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LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS
THE CARIBBEANPART 1: FLOODS AND LANDSLIDES
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna,
Virginia, USA
NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN THE CARIBBEAN BASINDISASTERS IN THE CARIBBEAN BASIN
NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN THE CARIBBEAN BASINDISASTERS IN THE CARIBBEAN BASIN
FLOODS
WINDSTORMS
EARTHQUAKES
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRAD-ATION
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
HIGH BENEFIT/COST PROGRAMS FOR BECOMING DISASTER RESILIENT
HIGH BENEFIT/COST PROGRAMS FOR BECOMING DISASTER RESILIENT
GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIESAND COMMUNITIES
GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIESAND COMMUNITIES
Flooding and Landslides: Associated With Persistent Rain and Severe Windstorms
Planet Earth’s atmospheric-hydrospheric-lithospheric interactions create situations favor-able for SEVERE WINDSTORMS, FLOODING, and LANDSLIDES.
The Caribbean: long referred to as the West
Indies, includes more than 7,000 islands; of these, 13
are independent island countries
CARIBBEAN ISLANDS
• Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, ,Dominica, Montserrat, Saba, Saint Kitts, Saint Lucia, Saint Thomas, Saint John, Tortola, Grenada, Saint Vincent, Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Trinidad and Tobago
HAZARDS OF A SEVERE WINDSTORM (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS)
• WIND FIELD
• FLOODING FROM STORM SURGE
• FLOODING FROM HEAVY PRECIPITATION
• LANDSLIDES (MUDFLOWS)
• COSTAL EROSION
• TORNADOES (SOMETIMES)
WIND PENETRATING BUILDING ENVELOPE
SEVERE WINDSTORMS
SEVERE WINDSTORMS
UPLIFT OF ROOF SYSTEM
FLYING DEBRIS
STORM SURGE
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN
SITING PROBLEMS
FLOODING AND LANDSLIDES
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
“DISASTER LABORATORIES”
“DISASTER LABORATORIES”
Flooding, the most common natural hazard, is “the silent killer” and “annual barrier to
development” in the Caribbean
LOSS OF FUNCTION OF STRUCTURES IN FLOODPLAIN
FLOODSFLOODS
INUNDATION
INTERACTION WITH HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
STRUCTURAL/CONTENTS DAMAGE FROM WATER
WATER BORNE DISEASES (HEALTH PROBLEMS)
EROSION AND MUDFLOWS
CONTAMINATION OF GROUND WATER
CAUSES OF RISK
CAUSES OF RISK
CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES
SITING AND BUILDING ON UNSTABLE SLOPES
LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES
SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO FALLS
SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO TOPPLES
SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO SPREADS
SOIL AND ROCK SUSCEPTIBLE TO FLOWS
PRECIPITATION THAT TRIGGERS SLOPE FAILURE SHAKING
GROUND SHAKING THAT TRIGGERS SLOPE FAILURE
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES
HAZARDSHAZARDSHAZARDSHAZARDS
ELEMENTS OF FLOOD & ELEMENTS OF FLOOD & LANDSLIDE RISK LANDSLIDE RISK
ELEMENTS OF FLOOD & ELEMENTS OF FLOOD & LANDSLIDE RISK LANDSLIDE RISK
EXPOSUREEXPOSUREEXPOSUREEXPOSURE
VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITYVULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY LOCATIONLOCATIONLOCATIONLOCATION
RISKRISKRISKRISK
A DISASTER CAN HAPPENWHEN THE
POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF A FLOOD OR LANDSLIDE
INTERACT WITH A CARIBBEAN NATION’S COMMUNITIES
A DISASTER CAN HAPPENWHEN THE
POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF A FLOOD OR LANDSLIDE
INTERACT WITH A CARIBBEAN NATION’S COMMUNITIES
A DISASTER is ---
--- the set of failures that overwhelm the capability of a community to respond without external help when three continuums: 1) people, 2) community (i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) complex events (e.g., windstorms, floods,…) intersect at a point in space and time.
Disasters are caused by single- or multiple-event natural hazards that, (for various reasons), cause
extreme levels of mortality, morbidity, homelessness,
joblessness, economic losses, or environmental impacts.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• When it does happen, the functions of the community’s buildings and infrastructure will be LOST because they are UNPROTECTED with the appropriate measures, codes and standards.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community is UN-PREPARED for what will likely happen, not to mention the low-probability of occurrence—high-probability of adverse consequences event.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community has NO DISASTER PLANNING SCENARIO or WARNING SYSTEM in place as a strategic framework for early threat identification and coordinated local, national, regional, and international countermeasures.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community LACKS THE CAPACITY TO RESPOND in a timely and effective manner to the full spectrum of expected and unexpected emergency situations.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community is INEFFICIENT during recovery and reconstruction because it HAS NOT LEARNED from either the current experience or the cumulative prior experiences.
