LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE HUNGARIAN NUCLEAR EMERGENCY RESPONSE EXERCISE 2004

LESSONS LEARNEDLESSONS LEARNED FROM THE FROM THE HUNGARIAN NUCLEAR HUNGARIAN NUCLEAR

EMERGENCY RESPONSE EXERCISE EMERGENCY RESPONSE EXERCISE 20042004

Geza MacsugaGeza MacsugaHungarian Atomic Energy AuthorityHungarian Atomic Energy Authority

e-mail: [email protected]: [email protected]: +36 1 4364910phone: +36 1 4364910

fax: +36 1 4364909fax: +36 1 4364909

National Radiological Emergency Preparedness National Radiological Emergency Preparedness Conference, Inc.Conference, Inc.

15th Annual Conference15th Annual Conference

Harrisburg, PennsylvaniaHarrisburg, Pennsylvania11-14 April 200511-14 April 2005

11-14 April 200511-14 April 200515th Annual NREP Conference, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania15th Annual NREP Conference, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 22/42/42

Lessons learnedLessons learned from the Hungarian nuclear emergency response exercise 2004from the Hungarian nuclear emergency response exercise 2004

TopicsTopics IntroductionIntroduction

Exercise typeExercise type, , scopescope, , etc.etc.

EvaluationEvaluation

Lessons learntLessons learnt



EuropeEurope



HungaryHungary



Basic data on HungaryBasic data on Hungary RepublicRepublic Member country of the Europen UnionMember country of the Europen Union Area: 93.000 kmArea: 93.000 km22

Population: 10 millionPopulation: 10 million Capital: Budapest (1,8 million)Capital: Budapest (1,8 million) Highest point: 1015 mHighest point: 1015 m Largest lake: Balaton (cca. 75 x 3 km)Largest lake: Balaton (cca. 75 x 3 km) Neighbouring countries: Austria, Slovakia, Neighbouring countries: Austria, Slovakia,

Ukraine, Rumania, Yugoslavia, Croatia, Ukraine, Rumania, Yugoslavia, Croatia, SloveniaSlovenia





Hungarian nuclear programHungarian nuclear program (1/3) (1/3)

Paks NPPPaks NPP four VVER-440/213 type reactors of 4four VVER-440/213 type reactors of 47700 MWMWee

commissioned in 1983, 84, 86, 87commissioned in 1983, 84, 86, 87 six-loop, horizontal steam-generatorssix-loop, horizontal steam-generators provides cca. 40% of domestic electric provides cca. 40% of domestic electric

energy productionenergy production PSR of units 1PSR of units 1 to 4 to 4 is over is over






Interim spent fuel storage facilityInterim spent fuel storage facility dry storage for 50 yearsdry storage for 50 years at the premises of the NPPat the premises of the NPP 7 modules in use, 4 more under construction7 modules in use, 4 more under construction

10 MW10 MWtt research reactor research reactor VVER-SMVVER-SM Operated by the KFKI Atomic Energy Operated by the KFKI Atomic Energy

Research InstituteResearch Institute




100 kW training reactor100 kW training reactor operated by the Technical University of operated by the Technical University of

BudapestBudapest used for educationused for education

Preparatory work for final storage site Preparatory work for final storage site selection of low and medium level radwasteselection of low and medium level radwaste

Central Nuclear Financial Fund for interim Central Nuclear Financial Fund for interim and final disposal and decommissioningand final disposal and decommissioning



Role and tasks of the HAEARole and tasks of the HAEA During preparation and planning phaseDuring preparation and planning phase

International Contact Point and Competent AuthorityInternational Contact Point and Competent Authority Regulatory tasks in nuclear safety matterRegulatory tasks in nuclear safety matter Coordination of international cooperation in nuclear safetyCoordination of international cooperation in nuclear safety Maintenance of its own preparednessMaintenance of its own preparedness

In case of an emergencyIn case of an emergency Facility diagnosis and prognosisFacility diagnosis and prognosis Evaluation of the radiological situation and prognosis of Evaluation of the radiological situation and prognosis of

consequencesconsequences International communicationInternational communication Decision support to NDCDecision support to NDC Public informationPublic information



Structure of the Structure of the HHNERSNERS

....

