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Lesson 3.5: The Skeletal System Learning Target: I can identify structures and explain functions of skeletal system. Vocabulary: periosteum; compact bone; spongy bone; marrow; joint; ligament; cartilage; Warm Up: Complete Socrative Assessment. Copy errors and confusions. Teaching: Review LT; Vocabulary; Socrative Results Possible Misconception: Are there joints in the skull or elbow? Task: 1. Research and take notes on the topic by completing the guided notes sheet. **See pages 2-3 of this

document.

2. Design a model that represents a bone (with layers) in structure and function.

3. "Skeletal System Task Exploration" **See pages 4-10 of this document 4. Enrichment: “Model Lab: Joints of the Back”- Test why joints are important. * See page 11 of this document Summarize: Check your answers

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Learning Target: I can identify structures and explain functions of the skeletal system.

Bones are living organs made of other tissue: Ex: _________, __________, __________

1.Bone Layer Structures

A. Periosteum: B. Spongy Bone: C. Compact Bone: **Draw and label a bone that shows layers **Copy and complete the following table using the word section below.

D. Joints: place where 2 __________________________

-held in place by a tough band of tissue called _________________ a. Moveable Joint: b. Immovable Joint:

E. Cartilage is a strong rubbery tissue @ end of bones

-acts as a shock absorber

-reduces friction that would be caused by ___________________

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2.Functions

A. Shape and support

B. ________________ internal organs

C. Locomotion: bones __________ (help from __________ muscles)

D. Blood cells formed in the red marrow

E. Calcium and phosphorous are stored = strength

3. Bone Formation

A. at birth, bones are mostly cartilage

B. gradually, most __________ is replaced with bone

C. osteoblasts: build bone - deposits calcium and phosphorous

4. Diseases and Conditions of the Skeletal System

**Based on the diagrams below, describe osteoporosis and arthritis.

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Skeletal System TASK Exploration LT: I can use various text and visual resources to describe the human skeletal system. *Use the resources from pages 6-10 to complete the following tasks. 1. Label the top of each skeleton (on the next page) as either male or female. Describe your evidence in Table 1.

Table 1: Comparing Skeletons of Different Genders

Evidence for Male:

Evidence for Female:

2. On each of the skeletons (on the next page), label 5 different major bones in the human body.

Be sure to label the diagram with the scientific name and common name for each bone. Ex: kneecap or knee bone = patella

3. On each skeleton (on the next page), shade in the axial skeleton red and the appendicular skeleton green. Compare the structures and functions of the axial and appendicular skeletons in Table 2.

Table 2: Comparing Axial and Appendicular Skeletons

Axial

Appendicular

4. In table 3, compare endoskeletons and exoskeletons.

Table 3: Comparing Endoskeletons and Endoskeletons

Endoskeletons

Endoskeletons

5. Describe 4 different types of joints throughout the body in Table 4.

Ex: The knee is a hinge joint because it can move back and forth like a door. Table 4: Comparing Joints

The _________________ is a __________________ joint because ___________________________________________. The _________________ is a __________________ joint because ___________________________________________. The _________________ is a __________________ joint because ___________________________________________. The _________________ is a __________________ joint because ___________________________________________.

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The adult human skeletal system consists of 206 bones, as well as a network of tendons, ligaments and cartilage that connects them. The skeletal system performs vital functions —support, movement, protection, blood cell production, and calcium storage. Bones are very much alive inside the body, being fed by a network of blood vessels from the circulatory system and nerves from the nervous system. Did You Know…Teeth are considered part of the skeletal system, but they are not counted as bones. Teeth are made of dentin and enamel, which is the strongest substance in your body. Teeth also play a key role in the digestive system.

The skeletons of adult males and females have some variation. The female pelvis (the lower part of the torso located between the abdomen and the legs) is more rounded and proportionally larger compared the male, primarily to accommodate childbirth. The female rib cage is also generally more rounded and not as big as in the male. The skeletal system has two distinctive parts: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton, with a total of 80 bones, consists of the vertebral column (spine), the rib cage and the skull. The axial skeleton is mainly responsible for protection. The vertebral column protects the spinal cord; the rib cage protects the heart and lungs; the skull protects the brain. The appendicular skeleton has a total of 126 bones and is formed mainly by the upper and lower limbs. The appendicular skeleton’s primary responsibility is to allow for locomotion. Humans are vertebrates that have an endoskeleton, or a skeleton made of cartilage and bone that is found on the inside of the body. The bony skeleton has allowed vertebrate animals to grow large in size, since it provides enough support to hold considerable weight. An endoskeleton enables movement by allowing skeletal muscles to attach to bones by tendons. A bony endoskeleton provides good protection for internal organs. For instance, the rib cage is a strong structure that protects the heart and lungs. An exoskeleton is a skeleton often made of a hard protein or calcium carbonate shell that develops on the outside of the body of an animal. Insects and shellfish are examples of invertebrates with exoskeletons. The exoskeleton provides support for the internal organs and tissues of the animal. The exoskeleton is often flexible and light in weight. Although this will enable animals to easily move, it will not provide as much protection from strong physical forces the way that endoskeletons do, except in the case of a shell. Most animals with an exoskeleton must undergo molting as they age. They lose their entire outside shell and grow a new one. During this time, the animal is vulnerable to the weather, predators, and disease.

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Model Lab: Joints in the Back LT: I can make a model to show how the joints that make up the spine affect your back. Materials: 1 straw; 1 pipe cleaner Procedure: 1. Thread the pipe cleaner through the straw. Then gently try to bend the pipe cleaner where it is covered in the straw. Does the pipe cleaner bend much? 2. Take the pipe cleaner out of the straw and cut the straw into pieces that are about one inch long. Thread the pieces of the straw onto the pipe cleaner so that they are touching each other. 3. Now gently bend the pipe cleaner again. How easily does it bend? Answer the following questions: a. Describe how this activity modeled the spine. b. Draw a conclusion using data evidence.