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2008 ckESpf? yxrtBudrf? tkyfa& - 20002008 ckESpf? yxrtBudrf? tkyfa& - 20002008 ckESpf? yxrtBudrf? tkyfa& - 20002008 ckESpf? yxrtBudrf? tkyfa& - 20002008 ckESpf? yxrtBudrf? tkyfa& - 2000

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14/ rdom;pkzGJUpnf;aexkdifyHk 84

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17/ trnfay;jcif; (uifyGef;wyfjcif;) 90

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20/ ½kd;&mtdrfaqmufvkyfyHk 107

21/ "avh½kd;&mtEkynm 109

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23/ a&SmifMuOfjcif;ESifhwm;jrpfcsufrsm; 135

24/ tarGcJGa0yHk 13825/ ½kd;&myGJawmfrsm; 140

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28/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; 158

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30/ vDql½kd;&mwkdif;&if;om; 178

31/ Oykofpmajzausmif; 183

32/ jrefrmEkdifiHvDql"r®wuúodkvf 186

33/ xl;cRefxif&Sm;yk*¾dKvfrsm; 196

34/ co (2000) yGJawmf 208

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udk;um;csufrsm; 229

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jrwfa0wkd; (ynma&;wuúodkvf)29.12.2006

vDqlpmayESifh ,Ofaus;rIA[kdaumfrwD\ trSmpm

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vDqlrsK d ;EG,fork dif;vDqlrsK d ;EG,fork dif;vDqlrsK d ;EG,fork dif;vDqlrsK d ;EG,fork dif;vDqlrsK d ;EG,fork dif;

vDqlrsKd;EG,fwkdY\ yif&if;a'orSm ]]rlul;'D}} ac:aomt&yfjzpfonf/ ]]rlul;'D}} rSm rGef*dkvD,mukef;jrifha'owpfckjzpfaMumif; od&Sd&onf/ vDqlvlrsKd;wkdY bkd;bGm;tqufqufu ,HkMunfrSwfom;vmcJhaom vufqifhurf; trSwftom;rsm;t& qkdvdkjcif;jzpf[ef&Sdonf/ orkdif;okawoDrsm;? rEkóaA'ynm&Sifrsm;\tqkdt& vDqlwdkYonf wdbufjrefrmtEG,f0ifvdkvdk rkqkd;tkyfpkwGifyg0ifaMumif; rSwfwrf;ûyxm;onfrSmvnf; txift&Sm;&Sdonf/vDqlvlrsKd;wkdY\ yHkjyift& a&S;tcgu urÇmBuD;udk a&vTrf;rkd;cJhMuonf/ a&rvTrf;rDtcsdefwGif urÇmay:wGif vlrsm;jynfhESuf aexkdifMuonf[k qkd\/ xkdpOfu vlwkdYrSm ,aeYvlom;rsm;ESifhrwlbJ tvGefoefrmxGm;usKdif;Muonf/ touf&SnfMuonf[kvnf; qkdygonf/

xdkyHkjyift& urÇmudk a&vTrf;rkd;cJh&mwGif &TmusdESifh &Tmqmac:armifESr ESpfa,mufrSty usefvlrsm;tm;vHk; aoausysufpD;cJhMuonf/ &TmusdESifh &Tmqm armifESrESpfa,mufwkdYonf tvGefBuD;rm;aombl;oD;cGHxJwGif 0ifatmif;NyD; a&ab;rS vGwfuif;cJhMujcif;jzpfonf[kqkd\/ tcsKdUu tvGefBuD;rm;aom ysm;arG;aom opfacgif;BuD;xJwGif0ifatmif;aeojzifh a&ab;rSvGwfuif;cJh&onf[kqkdonf/ &TmusdESifh

2 vDqlwkdif;&if;om;wkdY\ b0"avh

&Tmqm armifESrESpfa,muf usefcJh&mrS ,aeY urÇmolurÇmom;rsm;aygufzGm;rsm;jym;vmcJhMuonf[lí tqkd&Sdygonf/

&TmusdESifh &Tmqm armifESrwkdYrS om;oHk;a,mufarG;zGm;cJhonf/om;wpfa,mufonf tom;jzLNyD; om;wpfa,mufrSm tom;rnf;íusefom;wpfa,mufrSm tom;0gjzpfonf/ vDqlvlrsKd;pkwdkYonfxdktom;0g vlrsKd;EG,frS qif;oufaygufzGm;vmcJhMuonf[k qkdygonf/ tom;0gvlrsKd;EG,fpkrS tkyfpk (9) pkuGJí vDqlvlrsKd;rsm;]]rlul;'D}} ac:a'owGif aexdkifcJhMuonfrSm ESpfumvrsm;pGmMumanmif;cJhMuonf/ xkdae&mwGif vlOD;a&rsm;jym;vmaomtcgt&yfrsufESmtoD;oD;odkY tESHUtjym; ajymif;a&TUaexkdifMuonf/ vDqlwkdY\ qkd½kd; pum;wpfckrSm ]]om;ukd;a,mufwkdY udk;e,f&SmxGufonf/ orD; ckepfa,mufwkdY jrpfckepfoG,f jzwfausmfNyD; vmcJh&onf}}[k tqkd&Sd\/ vDqlvlrsKd;wdkYonf zciftkyfcsKyfaom zrsKd;,lpepfudktajccHaom vlrsKd;rsm;jzpf&m om; (9) a,muf[k qkd&mü tom;0gvlrsKd;rsm;rS tkyfpk (9) tkyfpk cGJxGufaygufzGm;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ odkYjzpfíorD; (7) a,muf[laom qkd½kd;pum;t& orD;[lonfukd rsKd;EG,fpkqif;oufaygufzGm;&mü xnhfoGif;wGufcsufavhr&Sday/

xdkom; (9) a,muf ac: tkyfpk (9) pkrSm-

uGmwlzmh? [d'l? tacpm? tqlrlvl? rmvl;'D? uGmrD;zD;?apusJvD? t'l&SnfESifh t&dwkdYjzpfonf/ 4if;wkdYteuf uGmrD;zD;onfwdbufjrefrmtkyfpk0ifjzpfNyD; 4if;wkdYrS tkyfpk (6) tkyfpk uGJoGm;jcif;jzpfonf/ 4if;tkyfpkrSm tzl? t'l? tac? tql? twdESifh tNzDwkdYjzpfonf/ xkd ]]rlul;'D}} a'orSwpfqifh a&Munf&mjrufEk&m

1

vDqlwkdif;&if;om;wdkY\ b0"avh 3

vDqlwdkif;&if;om;wkdY\ rsKd;EG,forkdif;


a'orsm;okdY ajymif;a&TUaexkdifvm&m ta&SUawmifbuft&yf&Sd &SD;yga'o? vmacsmf? vmusda'owkdYwGif aexdkifcJhMujyefonf/ ESpfaxmifaygif;rsm;pGm aexkdifvmcJhMuonf[k qkdygonf/ xdkae&monf,ck w½kwfjynfvefacsmifa'owpf0kdufwGif jzpf[efwlonf/

vDqlwdk Yonf vmacsmfvmusda'owGif aexkdifpOfutkyfpkrsm;cGJí vSnfhvnfoGm;vmaexdkifMuonf[k qkdygonf/ xdktkyfpkrsm;xJrSm (blcsDuD) ac: tkyfpkacgif;aqmif\ vufatmufwGifaexdkif&mrS wpfzef tkyfpk xyfrHuGJoGm;Mujyefonf[k qkdcJhMuonf/

vmacsmfvmusda'owGif aecJhpOfu vDqlwkdY\ tkyfpkacgif;aqmif rdav;[l;ESifh w½kwfacgif;aqmif qifausmf[l;wkdY pmayûydifqkdifynmprf;Mu&mwGif vDqlacgif;aqmifu tEkdif&aomfvnf; w½kwfacgif;aqmifu r½dk;ajzmifhaom tBuHxm;onf[k qkdygonf/xdkYaMumifh vDqlwkdYonf vmacsmf vmusda'owGif aexdkif&ef tqifrajyojzifh usd'l? udk;'lESifh vdusefa'oodkY ajymif;a&TUaexdkifcJhMu&jyefavonf/

a&S;bkd;bGm;rsm;tqkdt& vdusefa'oodkY a&mufpOfuvdusmZdESifh vDa&TavGUwdkY nDtpfudkrSm tkyfpkESpfpkuGJí aexdkifMuonf/vdusmZdrS aygufzGm;aom om;ajr;rsm;rS ,aeY vDqlvlrsKd;rsm;qif;oufaygufzGm;vmcJhMuonf/ vdusmZdrS vjrmzm? EkdYzm? vdzm?ukef;zm? ZpfzmESifh Zmvdzm[lí rsKd;EG,fpk (13) rsKd;uGJí oGm;Muonf/

vDa&TavGUrS vm;[l? tDaum? arQmif? 0? vDwd ponfhvlrsKd;rsm; aygufzGm;vmonf[kqkdygonf/

vlom;ZeD;armifESH&Tmqm&Tmusd+

tzl(tom;0gvlrsKd;) t'l(tom;rnf;vlrsKd;) tac(tom;jzLvlrsKd;)

! ! !!

