Lessons Before and at the start of the war

Tommy Bekelaar Treaty of Versailles 2-5 Nazi Germany 6-10 Holocaust 11-17 Enigma code 18-23

Lesson plan: Treaty of Versailles

Tasks for today: Task 1: Activating pre knowledge Task 2: Understanding why there was a Treaty Task 3: Read the treaty Task 4: Past tense ( use of repetitive patterns ) Task 5: Class discussion Pupil needs:

- Laptop - Internet

Teacher needs:

- A smartboard

- A marker - hand-outs

- Strategisch handelen: Receptieve strategieën

Task 1 – Discussing what a treaty is Question 1: A treaty is a contract between two parties. Why would two parties want a contract ?

- Answer: a contract could be mutually beneficial Question 2: This treaty was agreed upon after world war 1. What do you think was in the treaty and who were involved you think ?

- Answer: The reparations Germany had to pay to the Allied countries of the war. Question 3: What do you already know about it ? For who was the treaty bad ?

- Answer: It was a declaration of peace. Germany Question 4: Why was it important do you think ?

- Answer: Because it was very important to the finances and the future of the people.

Task 2 – Understanding why there was a treaty Watch this clip. Listen and answer based on the information you get. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=688K4iJ9oXM 1) a What did the Treaty say according to the clip ? Answer: Germany was held responsible for the war. b So what was the consequence for Germany ? Answer: Had to pay reparations 2) Why was the Treaty put in place ?

Answer: To divide the lands and sign for peace. 3) Why was the Treaty signed "too quickly" ?

Answer: The Treaty was very harsh and it was predicted to become a problem soon. 4) What problems had not been solved by the treaty ?

Answer: The unclear borders and territories that started the war in the first place 5) Why were many Germans unhappy with it ? They had to pay a high price, figuratively and literally 6) This treaty is seen as one of the reasons World war two was started. Could you think of two reasons why ?

Answer: The treaty was unfair and people were angry

Task 3 Read the Treaty

http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-i/treaty-of-versailles The treaty, negotiated between January and June 1919 in Paris, was written by the Allies with almost no participation by the Germans. The negotiations revealed a split between the French, who wanted to dismember Germany to make it impossible for it to renew war with France, and the British and Americans, who did not want to create pretexts for a new war. Part I created the Covenant of the New League of Nations, which Germany was not allowed to join until 1926. Part II specified Germany’s new boundaries ( becoming a smaller country ) , giving Eupen-Malm[eacute]dy to Belgium, Alsace-Lorraine back to France, substantial eastern districts to Poland, Memel to Lithuania, and large portions of Schleswig to Denmark. This also meant that a lot of Germany's coal mines went to different countries, making Germany poorer and more people unemployed. Part IV stripped Germany of all its colonies, and Part V reduced Germany’s armed forces to very low levels and forbid Germany from possessing certain classes of weapons. Part VIII had to pay 39 billion ( ! ) mark back in 1928 to all countries who fought against them. Part IX forced numerous other financial obligations upon Germany. The German government signed the treaty under protest of the people. Right-wing German parties attacked it as a betrayal, and terrorists assassinated several politicians whom they considered responsible. Questions based on the article 1) A lot of Germany thought the treaty was unfair ? Why ?

Answer: Because Germany didn’t get a say 2) How did it affect workers in Germany ?

Answer: Germany became poor which resulted in fewer jobs. 3) How did some people become citizens of another country without moving ? Answer: A lot of jobs were lost due to the loss of territory. 4) A smaller army seems logical, but how do you think that would have been a problem for Germany ? Name one good reason.

Answer: Being in the military was also a job 5) Now we are going to put your knowledge into practice. As you have read, Germany really got the short end of the stick. Explain why you think that the penalty was too harsh OR why you agree with the content of the treaty. (minimum requirements: 50 words

Task 4 Past tense

World war 1 ............ ( end ) Answer: ended . This means that the bombing between

countries ( end ) Answer: ended. The European people ( live ) in fear from the first to

the last day. Hitler ( talk ) Answer: talked about defeat in public outings. Interestingly,

it ( come ) Answer: came recently that Hitler might have moved to Argentina.

