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LessonPlan–SeaTurtleLifeCycleSummaryThislessonexplainsthelifecycleofseaturtlesfocusingonspecificaspectsoftheloggerheadseaturtlelifecycle.TheSoutheasternU.S.hasthelargestnestingaggregationofloggerheadseaturtles.Seaturtlesarealsocharismaticmegafaunathathighlightmanyoftheharmfulenvironmentalimpactsthataffectsealife.Thislessonwilladdresshowtheseenvironmentalimpactshavebeenaddressedthroughactionsofconcernedcitizensandpublicpolicy.ContentAreaMarineBiology,EnvironmentalPolicyGradeLevel3-5KeyConcept(s)• Seaturtlesareagreatcasestudytoexaminehowwemustlookattheentirelifecycleofan
animaltofullyunderstandhowtoprotectit.• LoggerheadseaturtlesnestonbeachesinthesoutheasternU.S.,travelthousandsofmilesand
spendalotoftimeinopenoceanwatersthroughouttheirdevelopmentandmaturity,andfeedinshallownearshorewaters.
KeyConcept(s)• Seaturtlesexperiencedifferentthreatsfromhumanactivityineachstageoftheir
lifecycle.Examplesincludebeacherosionanddevelopmentthreatennestingareasandtheyareatriskofbeingnettedandentangledinfishinggear.
• Federalfishingregulationsandstate/localbeachdevelopmentguidelinescanhelpprotectseaturtles.
ObjectivesStudentswillbeableto:• Namethreedifferenthabitatsintheoceanecosystemthatareessentialtothelife
cycleoftheloggerheadseaturtle.• Explainthreatstologgerhead(andother)seaturtlesatdifferentstagesoftheirlife
cycle.• Describeonepolicyimplementedtohelpconserveseaturtles.• Describetwothingspeoplecandotohelpprotectseaturtlesandotherwildlifein
ouroceansandalongourshorelines.
LessonPlan–SeaTurtleLifeCycle
ResourcesNOAAProtectedResourcesDivision:Informationonbiology,threats,conservationandmanagementofseaturtles.Thispagealsoincludesdozensoflinkstoadditionalresourcesforseaturtles.http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/turtles/index.htmlGCOOSModelForecasts:InformationandgraphicsonoceancirculationintheGulfofMexicoandSoutheasternAtlanticOceantohighlightmigrationroutesofloggerheadseaturtles.http://gcoos.org/products/index.php/model-forecasts/
LessonPlan–SeaTurtleLifeCycle
NationalScienceEducationStandardorOceanLiteracyEssentialPrinciple
LearningGoals
UnifyingConceptsandProcesses1.Systems,order,andorganization
Order,thebehaviorofunitsofmatter,objects,organisms,oreventsintheuniverse,canbedescribedstatistically.Inscience,reductionofuncertaintyoccursthroughsuchprocessesasthedevelopmentofknowledgeaboutfactorsinfluencingobjects,organisms,systems,orevents;betterandmoreobservations;andbetterexplanatorymodels.
UnifyingConceptsandProcesses5.Formandfunction
Formandfunctionarecomplementaryaspectsofobjects,organisms,andsystemsinthenaturalanddesignedworld.Theformorshapeofanobjectorsystemisfrequentlyrelatedtouse,operation,orfunction.
ScienceasInquiryA.2.Understandingsaboutscientificinquiry
Scientistsdevelopexplanationsusingobservations(evidence)andwhattheyalreadyknowabouttheworld(scientificknowledge).Goodexplanationsarebasedonevidencefrominvestigations.
LessonPlan–SeaTurtleLifeCycle
NationalScienceEducationStandardorOceanLiteracyEssentialPrinciple
LearningGoals
LifeScienceC.1.Characteristicsoforganisms
1.Organismshavebasicneeds.Forexample,animalsneedair,water,andfood.Organismscansurviveonlyinenvironmentsinwhichtheirneedscanbemet.Theworldhasmanydifferentenvironments,anddistinctenvironmentssupportthelifeofdifferenttypesoforganisms.2.Eachplantoranimalhasdifferentstructuresthatservedifferentfunctionsingrowth,survival,andreproduction.3.Thebehaviorofindividualorganismsisinfluencedbyinternalcues(suchashunger)andbyexternalcues(suchasachangeintheenvironment).