!!

tzl t'l tac tql twd tNzD

(blcsDuD;)! ! ! ! !

uGmZlzmh [d'l tacpm tqlrlvl

rmvl;'D uGmrD;zD;

wdbuf

jrefrm

apmusJvd

t'l&Snf t&d

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

vdusmZd(vDZlvlrsKd;rsm;jzpfay:vmjcif;tp)

vDa&TavGU

vjrmzm EkdYzm

iGm;q

mzm

Asmqmzm

[if;qmzm

*Gmqmzm

vmhzm

ZDzm

*dk;zm

wGef;zm

Zpfzm

ZmvDzm

vdzm

!!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !


vDqlvlrsKd;pkrSm vdusefa'owpf0kdufwGif aexdkifMucsdefrSmbDpD 2 &mpkrS at'D 2 &mpkMum;umv jzpf[efwlonf/ taMumif;rSmw½kwfjynf r[mwHwkdif;BuD;wnfaqmuf&mwGif w½kwfbk&ifutqkdygwHwkdif;BuD;wnfaqmufa&;twGuf vDqlwdkYudk ckdif;apjcif;ûycJhMu&mwGif xdktvkyfMurf;'Pfudk rcHEkdifMuí w½kwf{u&mZfMoZmtmPmrSa0;&mokdY ajymif;a&TUaexkdifvmMujcif;jzpfayonf/

vdusefa'orS wpfqifh awmifbufESifh taemufbuft&yfrsm;odkY ajymif;a&TUaexkdifvmcJh&m at'D 2 &mpkrS 6 &mpkwGif ]]0gbm}}ac: rJacgifjrpf0Srf;txufydkif;ESifh ]]aemrd}} ac: oHvGifjrpftxufykdif;a'orsm;okdY a&muf&SdvmcJhMuonf/ xdkae&ma'orsm;wGif vlOD;a&rsm;jym;vmaomtcg a&Munf&mjrufEk&m t&yfa'orsm;qDodkY toD;oD;ajymif;a&TUaexdkifvmcJhMuavonf/

]]vDqltp vefacsmifu}} [laom qkd½kd;pum;t& ,cif]]rl;ul;'D}} ac:aom a'owGif aepOfu vDql[lí trnfrac:ao;ay/ 4if;aemuf usD'l? udk;'l a'orSwpfqifh vefacsmifa'owGifaecJh&onfh bDpD 400 rS bDpD 200 twGif; yxrqHk;paeolrSm]]blcsDuD}} vufxufrSpí vDql[laom rsKd;EG,ftkyfpk pwifcJhavonf/

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

jrefrmEk difiHtwGif;0ifa&mufvmMuyH kjrefrmEk difiHtwGif;0ifa&mufvmMuyH kjrefrmEk difiHtwGif;0ifa&mufvmMuyH kjrefrmEk difiHtwGif;0ifa&mufvmMuyH kjrefrmEk difiHtwGif;0ifa&mufvmMuyH k

vDqlvlrsKd;wkdY\ rl&if;a'oonf w½kwfEkdifiH ]]rlul;'D}}a'ojzpfaMumif; azmfjycJhNyD;jzpfonf/ xdk rlul;'DrS wpfqifhawmifbufa'orsm;qDokdY wjznf;jznf; ajymif;a&TUaexdkifvmcJh&mwGifurÇmhEkdifiHtoD;oD;okdY a&muf&SdoGm;MuouJhokdY jrefrmEkdifiHodkYvnf;tvHk;t&if;jzifh 0ifa&mufaexkdifcJhMuaMumif; avhvmod&Sd&onf/

vDql[laom trnfemr pwifac:a0:cJh&m vefacsmifa'owGif aexdkifNyD;aemuf vdusefa'orSwpfqifh taemufawmifbuf0gbmrl? &Sm;usmrla'orsm;okdY a&TUajymif;aexdkifMuonf/ xif&Sm;aomae&mrsm;rSm 0lrD;usma0:&Gm? AsmZ[D&Gm? atmfwD;usmay:&Gma'orsm;rSm ,m;[mbm? vmrma'? a*s*sDavmf? *sDrd? ausmfavmh wkdYjzpfonf/ xkda'orsm;rSm at'D 850 wGif jrefrmEkdifiHajrmufbufESifhrJacgifjrpf? oHvGifjrpfaMumif;rsm;rSwpfqifh jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;okdY0ifa&mufcJhMuonf/ yxrOD;pGm aexdkifcJh&ma'orSm csDaAGûrdUe,fjAm;rma'ojzpfayonf/

w½kwfEkdifiH&Sd vm;'g;aumfvrf;? rdudukdvrf;? vm0g'g;vrf;?&SSD;ac:vrf;? aumf*sdvrf;wkdYrS at'D 9 &mpkcefYwGif jrefrmEkdifiHajrmufykdif; ucsifjynfe,f? acgifvefzl;ûrdUe,f&Sd csmausmfa'owGif

6


w½kw

fEkdifiH v

Dq

lt

rsKd;o

rD;rsm;

w½kw

fEkdifiH v

Dq

lt

rsKd;o

rD;rsm;

w½kw

fEkdifiH v

Dq

lt

rsKd;o

rD;rsm;

w½kw

fEkdifiH v

Dq

lt

rsKd;o

rD;rsm;

w½kw

fEkdifiH v

Dq

lt

rsKd;o

rD;rsm;


vDqlvlrsK d;wkd Y qif;oufvm&mvrf;aMumif;yH kvDqlvlrsK d;wkd Y qif;oufvm&mvrf;aMumif;yH kvDqlvlrsK d;wkd Y qif;oufvm&mvrf;aMumif;yH kvDqlvlrsK d;wkd Y qif;oufvm&mvrf;aMumif;yH kvDqlvlrsK d;wkd Y qif;oufvm&mvrf;aMumif;yH k

*sD'luk'l },leefjynfe,f

!

!

vDusefrl

0gbef;rl (wdbufukef;jyifjrifh)

!! !

rGef*dkvD;,m;&SSD;yg;rlvacsmfrlv*sD;rl

avm AD,uferf

!! udk;uefY (at'D 1200)

aemrd !!

!

rkd;ukwf xdkif;

jrpfBuD;em;

!

um;uGefrl Aef;armf q'Hk;urfydkufwDat'D 1300

qlau;awmf(w½kwf)qrm;(jrefrm)

at'D 1200

!

! *sDrGefrl ('gtD;) ! !acsvufjrif; b0Dacg (at'D 850)!

jzm;rmrl!

! apmavmrl(*sDvm'D)at'D 900!

ylwmtkd!! !

tdEd, wEkdif; jrpfBuD;em;

! ! !


tajcpkdufaexdkifcJhMuonf/ (acgifvef;zl;udk a&S;,cifu ac:bl'JûrdU[kvnf; ac:onf) xdkrSwpfqifh aemifrGef;? ylwmtkd? rcsrf;abm?qGrfy&mbGrf? jrpfBuD;em;? wEkdif;ûrdUe,frsm;okdYvnf;aumif;? ppfukdif;wkdif;? cEÅD;ûrdUe,fodkYvnf;aumif; ajymif;a&GUaexkdifvmcJhMuonf/

oHvGifjrpf ajrmufykdif;a'orsm;rSvnf; 0ifa&mufaexkdifvmMuonfudk avhvmod&Sd&onf/ csdAsmaumfvrf;? rm&Sdaumhvrf;?awmfum;a[mhvrf; ponfhe,fpyfawmifMum;vrf;rsm;rS jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;okdY 0ifa&mufcJhNyD; csDazGûrdUe,f? bmwlacgwGif at'D 850cefYwGif a&muf&SdaexdkifcJhMuonf/ csDazGûrdUe,fwGif vlOD;a&rsm;jym;vmonfESifhtrQ aqmhfavmf? axmha*gh? avmacgif? 0kdif;armf? q'Hk;?qrm;? Aef;armf? jrpfBuD;em;ûrdUe,frsm;odkY ajymif;a&TUaexkdifvmcJhMujyefonf/ xkda'orsm;rSwpfqifh rEÅav;? uGwfckdif? erfhpef? er®wl?cEÅD;? eefY[kef;? awmifBuD;? vG,fvifa'orsm;wGif a&muf&SdoGm;Muonf/

oHvGifjrpfajrmufydkif; ,m;[mbma'orSwpfqifh oHvGifjrpfwpfavQmuf qif;oufoGm;&mwGif &Srf;jynfe,fESifh ajrmufykdif; udk;uefYe,fodkY at'D 1300 cefYwGif 0ifa&mufaexdkifMuonf/ udk;uefYa'orsm;rSwpfqifh &Srf;jynfe,f tESYHtjym;odkY vDqlvlrsKd;rsm; a&muf&SdaexkdifvmcJhMuonf/

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

vDqlvlrsK d;rsm; ysH UES H Yaexdkifjcif;vDqlvlrsK d;rsm; ysH UES H Yaexdkifjcif;vDqlvlrsK d;rsm; ysH UES H Yaexdkifjcif;vDqlvlrsK d;rsm; ysH UES H Yaexdkifjcif;vDqlvlrsK d;rsm; ysH UES H Yaexdkifjcif;

]]aemrd}} ac: oHvGifjrpftxufydkif;a'orsm;rSwpfqifhjrefrmEkdifiHt&yfa'otoD;oD;odkY a&TUajymif;a&muf&SdcJh&mwGif aqmhavmfa'o? *sDrGefa'oESifh udk;uefYa'orsm;okdY tkyfpk (3) pkuGJí qif;oufvmMuonf/

aqmhavmfa'orSwpfqifh at'D 900 cefYwGif *sDu'D;[laomae&mokdY a&muf&SdcJhMuonf/ 4if;a'orsm;rSm jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;&Sdygonf/ *sDu'D;rSwpfqifh eDwm;'D? *sD'lzmESifh uwm;'Da'orsm;odkYa&muf&SdcJhMuonf/

*sDrGefa'oodkYa&muf&Sdvmaom vDqlvlrsKd;wkdYrSm ]]'gtD;}}ac:aomae&modkYvnf;aumif;? xdkrSwpfqifh ]]acsvufrD}} [kac:aom ae&modkYvnf;aumif; a&muf&SdcJhMuonf/ xdkae&ma'orsm;rSmjrefrme,fpyfrsm;jzpfygonf/ xkdrSwpfqifh ]]b0Dacg}} [laomae&modkY a&muf&SdcJhMuonf/ ]]b0Dacg}} t&yfrSwpfzef jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif; ]]jzm;rm}} a'ookdY at'D 850 wGif a&muf&SdvmcJhMuonf/4if;jzm;rmrSwpfqifh q'Hk;? qrm;a'orsm;? Aef;armfa'orsm;okdYtoD;oD;ajymif;a&TUoGm;Muonf/