Germany ( claim ) Answer: claimed back the coal mines years ago and they are still

in use today. They couldn't join the League of Nations back then, but ( join ) Answer: joined in the meantime. The country won back territory which means they ( reclaim )

Answer: reclaimed some of the parts they had to give away. By this time (repay)

Answer: repaid most of their reperations in some shape or form. Peace was (make)

Answer: madewhich helped calming down the tensions between the European and North-American countries.

Task 5 Class discussion

Remember how with task 3, number 5 you were asked to explain your position on the Treaty ? You were either for or against it. So the class will be divided in those two groups. Both parties try to convince one another that their point of view is the best. Use the arguments you used at task 3 !! - If someone gives his opinion/argument you should respect it by listening and being quiet at that specific time - You should use you arguments if you feel strong about it. Feel free to comment on someone's argument if you do not agree. - Everyone should at least give one of their arguments and students should give an opinion about the argument being given. - Everyone is expected to actively participate in this debate.

Lesson: Nazi Germany

Tasks for today: Task 1: Pre-knowledge Task 2: Rise of the nazi era (clip) Task 3: Understanding the nazi era (reading) Task 4: Vocabulary Task 5: Word of advice, writing a letter

Pupil needs:

- Laptop - Internet

Teacher needs:

- A smartboard

- A marker Tasks for today: Task 1: Pre-knowledge With this activity you should work with your selected groups. The idea is that you answer the following questions with your groupmates. Discuss your answers with each other in English. 1) What is a Nazi ?

Answer: A far right ideology that prefers the white race over any other.

2) What do you think attracted people to Nazism ?

Answer: The promise of jobs and better times in general.

3) What ended the era of Nazi Germany? Why was it over after that?

Answer: When the war ended in 1945. It was over because Nazism ceased to exist.

4) What period did all of this take place?

Answer: From 1929 to 1945

5) Why do you think it is considered an insult now ?

Answer: Because implies you have bias towards people

Task 2: Rise of the Nazi era (watch clip)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W0eyxlRGo5Y&spfreload=10&bpctr=1460933591

What was the consequence of the Great Depression by the end of 1932 ?

Who were seen as ‘scapegoats’ ?

Why do you think Hitler had such big appeal to two lower class groups in Germany ?

Who were those groups ?

Why was blaming communists for the fire in the congress building so important for the

take-over by the Nazis ? How was the decree important ?

Hitler had ”no interest collaborating with other parties”. What is meant by that statement

?

Task 3: Understanding the Nazi era (reading)

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/mwh/germany/hitlerpowerrev_print.sht

ml

In 1929, the American Stock Exchange collapsed, and caused an economic depression

[Economic depression: The slowing of economic activity, which usually results in high

unemployment, a sharp drop in prices and a fall in production. ]. America called in all

its foreign loans, which destroyed Weimar Germany. Unemployment in Germany rose to

6 million.

The government did not know what to do. In July 1930 Chancellor Brüning cut wages

and unemployment pay - the worst thing to do during a depression. He could not get the

Reichstag to agree to his actions, so President Hindenburg used Article 48 to pass the

measures by decree.

Anger and bitterness helped the Nazis to gain more support.

Many workers turned to communism, but this frightened wealthy businessmen, so they

financed Hitler's campaigns.

Many middle-class people, alarmed by the obvious failure of democracy, decided that the

country needed a strong government. Nationalists and racists blamed the Treaty of

Versailles [Treaty of Versailles: The peace treaty signed by the Allies and Germany at

the end of the First World War, on 28 June 1919. ] and reparations [Reparations:

Monetary compensation from one country to another for having started a war. ].

In 1928, the Nazis had only 12 seats in the Reichstag; by July 1932 they had 230 seats

and were the largest party.