LifeScienceC.2.Lifecyclesoforganisms
Plantsandanimalshavelifecyclesthatincludebeingborn,developingintoadults,reproducing,andeventuallydying.Thedetailsofthislifecyclearedifferentfordifferentorganisms.
LessonPlan–SeaTurtleLifeCycle
NationalScienceEducationStandardorOceanLiteracyEssentialPrinciple
LearningGoals
LifeScienceC.3.Organismsandenvironments
1.Anorganism’spatternsofbehaviorarerelatedtothenatureofthatorganism’senvironment,includingthekindsandnumbersofotherorganismspresent,theavailabilityoffoodandresources,andthephysicalcharacteristicsoftheenvironment.Whentheenvironmentchanges,someplantsandanimalssurviveandreproduce,andothersdieormovetonewlocations.2.Humansdependontheirnaturalandconstructedenvironments.Humanschangeenvironmentsinwaysthatcanbeeitherbeneficialordetrimentalforthemselvesandotherorganisms.
ScienceinPersonalandSocialPerspectivesF.4.Changesinenvironments
Changesinenvironmentscanbenaturalorinfluencedbyhumans.Somechangesaregood,somearebad,andsomeareneithergoodnorbad.Pollutionisachangeintheenvironmentthatcaninfluencethehealth,survival,oractivitiesoforganisms,includinghumans.
LessonPlan–SeaTurtleLifeCycle
NationalScienceEducationStandardorOceanLiteracyEssentialPrinciple
LearningGoals
Principle5(3-5A.)Theoceansupportsagreatdiversityoflifeandecosystems.DiversityofEcosystem
Theoceansupportsagreatdiversityofinterconnectedandinterdependentecosystems,eachdefinedbytheinteractionofthephysicalenvironmentandthecommunityoforganismslivingthere.
Principle5(3-5B.,B.1.,B.5.)Theoceansupportsagreatdiversityoflifeandecosystems.DiversityofLife
B.TheoceanprovidesmostoftheEarth’slivingspaceandsupportsagreatdiversityoflifefromthesurface,throughthewatercolumn,anddowntotheseafloor.B.1.Thegreatdiversityofecosystemsintheoceanprovidesopportunitiesfororganismstodevelopagreatdiversityofadaptations,manyofwhichareuniquetoorganismslivingintheocean.B.5.Organismsintheoceanexhibitanamazingvarietyoflifecycles.Someundergometamorphosisandhaveplanktonicphases,somelayeggsandothersnursetheiryoung.
LessonPlan–SeaTurtleLifeCycle
NationalScienceEducationStandardorOceanLiteracyEssentialPrinciple
LearningGoals
Principle6(3-5C.,C.7.,C.10.,C.12.,C.13.)Theoceanandhumansareinextricablyinterconnected.Humanimpactontheocean.
C.Humansimpacttheoceaninpositiveandnegativeways.C.1.Thetrashandpollutantspeopleputintotheenvironmentaffectstheoceanandlifeintheocean.C.3.Marinedebrisentanglesoceanlife,introduceschemicalpollutantsandcanbecomeahazardtonavigation.C.7.Individualscantakeactionstoprotecttheocean.C.10.Everyonecanlearnandinfluenceotherpeopleaboutthewiseuseandprotectionoftheocean.C.12.Nationalandinternationallawsdefinehowweprotecttheocean.C.13.Lawscreatemarinesanctuaries,reserves,andmarineprotectedareasthatareintendedtokeeptheseareassafeandhealthy.
LessonPlan–SeaTurtleLifeCycle
SeaTurtles:AnExampleofWhyUnderstandingLifeCyclesMatters
Scienceinformspolicy.• Policyistheplanofactionorsetof
rulespeoplemustfollow.– Whatisoneexampleofyour
teacher’sclassroompolicy?
• Fishingnetswerekillingthousandsofseaturtles.
• Scientistshelpedresourcemanagerschangetheequipmentusedbyfishermen.
• Now,fishingnetsmusthaveaTurtleExcluderDevice(TED).Itisanescapehatchforseaturtles.
