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Lesson 8
The worker as Creator or
Machine
--- by Fromm, Erich (1900-1980)
Objectives of Teaching1. To comprehend the whole text
2. To lean and master the vocabulary and expressions
3. To learn to paraphrase the difficult sentences
4. To understand the structure of the text
5. To appreciate the style and rhetoric of the passage.
Aims 1. To know the author, Erich Fromm
2. To learn the writing technique of causation
3. To appreciate the language features
Teaching Contents 1. Erich Fromm 2. Causation and the thesis 2. Detailed study of the text 3. Organizational pattern 4. Language features 5. Exercises
Time allocation
1. The introduction of the author (10 min.)2. Causation and the thesis (10min.)3. Detailed study of the text (115 min.)4. Structure analysis (15 min.)5. Language appreciation (15 min.)6. Exercises (15 min)
Fromm, Erich1. German-American psychoanalyst an
d author2. Born in Frankfurt, Germany3. Ph.D. University of Heidelbery 海德
堡大学4. In 1934, he came to the US, practice
d psychoanalysis and lectured at various institutions.
Fromm, Erich
As a psychoanalyst, he applied psychoanalysis to social, political, religious, moral activities. He was particularly interested in the study of individual and society. He paid much attention to self human realization.
Fromm, Erich
He took views of Freud and he
attempted a synthesis
(combination) and
reformulation (systematical
expression) of Freud and Marx.
Fromm, Erich He is also a self-styled Marxist,
but his idea is against the theory
of Marxism, for he used to view
things from psychoanalysis, not
from class struggle.
His point of view He held that man is a product of his
culture. Social character is not determined by instinct (biological drive) but rather shaped by cultural training. 个体的人格是文化的产物,而不是
生物学的产物。
His works Escape from Freedom 《逃离自由》 The Sane Society 《健全的社会》 The Art of Loving 《爱的艺术》 Psychoanalysis and Religion
《精神分析学与宗教》
His works May Man Prevail 《愿人类成功》 The Revolution of Hope 《希望革命》 The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness
《人类毁灭之分析》
Beyond the Chains of Illusions 《越过幻想之链》
His works This piece is an excerpt from “The
Sane Society” 1955. In this book, Fromm is mainly concerned with the effect of a sociological environment on Americans which exalts (praise) success through
1. competition 2. human alienation
that accompanies technological
development which isolates the
workman from the finished
product.
alienate
– estrange, turn away, set against, disunite, separate, divide
Ant.--- unite, reconcile
The theme of the text This text is discussing the
workers’ position in the society. The workers are no longer creator but becoming more and more like machine.
It is about men’s attitude towards work. Work has become an alienating factor.
The textThe change of the meaning of work
In ancient times, work ---- satisfactory, a pleasurable thing
In modern times, work --- a duty, forced labor,
The text deals with the reason and result of this alienation
literary style exposition
The main thesis is better expressed in the first sentence of the deleted paragraph “ the meaning of work in an alienated society”.
The thesis ---
“He is part of the machine,
rather than its master as an
active agent.” (para.6)
The method
The method the writer uses in the expository writing is causal analysis / causation 因果分析
Causation It means something happened
is 1) because of sth else2) as a result of sth. else
In this lesson, the writer explained the reason why man changes the attitude toward work and its effect.
Detailed study of the text
Para.1 --- the specific
positive values of work
Para.1 What are the specific positive values
of work?1. Work enables human beings to rise from the
animal kingdom.
2. Work liberates men from nature and makes them into social beings and work together in a cooperative way.
positive values:
3. Work molds and changes nature
and himself.
4. Work develops man’s different
powers, skills, capacities,
personality and creativity.
Para.1
Man is first of all an animal, and he
can be differentiated from other
animals in that, among other things
he produces, he makes tools, and
other new things out of the raw
materials he finds around him.
kingdom ---
all natural objects have been classified into three great divisions
1. animal kingdom
2. vegetable kingdom
3. mineral kingdom
He separates ….
By becoming nature’s master, by stationing himself above nature, man separates himself from nature. But at the same time he connects himself once again to nature to further conquer her and develop his understanding of her.