Aef;armfa'ookdY a&muf&Sdvmaom vDqlvlrsKd;rsm;onfrEÅav;wkdif;? rkd;ukwfûrdUe,fa'orsm;? &Srf;jynfe,f vG,fvif?awmifBuD;ûrdUe,fa'orsm;ESifh tjcm;a'orsm;odkY a&muf&SdcJhMuonf/

10


]]w[myg;}} a'ookdY a&muf&Sdvmaom at'D 1200 cefYwGif vDqlvlrsKd;rsm;onf &Srf;jynfe,f? ukd;uefYa'oodkY a&muf&SdMuNyD;xdkrSwpfqifh &Srf;jynfe,fajrmufykdif;ESifh awmifykdif;a'orsm;odkYvnf;aumif;? xkdif;EkdifiHodkYvnf;aumif;? toD;oD;ajymif;a&TUa&muf&SdoGm;Muonf/

tcsKdUrSm AD,uferfEkdifiH? avmEkdifiHESifh xkdif;EkdifiHrsm;okdY a&muf&SdoGm;Muonf/

at'D 9 &mpkcefYrSpí jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif; 0ifa&mufaexkdifvmcJhMuaom vDqlwkdYonf a&Munf&mjrufEk&m &SmazG&if; wjznf;jznf;ajymif;a&TUaexkdifvmcJhMuonf/ ,cktcg ucsifjynfe,f&Sd ûrdUe,frsm;tm;vHk;wGif vDqlvlrsKd;rsm; ysHUESHYaexkdifvsuf&SdMuonf/

&Srf;jynfe,fwGif rkd;rdwf? uGwfcdkif? vm;½Id;? aemifcsKd? er®wl?erfhcrf;? erfhpef? awmifBuD;? ausmufrJ? oDayg? z,fcHk? qDqkdif?[kdyef? [kdykH;? rkdif;yef? rkdif;½SL;? rkdif;vHkûrdUe,frsm;wGif ysHUESHUaexdkifMuonf/

rEÅav;wkdif;wGif rkd;ukwfESifh jyifOD;vGifûrdUe,frsm;? ppfukdif;wkdif;wGif uom? tif;awmf? eef;,Gef? xD;csKdifhûrdUe,frsm;wGif ysHUESHUaexdkifMuonf/

vDqlwkdYonf toufarG;0rf;ausmif; vkyfukdifjcif;? acwfESifhtnD tawG;tac: todtjrifrsm; &ifhusufvmjcif;? rdom;pkb0tqifajyrnfhajrcHa&cHwGif aexkdifjcif;? bmoma&;t& toif;awmfrsm; toif;tzGJUrsm;wGif yg0ifaexkdifMujcif;aMumifh jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;vDqlwkdY rl&if;a'orsm;rSonf te,fe,ft&yf&yfodkY ysHUESHUaexdkifMujcif; jzpfavonf/

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

rsK d;EG,fpkrsm;rsK d;EG,fpkrsm;rsK d;EG,fpkrsm;rsK d;EG,fpkrsm;rsK d;EG,fpkrsm;

vDqlrsKd;EG,fpkrsm;onf trsKd;trnftm;jzifh uGJjym;jcm;em;rsm;jym;rI&Sdonf/ vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif;wpfaxmifausmfumvuyifpwifí jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif; 0ifa&mufvmcJhjcif;jzpf&m vDql rsKd;EG,fpkaygif;rsm;pGm &SdcJhNyD;jzpfonf/

tcsKdUrsKd;EG,frsm;onf oD;jcm;t"dyÜm,frsm;&Sdaomfvnf; tcsKdUrsKd;EG,fpkrsm;onf t"dyÜm,foD;jcm;rawGU&ay/ xif&Sm;aom vDqlrsKd;EG,fpkrsm;rSm atmufygwkdYjzpfonf/

iGm;zm = ig;rsKd;

aemhzm = yJykyfrsKd;

Asmzm = ysm;rsKd;

a0gzm = [if;&GufrsKd;

½dk;zm = BudrfrsKd;

[if;zm = <uufrsKd;

vmzm = usm;rsKd;

ZDzm = *kefavQmfrsKd;

*Gmzm = rka,mpyg;rsKd;

vjrmzm = ½kyf0w¬Kr&SdaomtrsKd;

12


Zpfzm = xif;rsKd;

vJrJhzm = t&omr&SdaomtrsKd;

aomif;zm = ½kyf0w¬Kr&SdaomtrsKd;

*lzm = ZD;uGufrsKd;

wGefzm = ½kyf0w¬K&SdaomtrsKd;

ac:zm = ½kyf0w¬Kr&SdaomtrsKd;

aZmfzm = ½kyf0w¬Kr&SdaomtrsKd;

'Dzm = ½kyf0w¬Kr&SdaomtrsKd;

vDzm = opfyifrsKd;

,if;zm = ESHjynfpkwfiSufrsKd;

csmzm = vufzufrsKd;

,efzm = qdwfrsKd;

Zmvdzm = ydk;ZmrsKd;

xdkYjyif trnfrod tjcm;trsKd;trnfuGJaygif; (60) ausmf&Sdao;onf[kvnf;qkdygonf/ vDqlwdkY\ aqGrsKd;EG,fpktrnfrsm;rSmopfyifESifh wd&pämefwkdY\trnfrsm;rS &,lrSnfhac:xm;jcif;jzpfaMumif;awGU&onf/ a&S;tcgu awmawmifxJwGif usifvnfoGm;vm&NyD;opfawmopfyifrsm;? om;&Jwd&pämefrsm;jzifh êuHawGU&ifqkdifae&jcif;?pkdufysKd;a&;? arG;jrLa&;vkyfief;rsm;vkyfaqmifjcif;? trJvkdufjcif;rsm;jzifhom toufarG;0rf;ausmif;ûyMujcif;rsm;aMumifh vDqlwkdY\ aqGrsKd;EG,fpk trnfrSnfhac:&mwGifvnf; opfyifrsm;? owå0grsm;trnfudkomrSnfhac:xm;jcif;jzpfaMumif; awGU&Sd&ygonf/

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

½kyfvu©PmESif h pdwfaeoabmxm;½kyfvu©PmESif h pdwfaeoabmxm;½kyfvu©PmESif h pdwfaeoabmxm;½kyfvu©PmESif h pdwfaeoabmxm;½kyfvu©PmESif h pdwfaeoabmxm;

vDqlvlrsKd;rsm;onf rGef*dkrsKd;EG,frsm;jzpfMuí wdbufjrefrmtkyfpk0ifrsm;jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh vDqlwkdY\ ½kyfydkif;oGifjyifoP²mefrsm;rSm rGef*dkvGdKufrsKd;EG,fwkdYESifh wlnDrI&Sdonf[k rSwf,lEkdifonf/

rsufESmoGifjyifrSm av;axmifhyHkoP²mef&Sdonf/ yg;½kd;rSmjrifhNyD; ay:vGifrI&Sdonf/ ESmwHrSm ay:vGifxif&Sm;NyD; tenf;i,fjrifharmufyGoa,mif&Sdonf/ rsufcHk;xlí rnf;eufNyD; rsufvHk;aygufrSm ArmwkdYESifh wpfax&mwnf;wlonf/ qHyifrSm rsm;aomtm;jzifhteufa&mif&SdNyD; qHyifoefí ajzmifhonf/ tom;t&nfrSm jzL0ga&mif? ndK0ga&mifwkdYjzpfonf/

t&yftarmif;rSm trsKd;om;rsm;onf ysrf;rQt&yf 5 ay 6vufrcefY&SdMuí trsKd;orD;rsm;rSm ysrf;rQ 5 ay 2 vufr cefY&SdMuonf/ udk,fxnfrSmvnf; wkwfckdifrI&SdaMumif; awGU&onf/tcsKdUrSm ajyjypfrI&Sdonf/

vDqlwkdYonf wif;wdrfa&mifh&Jaom vlrsKd;rsm;jzpfonf/ vHkYv?0D&d,&Sdonf/ ½dk;om;ajzmifhrwfonf/ {nfh0wfausyGefrI&SdMuonf/awmawmifxJwGif awmif,mvkyfief;? trJvdkufvkyfief;? pkdufysKd;a&;vkyfief;rsm;jzifh toufarG;0rf;ausmif;ûyolrsm;jzpfí avmb

14


odyfrBuD;ay/ om;&Jwd&pämefrsm;ESifh awGUêuHrIvnf;&SdMuojzifh touftEÅ&m,ftwGuf vHkYv? 0D&d, &SdMuonf/ pm;0wfaea&;twGufvHkYv? 0D&d,xm;í vkyfukdifMuonf/

xdkYjyif vDqlvlrsKd;wkdYonf jypfrIBuD;i,f ay:aygufvmrIenf;yg;onf/ ucsifrsKd;EG,fpk0if (6) rsKd;teuf wpfrsKd;jzpfaom*sdef;azmh? avmfa0:? vmcsd'f? Zkdif0g;? &0rf uJhokdY tkyfcsKyfa&;wGifajrykdif? ajr&Sif? 'l0g? e,fykdif? awmifydkifESifh ajr&SifuJhokdYaom 'l0gvlwef;pm;? tkyfcsKyfolvlwef;pm; ponfwkdY r&Sdjcif;? &Srf;vlrsKd;rsm;uJhodkY apmfbGm;tkyfcsKyfrIrsKd; r&Sdjcif;aMumifh tm;vHk;u aus;&Gma'owpfcktwGif;ü MoZmwduúr&Sdoludk vlBuD;wifajr§mufí 4if;vlBuD;\pD&ifqHk;jzwfrIudk vkdufemMuonf/