The government was in chaos. President Hindenburg dismissed Brüning in 1932. His

replacement - Papen - lasted six months, and the next chancellor - Schleicher - only

lasted two months. Hindenburg had to use Article 48 to pass almost every law.

In January 1933, Hindenburg and Papen came up with a plan to get the Nazis on their

side by offering to make Hitler vice chancellor. He refused and demanded to be made

chancellor. They agreed, thinking they could control him.

In January 1933, Hitler became chancellor, and immediately set about making himself

absolute ruler of Germany using Article 48.

Questions based on this article

1) Why did the American stock market affect Germany ?

2) What two mistakes did the German government make after they didn’t know

what to do ?

3) Give two reasons why the Nazis gained support.

4) True or False ? Hitler was made chancellor. The government had the idea they

could control him.

5) True of False? Explain Why. Hitler enjoyed working together with others

True/ False: Why?

6) Which of these following answers is correct?

A) The government had everything under control

B) The Germans were satisfied with how things were going

C) Nazism became more popular

D) Hitler’s power was limited

7) Now we are going to put your knowledge into practice. As you have read, the nazi

party became more popular.

Explain why that was and tell us how you would have stopped it if you were Hinderburg.

(minimum requirements: 50 words)

Task 4: Vocabulary

Activity 1

Consequence

Scapegoat

Appeal

Collaborating

Stock exchange

Unexployment

Foreign

Gain

Dismissed

Demanded

Chancellor

1: as a result of

2: sent away, fired

3: from another country

4: likability

5: someone who is blamed

6: agreement

7: not having work

8: working together

9: people who buy or sell shares / stocks

10: the head of state or country

11: to win

Answer:

1 Consequence 2 Dismissed 3 Foreign 4 appeal 5 scapegoat 6 demanded 7

Unemployment 8 Collaborating 9 Stock exchange 10 Chancellor 11 gain

Activity 2 – Fill in the gaps à Use what you know – processing form

Appeal – Foreign – gained – Stock market – unemployment – collaborate – scapegoats –

chancellor – dismissed – scapegoats - demanded

The poor economy led to ………………. in the country

Answer: unemployment

When the war started the USA and England started to ……………

Answer: collaborate

Hitler’s party ……… much support amongst Germans

Answer: gained

Ladies liked Hitler, in that he had great ……… to women

Answer: appeal

When the ………. ………….. collapsed in the US, it was bad news.

Answer: stock market

To Germany our country of the Netherlands is ………

Answer: foreign

Government made a lot mistakes. They were seen as ………..

Answer:scapegoats

A lot of chancellors left early because they were …………..

Answer: demanded

Hitler ……….. power

Answer: gained

Eventually he became

Answer: chancellor

Task 5: Word of advice, write a letter

We are taking you back to 1933. Hindenburg is desperate. He doesn’t know how to lead

Germany and he needs your opinion. You are a very close friend to Hinderburg’s, which

is why he is asking whether or not to put Hitler in power.

He says:

“Dear friend,

To be honest I don’t know what to do anymore. Every decision we made for the good of

Germany has failed. It is time to make an important decision. I need you to send me a

letter with your advice. Should we put Hitler in power ? Would you explain that to me

using at least 5 of the words you translated a few exercises ago. Make sure that you

write at least 100 words. Write a letter by adding your emotions and reasons onto paper.

Your friend, Hindenburg "

Lesson: the Holocaust

Tasks for today: Task 1: Pre-knowledge Task 2: Reading & answering questions Task 3: Irregular verbs Task 4: A letter back home

Pupil needs:

- Laptop - Internet

Teacher needs:

- A smartboard

- A marker

Task 1: Pre-knowledge (5 minutes)

1: What do you know about the picture above ? Name 3 key words

2: Sit in pairs. Discuss the words you wrote down with your partner

3: Choose the best 3 words of the two of you together. Be ready to explain these 3 words and why you chose them

4: What does the word ‘holocaust’ mean you think ?