In molding nature…
Man’s abilities and powers as a species, and man’e individual abilities and powers (of cooperation, reason and sense of beauty) increase and deepen as a result of controlling nature and remaking her to fulfill his needs.
all are expressions…
All the above–mentioned work shows how man has transformed nature thought his reason and skill creatively.
Para.2
detailed description of the meaning of work to man.
Work was …satisfaction The paragraph deals with the subject
of craftsmanship. According to Mills and Fromm craftsmanship involves the control of the work process by the individual worker. At its height in the late Middle Ages, it enhanced man’s productive powers and was a source of great satisfaction to the craftsman.
C.Wright. Mills An American sociologist, known as
one of the very few outstanding social critics during the McCarthy period.his best known work is White Collar (1951), from which his quotation is taken, and The Power and Elite. He died in 1962.
McCarthy American politician. A U.S. senator from
Wisconsin (1947-1957), he presided over the permanent subcommittee on investigations and held public hearings in which he accused army officials, members of the media, and public figures of being Communists. His charges were never proved, and he was censured by the Senate in 1954.
McCarthy
麦卡锡,约瑟夫 · 雷芒德 1908-1957 美国政治家,来自威斯康星州的美国参议员 (1947-1957 年)。他指责许多军队官员、新闻媒介内部工作人员和公众人物为共产党,并指挥一个永久委员会分会对他们进行调查和公开审判。他的指控从未成立, 1954 年他受到议会的谴责
Why work was a pleasure to man?
Because the worker is free to control his own working action. He is responsible for the whole production process.
Why does the writer use a quotation?
to prove his idea in a more direct
way
to give a kind of authority to what he
says
---- A paraphrase would not provide that
directness and authority.
What does “There is no split of work…” mean?
There is a close relationship
between work and pleasure.
They go hand in hand. While the
worker is working, he enjoys
himself. When he is making sth,
he learns sth.
Para.3 Background knowledge – why work is a duty?
What’s protestant’s idea about work?
They held that all men are born sinful. They must work hard to purify their souls. God then will take them to paradise after they die.
newly won freedom
Freedom from feudal restrictions. The craftsman felt safe and secure in his guild and profession, but became afraid now that he was entirely on his own in a highly competitive society.
The outcome … Early Protestantism maintained that
most souls are predestined by birth by God to eternal damnation and a few to be saved after death. But there’s no way that anyone can know which is which. obviously people lived in fear. All one could hope for was a sign from God that he might be among the elect, even though a sign was no guarantee.
It was believed that any form of sinfulness was likely indication of damnation, whereas ceaseless work, especially if it resulted in wealth, could be sign of salvation. Clearly, work lost all the intrinsic positive aspects it formerly had, and instead became purely and simply a method to achieve wealth and success.
asceticism
--- a special term in religion
self-denying mode of living a simple, strict way of life
with no luxuries or physical pleasures, which people usually lead because of their religious beliefs.
Para.4
1. Work as duty, as a means for saving one’s soul exists only for the upper and middle classes.
2. Work as forced labor is for the laboring people.
Para.5
In capitalist society the worker
feels estranged from the work
he is doing.
modern man … With work stripped both of its
craftsmanship quality and meaning and of its sense of religious obligation, it no longer holds any deep attraction. Therefore, people feel themselves at loss, with no purpose or direction. Life is empty. Work becomes merely a time-filler to escape the emptiness and meaningless of one’s life.
This is another psychoanalytic analysis of Fromm. We know the bourgeoisie amassed wealth through the exploitation of worker and the worker were forced to sell their labor in order to survive.
something new … A new ideological driving force for
work has replaced the lost ones. The drive is now for more bigger, and better products. Fromm again misses the real point here. Profit is the real driving force of capitalism.
Para. 6
What role the worker plays in the manufacturing of products?
A passive role, the worker plays a small isolated part in the process of production. He is not concerned with the whole product, because he makes only a part of it. His work can be explained as performing actions which can not be performed by machines.
He is concerned neither with… He doesn’t care about the end
product itself or the part it plays in the overall economy or the way in which it serves the needs of society.