Whyareseaturtleshardtoprotect?
• Therearelandscapesandseascapes.• WhenyoustudiedFlorida’s
landscapes,youlookedatthecoastalplainsandthehigherelevationuplandsinthenorthernpartofthestate.
• Whenwestudyseascapes,one
featurewelookatishowtheoceanbottom(bathymetry)changes.
St.Petersburg
GulfOf
Mexico
ContinentalShelf(edgeoflighttodarkerblue)
Seaturtlesspenddifferentpartsoftheirlivesindifferentplaces.
• Theynestandhatchonthebeach.
• Theyspendmanyyears
growingnearthesurfaceoftheopenocean.
• Theyfeed(forage)inshallow
coastalwaters.
• Toprotectseaturtles,ALLPARTSOFTHEIRHABITATmustbehealthy!
Wheredohatchlingsgowhentheyleavethenest?
TheyusesignalsfromEarth’smagneticfieldtocatchoceancurrents!
MagnetoreceptionExamplesofanimalsthatnavigatebyEarth’smagneticfieldLoggerheadseaturtlesHomingPigeonsMoleratesShearwaters(seabird)SpinylobstersHoneybeesMonarchbutterfliesSalmon
MosquitoesNewtsRainbowtroutDolphins
MoteMarineLabtrackedaloggerheadnamedSherlock.Thisishisstory!
SherlockstrandednearAnnaMariaIslandin2004.HewasreleasedontheeastcoastofFloridawherehetraveledacrossthefast-movingGulfStreamcurrent.Eventhoughthecurrentwasstrong,byfollowingEarth’smagneticfieldhenavigatedbacktotheGulf.
Somefactsaboutloggerheads• Adultfemalesstartbreedingataboutage
20.Theylay80-120eggsatatime.Thisiscalledaclutch.
• Breedingseasonlastsabout2months.
Duringthistime,afemalecanlayfrom2to5clutches,oneclutchevery10to15days.
• Femalesreturntofeedingareas.Itcantake
severalmonthstotravel.Femalesreturntomateaboutonceevery2to4years.
• Ifafemalelays5clutchesofeggsandeachclutchhas120eggs,howmanyeggsdidshelay?
Scientists estimate that only 1 in 1,000 to 10,000 babies survive to adulthood!
LoggerheadHatchlingsMustdigtheirwaytothesurface.Thiscantakeafewdays.Mostwaituntilnighttoheadfortheoceantoavoidpredators.Onceinthewater,theyswimlikecrazyforafewdaystoreachdeepwater.Duringthistime,theydonoteat.Theyarefueledbyleftovereggyolk.Strongcurrentstakethemtotheopen-oceanwheretheyliveinflotsam,suchasSargassummats(brownalgae).Theyareomnivores—eatplantsandanimals.Thisoceanicstagecanlastfromafewyearstodecades.
LoggerheadJuveniles
Aftertheoceanicperiod,thejuvenileturtlesfinishgrowingincoastalareaswherefoodisabundant.Thiscantakeafewyearsoraslongasafewdecades.Becausetherearemanypredatorsincoastalareas,theyoungturtleswaittoenteruntiltheyreachalargerbodysize.Juvenilesandadultssharethefeedingareas.Adultturtlesstayinfeedingareasuntiltheyhaveenoughenergytomigratebacktobreedinggroundsforreproduction.Distancescanbetensofthousandsofkilometersaway.Mostfemaleslaytheireggsonthebeachwheretheyhatched.
Therearemanythreatstoseaturtles!
Thalassia
Whatdologgerheadseatandwhateatsthem?
Inthisactivity,studentswillcreateatexturedmapillustratingthedifferentpartsofthevastareasutilizedbyloggerheadseaturtlesatdifferentpartsoftheirlifecycle.Thecreationofthemapwillhelpstudentsunderstandthedifferentecosystemsthatseaturtlesrelyonduringthephasesoftheirlifecycle,thegreatdistancesthatseaturtlestravelthroughoutthecourseoftheirlives,andsetthetoneforadiscussiononthedifficultiesofprotectingseaturtlesastheymovethroughthedifferentpartsoftheAtlanticOcean,CaribbeanSea,andGulfofMexico.Materials:• Foamboard• Greenandblueconstructionpaper• Glue• Whitebeans• Sand• Spanishmoss(orsimilarplant)touseforsargassum• Redandgreenpipecleaners• Plasticgems,sequinsorsimilaritems(beads,smallshells)touseforforageitems
Activity–SeaTurtleLifeCycle
Whatarewegoingtodo?