Ministry

GOVERNMENTAL CO-ORDINATIONCOMMITTEE

HAEA

CERTA

DefenceCommittee

Ministry

Ministry

OperativeStaff

Ministry of Interior

Directorate General of the National Disaster

Management

EICNuclear

EmergencyCentre

Expert Panel of the DC

Technical Scientific Council

GOVERNMENT

Secretariate



Exercise type, scope, etc.Exercise type, scope, etc. Two-day long, comprehensive, table-topTwo-day long, comprehensive, table-top

Exercise Day 1 Exercise Day 1 2004.11.09. 7:30-16:002004.11.09. 7:30-16:00 Exercise Day 2 Exercise Day 2 2004.11.10. 7:30-16:002004.11.10. 7:30-16:00

Central organs, ministries, local defense Central organs, ministries, local defense committees and their local organscommittees and their local organs



Objectives of the exerciseObjectives of the exercise Test the new National ERPTest the new National ERP

Exercise the emergency response related activitiesExercise the emergency response related activities

Test the new National Public Information Plan, Test the new National Public Information Plan, exercise the related activitiesexercise the related activities

Exercise the obligations from international conventions Exercise the obligations from international conventions and bilateral agreementsand bilateral agreements



Scenario – initial stateScenario – initial state Hypothetical accident at Paks NPPHypothetical accident at Paks NPP

4 units of VVER-440/213 type4 units of VVER-440/213 type Nominal power 470 MWeNominal power 470 MWe

Unit 3 is at nominal powerUnit 3 is at nominal power Reserve power supply from Unit 4 is not Reserve power supply from Unit 4 is not

available due to maintenanceavailable due to maintenance One of the three diesel-generators is failed, the One of the three diesel-generators is failed, the

other is under maintenanceother is under maintenance



Scenario – Phase 1Scenario – Phase 1 LOCA - break of 10% on loop 2LOCA - break of 10% on loop 2

Protection signals: hermetization, L&HP Protection signals: hermetization, L&HP ECCSECCS

One of the three LP ECCS is outOne of the three LP ECCS is out

Hermetization failureHermetization failure

Release of primary coolant activityRelease of primary coolant activity



Scenario – Phase 2Scenario – Phase 2 After 2 h 15 m: electric fireAfter 2 h 15 m: electric fire

Both normal and external power supply failedBoth normal and external power supply failed

One of two diesel-generators failed during start-One of two diesel-generators failed during start-upup

Release of primary coolant activityRelease of primary coolant activity

Increased core damage probabilityIncreased core damage probability



Scenario – Phase 3Scenario – Phase 3 After 4 h 5 m the last diesel-generator After 4 h 5 m the last diesel-generator

failedfailed

no core cooling no core cooling

Release core temperature increases, after an hour cladding

defects, gap release

release to atmosphere increases



Scenario – Phases 4-5Scenario – Phases 4-5 Phase Phase 44

Core cooling restored (successful start-up of a Core cooling restored (successful start-up of a diesel-generator)diesel-generator)

Release significantly decreasedRelease significantly decreased

Phase 5Phase 5 Hermetization successfulHermetization successful

Release terminatedRelease terminated



Evaluation processEvaluation processSenior Evaluator

Summary Evaluation Report

Head of playing organization

Recommendations for improvement

International Evaluators

International Evaluation Report

Lead Evaluator

Organizational Evaluation Report

Senior and Lead Evaluators

Head of playing organization

Lead evaluator External Evaluator

Minutes of the Plenary Evaluation Meeting

Self Evaluation Report Evaluation Report Evaluation Report



Meeting the objectivesMeeting the objectives (1/2) (1/2)

A. – Applicability of the ERPs The objective was met, the participants implemented all their

tasks, the ERPs were applicable for regulating the related activities

Further clarifications and modifications in the ERPs are necessary

The operating manual at several organs shall be updated

B. – Exercise the response activities The objective was met, the participants

exercised their tasks and duties gained useful experiences and enlarged their knowledge



Meeting the objectivesMeeting the objectives ( (22/2)/2)

C. – Public information The ministries did not really perform public information Simulation of the media/public interest and press conference The objective was not fully met

D. – Communication by international conventions The objective was evaluated in relation to HAEA Several neighboring countries joined the exercise The communication was well documented The international requirements were met The international communication did not created high pressure The objective was met



Evaluation of the main Evaluation of the main processesprocesses (1/1 (1/100))

Preparation for the exercisePreparation for the exercise OrganizationOrganization

shortage of timeshortage of time reduced scope of the exercisereduced scope of the exercise decisions in the final preparatory stage decisions in the final preparatory stage unexpected revision of unexpected revision of

documentsdocuments

ScenarioScenario the general plan was lately finalized the general plan was lately finalized short time for lower level short time for lower level

plansplans



Evaluation of the main Evaluation of the main processesprocesses ( (22/1/100)) Conduct of the exerciseConduct of the exercise