Peter Drucher
Reknowned management consultant This quotation is taken from Concept
of the Corporation (1946) p.179
Work appears as something unnatural….
To the worker, work seems like
an intrusion, something which
should not happen. It is an
empty, unpleasant, deadening,
degrading and pointless means
to an end --- the pay check.
devoid of ---- lacking of If someone or sth. is devoid of a
quality of thing, they have absolutely none of it.
--- He was devoid of any talent
whatsoever.
--- Such plans have been almost
entirely devoid of social content.
place /put a premium on ---
重视; 鼓励;助长 I put a premium on punctuality. Work paid according to the amou
nt puts a premium on speed and not on quality.
按件付酬是导致重速度、轻质量的原因。
put a premium on Giving money to beggars may put a pr
emium on idleness. Does high taxation put a premium on
business dishonesty? 高税收是否助长了商业欺诈行为?
No wonder that this puts a premium ..
It’s not surprising that the worker’s objective at work is to do as little as possible to get his pay.
slowdown
--- deliberate decrease in
the speed of production
slovenly
---untidy, as in dress or appearance, sloppy,
Someone who is slovenly is careless, untidy a
nd inefficient in their appearance and behavior 懒散的;草率的
para.7
work is a means of getting
money; worker tries to work
less to get the same pay
para.8
What is the root cause of this?
How do you know?
para.8 The root cause of this alienation is the
capitalist system. From the statement: “The whole social
organization of which he is a part” (para.8)
The worker is not active. He has no responsibility for the work he is doing. He is not interested in the whole product.
capital
----- The capitalist or the money of the capitalists that can hire worker and purchase all the other equipment necessary for production.
human problem of industry
Industry is the main thing and the human worker is part of it. In the capitalists’ eye, the workers are the trouble makers. If the worker’s problem is solved industry would go more efficiently.
industrial problem of human beings
Fromm here attacks the attitude of the capitalists and society towards the workers. He thinks human being is the bigger thing and industry is the only activity of it. Man should be given the priority. Fromm is saying the psychological research should begin from the study of industrial problem among human beings instead of human problem in industry.
formulation
formulate –
to express in short clear form
underlying
--- present but not obvious; implicit
There are underlying similarities between all human beings.
The underlying theme of the novel is very serious.
Para.9 Industrial psychologists are
trying to manage and control the mind of the workers
What problem are the industrial psychologists mainly concerned with?
How to make the worker work more smoothly and efficiently
Taylor, Frederick Winslow (1856-1915)
American engineer, inventor and
efficiency expert who pioneered
the principles of “scientific
management” in industry and
business.
“in the name of ….” Under the guise of improving
relations between people, every possible trick/means is employed on the worker, which is only fit for the worker who is completely disinterested in his work. “Happiness” “human values” are also formulated in order to manipulate the worker.
“in the name of ….”
在人际关系的名义下,他们用适合于对一切完全冷漠的人手段来对付工人就是幸福和人的价值观也是从与公众建立更好的关系这个角度提出来的。
It is going to…
Better relations with the public will yield
larger profits to management. The
management will earn larger profits if it
has better relations with the public.
pay off:
to yield full recompense or return, for
either good or evil
cold dollars and cents
Cold cash; hard cash; nothing but money
attitude --- What’s Fromm’s attitude
toward “human relations” and “happiness”?
1. dehumanizing/robotizing relations --- inhuman relations
2. mechanical repetitive action which is without doubt compulsory
spontaneity
spontaneous ---
done, happening from natural impulse, not caused or suggested by sth or sb. outside.
She made a spontaneous offer of help.
The alienated and profoundly … The two results of alienation
and unsatisfactory character of work are:
one, the desire as a goal in life, not to work;
The other a deep-seated often unconscious hatred of work and everything and everybody connected with it.
Our advertising …
Fromm thinks advertising nowadays appeals more to laziness and passivity than to the sexual appeal of women in order to sell their goods.
But this usefulness….
But such practical use only plays the role which rationalizes the appeal to extreme idleness and willingness to accept things.
但这种实用性往往只起着使追求十足的消极散漫和坐享其成成为合理化的作用。
Many a businessman…
According to Fromm many
businessmen fell trapped by the
system which forces them to
sell whatever they can
regardless of the quality or
usefulness the product.