THE MAY 2004 RAIN- FLOOD-LANDSLIDE
EVENT IN THE CARIBBEAN
AN EXAMPLE OF WHAT PROLONGED RAINFALL
CAN DO
LOCATION
• The May 2004 Caribbean floods took place mainly in Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and in Northern Puerto Rico from May 18, 2004 to May 25, 2004.
CAUSE
• The floods were caused by over two weeks of persistent rain in the Caribbean, with over 10 inches (25 cm) of rain falling in Haiti and in the Dominican Republic.
• The “killer” landslides occurred on the rain-saturated slopes.
IMPACTS
• The floods caused considerable damage in the Dominican Republic and Haiti, with over 1,300 homes being destroyed;
• 2,000 people were killed by drowning and landslides triggered by the flooding.
IMAGES OF PAST FLOODING AND LANDSLIDES IN THE
CARIBBEAN
NOTE: SOME OF THE POOREST OF THE POOR HAVE BEEN ADVERSELY IMPACTED
THE ALTERNATIVE TO A FLOOD DISASTER
OR A LANDSLIDE DISASTER
ISDISASTER RESILIENCE
THE ALTERNATIVE TO A FLOOD DISASTER
OR A LANDSLIDE DISASTER
ISDISASTER RESILIENCE
CARIBBEAN CARIBBEAN NATION’S NATION’S
COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIES
CARIBBEAN CARIBBEAN NATION’S NATION’S
COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIES
DATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATIONDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATION
HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS
• FLOOD/LANDSLIDE HAZARDS•INVENTORY•VULNERABILITY•LOCATION
RISK
ACCEPTABLE RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
DISASTER RESILIENCEDISASTER RESILIENCE
•PREPAREDNESS•PROTECTION•FORECASTS/SCENARIOS•EMERGENCY RESPONSE•RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION
POLICY OPTIONSPOLICY OPTIONS
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
FLOODS & LAND-SLIDES
PREPAREDNESS FOR ALL THE LIKELY HAZARDS IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
FLOODS & LAND-SLIDES TECHNOLOGIES THAT FACILITATE THREAT IDENTI-FICATION AND EARLY WARNING IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
FLOODS & LAND-SLIDES
TIMELY EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
FLOODS AND LANDSLIDES IN THE CARIBBEAN ARE INEVITABLE
FLOODS AND LANDSLIDES IN THE CARIBBEAN ARE INEVITABLE
• ---SO, DON’T WAIT FOR ANOTHER REMINDER OF THE IMPORTANCE OF BECOMING DISASTER RESILIENT.
STRATEGIC COLLABORATION (i.e., WORKING TOGETHER
FOR A COMMON GOAL) TO MOVE TOWARDS
DISASTER RESILIENCE
STRATEGIC COLLABORATION (i.e., WORKING TOGETHER
FOR A COMMON GOAL) TO MOVE TOWARDS
DISASTER RESILIENCE
STRATEGIES FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
STRATEGIES FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
• PURPOSE
• MONITORING FOR FORECASTS, THREAT IDENTIFICATION, WARNING, AND EVACUATION
• PURPOSE
• MONITORING FOR FORECASTS, THREAT IDENTIFICATION, WARNING, AND EVACUATION
• TECHNIQIE
• DOPPLER RADAR; SATTELITES; INTL SPACE STATION; STRAIN METER ARRAYS; FORECAST MODELS
• TECHNIQIE
• DOPPLER RADAR; SATTELITES; INTL SPACE STATION; STRAIN METER ARRAYS; FORECAST MODELS
STRATEGIES FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
STRATEGIES FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
• PURPOSE
• LAND USE CONTROL
• COMMUNITY FLOOD PROTECTION
• LANDSLIDE PREVENTION
• PURPOSE
• LAND USE CONTROL
• COMMUNITY FLOOD PROTECTION
• LANDSLIDE PREVENTION
• TECHNIQIE
• FLOOD AND SLOPE ZONE MANAGE-MENT
• SANDBAGGING, DIKES, LEVEES, AND DAMS
• TECHNIQIE
• FLOOD AND SLOPE ZONE MANAGE-MENT
• SANDBAGGING, DIKES, LEVEES, AND DAMS
STRATEGIES FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
STRATEGIES FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
• PURPOSE
• TEMPORARY SHELTER
• INSURANCE and (SELF-INSURANCE)
• PURPOSE
• TEMPORARY SHELTER
• INSURANCE and (SELF-INSURANCE)
• TECHNIQIE
• SAFE HAVENS FOR EVACUEES
• FACILITATE RECOVERY
• TECHNIQIE
• SAFE HAVENS FOR EVACUEES
• FACILITATE RECOVERY