a leader in the Civil Rights movement and preached nonviolence. • Malcolm X preached a more aggressive form of protests, encouraging African Americans to fight back

when attacked. • Black Power became a movement to show African-American pride and leadership. • The Black Panthers were created to fight police brutality. They urged violent resistance. • Many minorities fought for equality. Another movement was Women’s Suffrage.

§ In 1919 Congress passed the Nineteenth Amendment giving women the right to vote. • The Warren Court is the Supreme Court of the United States between 1953 and 1969. It expanded civil

rights, civil liberties, judicial power, and federal power. § Brown v. Board of Education - In the early 1950's, public schools were segregated with most

black schools underfunded and inferior to white schools. It was determined that “in the field of public education the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place’ and ended the segregation of public schools.

§ NAACP v. Alabama – The Supreme Court determined that individuals in Southern States who resisted the desegregation of schools could not have access to the member list of NAACP members.

§ Mapp v. Ohio – The Supreme Court upheld the 4th Amendment, which protected individuals from unreasonable searches and indicated that the state cannot use evidence gained illegally to convict.

§ Gideon v. Wainwright – The Supreme Courte upheld that having assistance of counsel was a fundamental right, essential for a fair trial, and emphasized the process need to be in place to safeguard the due process of law.



§ Miranda v. Arizona – Individuals must be informed of their rights, and evidence gained due to coercion was not admissible.

Reflection As the notion of civil rights grew, the definition grew to include the right to personal liberty applied to minority groups and to ensure these groups have full legal, social, and economic equality. The United States Constitution ensures that everyone has these rights through both the 13th and 14th amendment. This ensures that all citizens have full protection of the law of this country. Notes:



Word Scramble





LESSON 4: A WORLD AT WAR This lesson covers the following information:

• Defining the alliance system. • Imperialism, nationalism, and militarism. • The beginning of World War I and World War II • The key leaders between the 1900 and 1950s • The significance of the Treaty of Versailles


• Nationalism helped unify the people of European countries while also creating competition between countries.

• By the 1900’s there were 6 nations in Europe who were rivaling for power. • Countries were building military forces as they competed for territory and competition for markets. • Militarism meant that countries used forces to negotiate with other countries. • As countries developed alliances with each other, nations were pulled into conflict. • Imperialism is the policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries,

or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Countries tried to increase their power and influence around the world. This led to WWI.

• As the war began in Europe, Americans were in favor of Isolationism – staying out of other nation’s affairs.

• In January of 1917, Germany announced it would sink all British ships. This damaged American economics and trade.

• The Zimmerman note was a telegram that proposed an alliance between Germany and Mexico against the United States.

• The United States entered WWI on April 6th, 1917. • The Russian Revolution of 1917 replaced the Russian monarch with a representative government and this

allowed Americans to characterize the war as a struggle of democracies. • The events after World War I set off a chain reaction that would eventually cause even more conflict and

another great war (WWII) • Woodrow Wilson presented the plan for world peace called Fourteen Points and created a League of

Nations • The Treaty of Versailles established new national boundaries.

§ Required Germany to pay reparations to winners of WWI. § This led to extreme poverty and economic depression. § The United States did not sight the treaty.

• Joseph Stalin came to power in the Soviet Union. During his rule, it is thought that he was responsible for between 8 and 13 million deaths.

• Benito Mussolini created a totalitarian state in Italy. He was a dictator. • Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany under a political philosophy called Nazism. • The United States passed the Neutrality Acts banning loans and weapons sales to nations at war. • Hitler began WWII by attacking Poland using a strategy called blitzkrieg, or a lightning war. • Hitler wanted to make Germany racially pure and began an organized persecution of non-Aryans,

particularly the Jews.



§ This led to the Holocaust - the systematic murder of over 11 million people across Europe. • The Neutrality Acts prohibited the United States from entering the war. • Germany, Italy, and Japan signed a mutual defense act. • The Allies were 26 nations that signed an agreement to join and fight the Axis powers. • On December 7, 1941 the Japanese crippled the U.S. Pacific fleet by bombing Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. • Japanese Americans living in California were forced to live in internment camps. • After WWII, the United States created the GI Bill. This law was responsible for the growth of the

American’s middle class. • After WWII the empire system began to fall apart.

§ European nations were economically depressed from the war. § Many colonies were allowed to be self-dependent states. § Some colonies fought for their independence from the controlling European nation, like Vietnam. § The decolonization of many of these nations created a "Third World", on undeveloped nations

separated from European influence. Reflection After World War II intense pressure to resettle European Jewish refugees forced Britain to turn Palestine over to the United Nations General Assembly, which voted in November 1947 to partition Palestine into two states, one Jewish and one Arab. Israel declared its independence in May 1948 and defeated the Palestinian and other Arab forces that attempted to crush the newborn state. These battles continue today. Notes:



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LESSON 5: THE COLD WAR AND FOREIGN POLICY SINCE 9/11 This lesson covers the following information:

• The Cold War and it significance • Domestic and foreign polices resulting from September 11, 2001


• Between 1944 and 1946 the Western capitalist countries created a new international monetary system, an International Monetary Fund, and a World Bank

• The original goal of the World Bank was to help European countries rebuild after WWII. • The Soviet Union established a closed monetary system • Soviets were angry that the United States had taken so long to launch an attack against Hitler in Europe.

Stalin also did not like the fact that the United States had kept the development of the atomic bomb a secret.

• Americans were upset that Stalin had signed a treaty with Hitler before World War II • President Harry Truman and Joseph Stalin disagreed over the future of Europe.

§ Truman wanted strong democratic nations with free elections. § Stalin wished to spread communism.

• Stalin set up Communist governments in the European nations occupied by Soviet troops. They became satellite nations

• The United States blocked the spread of communism through a policy of containment. • The conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union led to the Cold War. • The Marshall Plan sent aid to nations that cooperated with American economic goals. • The Cold War drew the U.S. and the USSR into local conflicts in every part of the world.

§ Korean War § Construction of Berlin Wall § Vietnam War

• It also produced the arms race to accumulate advanced military weapons of mass destruction (i.e. nuclear missiles).

• The Great Society of Lyndon B. Johnson 1963-1969 § provided federal aid for schools to purchase textbooks and library materials; § created Medicare and Medicaid § Implemented the Water Quality Act of 1965; § funded the building of public housing § passed the Immigration Act of 1965 which opened the door for many non-European immigrants

to settle in the United States. § Signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

• The terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001 changed the way the United States dealt with national defense and intelligence.

• The passing of the Patriot Act increased law enforcement agencies' ability to conduct searches in cases of suspected terrorism.

• In 2002 the Department of Homeland security was formed. The department would oversee the process of maintaining safety in the United States.



Reflection After WWII the United States and Soviet Union became the most influential economic and political nations in the world. European nations were too devastated from the war to maintain their global powers, while the Soviets and Americans were just beginning to mobilize their economy and vast resources. Although the Soviet Union and United States were allies during WWII their relationship was less than stellar. Both sides had their eyes firmly on the other, knowing the other one would be their chief rival. Much of the future animosity would be largely based on a type of national/philosophical ego, with each nation wanting to prove their way of life was the best. Notes:



Word Search Find all the words in the list. Words can be found in any direction.

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LESSON 1: REVOLUTIONARY AND EARLY REPUBLIC PERIODS … · 2019-05-03 · LESSON 1: REVOLUTIONARY AND EARLY REPUBLIC PERIODS ... Party. King George III was furious, and Parliament