He has a feeling… The businessman knows the
quality of usefulness of his product is not what it should be. He despises the goods he produces, conscious of the deception involved.
fraudulency: deceit, trickery, cheating
Only occasionally comes up… All these feelings, according to
Fromm, generally lie dormant in the unconscious. Only occasionally he becomes aware of them, and he feels upset for a moment and then immediately forget them.
Sum up Fromm’s psychoanalytical approach
becomes quite clear here. There is no trace of class analysis at all. In fact, Fromm sympathizes equally with the worker and the capitalist. Profit and exploitation of the workers as the main driving force of the capitalists are not mentioned at all.
Organizational pattern 5 sections Sect. I para 1-2
The writer deals with general positive values of work
Para.1. the general idea of the meaning of work to man in ancient times.
Organizational pattern Para.2. more specifically states
what work means to craftsman in 13-14th century. Work was satisfactory
pleasurable instructive meaningful
He cites examples of craftsman in 13-14th century to illustrate work.
Organizational pattern
Sect.II para 3-4 He deals with the change in the
meaning of work to man, especially at the beginning of modern society (capitalism)
What does work mean to man then? a duty and obsession ---upper middle
class forced labor --- poor laboring people
Organizational pattern Sect.III para 5-7
He deals with the change in the meaning of work to man now.
Work has become an alienating factor. Work alienates the workers from others, a
nd worker has become part of the machine. He is not a master, but slave of machine.
Organizational pattern
Sect.IV para 8-9 The cause of the changes
The writer makes a general survey in
the research of the causes of the
changes from the industrial
psychological point of view.
Organizational pattern
The relationship between the worker and work is determined by the whole social organization.
1. The worker knows very little about other things.
2. The worker is passive.3. He is isolated (alienated) from
others.
Organizational pattern
Sect.V para 10-13 The effects (results) of this
alienation. The workers have two reactions resulting from alienation.
1. laziness (para 11-12)
2. hostility (para 13)
Language features:
1. long involved sentences2. passive voice3. abstract nouns
Language features
production; attention; formulation; organization; management; isolation; laziness; passivity; receptivity; hostility; rationalization; routinization; spontaneity; manipulation; fraudulency; satisfaction; intoxication
-- ship 加在人称名词上表示“作为 …的身份或
状态” authorship 著者身份 friendship 友谊 citizenship 公民权 membership 会籍;党籍
注:1. 在封建尊称中的用法
your Lordship 殿下2. nonce-words 临时造的词
dogship sonship3. bachelorship
注:5 lordship6 deanship10 trusteeship12 seamanship15 marksmanship
注:17 township18 censorship20 citizenship10 princeship 王子身份(职位)
--dom1. 表示等级、领土、集体或状态
freedom; martyrdom 殉道 ; kingdom; officedom ( 政界 ) ; wisdom
2. 表示集体,构成许多 nonce-words bourgeoisdom
Paraphrase1. Because of the fact that man
produces, he has evolved beyond all other animals.
2. Work liberates human being from nature and makes him cooperate with other people and be independent from nature.
Paraphrase3. All the work mentioned above are
the examples of how man has transformed nature creatively through his intelligence and skill.
4. While man is working, he enjoys himself and the cultural development of the worker also goes together with the work he is doing.
Paraphrase5. According to Weber, work became
the chief element in a thinking system of a very strict and self-denying way of life in the mind of people. Work was the only relief to those who felt alone and isolated.
6. The worker is alienated /estranged/ separated from the work he is doing.
Paraphrase7. Work helps man to earn money,
which is only an activity without much significance.
8. Money cannot bring out the worker’s self-respect.
9. Most industrial psychologists are mainly trying to manage and control the mind of the worker.
Paraphrase10. Better relations with the
public will yield larger profits to management. / or Capitalists will earn a lot profits if it has better relations with the public.
Paraphrase11. The usefulness of many small appliances
is often used by advertisers as reasonable means to appeal to extreme idleness and willingness to accept things.
12. The businessman knows he is deceiving the customers into his product and he shows secret contempt for it.