Lesson 2: Biology, Sex and Gender Robert Wonser. Opposites? Lesson 2: Biology, Sex and Gender 2

Lesson 2: Biology, Sex and Gender

Robert Wonser

Opposites?

Lesson 2: Biology, Sex and Gender 2

What about the biological evidence… “…we have demonstrated that at 1 day old,

human neonates demonstrate sexual dimorphism in both social and mechanical perception. Male infants show a stronger interest in mechanical objects, while female infants show a stronger interest in the face.”

Irrefutable proof of innate sex differences, right?


The Face vs the Mobile Study

Is this evidence of a large natural difference between boys and girls proclivities?

How about when graphed out:



Notice the tremendous overlap between the two.

Take away: the sexes aren’t opposites; even if differences precede socialization.

By the way, what exactly did the mobile and face they were looking at look like?



Nature vs Nurture

The nature vs. nurture debate refers to the ongoing discussion of the respective roles of genetics and socialization in determining individual behaviors and traits.

Ultimately both sides do play a role in making us the people that we are.


Sapolsky’s “Trouble with Testosterone”

“Debunks” myth of testosterone causing aggressive behavior Most studies find a correlation between high levels of

testosterone and high levels of aggression, and vice versa

But this correlation does NOT prove causation In fact, aggressive behavior causes an increase in

testosterone secretion The hormone simply exaggerates patterns in the brain

and body that already exist, and are already responding to environmental triggers of aggression (“permissive effect”)


Sapolsky

NOT biology, NOT the environment – IS the interaction between the twoViolence is more complex than 1 hormone –

biology is meaningless outside the social context in which it occurs


As Nature Made Him David Reimer was

subjected to gender reassignment surgery at 18 months old. What does his story tell us about the relationship between biological sex and gender identity?


Sex

Sex refers to an individual’s membership in one of two biologically distinct categories—male or female.

How many sexes are there?


Chromosomes, Hormones and Genes What sex are you and how do you know? The case of Maria Patino and the

Olympics. A test revealed she had a Y chromosome

and hidden testes. IOC’s ruling was based on cultural beliefs

about gender, not scientific facts


Xs and Ys Usually XX =female and XY = male What about these situations? XO and XXX or XYYs and XXYs? Not all variations in biological sex are chromosomal:

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a condition related to steroid hormone production that masculinizes XX individuals.

There’s also Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) which was the condition that made Patino feminine despite her Y chromosome, it causes XY children to develop female genitalia.

Hermaphroditism and gonadal dysgenesis—abnormal gonadal development—refers to various conditions in which individual anatomies include gonads or secondary sex characteristics of both sexes.


Sexed Bodies in Other times and Places Whether or not biology is fixed and immutable, the

way we understand the biology of sex is not. Biology and sexuality mirror the social order In premodern times, everyone knew that women

were like men but inferior. Believing is seeing A belief in male superiority contributed to a vision of

sexed bodies that reflected and supported those beliefs


Intersex

17 ambiguously sexed infants are born for every 1,000 births each year.

Where is their place in a two sex world? The National Institute of Health divides

intersex into four categories:


XX Intersex (formerly female pseudo-hermaphroditism). Chromosomes and ovaries of a woman,

external genitals that appear male. Usually resulting from exposure of female

fetus to excess male hormones before birth or CAH.

Has normal uterus and Fallopian tubes, but the labia fuse and the clitoris is large and penis-like.


XY Intersex (formally male pseudo-hermaphroditism)

XY chromosomes, but with ambiguous or clearly female external genitals.

Internally, testes may be normal, malformed or absent.

One type; 5-alpha-reductase deficiency (as in the novel Middlesex), infants appear female until puberty, when bodies are virilized.

AIS, androgen insensitivity syndrome or testicular feminization is a condition in which a person has XY chromosomes, but the receptors to male hormones do not function and the genitals of thee in individuals appear female.


True Gonadal IntersexHas both ovarian and testicular tissue in one

or both gonads.Cause unknown but animal studies link to

exposure to common agricultural pesticides.Other suspected cause: in vitro fertilization in

which an XX and XY embryo merge Complex or undetermined intersex

Different chromosome configurations can result in ambiguous sex development. These include:

XO (only one X chromosome), XXY, XXX – both cases have an extra chromosome, either an X or a Y.


“Social Emergency” How do we ‘deal with’ these people socially and medically? American Academy of Pediatrics calls them “social

emergencies” Sex reassignment surgeries to place the child into one of

the two ‘natural’ sexes. This is chosen for intersex people, not by them. Used to be if a baby was born with a “micro-penis” (less

than 1.5 centimeters long and 0.7 centimeters wide) it was a candidate for sex reassignment surgery.

Is this medically necessary? Or are they “social surgeries” like face lifts and nose jobs?


The Phall-o-meter

When bodies don’t fit into our pre-existing notions of male and female, we will force them to, even if it involves a knife.

Clitorises that are longer than .9 cm and penises that are shorter than 2.5 must be fixed.


Intersex as Lived Reality

Intersex was constructed as a medical and social problem by a particular group of medical experts at a particular historical moment and in a particular socio-historical context.

Visit Intersex Society of North America (ISNA) at http://www.isna.org


Gender

Gender refers to the physical, behavioral, and personality traits that a group considers normal for its male and female members.Masculinity and femininity

How many genders are there?


How many genders are there? The evidence from other cultures Thomas theorem: “If men [and women] believe

things to be real, they are real in their consequences.” (Thomas 1928, 571-72).

If we believe men and women are different then we build institutions around this idea.

As socially competent members of our society, we see bodies through the cultural lenses of sex and gender, and we shape actual bodies to our expectations.

Are there practices you engage in to shape your body to the expectations of our culture?


Berdaches

“women-men” of First Nation (Native American) societies. “two-spirit” peoples Socially distinct from their fully male and fully female kin. Took up occupations designated as women’s, dressed as women,

and had sexual relations with men. Possible fourth category: “men-women” Biological females who lived as men, hunted, took up men’s work,

fought in wars and married women. Gender was not equated with biological sex or sexual identity. The fact that 3rd and 4th sex status existed was due to the political and

economic context within which these genders appeared: egalitarian relations, no accumulation of wealth, low level of division of labor. Similar to pre capitalism Europe and rural colonial American society

before the advent of capitalism.


Hijras of India

Neither men nor women, nor are they seen as homosexuals.

Key defining characteristic is the absence of the male external genitalia (often a result of an elective surgery) or “imperfect genitals”.

Culturally, “not-men” and view themselves as “man minus maleness” (Nanda 1990).


Constructionist Approach to Gender Identity Most sociologists use a constructionist approach and

see gender as a social construction and acknowledge the possibility that the male–female categories are not the only way of classifying individuals.

Constructionists believe that gender is constructed, or created, through our interactions with other members of society.

In the United States we tend to classify people as being male or female, but other societies have different classification systems (hijras and berdaches for example) and people are treated differently based on the norms associated with that system.


Who is this child?


Sexual Dimorphism in World of Warcraft

Before player feedback After player feedback

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Lesson 2: Biology, Sex and Gender Robert Wonser. Opposites? Lesson 2: Biology, Sex and Gender 2