Answer: the systemic extermination of those opposed to Nazi regime

Task 2: reading & answering questions (25 minutes)

http://www.simpletoremember.com/articles/a/the_final_solution/

By the beginning of 1942 the Germans had close to 9 million Jews under their control (out of a total of 11 million Jews living in Europe and the Soviet Union). And, of course, it

was their plan to murder them all.

Already, the Einsatzgruppen killing squads had machine-gunned 1.5 million Jews, (as we saw in Part 60) but this was not an efficient way of killing so many more millions of

people—it was too messy, too slow, and it wasted too many bullets.

So the Germans embarked on a policy called the “Final Solution” which was decided upon at a conference held in Wannsee, near Berlin, on January 20, 1942:

“Instead of immigration there is now a further possible solution to which the Fuhrer has already signified his consent. Namely deportation to the East. Although this should be regarded merely as an interim measure, it will provide us with the practical experience

which will be especially valuable in connection with the future final solution. In the course of the practical implementation of the final solution Europe will be combed from West to

East.”

DEATH CAMPS

The Final Solution—the systematic gassing of millions of Jews—was put into place primarily by the top Gestapo brass, namely Adolph Eichmann and Reinhardt Heidrich.

Of the 24 concentration camps (besides countless labor camps), six specific death camps were set up. They were:

Auschwitz - where 1,500,000 were murdered

Chelmno - where 320,000 were murdered

Treblinka - where 870,000 were murdered

Sobibor - where 250,000 were murdered

Maidenek - where 360,000 were murdered

Belzec - where 600,000 were murdered (1)

Auschwitz is the most famous because there the killing machine was the most efficient. There, between the end of 1941 and 1944, as many as 12,000 Jews a day could be

gassed to death and cremated. In addition to the Jews, hundreds of thousands of others deemed threats to the Nazi regime or considered racially inferior or socially deviant were

also murdered.

As if cold-blooded murder of millions of Jews was not enough, it was done with extreme, perverse cruelty. The victims were packed into cattle trains with standing-room only and without food or water, or heat in the winter, or toilet facilities. Many did not arrive at the camps alive. Those who did arrive at their destination had their heads shaved, with the hair to be used for stuffing mattresses. Stripped of all clothing, most were herded naked

into the gas chambers. Dr Johann Kremer, a German SS surgeon, described the gassing of a group of French Jews including 150 boys and girls under the age of 15:

These mass murders took place in small cottages situated outside the Birkenau camp in the woods…All the SS physicians on duty in the camp took turns to participate in the

gassing, which were called Sonderaction, “special action”....When the transport with the people who were destined to be gassed arrived as the railway ramp, the SS officer

selected, from among the new arrivals, persons fit to work, while the rest - old people, all children, women with children in their arms and other persons not deemed fit to work-

were loaded on to lorries and driven to the gas-chamber.

There people were first driven into the barracks huts where the victims undress and then went naked into the gas-chambers. Very often no incident occurred, as the SS men kept

people quiet, maintaining that they were to bathe and be deloused.

After driving all the victims into the gas-chamber, the door was closed and an SS man in a gas-mask threw contents of a Zyklon-B (cyanide gas) tin through an opening in the

side wall. The shouting and screaming of the victims could be heard through the opening and it was clear that they were fighting for their lives. (2)

Bizarre and sadistic “medical experiments” were done on many victims without the use of anesthetics. Some people were sewn together to make artificial Siamese twins. Others

were submerged in freezing water to test the limits of human endurance.

The Jews were even debased in death. Gold fillings were torn from the mouths of the corpses. In some instances soap was made from their rendered bodies and lampshades

from their skins.

Some of those deemed strong enough were used as slave labor for the Nazi war effort. On starvation rations, they were pushed to their physical limit and then killed or sent to

the death camps.

Processing content

Now answer the following questions that are based on the text you have just read. 1. What was the ‘Final solution’, according to the text? Answer: Exterminating all the jews. 2. Why was Auschwitch the most effective killing machine ?