ConductConduct the second day scenario did not challenge the playersthe second day scenario did not challenge the players the role of the Senior Controller was not clear for the playersthe role of the Senior Controller was not clear for the players

Planning and implementationPlanning and implementation the same report arrived several times to the same the same report arrived several times to the same

organizationorganization important information did not arrived or arrived with delayimportant information did not arrived or arrived with delay the directly not effected counties did not have essential the directly not effected counties did not have essential

taskstasks



Evaluation of the main Evaluation of the main processesprocesses ( (33/1/100))

Alert of the HNERSAlert of the HNERS

Central organsCentral organs exhaustive list of primary notification exhaustive list of primary notification delays in alerting by the Paks delays in alerting by the Paks

NPPNPP the leaders NDC and OpS were timely notified, but the members were the leaders NDC and OpS were timely notified, but the members were

notnot

MinistriesMinistries not all ministries were completely notifiednot all ministries were completely notified there was a shortage of available experts, the operation is not there was a shortage of available experts, the operation is not

ensured in case of long lasting emergencyensured in case of long lasting emergency

Local Defense CommitteesLocal Defense Committees the directly not effected counties did not receive notification in timethe directly not effected counties did not receive notification in time




Assessment-evaluationAssessment-evaluation

Central organsCentral organs GCC EC distributed assessment results without preliminary GCC EC distributed assessment results without preliminary

harmonization with NDC Expert Panel harmonization with NDC Expert Panel uncertainties in the uncertainties in the HNERSHNERS

results of RODOS, SINAC and BALDOS significantly differedresults of RODOS, SINAC and BALDOS significantly differed

MinistriesMinistries emergency centers received contradictory assessment resultsemergency centers received contradictory assessment results

Local Defense CommitteesLocal Defense Committees no harmonization of input data among the assessment teams, no harmonization of input data among the assessment teams,

lack of coordination was observed lack of coordination was observed different proposals on different proposals on measuresmeasures



Evaluation of the main Evaluation of the main processesprocesses ( (55/1/100)) Decision-makingDecision-making

Central organsCentral organs the NDC did not perform its coordinative and integrative rolethe NDC did not perform its coordinative and integrative role parallel and overlapping operation of NDC and OpS caused parallel and overlapping operation of NDC and OpS caused

confusionconfusion

MinistriesMinistries lack of experts lack of experts were not able to fully perform their tasks were not able to fully perform their tasks

Local Defense CommitteesLocal Defense Committees Paks NPP information was extremely important in the early Paks NPP information was extremely important in the early

phasephase decision competence was not clear: counties defense decision competence was not clear: counties defense

committees made their own decisions or they implemented committees made their own decisions or they implemented central decisionscentral decisions



Evaluation of the main Evaluation of the main processesprocesses ( (66/1/100)) Coordination of countermeasuresCoordination of countermeasures

Central organsCentral organs decision competence on countermeasures was not clearly decision competence on countermeasures was not clearly

defineddefined some counties defense committees made their own decisions some counties defense committees made their own decisions

even after the operation of NDCeven after the operation of NDC

MinistriesMinistries received late information on central decisions received late information on central decisions not prepared for not prepared for

prompt implementationprompt implementation

Local Defense CommitteesLocal Defense Committees no detailed methodology of urgent and long term measuresno detailed methodology of urgent and long term measures protective and measuring equipment was incomplete at local protective and measuring equipment was incomplete at local

organsorgans




Public informationPublic information

Central organsCentral organs limited scope of planned activitieslimited scope of planned activities

MinistriesMinistries did not perform public information activitiesdid not perform public information activities

Local Defense CommitteesLocal Defense Committees the national ERP did not regulate adequately the interface the national ERP did not regulate adequately the interface

with the mediawith the media



Evaluation of the main Evaluation of the main processesprocesses ( (88/1/100)) CommunicationCommunication

Central organsCentral organs the information and communication paths were not clearly definedthe information and communication paths were not clearly defined no feedback on the reports sent out to other organsno feedback on the reports sent out to other organs the use of cell phones in case of emergency was not regulated the use of cell phones in case of emergency was not regulated

adequatelyadequately

MinistriesMinistries the interface was not properly regulated between the the interface was not properly regulated between the

representatives at the central organs and the ministerial representatives at the central organs and the ministerial emergency centersemergency centers

Local Defense CommitteesLocal Defense Committees the committees received sometimes too much or too less the committees received sometimes too much or too less

information or similar information from several organsinformation or similar information from several organs