{nfh0wfausyGefrIrSmvnf; vDqlvlrsKd;rsm;onf tvGeftHhMop&maumif;onf/ qif;&Jcsrf;omra&G;? rsufESmBuD;i,fra&G;? vlrsKd;ra&G;? olpdrf;olusufra&G;? tdrfwGifaexdkifpOf umvwpfavQmufrnfrQyifMumap ae&mxdkifcif;ay;jcif;? tauR;tarG; tpm;taomufrsm;jzifh MunfjzLpGm{nfhcHwwfjcif;wkdY&Sdonf/ tcsKdU{nfhonfrsm;onfvESifhcsDí aexdkifMuonfhwkdif tdrf&Sifu MunfjzLpGm {nfh0wfûyonfukd awGU&onf/ ûrdU&Gma'otvkduf ukefaps;EIef;BuD;jrifhrI? qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI ponfhtaMumif;w&m;rsm;ukd xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;jcif;r&SdbJ{nfhonftay:xm;&Sdaom vDqltdrf&Sifrsm;\ {nfh0wå&m;ausyGefrIrSmESpfoufzG,faumif;ouJhokdY tHhMoav;pm;zG,fvnf;jzpfayonf/

&JpGrf;owåd&Sd&mwGifvnf; vDqlwkdYonf pHerlem,lavmufaomom"ursm;&Sdonf/ e,fcsJUt*Fvdyfrsm;? zufqpf*syefrsm;ukd wGef;vSef&mwGifvnf; EkdifiHawmftpdk;&ESifh yl;aygif;vufwGJí wkdufcdkufcJhaomom"ursm;pGm &SdcJhonf/


jrpfBuD;em;e,f vDqltrsKd;om;ESif h trsKd;orD;jrpfBuD;em;e,f vDqltrsKd;om;ESif h trsKd;orD;

jrpfBuD;em;e,f vDqltrsKd;om;ESif h trsKd;orD;jrpfBuD;em;e,f vDqltrsKd;om;ESif h trsKd;orD;

jrpfBuD;em;e,f vDqltrsKd;om;ESif h trsKd;orD;

vDqlwkd Y\ rlvtrnfemrESif h trnfac:yH kvDqlwkd Y\ rlvtrnfemrESif h trnfac:yH kvDqlwkd Y\ rlvtrnfemrESif h trnfac:yH kvDqlwkd Y\ rlvtrnfemrESif h trnfac:yH kvDqlwkd Y\ rlvtrnfemrESif h trnfac:yH k

vDqlvlrsKd;wkdY\ rlvtrnfrSm vDql[líomjzpfonf/ tjcm;trnfuGJr&Sdyg/ a&S;ya0oPDrSpí ,aeYwkdif tajymif;tvJr&Sday/vDql[laomtrnfudk rnfonhftcsdefrSpí rnfolu ac:a0:cJhonfukd wduspGmrod&aomfvnf; ,cktcg tm&SwkdufwGifaexkdifMuaomvDqlpum;ajymqkdMuoltm;vHk;wkdYonf rdrdwdkYtrsKd;ukd vDqlvlrsKd;[kac:a0:Muonf/

rEkóaA'ynm&Sifrsm; tqkdt&vnf;aumif;? orkdif;okawoDrsm;\ rSwfwrf;ûycsuft&vnf;aumif; vDqlvlrsKd;onfwdbufjrefrmtEG,f0ifjzpfNyD; vdkvdkrkqkd;tkyfpkwGif yg0ifaMumif;azmfjyxm;onf/ odkYaomf vDqlvlrsKd;udk tcsKdUu vDpl;? vDqkd? vDa&Sm?a&m&if? csD;&Sef? vDql; [lí ac:a0:jcif;rSm rrSefuefaom tac:ta0:rsm;jzpfNyD; vDqlwkdY\rlvtrnfrSefrSm vDql[líomjzpfonf/ tcsKdUrSmvlrsKd;trnfukdjzpfap? t&m0w¬Ktrnfukdjzpfap oD;jcm;pum;wpfvHk;csif; (okdY) pum;vHk;rsm;aygif;pyfí t"dyÜm,fzGifhqkdjcif;rsm;&Sdae&mþae&mwGif vDql[laomtrnfrSm rlvtrnftwkdif; oD;oefYjzpf&mjynfhpHkaompum;? jynfhpHkaomt"dyÜm,f? jynfhpHkaomtrnfjzpfaMumif;od&Sd&ayonf/


vDqlwdkif;&if;om;rsm;\trnf rSnfhac:yHkrSm pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;vSonf/ rSwfom;&vG,fulonf/ emrnfukd Mum;½Hkjzifhom;BuD;? om;vwf? om;i,f? yxrom;? 'kwd,om; ponfjzifhodEkdifonf/ xkdYtwl orD;BuD;? orD;vwf? orD;i,f? orD;axG;ponfjzifhvnf; od&SdEkdifonf/ trnfrSnhfac:&mwGif vDqlvlrsKd;pkudktajccHí rSnfhac:aMumif;vnf; awGU&onf/ xdkYtwl ae&ma'ot&uGJjym;rI&SdaMumif;vnf; owdxm;rdonf/ txl;ojzifhum; vDqlwkdY\ trnfrSnfhac:yHkwGif ucsifjynfe,f? &Srf;jynfe,f? rEÅav;wkdif;rkd;ukwfESifh tjcm;aoma'orsm;rS trnfrSnfhac:yHkrsm;ESifh ucsifjynfe,f ylwmtkdûrdUe,f? rcsrf;abmûrdUe,fa'orsm;\ trnfrSnfhac:yHkwkdYrSmuGJjym;jcm;em;rI&Sdonf/ odkYaomfvnf; emrnfukdac:vkduf½Hkjzifhylwmtkd? rcsrf;abmûrdUe,f a'orsm;\ trnfrSnfhac:yHkwkdYrSm uGJjym;jcm;em;rI&Sdonf/ odkYaomfvnf; emrnfukdac:vkduf½Hkjzifh ylwmtkd?rcsrf;abma'orS vDql[kwfr[kwfudkvnf; tvG,fwul cGJjcm;em;vnfEkdifayonf/

om"utm;jzifh iGm;aqGrsKd;pk (ig;rsKd;) rdom;pk\ trnfac:yHkudk wifjyvkdygonf/

ta&twGuf om; orD;

yxr iGm;wm; iGm;rD;

'kwd, iGm;av; iGm;rav;

wwd, iGm;aqm iGm;raqm

pwkw¬ iGm;qD iGm;rqD17


yOör iGm;0l iGm;r0l

q|r iGm;vl; iGm;rvl;

owår iGm;csD; iGm;rcsD;

t|r iGm;yg; iGm;ryg;

e0r iGm;MuL iGm;rMuL

'or iGm;r,f rif; iGm;rr,f rif;

xdkYtwl tjcm;aqGrsKd;trnfrsm;udk rSnfhac:vQifvnf; iGm;ae&mwGif vjrm? acg? a0g? vDponfjzifh xnfhí rSnfhac:jcif;rsKd;jzpfonf/

omorD;rsm;trnfukd rSnfhac:&mwGif yxrom;BuD;arG;íiGm;wm;[kac:NyD; 'kwd,orD;udk iGm;rav;[k rSnfhac:&jcif;rsKd;r[kwfay/ yHkpHtm;jzifh om; (4) a,mufarG;NyD;rS orD;xyfarG;vQifvnf; orD;rsm;xJrS yxrqHk;arG;oljzpfí iGm;rD;[komrSnfhac:onf/om;orD; (5) a,mufjzpfí (5) a,mufajrmufzGm; orD;rdef;uav;jzpfonf[kqkdum iGm;rpl[k rSnfhac:jcif;rûybJ iGm;rD;[kom rSnfhac:&jcif;jzpfonf/

tvm;wl orD;rsm;csnf;arG;NyD; owårajrmufuav;rSma,mufsm;av;jzpfí owårajrmufemrnf iGm;csD;[k rrSnfhac:ay/om;rsm;xJwGif yxrqHk;om;jzpfí iGm;wm;[líom rSnfhac:&onf/

ucsifjynfe,f? ylwmtkda'o&Sd vDqlvlrsKd;rsm;\ rSnfhac:yHkrSmwpfrsKd;wpfyHkpHjzpfygonf/ om"utm;jzifh iGm;aqGrsKd;pk rdom;pk0iftrnfrSnfhac:yHkudkyif wifjyvkdygonf/


ta&twGuf om; orD;

yxr iGm;zl; iGm;em

'kwd, iGm;wd iGm;nD

wwd, iGm;cd iGm;csm

pwkw¬ iGm;qD iGm;wl

yOör iGm;NyD; iGm;*D

q|r iGm;*kd iGm;qD

owår iGm;wD; iGm;&S,f

t|r iGm;*,f iGm;ae

e0r iGm;zl iGm;zD

'or iGm;xl iGm;cl

ylwmtkda'o vDqlwkdif;&if;om;wkdY\ trnfrSnfhac:&mwGifvnf; ucsifjynfe,f? &Srf;jynfe,f? rEÅav;wkdif;? ppfudkif;wkdif;a'o&Sd vDqlvlrsKd;rsm;\ om;orD;? tBuD;ti,f rSnfhac:yHkuJhokdYwlnDvSayonf/ om;a,mufsm;av;csnf; (3) OD; arG;NyD;rS pwkw¬ajrmufrSm orD;rdef;uav;arG;aomfvnf; iGm;wlrrSnfhac:ay/ iGm;em[k rSnfhac:&onf/ tb,fhaMumifhqkdaomf orD;rdef;uav;rsm;xJrSyxrqHk;orD;tBuD;jzpfí iGm;wl[krac:&bJ iGm;em[kom ac:&jcif;jzpfonf/ xdkYtwl orD;rdef;uav;rsm; (3) OD;arG;NyD;rS om;a,mufsm;av; pwkw¬ajrmufom;jzpfí iGm;qD;[krrSnfhac:&ay/ om;a,mufsm;av; yxrqHk;jzpfí iGm;zl;[k rSnfhac:&onf/


vDqlwkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;\ trnfrSnfhac:yHkonf 4if;wkdY\½kd;&m,Ofaus;rIudktajccHí rSnfhac:xm;jcif;aMumifh rSwfom;&müvG,fulí pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;aom trnfrSnfhac:enf;jzpfaMumif;od&SdEdkifayonf/

wpfzef vDqlwkdYonf zrsKd;,lpepfukd tajccHívnf;aumif;?rsKd;½kd;wlpkudk t"duxm;ívnf;aumif;? emrrSnfhac:rI&SdMuonf/odkYjzpfí rnfonfhvlrsKd;rsm;ESifh rwlnDaom trnfrSnfhac:yHkrSmpdwf0ifpm;zG,fjzpfayonf/

urÇmhorkdif;wGif jyifopfü [ife&D[laomtrnfudk ]][ife&D 4}}? [ife&D5? [ife&D6 ponfjzifhvnf;aumif; rSnfhac:xm;aMumif; awGU&onf/ odkYaomf xkdodkYemrnfrSnfhac:rIrSm rlvemrnfwpfckudk tajccHNyD; om;pOfajr;quf ]][ife&D}} [laomemrnf?]]vl0D}} [laomemrnfukd trSwfpOfwyfí rSnfhac:jcif;jzpfonf/ArmvlrsKd;rsm;url zcifemrnfukd okdYr[kwf rdcifemrnfudkxnfhíom;orD;emrnfukd rSnfhac:vmonfudk awGU&onf/ Oyrm- OD;armifaZmf\ om;orD;rsm;ukd armifoD[aZmf? armif0PÖaZmf? roD&daZmf?rcifrmaZmf ponfjzifh ac:wwfMuonf/ rdcif a':cifoEÅmOD;\om;orD;rsm;udk armifcifarmifOD;? armifawZmOD;? rtdoEÅm?rrsKd;oEÅm ponfjzifh rSnfhac:wwfMuonf/ xdkYtwl arG;aeY? arG;eHtvdkuf rSnfhac:onfrsKd;vnf; &Sdonfudk awGU&onf/

odkYaomf vDqlwdkY\ trnfrSnfhac:yHkum; xkdokdYr[kwf?rnfonhfvlrsKd;rsm;ESifhrQ rwlnDbJ tbDemrnf? tbdk;emrnf? zcifemrnfrsm;ESifh wdwdusus wlnDrI&SdwwfMuonf/ xdkodkYwlnDrIonf


wlnDap&ef rSnfhac:Mujcif;rsKd;? wlnDrI&Sd&ef tbD? tbdk;? zcifwkdY\emrnfukdxnhfí rSnfhac:jcif;rsKd;um;r[kwfacs/ emrnfrSnfhac:yHk?emrnfay;yHkrSm rsKd;½dk;wlpktvdkuf om;orD;OD;a&t& tBuD;? ti,f?tvwfukd tajccHay;jcif;jzpf&m trnfwlnDrIrsm; &Sdvm&avawmhonf/

om"utm;jzifh iGm;rsKd;EG,fpkwkdY\ pwkw¬ajrmufom; OD;iGm;qDrS zcif OD;iGm;qD? om; OD;iGm;qD [lí &SdEkdifonf/ emrnfwl&SdEkdifonf/þodkYemrnfwlMu&onfhtaMumif;rSm vDqlwdkY\ emrnfrSnfhac:yHkrSmyifvQif om; (pwkw¬) ajrmuf om;wkdif;onf OD;iGm;qDyifjzpf&ayonf/

AsmrsKd;qkdvQif OD;Asmav;onf 'kwd,ajrmufom;ukd ac:jcif;jzpf&m 4if;rS 'kwd,om;udk arG;vQif Asmav;[kyifrSnfhac:&av&mzcifESifhom; emrnfwl&awmhonf/ 4if;om;Asmav;rS wpfzef 'kwd,om;udk arG;vQifvnf; Asmav;[kyif rSnfhac:&jyef&m tbdk;? zcif?om;wkdYrSm emrnfwl&avonf/ xkdYtwl om;Asmav;rS wpfzef'kwd,om;arG;vQifvnf; Asmav;[kyif rSnfh&ojzifh tbD? tbdk;?zcif? om;wkdYonf qufumqufum emrnfwl&jcif;jzpf&m rsKd;½dk;t&emrnfwlnD&avonf/

odkYaomf orD;wkdY\ emrnfwGifrl rnfonfhtcgrS tarESifhorD; emrnfwlnDrI r&SdEkdifay/ taMumif;rSm zcifrsKd;EG,fpk zcifemrnfukdom emrnfrSnfhac:aomaMumifh rdcifemrnfESifh trnfrSnfhac:aomaMumifh rdcifemrnfESifh trnfrSnfhac:avhr&SdaomaMumifhjzpfonf/


Oyrm- a':0lrqD;onf pwkw¬ajrmuforD;udk rSnfhac:jcif;jzpf&m 4if;\ arG;aom pwkw¬ajrmuforD;udk 0lrqD;[lí rSnfhac:ír&ay/ 0lrsKd;trsKd;orD;ESifh vufxyfolrSm 0lrsKd;wl rjzpf&aomaMumifh0lrsKd;rSvGJaom trsKd;om;ESifhom tdrfaxmifûy&ojzifh (0lrsKd;zcifr[kwfojzifh) 0lrqD;[lí rSnfhac:jcif;rûy/ odkYjzpf&m 0lrqD;[lí wlnDEkdifp&m taMumif;r&Sdawmhacs/

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Armpum;ESif hwlnDaom vDqlpum;rsm;Armpum;ESif hwlnDaom vDqlpum;rsm;Armpum;ESif hwlnDaom vDqlpum;rsm;Armpum;ESif hwlnDaom vDqlpum;rsm;Armpum;ESif hwlnDaom vDqlpum;rsm;

jrefrmEkdifiHwGif rSDwif;aexdkifMuaom wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;EG,fpkwkdYonf a&S;ya0oPDESpfrsm;pGmuyif at;twlyltrQ OruGJokdufrysuf pkpnf;aexkdifvmcJhMuonfukd orkdif;u oufaocHvsuf&Sdayonf/

xdkvlrsKd;EG,fpkwkdYonf jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;okdY 0ifa&mufaexdkifMu&mwGif rEkóaA'tqkdt& rGef*dkrsKd;EG,frS aygufzGm;qif;oufcJhMuonf[k od&onf/ jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;okdY 0ifa&muf&mwGifvnf;tkyfpk (3) pkcGJí 0ifa&mufcJhMuonf[k qkdygonf/ xkdtkyfpkrsm;rSmrGefcrmtkyfpk? wdbufjrefrmtkyfpkESifh xkdif;? w½kwftkyfpkwkdYjzpfonf/yxrOD;pGm 0ifa&mufvmolrsm;rSm rGefcrmtkyfpkjzpfonf/ wdbufjrefrmtkyfpkonf rGefcrmtkyfpkBuD; 0ifa&mufvmNyD;aemufrS 0ifa&mufcJhMujcif;jzpfNyD;? xkdif;w½kwftkyfpkurl aemufqHk;0ifa&mufcJhMujcif;jzpfonf/

þodkY tkyfpkrsm;cGJí 0ifa&mufvmMu&mwGif 'kwd,0ifa&mufcJhonfh wdbufjrefrmtkyfpkonf tkyfpk (3) pk cGJí vrf;aMumif;oHk;oG,frS jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;odkY 0ifa&mufvmcJhMuavonf/ 4if;wkdYrSm jrefrmESifh a&S;OD;jrefrmtkyfpk? csif;? ucsiftkyfpkESifh vkdvdkrkqkd;tkyfpkwkdYjzpfonf/

24


jrefrmESifh a&S;OD;jrefrmtkyfpkwGif Arm? avmfa0:? vmcsd'f?&0rfESifh Zkdif;0g;wkdY yg0ifonf/ 4if;wkdYonf {&m0wDjrpfzsm;ydkif;?arcjrpf0Srf;ykdif;a'orsm;wGif pwifaexkdifMuNyD;aemuf ûrdU&Gmrsm;wnfaxmifaexdkifMuonf/ tcsKdUonf {&m0wDjrpf½kd;wpfavQmufqif;oufoGm;NyD; ûrdU&Gmrsm; wnfaxmifaexkdifMuavonf/ tcsKdUrSm,ck ucsifjynfe,fawmifwef;a'orsm;? arc? arvdc jrpf0Srf;a'orsm;? arc? arvdc jrpfESpfoG,fMum;a'orsm;? arc? arvdc jrpf0J,ma'orsm;wGif tajccsaexdkifMuonf/

csif;? ucsiftkyfpkwGif *sdef;azmhESifh csif;vlrsKd;rsm;yg0if\/4if;wkdYonf tmoHESifh jA[®ykwå&jrpfaMumif;a'orsm;rSwpfqifhjrefrmEkdifiHtaemufajrmufykdif;a'orsm;? csif;jynfe,f? [l;aumif;csKdifh0Srf;a'orsm;? ucsifjynfe,f taemufajrmufykdif;a'orsm;okdY0ifa&mufaexkdifMuonf/