Answer: They were quickest to kill people in their camp. 3. What is meant with ‘extreme, perverse cruelty’ in the text ? Answer: Shipped without water and food, too many people put on a train, being shot for no reason 4. What decided in what part of the camp new arrivals were going ? Answer: Their ability to work. Those that could work went to working camps, others to death camps 5. Name two tests they did with prisoners in your own words. Answer: 1: Being put in freezing water to see how long they would last

2: Sown together with other inmates 6. What do you think starvation means ?

Answer: Not being able to eat

7. As you read above, the holocaust was a truly awful ongoing extermination of people. Yet, Germans executed a lot of innocent people like women and children. Can you think of two reasons why they would do that anyway ? ( You don’t have to agree to these reasons of course ! ) . Try to explain your reasons too in at least 50 words in total for both together.

Task 3: Irregular verbs (20

minutes)

Step 1: Irregular verbs – from the text An irregular verb is a verb ( werkwoord ) that doesn’t end in (ed ) to make it past simple. Good

example of the regular ones are walked, talked and danced.

What you have to do here is to change the irregular verb to its present form.

Examples: saw see thought think came come

Now do the same to the following words from the text.

Answers:

1. had have

2. were am

3. took take

4. went go

5. drove drive

6. sewn sow

7. did do

8. made make

9. sent send

Processing form

Now use them in a sentence:

Step 2: Applying the words and making a complete sentence

Listen to your teachers explanation about the using the words to make a sentence. After

this explanation you should be able to answer the following questions

letter - sent – last week – I sent a letter last week.

drove – this morning – to Amsterdam He drove to Amsterdam this morning.

Hey ! took – this guy – money Hey ! This guy took my money

made – for you – I I made this for you

fishing – went – yesterday We went fishing yesterday

Task 4: Writing

You were a prisoner in one of the concentration camps but you survived ! You are tired but you made it. You have seen a lot of bad things. Before you travel back from Auschwitz, Poland you decide to write a letter to your family in the Netherlands.

Try to explain what these camps were like. Include 5 facts you know about these camps and the holocaust as a whole. There is a minimum of a 100 words.

Lesson plan for Enigma code

Tasks for today:

Task 1: Cracking the code – Pre knowledge

Task 2: The imitation game - Processing content

Task 3: Reading about the Enigma code

Task 4: Past continuous

Task 5: Conveying a secret message

Pupil needs:

- Laptop - Internet

Teacher needs:

- A smartboard

- A marker - Hand-outs for pupils

Task 1 – Cracking the code

Discuss with your groups of 4 and answer the following questions:

- What is this machine ? What is it called ? Answer: Enigma machine

- It helped the Allies win the war. How ? Answer: by decoding messages about the German

warplans

- Write down and discuss all you know about the machine

Task 2: The Imitation game

Watch the clip below:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_C25CwNlVjA&t=192s

1. The title is ‘The imitation game decoded scene’. What does that mean you think ? What word

can help you understand ?

Answer: That the machine actually got decoded

2. What time did they send out their messages each morning ?

Answer: 6 am

3. Which three words were always in the German messages ?

Answer: Heil, Hitler, weather

4. How do they find out how the machine works ?

Answer:Using these 3 words and the machine they built does a calculation. They decode the last

message as a result

5. How would you explain their happiness ? Why would they be so happy in wartime?

Answer: They found something that could help end the war ( in their favor )

Task 3:

https://plus.maths.org/content/exploring-enigma

As long ago as the Ancient Greeks, warring armies have encrypted their communications in an attempt to keep their battle plans a secret from their enemies.

However, just as one side invented an ingenious new way to encipher its messages, so would its enemies discover a clever way of cracking that code. The result has been that codes and ciphers have become more and more complex and increasingly

difficult to crack over time, as, throughout history, an intellectual battle has raged between code makers and code breakers.

The battle of wits was never keener than during the Second World War, when the

Germans used the famous Enigma machine - which they believed uncrackable - to encode messages, and the Allies worked at Bletchley Park to decipher the code.