• Wearegoingtomakeamapshowingthepartsofthehabitatusedbyloggerheadseaturtlesduringtheirlifecycle.
• Ourmapwillshowhowtheyusethreedifferenthabitats:1)Beachfornesting;2)Openocean(oceaniczone)whentheyarejuvenilesandyoungadults;3)Shallowwatercoastalareas(neritic zone)whentheyareolderjuvenilesandadults.Allofthesehabitatsandthefoodsourcesineachmustbeconsideredinloggerheadmanagement!
AFRICA
Europe
Procedure:Step-by-Step
1.Takeonefoamboardandgluethe“ocean”toit(rectangleofbluepaper).2.Gluethegreenpapercontinentsontopoftheocean
– NorthAmericaisonthewestsideoftheAtlanticOcean– EuropeisonthenortheastsideoftheAtlanticOcean– AfricaonthesoutheastsideoftheAtlanticOcean
3.GlueanarrowstripofsandaroundtheedgeofFloridatomakeabeach.4.Glueandpressintothebeachaturtlenest.Usewhitebeansfortheeggs.5.Usingtheloggerheadmigrationmapinyourdatabook,drawtheoceangyrethatloggerheadsfollowonyourmap.Noticehowthecurrentsmoveclockwisetoformthegyre.Labelthecurrentsthatmakeupthegyre.
Procedure:Step-by-Step
6.Glue“Sargassum”(usetheSpanishmoss)ontopofthelinesyoudrewfortheoceangyre.ThecenterofthisoceangyreisknownastheSargassoSea.7.Usingthepipecleaners(greenforturtlegrassandredformollusks),createtwofeedingareas.Useabout3greenand2redpipecleanersforeacharea.
– MakeonenearthecoastofEuropeandonenearthecoastinthewesternpartoftheGulfofMexico.
8.Ifyouhavetime,usethegems,sequinsandothermaterialstoaddforagingitems(food)thatloggerheadsliketoeat(jellyfish,conchs,whelks,othermollusks,crabs,lobsters,shrimp…)
Kemp’sRidley--smallestoftheseaturtles;nestsonlyinnorthernMexicoandinTexas
Leatherback--largestoftheseaturtles,reaching6ft(1.8m)inlengthand1,500pounds(680kg)
Loggerheads--namedforpowerfuljawsthatcancrushanadultqueenconch.
Oliveridley—nestbythethousandsin“arribadas”(Spanishfor‘arrival’)
Flatback--coastofAustralia.Littleisknownaboutthisspecies.
Greenturtle--mostnumerousandwidelydispersednestingsitesofthesevenspecies.
Hawksbillfeedsprimarilyonreefglasssponges
Turtle Trivia
• Florida beaches are home to 80% of Loggerhead turtles in the U.S. • Turtles can migrate thousands of miles, but usually return to lay their eggs on the same beach
where they hatched • Sea turtles have existed for over one hundred million years • Sea turtles are reptiles. They breathe air, and can hold their breath for long periods of time. • When its time to sleep, a loggerhead will wedge under a rock close to the shore, or take a snooze
while floating on the surface of deep water • Hatchlings weigh less than one ounce and are only two inches long. Adults can grow over 3 feet
long and weigh 200 to 300 pounds! • The nest temperature during incubation determines a sea turtle's sex. Boys like it cool - Girls like it
hot. • Sea turtles have great underwater vision, but are nearsighted out of the water. • Although sea turtles do not have external ears, they are capable of hearing low frequency sounds
and vibrations • Sea turtles use their strong jaws to crush a diet of crabs, shrimp, mussels, and jelly fish.
