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Environmental ScienceLesson 8: Sustaining Biodiversity: Ecosystem Management
Copyright Grey's Digital Online, LLC 2020-present (usbiologyteaching.com) 1
Watch EdPuzzle
5 mins mini discussion:
How can forests be better
managed?
Day 1 Bell Ringer
ES. Unit 8.1: Essential Question: How Can Forest Be Better Managed?
8.1 Key Terms List1.Old-growth forest
2.Tree plantation
3.Debt-for-nature swap
4.Second Growth Forest
5.Deforestation
6.Conservation Concession
8.1 Objectives:
1. Identify examples of ecosystem and economic services forests provide.
2. Describe ways scientists classify forests based on their age and structure.
3. Identify various methods of harvesting timber and their impacts on forests and explain how deforestation impacts forests.
4. Describe management solutions that help reduce impacts of timber harvesting, fires, and deforestations.
A. Forests cover approximately ⅓ of Earth’s land mass and provides habitats for ⅔ of Earth’s terrestrial species.
A. Forest provide vital ecosystem services like: 1. Reduce carbon dioxide through photosynthesis 2. Supporting the energy flow of nutrients3. Oxygen production (photosynthesis) 4. Reduction of soil erosion5. Purify Water and Air6. Regulate local climates7. Provide habitat
I. The Importance of Forests
II. Forest Economic Services
A. Economic services include:
1.Fuel wood (Especially important in impoverished parts of the world)
2.Lumber
3.Pulp for paper products
4.Recreation
5.Mining
6.Grazing for livestock
Due to their value, forests must be managed properly!
III. Understanding Forest Structure
A. Understanding forest structure is an important factor for determining how the forest should be managed
1. Old-Growth Forests (aka primary growth) are forests that have not been disturbed for 200 years or more.
2. Second Growth Forest are forests of tree that resulted from secondary ecological succession.
Early secondary succession
Old Growth Forest
IV. Tree Plantations
A. Tree Plantations (aka tree farms) are managed forests that contain one or two species of trees that are all the same age.
1. Tree plantations can produce wood rapidly and can supply much of the wood needed for industrial purposes.
2. Using tree farms, we can limit the need for disturbing old-growth and second growth forests if they are not cleared to make room for tree farms.
B. Tree Plantation Cautions
1. Having only a few species of trees makes the plantation less sustainable than natural forests since the nutrients in the soil is depleted after repeated cutting.
2. The lack of nutrients makes it less likely for any new forest to be able to grow.
1. Organizations such as the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) assisted with the plant of billions of tree throughout the world.
• These plantings made it possible for many countries to maintain stable tree coverage from 2000 through 2010. The United States was one example.
V.The Impact of Fires on Forests
A. Two types of fires that affect forests.
1. Surface Fires burn undergrowth, seeds and leaf litter and usually allow wildlife to escape.
2. Benefits: • Burn away dry brush and sticks and prevent larger more damaging fires.
• Release nutrients from slowly decaying organic matter
• Release seeds from cones of species like the lodgepole pines and giant sequoia tree.
• Help control insects that could be destructive to the trees.
V. Impacts of Forest Fires
VI. Crown FiresB. Crown Fire:
1. Crown fires are large fires capable of moving from treetop to treetop and burning entire trees.
1. Crown fires usually occur in forests that have not experienced a fire indecades and have built up a large amount of flammable ground litter.
1. Crown fires are much more destructive than surface fires. They destroy most vegetation, wildlife, houses or anything else that may be in its path.
VI. Impacts of Poor Management of Forests
A. Timber Harvest
1.To harvest timber road are cut into the forest
2. Roads can cause an increase in:• Disease• Fragmentation• Topsoil erosion and
sediment runoff• Possibility of non-native
species being introduced
B. Deforestations:
1. Clear Cutting- Removing of all trees, not just the valuable timber.
• Most efficient and cost-effective but most harmful for the environment method.
1. Selective Cutting- Using this method logger will cut only older more valuable trees in small groups or individually. • Method helps reduce erosion and the overall impact on
the ecosystem
1. Strip Cutting- Removing of trees using the clear-cutting method but leaving strips to help reduce erosion and overall environmental impact.• This method produces a cost-effective yield without as
much widespread destruction as clear cutting.
VII. How can we help?
A. Sustainable Forestry Practices:1. Include ecosystem services of forests in estimates of their
economic value.2. Identify and protect highly diverse forest areas.3. Stop logging in old-growth forests4. Stop clear-cutting on steep slopes5. Reduce road building in forests and rely more on selective
cutting and strip cutting.6. Leave most standing dead trees and larger fallen trees for
wildlife habitat and nutrient cycle.7. Grow tree plantations only on deforested and degraded land.8. Certify timber grown using sustainable methods.
