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TOEFL LESSON 1
NOVEMBER 9, 2014
THE INTEGRATED ESSAY IMPORTANT PHRASES FOR WRITING
Discussing other peoples opinions
How to talk about sourcesThe passage, the author of the passage,
the writer of the passage, the recording, the professor, the
lecturer, the lecturer in the recording
Useful verbs 1
states, claims, argues, says, implies, suggests
EXAMPLES:
-The passage states that traditional education techniques are
insufficient.
-The lecturer in the recording suggests that improving the
education system will be difficult.
Useful verbs 2
explains, lists reasons, gives examples of
EXAMPLES:
-The writer of the passage explains why traditional education
techniques are insufficient.
-The professor explains how computers were invented.
-The professor gives several reasons why animals hibernate.
-The professor gives several examples of important scientific
discoveries.
Useful verbs 3
discusses, describes, talks about
EXAMPLES:
-The writer of the passage discusses the Japanese education
system.
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-In the recording, the professor talks about Canadian
politics.
Comparing and Contrasting
Introduction sentences: differencesThere are a number of
important differences between X and Y.
X is different from Y in several respects.
X differs from Y in a number of important ways.
X contrasts with Y.
Introduction sentences: similarities
There are a number of similarities between X and Y.
Both X and Y are
X is similar to Y
X is comparable to Y.
Comparison and contrast phrases (between two sentences)
Similarly, likewise, in the same way
EXAMPLES:
-The passage argues that the education system is ineffective.
Similarly, the professor believes that it needs
improvement.
By contrast, in contrast, on the other hand, however
EXAMPLES:
-The passage argues that the education system is ineffective. By
contrast, the professor believes it is very
effective.
Cause and Effect
Causes
leads to, causes, results in, gives rise to
(may, might, can) lead to, cause, result in, give rise to
EXAMPLES:
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-Lack of protein may cause illness.
-Economic problems can give rise to political instability.
Effectsis caused by, results from, stems from
(may, might, can) be caused by, result from, stem from
EXAMPLES:
-Political instability may be caused by economic problems.
One sentence
because of, as a result of, as a consequence of
EXAMPLES:
-Many buildings were destroyed as a result of the earthquake. /
As a result of the earthquake, many
buildings were destroyed.
-Many children become sick as a consequence of bad hygiene. / As
a result of bad hygiene, many children
become sick.
Two sentences
For this reason, as a result, consequently
EXAMPLES:
-The earthquake was very powerful. As a result, many buildings
were destroyed.
-The new business was very successful. For this reason, it hired
many new employees.