xdkYtwl vdkvdkrkqkd;tkyfpkwGifvnf; vkdvdk? vDql? vm;[l?rkqkd? tDaumvlrsKd;rsm;yg0ifonf/ vdkvdkrkqkd;tkyfpkonf a&S;OD;jrefrmtkyfpkESifhtwl rGef*dkvD,mukef;jyifjrifhrS awmifbufodkY a&TUajymif;aexdkifcJholrsm;jzpfMuonf/ 4if;wkdYonf oHvGifjrpf? {&m0wDjrpf jrpfzsm;ydkif;a'orsm;? w½kwfjrefrme,fpyfa'o awmifMum;vrf;rsm;rSonfjrefrmEkdifiHwGif;odkY 0ifa&mufaexdkifMuolrsm;jzpfMuonf/ vDqlwkdYyg0ifonfh vdkvdkrkqkd;tkyfpkonf jrefrmESifh a&S;OD;jrefrmtkyfpkrsm;?csif;? ucsiftkyfpk0ifrsm;uJhodkY rGef*kdvlrsKd;EG,fpk0ifrsm;jzpfjcif;? wdbufjrefrmtkyfpk0ifrsm;jzpfjcif;ESifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif;odkY 0ifa&mufaexkdifMujcif;wkdYrSm ckdifvHkaomom"u taxmuftxm;rsm;&SdaMumif; orkdif;rSwfwrf;rsm;u qkdygonf/


xkdYtjyif rEkóaA'ynm&Sifrsm;uvnf; vlrsKd;qkdonfrSmyx0Dtaetxm; wm;qD;ydkif;jcm;xm;ojzifh ESpfumvMum&SnfpGmoD;jcm;&yfwnfaeaom vlrsKd;udk ac:qkdjcif;jzpfonf[k vufcHxm;Muonf/ þwGif trsKd;om;acgif;aqmifBuD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\vlrsKd;ESifhywfoufaom rdefYrSmcsufudk owd&p&mjzpfonf/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u ]]vlrsKd;qkdonfrSm okc? 'ku© twlcHpm;Muí eD;eD;pyfpyftusKd;csif;xyfNyD;vQif ESpfy&dapä'&Snfvsm;pGm wpfrsKd;wpfpm;wnf;yif[k pdwfxm;&SdolwkdYukd wpfpkwnf;aygif;í ac:a0:jcif;omjzpfayonf/ trsKd;tEG,f? udk;uG,fonhfbmomw&m; ajymqkdonfhbmompum;wkdYudk ta&;xm;&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; pifppfrSm at;twlyltrQaumif;wlqkd;zuf yl;aygif;vsuf aevkdMuaom tpOftvm qE´tay:wGif 0HomEk&u©dww&m;onf wnfaeay\}} [k rdefYMum;xm;ygonf/

rEkóaA'ynmtqdkESifh trsKd;om;acgif;aqmifBuD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ rdefYMum;csufwkdYonf jrefrmEkdifiHwGif wnfrSDaeMuaom jynfaxmifpkzGm;wkdif;&if;om;nDtpfukd armifESrrsm;ukd t"duñTef;qkdaom orkdif;rSwfwrf;rsm;yrm jzpfcJhyg\/

odkYjzpfí wkdif;&if;om;rsm;onf trsKd;tEG,f? udk;uG,fonfhbmomw&m;? ajymqkdonfhbmompum; uGJjym;jcm;em;aeapumrla&S;ya0oPDESpfrsm;pGmu bkd;wlbGm;wlrS qif;oufcJhMuNyD; aumif;wlqkd;zuf aexdkifvmcJhMuaom tpOftvmt& vDqlwkdYonf ArmvlrsKd;rsm;ESifh aqGrsKd;&if;csmrsm;jzpfcJhMuonf[k cH,l&rnfomjzpfygonf/,aeY vDqlwkdY\ bmompum;toHk;tEIef;onf ArmwkdY\ bmom


pum;toHk;tEIef;ESifh wlnDaerI&Sdaejcif;rsm;onf a&S;ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmubkd;bGm;wl? aoG;om;wl? aqGrsKd;aygufazmfrsm;onf a&S;ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmu bdk;bGm;wl? aoG;om;wl? aqGrsKd;aygufazmfrsm;jzpfaMumif;odomvSayonf/ ]]aoG;uajymaompum;}} [líyif jrefrmrIe,fy,fü toHk;wGifaom pum;rsm;uJhodkY aoG;wlom;wlrsm;nDtpfukdarmifESrrsm; jzpfcJhMuíom þodkYbmompum;rsm; eD;pyfrI&Sdonf[k ,lq&ayonf/ Armpum;ESifh vDqlpum;wkdYonf wlnDrI&SdyHkukd atmufygtwkdif; awGU&Sd&ayonf/

Armpum; vDqlpum;

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odkYjzpfí vDqlwkdY\ pum;toHk;tEIef;onf ArmwkdY\pum;toHk;tEIef;ESifh tcsKdUpum;t&mwkdYwGif wlnDaeonfukd awGU&Sd&avonf/

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

bmompum;bmompum;bmompum;bmompum;bmompum;

vDqlvlrsKd;rsm;onf pmayta&;tom;ray:aygufrD a&S;ya0oPDuyif bmompum;&SdcJhonf/ rsKd;EG,fpktrnftrsKd;rsKd; &SdMuaomfvnf; pum;ajymqkd&m? qufqH&mwGif wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; em;rvnfEkdifavmufatmif uGJjym;jcm;em;csufrsm; r&SdcJhyg/ e,fajra'otvkdufwpfae&mESifhwpfae&m ac:a0:oHk;pGJyHkrsm; tenf;i,fuGJjym;jcm;em;rI&Sdaomfvnf; trsm;tm;jzifh em;vnfMuavonf/ vDqlbmompum;wGif-

(u) rl&if;vDqlpum;

(c) vDqlaempum;

(*) vDqlavr,fpum;

[lí oHk;rsKd;&Sdonf/ xdkodkY pum;oHk;rsKd;&Sdaomfvnf; vDqlvlrsKd;pk0if tdrfaxmifpkwGJtm;vkH;onf ]]rl&if;vDql}} pum;ukdomoHk;pGJMuonf/ ]]vDqlaem}} pum;ESifh ]]vDqlavr,f}} pum;ajymolrsm;onfvnf; rl&if;vDql pum;ukdom oHk;pGJrIrsm;jym;aMumif;awGU&Sd&onf/


xdkYjyif a'oEÅ&pum;&yf (10) rsKd;xdyif &Sdaomfvnf;rdrdwdkY aexkdif&ma'otvkduf tenf;i,fuGJjym;jcm;em;rI&Sdavonf/xdkodkY uGJjym;jcm;em;rI&SdMuonfrSm awmawmifxlxyfaom ae&yfa'orsm;wGifom taersm;jcif;aMumifh vrf;yef;qufoG,frIcufcJjcif;?wpfae&mESifhwpfae&m ul;vl;qufqHrI enf;yg;jcif;wkdYaMumifh jzpfonf/ odkYaomf vDqlvlrsKd;rsm;onf rnfrQyif e,fajra'o a0;uGmaomfvnf; ododomom uGJjym;jcm;em;aom wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; em;rvnfEkdif[k,lq&onfh bmompum;oHk;EIef;rItrsKd;rsKd;ukdvnf;em;vnfrI &SdMuonf/

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

29

pmaypmaypmaypmaypmay

vDqlvlrsKd;rsm;onf awmawmifxlxyfaom t&yfa'orsm;wGifom aexdkifavh&SdMuolrsm;jzpfí awmif,mckwfjcif; uRrf;usifMuygonf/ odkYjzpf&m awmif,mtwGuf opfyifukd ckwfxpfí oauFwjzifh rSwfom;Muygonf/ ysm;tHkawGUaomf wkdifpkdufí rSwfom;Muonf/ ajrBuD;udk &Sif;vif;íxm;jcif;jzifh rSwfom;Muonf/rd½kd;zvmvkyfief;jzpfonfh tdrfaqmufjcif;? toHk;taqmify&dabm*vkyfjcif;? awmif;? yvkdif;? qefaum? qefcg&ufvkyfjcif;? t0wftxnf&ufvkyfjcif;? yef;yJyef;&Hvkyfjcif; ponfh vufrIynmukdwwfuRrf;Mu? vkyfukdifMuaomfvnf; pmaywwfuRrf;ol? pmayynm&yfrsm; r&SdcJhí pmayjzifh rSwfwrf;ûypkjcif; r&SdcJhay/ okdYjzpfíoauFwjzifh trSwftom;ûycJhMujcif; jzpfonf/

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,cktcgwGif vDqlvlrsKd;rsm;onf pmay[lí ckdifckdifrmrmay:xGef;vmcJhNyD;jzpfonf/ 1906 ckESpfrSpí omoemûyt*FvdyfvlrsKd;q&mBuD; a*stkdza&qmESifh u&ifvlrsKd;q&mBuD; OD;baomfwkdYua&mrtu©&mudk tajcûyí vDqlpmayudk wDxGifay;cJhonf/ vDqlpmay wDxGif&mwGif vDqlvlrsKd;rsm;xJrS OD;Zifbm? OD;*ltm;0l?OD;aZmfuemvl? OD;ac:blESifh OD;iGm;wm;wkdYuyg yg0ifulnDcJhMuonf/vDqlpmayrSm vDqlvlrsKd;rsm; toHk;ûyaeNyD; c&pf,mefbmoma&;pmaytjzpfvnf;aumif;? ynma&;? vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&;e,fy,frsm;üvnf;aumif; toHk;ûyvsuf&SdaMumif; avhvmod&Sd&onf/

vDqltu©&mrSm a&mrtu©&mudk tajccHxm;&m Asnf; (40)vHk;&Sdavonf/

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vDqlwkdY\ ,HkMunfudk;uG,frIudk oHk;rsKd;awGU&Sd&onf/ 4if;wkdYrSm-

(u) ewfudk;uG,fjcif;

(c) c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;jzpfvmjcif;