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B. Sustainable Forestry Practices in Tropical Forests
1. Protect the most diverse and endangered areas.2. Educate settlers about sustainable agriculture and forestry.3. Subsidize only sustainable forest use4. Certify sustainable grown timber5. Reduce poverty and slow population growth
C. Restoration:
1. Encourage regrowth through secondary succession2. Rehabilitate degraded areas3. Concentrate farming and ranching in already-cleared areas
ES. Unit 8.2Essential Question: How Can Grasslands Be Better Managed?
8.2 Key Terms List1.Overgrazing
2.Pasture
3.Rangeland
8.2 Objectives:
1. Identify ecosystem services provided by grasslands.2. Define rangelands and pastures and explain how
overgrazing impacts these areas.3. Describe methods for managing rangelands that limit
impacts of overgrazing and hep preserve grassland habitat.
A. Grasslands cover approximately ¼ of Earth’s landmass.
A. Grasslands provide vital ecosystem services like: 1. Soil Formation2. Erosion Control3. Nutrient Cycle4. Storage of atmospheric CO25. Maintain biodiversity
I. The Importance of Grasslands
A. Rangeland:1. unfenced grasslands in temperate and tropical
climates that supply forage or vegetation for grazing and browsing animals.
A. Pasture: 1. managed grasslands or fenced meadows that are
often planted with domesticated grasses or other forae rops suchs as alfafa and clover. • Cattle, sheep, and goats graze on about 42% of
the world’s grasslands. • This can lead to overgrazing as population
increases. • Overgrazing can lead to compaction of soil
which will result in soil’s inability to absorb maximum moisture to sustain plants.
II. Types of Grasslands
ES. Unit 8.3Essential Question: How Can Protected Land Be Better
Managed?
8.3 Key Terms List1.Buffer Zone
2.Biosphere Reserve
3.Wilderness Area
8.3 Objectives:
1. Identify challenges of managing national parks and other protected lands, especially in less-developed countries.
2. Explain factors that place stress on U.S. national parks.3. Understand how buffer zones can make it easier to
sustainably manage reserves.4. Explain how wilderness areas are managed to protect
wild species and ecosystems.
Beach Ball Review Unit 8.1-8.3 Vocabulary
Recap the challenges of the
forest and suggest solutions to
the question: “how can forests
be better managed?”
Day 3 Bell Ringer
I. How can protected lands be better managed?
A. ES Unit 8.3 Secondary Source Activity:
Use the article from the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) to learn about deforestation and land
management.
Bellringer: Lesson 8.4 Bellringer Activity
Mini discussion:
How can forests be better
managed?
Day 4 Bell Ringer
ES. Unit 8.4Essential Question: How Does the Ecosystem Approach Help
Protect Terrestrial Biodiversity?
8.4 Key Terms List1.Biodiversity Hotspot
2.Ecological Restoration
3.Reconciliation Ecology
8.4 Objectives:
1. Identify the steps to sustaining terrestrial biodiversity using an ecosystem approach.
2. Define biodiversity hotspots and explain their importance.
3. Understand the importance of protecting ecosystem services and human communities that depend on these services.
4. Describe methods used to repair damaged ecosystems, and understand how reconciliation ecology enables humans to share ecosystems with other species.
I.How does the Ecosystem approach help protect Terrestrial Biodiversity?
A. Use ES Lesson
8.4: Ecosystem
Approach and
Terrestrial
Biodiversity
Webquest to
complete the
lesson.
Watch Edpuzzle
5 mins mini discussion:
How can forests be better
managed?
Day 5 Bell Ringer
ES. Unit 8.5Essential Question: How Does the Ecosystem Approach Help
Protect Aquatic Biodiversity?
8.5 Key Terms List1.Fishery
2.Fishprint
8.5 Objectives:
1. Describe how human activities are destroying aquatic biodiversity and explain the impacts of overfishing, ocean acidification, and dead zones.
2. Explain the role of marine protected areas and marine reserves in sustaining marine biodiversity.
3. Identify the steps in the ecosystem approach to sustaining aquatic biodiversity.
I.Human activities and Aquatic Biodiversity
A. Warmer waters:1. A leading global concern is
warming of ocean waters due to the heat absorption from warmer atmospheric temperatures.
1. Increase in temperature is drastically changing coral reef life and contributes to coral bleaching.
B. Overfishing: 1. On average, about 20% of fish and fish
products are consumed by billions of people.
2. This is causing an increasing scarcity in species like: cod, marlin, swordfish, and tuna.
C. Ocean Acidification: 1. Oceans are absorbing ¼ of earth’s excessive
CO2 from the atmosphere.2. Increase in CO2 is causing harm to species
like: phytoplankton, corals, sea snails, and oysters who depend carbonate ions to build their exoskeletons.
How can we save the ocean?