The birth of an enigma

German soldiers using an Enigma machine during the second world war

Up till the Second World War, the most advanced forms of encryption involved simple paper and pencil techniques. But security blunders on both sides during the

First World War highlighted a need for a higher level of secrecy, with more advanced methods of enciphering messages. Both the Allies and the Axis countries were looking for a new way to encrypt messages - a way that would result in complete

security. (For more information, have a look at our explanation of the basic terminology of codes and ciphers.)

In 1915 two Dutch Naval officers had invented a machine to encrypt messages. This

encryption tool became one of the most notorious of all time: the Enigma cipher machine. Arthur Scherbius, a German businessman, patented the Enigma in 1918 and began selling it commercially to banks and businesses.

The Enigma machine's place in history was secured in 1924 when the German armed forces began using a specially adapted military version to encrypt their communications. They continued to rely on the machine throughout the Second

World War, believing it to be absolutely unbreakable.

How the Enigma machine worked

A diagrammatic representation of an Enigma machine

When a plaintext letter was typed on the keyboard, an electric current would pass through the different scrambling elements of the machine and light up a ciphertext

letter on the "lamp board". What made the Enigma machine so special was the fact that every time a letter was pressed, the movable parts of the machine would change position so that the next time the same letter was pressed, it would most

likely be enciphered as something different. This meant that it wasn't possible to use traditional methods to try and crack the notorious cipher.

To make things even more difficult, different parts of the machine could be set up in

different ways, with each setting producing a unique stream of enciphered letters. Unless you knew the exact settings of the machine, you couldn't decipher the messages.

Questions in regard to the article :

It says the Greek wanted to keep their battle plans secret ? Why would that be ?

Answer: To not be predictable fort he opponent

The messaging system got more and more complex. Which two groups were fighting this

battle ?

Answer: Data coders and data encrypters

What is an Enigma ?

Answer: A mystery

From what year was it widely used ?

Answer: 1924

Name 3 parties mentioned in the tekst who used it.

Answer: Businesses, banks, military

What made the Enigma machine so special ?

Answer: No two messages were the same if you typed them the same way.

Processing form

Fill the gaps using the following words: Secured, decipher, advanced, encryption, movable, electric

current, secrecy

A

The Answer:secrecy of the Enigma project was crucial to the Germans.

The Enigma coding machine was an Answer:advanced coder to send out messages.

The Answer:movable parts on the machine itself assured there were up to 158 million combinations

possible

Allies tried to Answer:decipher the code, which means to take encrypt messages step by step.

Answer:Electric current was used to light up the keys to show what message was sent.

Allies eventually managed to come to an Answer:encryption of the Enigma coder.

For a large part this Answer:secured the victory for the Allied forces.

You filled the gaps above. Now put the words in the right order and use the last letter and put the

letters together.

Then fill in those 7 letters and try to see what message you can crack ! Do that following this link:

www.dcode.fr/enigma-machine-cipher

B

Secured a Z

Decipher b I

Advanced c B

Encryption d E

Movable e A

Electric current f N

Secrecy g N

Write down what message came up from the decoding machine: Answer: N G A I N E Z

Task 4

Was / were + -ing

Example : We were walking

Using the past continuous.

1. The bombshells were falling throughout the bunker.

2. Meanwhile the Germans were hiding in the trenches.

3. Allied troops were doing everything they could to break through enemy lines.

4. An English general was having a beer in celebration of each day he survived.

5. The strategy of sending false message with the Enigma machine was working.

6. The remaining German soldiers were painting their skins brown in an attempt to be invisible.

Task 5: Secret messages

Writing assigment:

Name a secret way for you to send a message. How would you go about sending a message ?

Imagine a world where the internet is corrupted and your phone too. You have to reach one specific

someone in your life.

Name the way how you would do it ( in English of course ) and write a message using that specific

manner. Try to communicate something to the reader but don’t make too clear what it is. Also

include what the message actually means. Use at least 100 words.