AcknowledgementsLessondevelopedbyDr.ChrisSimonielloforBayPointElementary.Standards-cross-referencingandformattingbyGrantCraig.Questions,comments,edits?ContactDr.Chris:[email protected]
1. TemplateforcontinentsEuropeandAfrica2. Stepbystepprocedurecutoutsforindividualuse
3. SeaTurtleHurdleGame:Thisgamecanbesetupinaschoolyardorfield.Itisrecommendedtoplayonasoftsurfacesuchasgrassorsand.Thisgamehighlightsthechallengesseaturtlesfaceateachstageoftheirlives.
Appendix
AFRICA
EURO
PE
EURO
PE
AFRICA
LoggerheadSeaTurtleLifeCycleMap:Step-by-Step
1. Takeonefoamboardandgluethe“ocean”toit(rectangleofbluepaper).
2. Gluethegreenpapercontinentsontopoftheocean • NorthAmericaisonthewestsideoftheAtlanticOcean • EuropeisonthenortheastsideoftheAtlanticOcean • AfricaonthesoutheastsideoftheAtlanticOcean
3. GlueanarrowstripofsandaroundtheedgeofFloridatomakeabeach.
4. Glueandpressintothebeachaturtlenest.Usewhitebeansfortheeggs.
5. Usingtheloggerheadmigrationfigureinyourdatabook,drawonyourmaptheoceangyrethatloggerheadsfollow.Putarrowsinthedirectionthecurrentsaremoving,thenlabelthecurrents.
6. GlueSargassum(usetheSpanishmoss)ontopofthelinesyoudrewfortheoceancurrents.LabeltheSargassoSeawhichisinthecenteroftheoceangyre.
7. Usethepipecleaners(greenforturtlegrass,redformollusksandcrustaceans)tocreatetwofeedingareas.MakeonenearthecoastofEuropeandtheothernearthecoastintheGulfofMexico.
8. Ifyouhavetime,usethegems,sequinsandothermaterialstoaddforaging(food)itemsloggerheadsliketoeat(jellyfish,conchs,whelks,othermollusks,crabs,lobsters,shrimp…). LoggerheadSeaTurtleLifeCycleMap:Step-by-Step
1. Takeonefoamboardandgluethe“ocean”toit(rectangleofbluepaper).
2. Gluethegreenpapercontinentsontopoftheocean • NorthAmericaisonthewestsideoftheAtlanticOcean • EuropeisonthenortheastsideoftheAtlanticOcean • AfricaonthesoutheastsideoftheAtlanticOcean
3. GlueanarrowstripofsandaroundtheedgeofFloridatomakeabeach.
4. Glueandpressintothebeachaturtlenest.Usewhitebeansfortheeggs.
5. Usingtheloggerheadmigrationfigureinyourdatabook,drawonyourmaptheoceangyrethatloggerheadsfollow.Putarrowsinthedirectionthecurrentsaremoving,thenlabelthecurrents.
6. GlueSargassum(usetheSpanishmoss)ontopofthelinesyoudrewfortheoceancurrents.LabeltheSargassoSeawhichisinthecenteroftheoceangyre.
7. Usethepipecleaners(greenforturtlegrass,redformollusksandcrustaceans)tocreatetwofeedingareas.MakeonenearthecoastofEuropeandtheothernearthecoastintheGulfofMexico.
8. Ifyouhavetime,usethegems,sequinsandothermaterialstoaddforaging(food)itemsloggerheadsliketoeat(jellyfish,conchs,whelks,othermollusks,crabs,lobsters,shrimp…).
LoggerheadSeaTurtleLifeCycleMap:Step-by-Step
1. Takeonefoamboardandgluethe“ocean”toit(rectangleofbluepaper).
2. Gluethegreenpapercontinentsontopoftheocean • NorthAmericaisonthewestsideoftheAtlanticOcean • EuropeisonthenortheastsideoftheAtlanticOcean • AfricaonthesoutheastsideoftheAtlanticOcean
3. GlueanarrowstripofsandaroundtheedgeofFloridatomakeabeach.
4. Glueandpressintothebeachaturtlenest.Usewhitebeansfortheeggs.
5. Usingtheloggerheadmigrationfigureinyourdatabook,drawonyourmaptheoceangyrethatloggerheadsfollow.Putarrowsinthedirectionthecurrentsaremoving,thenlabelthecurrents.