(*) Ak'¨bmomudk;uG,fjcif; wkdYjzpfonf/

(u) ewfudk;uG,fjcif;(u) ewfudk;uG,fjcif;(u) ewfudk;uG,fjcif;(u) ewfudk;uG,fjcif;(u) ewfudk;uG,fjcif;

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odkYaomf a&S;bkd;bGm;pOfqufuyif wefckd;&SifwpfOD;OD;&SdcJhonf[kvnf; ,HkMunf,lqMuonf/ 4if;wefcdk;&SifrSm ay:qmac: bk&m;[k qkdonf/ taMumif;udpöwpfpHkwpf&m&Sdygu ay:qmukd wkdifwnfonf/ tultnDawmif;onf[kqkdygonf/ 4if;wefcdk;&Sif bk&m;rSmewftm;vHk;xJü wefcdk;&Sifewf[kvnf; cH,lxm;cJhMuonf/ ewftm;vHk;xufydkí wefckd;&Sdonf[kvnf; ,HkMunfrI&SdcJhMuonf/odkYaomf vufawGUusaom udk;uG,frI r&SdcJhay/


a&S;bkd;bGm;tpOftqufuyif ewfrsm;udk ukd;uG,favh&SdMuonf/ ewfrsm;u vludk rponf/ aumif;usKd;ûyonf/ ewfrsm;uyifvlwkdYudk ajcmufvSefYwwfonf/ xdwfvefYaponf/ qkd;usKd;udk jzpfay:aponf/ xdkYaMumifh ewfukdvlu udk;uG,frSom ewfuMunhf½Iapmifha&Smufonf/ u,fronf/ aumif;usKd;ûyonf[k ,HkMunfrI&SdcJhMuonf/ xdkYaMumifhvnf; vDqlwkdYonf a&S;bkd;bGm;rsm;vufxufuyif ewfukd;uG,frI &SdcJhjcif;jzpfonf/

ewftrsKd;rsKd;&Sdonf[k ,HkMunfMuonf/ ]]qDeD}} ac:,Ofaus;aom ewfonf tdrfrSm&SdNyD; ]]eDaum}} ac: ½kdif;aomewfonf tdrfjyifyae&mrsm;wGif &Sdonf[k ,HkMunfonf/ xdktxJü]]cseD}} ac: ewfqkd;wpfyg;rSm vludk tNrJwap 'ku©ay;aomqkd;usKd;ewfjzpfí 4if;ewfauseyf&ef tNrJvkdvdkawmif;yefae&onf[kqkdygonf/ xdkYjyif a&? ajr? av? Mu,f? ausmufwef;? ausmufaqmifrsm;rSmyif ewf (7) yg;&Sdonf[k ,HkMunfonf/ vlwkdY ewfudka&SmifMuOfí r&yg/ ewfrsm;u wm;jrpfxm;aom tcsufrsm;&Sdonf/4if;wm;jrpfcsufukd usL;vGefazmufzsufygu ewfzrf;pm;onf[kt,l&SdMuonf/

xdckduf'Pf&m&jcif;? zsm;emjcif;? wpfpHkwpf&m qkd;usKd;'ku©awGUjcif;ponfwkdYrSm ewfaMumifhomjzpfonf/ ewfuzrf;pm;íomjzpfonf/ jzpfysufrItm;vHk;onf ewfuzefwD;onf[k ,HkMunfMuonf/ylaZmf&jcif;jzpfí vltm;vHk;wkdYu rdom;pkrSpí wpf&GmvHk;? wpfe,fvHk;ewfylaZmfyo&aom "avhxHk;pHrsm;jzpfcJhonf/

33


&Gmwpf&GmvQif &Gmapmifhewfae&mudk a&G;cs,f&onf/ &Gmapmifhewfae&efrSm &Gmtxufjrif haomae&m? tyif&S daomae&mü]]q,frdef;}} ac: ewfpifûyvkyfí trkd;rdk;ay;&onf/ 4if;&GmapmifhewfrSm ]]tyg;armf}} ac: tbdk;ewf? toufBuD;qHk;ewfjzpfonf/&Gmukdapmifha&SmufumuG,fonfh ewfjzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí wpf&GmvHk;u&Gmapmifhewfukd t½dktaoûy&onf/ tav;teufxm;&onf/&Gmapmifhewfudk t½kdtaoray;ygu ylaZmfyorIrûyygu wpf&GmvHk;udk'ku©ay;wwfonf/ Oyrm- &GmapmifhewfpifteD;&Sd opf&Gufukd cl;rdjcif;?tdrfajr§mif? ykwfoifndKponfh taumifwpfaumifukd ypfrdjcif;ûyyguûyolukd ewfuzrf;pm;avonf/ vlrIa&;azmufjyefrI&Sdyguvnf;usL;vGefypfrSm;olrSm xdcdkufrI'ku©rsKd;pHk êuHawGU&avonf/ odkYjzpfí&Gmapmifhewfukd ylaZmfyorIûy&onf/ &GmapmifhewfrSm &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;\ tusifhpm&dwå ûyjyifrIudkyg xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufay;aom tbdk;ewfjzpfí tm;vHk;u rxDrJhjrif rûy0HhbJ t½dktaoay;&onf/ &GmysufpD;vQifaomfrS &Gmapmifhewfpifukd zsufír&ay/ ESpfpOfESpfwkdif;ESpfopful;csdefü &GmvHk;uRwfylaZmf&avonf/ &Gmapmifhewfudk ewf,Of[kvnf; qkdEkdifonf/

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ewfylaZmfaomypönf;udkom wjcm;ae&mrSm iSm;í oHk;&onf[kqkdygonf/

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2/ NrDemeD urÇmapmifhewf

3/ rlZleD rkd;êud;ewf

4/ ae;a[eD ajrBuD;ewf

5/ atmf'Dpl awmapmifhewf

6/ eDrl awmifapmifhewf

7/ &Dwlpl jrpfacsmif;apmifhewf

8/ *smh*l; vrf;ESifhawmifMum;apmifhewf

9/ &d'grm e,fapmifhewf

10/ tm;yg;rl &Gmapmifhewf

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12/ rDZleD raumif;usKd;ay;aomewf

13/ [l*l;eD em;rMum;aomewf


14/ [ifaumeD tdrfapmifhewf

15/ rma0:eD 0dnmOfudkzrf;pm;aomewf

16/ rD&SDeD ajcmufvSefYapaomewf

17/ rluGmeD rkd;ewf

18/ tAsmyg;eD 0ufyHkpHûyí udk;uG,f&aomewf

19/ ,dclaZmfeD nOfhapmifhewf

20/ qDeD ewfqdk;

xdkYjyif tjcm;trnfrodaomewfrsm;vnf; &Sdonf[kqkdygonf/

ewfq&mewfq&mewfq&mewfq&mewfq&m

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ewfESif h a&m*gukojcif;ewfESif h a&m*gukojcif;ewfESif h a&m*gukojcif;ewfESif h a&m*gukojcif;ewfESif h a&m*gukojcif;

wpfpHkwpfa,mufzsm;emvQif ewfq&mukdac:&onf/ ewfq&mu MuufukdMunhfNyD; rnfonfhewfu zrf;pm;onfudkodonf[kqkdonf/ rnfonhfewfzrf;onf/ bmawGjzpfaeonf/ bmawGvkdtyfonf/ b,fvdk,lqí &onf[k ajymEkdifonf/ tdrfjyifewf?awmawmifESifh tjcm;ewfrsm;u zrf;pm;vQif MuufxD;? 0ufxD;rsm;jzifh ylaZmf&onf/ awmapmifhewfjzpfygu wpfae&mrSmylaZmf&onf/0ufewfûypm;ygu opfom;ukd 0ufyHkûyvkyfí ylaZmf&onf/

vlwpfa,mufaexdkifraumif;ygu tm;enf;í jzpfonf[kqkdonf/ vdyfjymac:&onf/ xkdokdY vdyfjymac:&m 0ufwpfaumifudkowfí 0ufom;pm;? t&ufaomufNyD; vdyfjymac:aom oDcsif;udkqkd&onf/

tdrfwGif;rSmyif MuufxD;? Muufrrsm;udk owfum ewfpifukda& (6) cGuf jznfhí ukoonfhenf;rsm;vnf;&Sdonf/ xdkYjyifuJvm;aqmufNyD; a&m*gukojcif;rsm;vnf; awGU&onf/ opfom;ukdxGif;í xdyfESpfbufudk ajrrSm jr§KyfNyD; [kdbufonfbufacgufa&rnfrQ[k owfrSwfNyD; uJvm;ay:udk avQmufí uko&jcif;rsKd;vnf;&Sdonf/

xdkYjyif vdyfjymac:&mü trsKd;om;jzpfvQif êud;rQif (9) yif?trsKd;orD;jzpfvQif êud;rQif (7) yif vuf? vnfyif;rsm;ü csnfíuko&onfudkvnf; awGU&onf/ emwm&Snfzsm;emoljzpfyguêud;rsm;udk tNrJcsnfxm;&onf/ 4if;êud;rsm;ukd Munhfjcif;jzifhzsm;emol (okdY) tm;enf;olonf vdyfjymb,fESpfBudrfac:xm;onfudkodEkdifonf/