Quality assuranceQuality assurance the actual date and time were not shown on all documentsthe actual date and time were not shown on all documents

the importance of self-control was not emphasized at all the importance of self-control was not emphasized at all

organizationsorganizations

document format and content requirements were not document format and content requirements were not

harmonizedharmonized

National ERPNational ERP the national ERP shall be updatedthe national ERP shall be updated

the national ERP did not regulate the quality assurance issuesthe national ERP did not regulate the quality assurance issues

the legal status of the national ERP was unclearthe legal status of the national ERP was unclear



Evaluation of the main Evaluation of the main processesprocesses (1 (100/1/100)) Evaluation of the exerciseEvaluation of the exercise

preparation of evaluators was successfulpreparation of evaluators was successful the hierarchical organization of evaluators operated smoothlythe hierarchical organization of evaluators operated smoothly the methodology provided that problems at all levels were the methodology provided that problems at all levels were

detecteddetected subjective statements, misunderstandings in the evaluation subjective statements, misunderstandings in the evaluation

reportsreports the „yes-no” questionnaire:the „yes-no” questionnaire:

did not support the process-based evaluationdid not support the process-based evaluation did not provide enough information for comprehensive evaluationdid not provide enough information for comprehensive evaluation in case of doubts the majority of the evaluators selected „yes”in case of doubts the majority of the evaluators selected „yes”

differently structured evaluation report differently structured evaluation report difficulty in difficulty in assembling the assembling the comprehensive evaluationcomprehensive evaluation



Good practicesGood practices (1/3) (1/3)

Preparation for the exercisePreparation for the exercise the exercise was financed from the participants own budgetthe exercise was financed from the participants own budget preparatory workshops, trainingpreparatory workshops, trainingss and drills contributed to the and drills contributed to the

successsuccess

Control of the exerciseControl of the exercise thanks to the high level commitment the exercise was successfully thanks to the high level commitment the exercise was successfully

conductedconducted shortages in the second day scenario were solved by the controllers shortages in the second day scenario were solved by the controllers

by giving the players preliminary not defined tasksby giving the players preliminary not defined tasks

Start up of the HNERSStart up of the HNERS experts responded efficiently and timely to all messages of Paks NPPexperts responded efficiently and timely to all messages of Paks NPP the duty-officers were experienced and knew well the alerting the duty-officers were experienced and knew well the alerting

systemsystem



Good practices Good practices (2/3)(2/3)

Assessment-evaluationAssessment-evaluation the accessibility of meteorological data was quick and excellentthe accessibility of meteorological data was quick and excellent the Ministry of Education involved to the exercise its own network laboratoriesthe Ministry of Education involved to the exercise its own network laboratories

Decision-makingDecision-making the chairman of OpS prepared a summary report for the Chairman of the GCCthe chairman of OpS prepared a summary report for the Chairman of the GCC

Coordination of countermeasuresCoordination of countermeasures the directly effected three counties were better preparedthe directly effected three counties were better prepared the Somogy County Defense Committee assessed the technical background of the Somogy County Defense Committee assessed the technical background of

implementation of long term protective measures in the LPZimplementation of long term protective measures in the LPZ

Public informationPublic information the organs recognized the importance of authentic and timely informationthe organs recognized the importance of authentic and timely information press release templates were prepared in advance easily adaptable to any press release templates were prepared in advance easily adaptable to any

actual situation to assist public information expertsactual situation to assist public information experts



Good practicesGood practices (3/3) (3/3)

CommunicationCommunication the MARATHON introduced successfullythe MARATHON introduced successfully

Quality assuranceQuality assurance the Paks NPP and the neighboring counties regularly consultedthe Paks NPP and the neighboring counties regularly consulted

National ERPNational ERP the national ERP provided good basis for preparation of lower level ERPsthe national ERP provided good basis for preparation of lower level ERPs

Evaluation of the exerciseEvaluation of the exercise the methodology was successful, the organization functioned wellthe methodology was successful, the organization functioned well



Recommendations for Recommendations for improvementimprovement (1/ (1/55))

Preparation for the exercisePreparation for the exercise elaboration of long term training and exercise planelaboration of long term training and exercise plan elaboration of annual training and exercise programelaboration of annual training and exercise program

Conduct of the exerciseConduct of the exercise the owner of the exercise shall be the leader of the most competent the owner of the exercise shall be the leader of the most competent

authorityauthority

Alert of the HNERSAlert of the HNERS procedure of multi level alerting exercise shall be prepared for the entire procedure of multi level alerting exercise shall be prepared for the entire

HNERS:HNERS: legal backgroundlegal background the national ERPthe national ERP experiences with the IAEA and EU alerting exercise systemexperiences with the IAEA and EU alerting exercise system

alerting exercises for all levels of HNERS shall be incorporated in the alerting exercises for all levels of HNERS shall be incorporated in the annual planannual plan