6. GlueSargassum(usetheSpanishmoss)ontopofthelinesyoudrewfortheoceancurrents.LabeltheSargassoSeawhichisinthecenteroftheoceangyre.
7. Usethepipecleaners(greenforturtlegrass,redformollusksandcrustaceans)tocreatetwofeedingareas.MakeonenearthecoastofEuropeandtheothernearthecoastintheGulfofMexico.
8. Ifyouhavetime,usethegems,sequinsandothermaterialstoaddforaging(food)itemsloggerheadsliketoeat(jellyfish,conchs,whelks,othermollusks,crabs,lobsters,shrimp…).
LoggerheadSeaTurtleLifeCycleMap:Step-by-Step
1. Takeonefoamboardandgluethe“ocean”toit(rectangleofbluepaper).
2. Gluethegreenpapercontinentsontopoftheocean • NorthAmericaisonthewestsideoftheAtlanticOcean • EuropeisonthenortheastsideoftheAtlanticOcean • AfricaonthesoutheastsideoftheAtlanticOcean
3. GlueanarrowstripofsandaroundtheedgeofFloridatomakeabeach.
4. Glueandpressintothebeachaturtlenest.Usewhitebeansfortheeggs.
5. Usingtheloggerheadmigrationfigureinyourdatabook,drawonyourmaptheoceangyrethatloggerheadsfollow.Putarrowsinthedirectionthecurrentsaremoving,thenlabelthecurrents.
6. GlueSargassum(usetheSpanishmoss)ontopofthelinesyoudrewfortheoceancurrents.LabeltheSargassoSeawhichisinthecenteroftheoceangyre.
7. Usethepipecleaners(greenforturtlegrass,redformollusksandcrustaceans)tocreatetwofeedingareas.MakeonenearthecoastofEuropeandtheothernearthecoastintheGulfofMexico.
8. Ifyouhavetime,usethegems,sequinsandothermaterialstoaddforaging(food)itemsloggerheadsliketoeat(jellyfish,conchs,whelks,othermollusks,crabs,lobsters,shrimp…).
TurtleHurdle
Run(swim)foryourlife!
AnimalsdonotalwaysremaininthesameTROPHIClevel.Flounderprovideanexample.Larvaefeedoncopepods.Adultsfeedonclams,snailsandworms.
SeaGrassZone
SeaGrassZone
SeaTurtlesatRisk• BeachZone:Predators
– Raccoon– Dog– Fox– Ghostcrab
• OpenOcean:Predators– Sharks– Orcas– Seabirds– Crabs– Plastics
GameRules:SeaTurtles1.Safetyfirst!Nopushing,shoving,tackling!2.Yourgoal:RunbetweentheYearZonestogetbirthdaytokens.
– EachbirthdaytokenisworthTWOyears– Youneedfivetokenstobe10yearsold.
3.Youmuststaywithinthegamefieldboundaries.4.AsyourunbetweenYearZones,predatorswillbetryingtogetyou!Everytimeyouaretaggedbyapredator,youmustgiveone“egg”tothepredatorthattaggedyou.5.Ifyouloseallyoureggs,youmustgositintheMortalityZone(youaredead!).6.TheseagrasszoneisaSafeZone.Youmaystaytherefor3secondswithoutbeingtagged.Itisonlyasafezoneforturtlesthatare0-4yrsold.Afteragefour,youaretoobigtohideinthegrassandpredatorscantagyou!7.Ifyouhaveeggsafterreachingage10(fivetokens),runbacktothenestingzoneandsit.Youhavesurvivedlongenoughtostartanewgeneration!
GameRules:Predators1.Safetyfirst!Nopushing,shoving,tackling!2.Predatorsmuststayintheirownzone.
– Ifyouareabeachpredator,youcannottaganyoneintheocean.
– Ifyouareanoceanpredator,youcannottaganyoneonthebeach.
3.Youcannottagthesamepersontwotimesinarow.4.Youcannottagaturtlethathasstoppedtogiveaneggtoanotherpredator.5.Youmuststayatleastfourstepsawayfromaturtlethatisgivinganeggtoanotherpredator.6.Trytogetasmanyeggsasyoucan!