Recommendations for Recommendations for improvementimprovement (2/5) (2/5)

Assessment-evaluationAssessment-evaluation harmonizationharmonization

exchange of input dataexchange of input data conditions and applicability of analysis toolsconditions and applicability of analysis tools comparison and understanding of resultscomparison and understanding of results elaboration of proposals for the decision makerselaboration of proposals for the decision makers

Decision-makingDecision-making the roles and responsibilities of central and local governments shall be the roles and responsibilities of central and local governments shall be

revisedrevised

structural simplification and relocation of roles and responsibilitiesstructural simplification and relocation of roles and responsibilities

comprehensive survey on the entire staff of HNERScomprehensive survey on the entire staff of HNERS




Coordination of countermeasuresCoordination of countermeasures OpS shall collect and distribute information on the implementation of OpS shall collect and distribute information on the implementation of

protective measuresprotective measures

Public informationPublic information elaborate an easily adaptable plan of a typical public information elaborate an easily adaptable plan of a typical public information

exerciseexercise preparationpreparation conductconduct evaluationevaluation

incorporate public information exercise into the HNERS annual training incorporate public information exercise into the HNERS annual training programprogram

comprehensive evaluation of the national public information comprehensive evaluation of the national public information capabilitiescapabilities




CommunicationCommunication elaborate and implement the concept of a comprehensive informatics elaborate and implement the concept of a comprehensive informatics

systemsystem

Quality assuranceQuality assurance introduce a comprehensive and unified QA system for the introduce a comprehensive and unified QA system for the

HNERSHNERS

National ERPNational ERP ensure the regular maintenance of the national ERPensure the regular maintenance of the national ERP

Evaluation of the exerciseEvaluation of the exercise revise the evaluation methodology to evaluate and compare revise the evaluation methodology to evaluate and compare

different exercises on a unified basisdifferent exercises on a unified basis



Recommendations for Recommendations for improvementimprovement ( (55//55))

Implementation of the recommendationsImplementation of the recommendations organizations levelorganizations level

head of the organhead of the organ determination of prioritiesdetermination of priorities planning and implementationplanning and implementation

HNERS levelHNERS level GCC coordinatesGCC coordinates the NER TSC is involvedthe NER TSC is involved



SummarySummary The HNERS is prepared for nuclear The HNERS is prepared for nuclear

emergencyemergency

The exercise was usefulThe exercise was useful

Importance of regular exercisesImportance of regular exercises

Good practices were identifiedGood practices were identified

Further actions for improvementFurther actions for improvement



AbbreviationsAbbreviationsEROERO – Emergency Response Organization – Emergency Response Organization

ERPERP – Emergency Response Plan – Emergency Response Plan

GCCGCC – Governmental Coordination Committee – Governmental Coordination Committee

GCC ECGCC EC – Governmental Coordination Committee Emergency Center – Governmental Coordination Committee Emergency Center

HAEA EROHAEA ERO – Hungarian Atomic Energy Authority Emergency Response Organization – Hungarian Atomic Energy Authority Emergency Response Organization

HNERSHNERS – Hungarian Nuclear Emergency Response System – Hungarian Nuclear Emergency Response System

IAEAIAEA – International Atomic Energy Agency – International Atomic Energy Agency

L&HP ECCSL&HP ECCS – Low & High Pressure Emergency Core Cooling System– Low & High Pressure Emergency Core Cooling System

LOCALOCA – Loss of Coolant Accident– Loss of Coolant Accident

LPZLPZ – long term protective action zone – long term protective action zone

MARATHONMARATHON – protected electronic mailing system for governmental use – protected electronic mailing system for governmental use

MoIMoI – Ministry of the Interior – Ministry of the Interior

NDCNDC – Nuclear Emergency Defense Committee – Nuclear Emergency Defense Committee

NEICNEIC – Nuclear Emergency Information Center – Nuclear Emergency Information Center

NER TSCNER TSC – Nuclear Emergency Response Technical Scientific Council – Nuclear Emergency Response Technical Scientific Council

OpSOpS – Operative Staff – Operative Staff

Paks NPPPaks NPP – Paks Nuclear Power Plant – Paks Nuclear Power Plant

PIGPIG – Public Information Group – Public Information Group

RODOSRODOS – Real-time On-line Decision Support System– Real-time On-line Decision Support System

Documents

LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE HUNGARIAN NUCLEAR EMERGENCY RESPONSE EXERCISE 2004