( c )( c )( c )( c )( c ) c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm; jzpfvmjcif; c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm; jzpfvmjcif; c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm; jzpfvmjcif; c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm; jzpfvmjcif; c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm; jzpfvmjcif;

vDqlwkdif;&if;om;wkdYonf a&S;bkd;bGm;tpOftqufu ewfukd;uG,frI&SdcJhaomfvnf; EkdifiHjcm;c&pf,mef omoemûyq&mrsm;?wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd; c&pf,mefomoemûyq&mrsm;\ aus;Zl;aMumifhc&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;tjzpf a&muf&SdcJhMuonf/

yxrOD;pGm vDqlvlrsKd;rsm;xJrS c&pf,mefbmom0ifjzpfvmolwkdYrSm OD;iGm;wm;ESifh a':*lem'lwkdYjzpfonf/ 4if;wkdY ESpfOD;onf q'Hk;awmifwef;a'obufrS jzpfMuonf[kqkdygonf/ 1900 jynfhESpfcefYu 4if;wkdYonf jrpfBuD;em;ûrdUodkY ajymif;a&TUaexdkifcJhMuonf/ xdktcsdefwGif tar&duefomoemûyq&mBuD; *dkuf(pf) \ aetdrfwGif OD;iGm;wm;ESifh a':*lem'lwkdYu tvkyfvkyfMu&onf[k qkdygonf/ xdkodkYq&mBuD; *kduf(pf) \ aetdrfwGif aezefrsm;vmaomtcg q&mBuD;\c&pfawmftm; 0wfûyjcif;? qkawmif;jcif;? usrf;pm&Gwfjcif;rsm;udkwpfpwpfpjrifawGUuRrf;0ifvm&mrS 1902 ckESpf? atmufwkdbmvwGif4if;wkdYESpfOD;pvHk;onf c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm; jzpfoGm;avawmhonf/

1906 ckESpfwGif tjcm;a'otoD;oD;rS vDqlvlrsKd;rsm;onfjrpfBuD;em;ûrdUe,f? refc&defa'oodkY a&muf&SdNyD; &GmwnfaexkdifMuonf/4if;wkdYonfvnf; c&pf,mefbmomodkY 0ifa&mufvmMuonf/ 1908ckESpfwGif ucsifawmifay:a'orsm;rS jrpfBuD;em;ûrdUokdY a&mufvmMuolrsm;xJwGif OD;aZmfqm? OD;*l? OD;ay:av;wkdYonf owårwef;atmifonftxd ynmoif,lcJhMuonf/ 4if;wkdYonfvnf; tpdk;&ynma&;Xmeausmif;rsm;? c&pf,mefbmomausmif;rsm;wGif ynmoif,lMuNyD;


rdefc&defaus;&Gm c&pf,mefbk&m;&Sdck d;ausmif;rdefc&defaus;&Gm c&pf,mefbk&m;&Sdck d;ausmif;

rdefc&defaus;&Gm c&pf,mefbk&m;&Sdck d;ausmif;rdefc&defaus;&Gm c&pf,mefbk&m;&Sdck d;ausmif;

rdefc&defaus;&Gm c&pf,mefbk&m;&Sdck d;ausmif;

rdrdwdkYa'ookdY jyefoGm;ívnf; omoemûyMuonf/ þodkYjzifhvDqlvlrsKd;rsm;onf c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm; jzpfvmMujyefonf/4if;aemufwGif u&ifvlrsKd; OD;baomfqkdola&muf&Sdvmí omoemûyq&mBuD; *kduf (pf) aygif;um vDqlpum;udkoifNyD; c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;jzpfap&ef omoemûycJhMuonf/ xdkYaemuf 1910-12 ckESpfrsm;wGif w½kwfjynf&Sd vDqlrsm;udk omoemûyol t*FvdyfvlrsKd;q&mBuD;*kduf(pf) ESifh q&mOD;baomfwkdY yl;aygif;í ûyvkyfaom vDqlpmayudkûypkNyD;aemuf 1920 ckESpfü jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd ESpfjcif;c&pf,mefomoemûyyHkESdyfwkdufwGif ½kdufESdyfxkwfa0cJhonf/ 4if;vDqlpmayjzifh vDqlvlrsKd;rsm;udk oifMum;NyD; omoemûycJhMuonf/


OD;aZmfqmonf q&mvufrSwf&onfhtcgü Aef;armfe,füc&pf,mefomoemjyefYyGm;a&;a[majymjcif;? pnf;½Hk;jcif;ûyvkyfcJh&mrSAef;armfa'o&Sd vDqlrsm;onfvnf; c&pf,mefbmomokdY ul;ajymif;a&muf&SdMuavonf/ 1918 ckESpfwGif OD;aZmfqmonf q'Hk;a'oüausmif;q&mwm0efxrf;aqmifNyD; vDqlrsm;udk omoemûy&m q'Hk;qrm;a'otygt0if ucsifawmifwef;e,frsm;onfvnf; c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm; jzpfMuavonf/

1921 ckESpfwGif &Srf;jynfe,fajrmufydkif;a'orsm;odkY a'ocHc&pf,mefq&m (37) OD;rSm omoemûycJh&m &Srf;jynfe,fajrmufydkif;a'o&Sd vDqlrsm;onfvnf; c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm; jzpfvmMuonf/ &Srf;jynfe,fajrmufykdif;a'o&Sd c&pf,mefomoemûy oif;axmufq&m (4) OD;rSm 1928 ckESpfwGif rEÅav;wkdif;? rkd;ukwfûrdUe,fodkYa&muf&SdNyD; omoemûy&m tdrf (4) tdrfrQom xdkpOfu c&pf,mefbmom0ifjzpfcJhMuonf[k qkdygonf/ 4if;aemuf ESpfjcif;r*FvmcH,l&eftwGuf jyifOD;vGifESifh rdw¬DvmûrdUrsm;&Sd oif;tkyfq&mrsm;udk yxrtokwftjzpf rkd;ukwfwGif ESpfjcif;cHay;oGm;&mrS rkd;ukwfwGifc&pf,mefomoemysHUESHUvmonf/ 1930 ckESpfavmufwGif OD;aZmfqmonf omoemûyq&mtjzpf a&muf&Sdum c&pf,mefomoemudkjyefYyGm;atmif aqmif&GufcJhjyefavonf/

þodkYjzifh c&pf,mefomoemonf jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd vDqlrsm;&Sd&me,fpyfa'orsm;qDodkY wpfpwpfp ysHUESHYNyD;omoemûycJh&m ucsifjynfe,f ylwmtkd? csDazG? aqmhavmf? qGrfy&mbGrf? wEkdif;? rcsrf;abmponfha'orsm;okdY ysHUESHYcJhavonf/


odkYaomf &Srf;jynfawmifydkif;&Sd vDqlrsm;rSmum; xdktcsdefuewfudk;uG,frIrsm;om&SdcJhonf/ 1953 ckESpfrSpí jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd vDqlc&pf,mef"r®q&m (19) OD;rS OD;aqmifum &Srf;jynfe,fawmifykdif;a'orsm;okdY c&pf,mefomoemûyvkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif&GufcJhMuonf/xdkYjyif rufqkdykdaw;rD;,m;a'owGif wm0efxrf;&GufcJhMuaomAkdvfBuD;NrDwHkwef ac: OD;aomif;0lESifh ar*smvqef*ef (OD;varwm;)wkdYrSvnf; jrefrmEkdifiHokdY jyefa&mufonfhtcg c&pf,mefbk&m;ausmif;rsm;wnfaqmufjcif;? ausmif;rsm;jyifqifjcif;jzifh c&pf,mefomoemudkyHhydk;ulnDaxmufyHhay;cJh&m 4if;wkdY\ *kPft&Sdeft0gjzifh vDqlvlrsKd;wkdYonf em;rsufpdyGifhvmNyD; c&pf,mefomoemodkY ajymif;vJudk;uG,fcJhonf/

þodkYjzifh jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd vDqlwkdif;&if;om;wdkYonf ewfukd;uG,frI&SdcJh&mrS c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;jzpfvmMuawmhonf/ odkYaomftcsKdUaom a'orsm;wGifrl ewfukd;uG,frIrsm;? Ak'¨bmomudk;uG,frIrsm;vnf;&SdaeMuonfudk avhvmod&Sd&onf/

( *( *( *( *( * ))))) Ak'¨bmom udk;uG,fjcif;Ak'¨bmom udk;uG,fjcif;Ak'¨bmom udk;uG,fjcif;Ak'¨bmom udk;uG,fjcif;Ak'¨bmom udk;uG,fjcif;

vDqlwkdYonf Ak'bmom udk;uG,fMuolrsm;vnf;&SdMuonf/Ak'¨bmom0if vDqlrsm;udk rEÅav;wkdif;wGif rkd;ukwfe,f? &Srf;jynfe,f awmifydkif;wGif awmifBuD;? [kdyHk;? vG,fvif? rkdif;yef? z,fcHk?erfhpefûrdUe,fwdkY&Sd tcsKdUa'orsm;ESifh ucsifjynfe,f jrpfBuD;em;? 0kdif;armf?tcsKdUa'orsm;wGif awGU&onf/ tcsKdUrSm oDv&Sif0wfívnf;aumif;?&SifomraP0wfívnf;aumif;&SdMuonf/ 4if;tjyif &[ef;abmifodkY


0ifaeaom vDqlvlrsKd;rsm;vnf; &Sdaeonf/ vDqlwkdYonf Ak'bmomukd ouf0if,HkMunfí a*gwrjrwfAk'¨\ omoemawmfukd aevkdvvdkxGef;awmufrIjzpfap&ef Ak'¨bmom\ tqHk;trudk udk;uG,f,HkMunfMuolrsm;vnf;&Sdav&m Ak'¨omoemawmftwGuf tm;&*kPf,lzG,f&maumif;vSayonf/

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

pum;yHk? pum;xmESif h yH kjyifrsm;pum;yHk? pum;xmESif h yH kjyifrsm;pum;yHk? pum;xmESif h yH kjyifrsm;pum;yHk? pum;xmESif h yH kjyifrsm;pum;yHk? pum;xmESif h yH kjyifrsm;

vDqlwkdYonf pum;ajymqkd&mwGifvnf;aumif;? om;pOfajr;quf vkdufemusifhoHk;ap&efvnf;aumif; pum;yHkrsm;? pum;xmrsm;? yHkjyifrsm;&SdcJhygonf/ pmayay:aygufvmonfrSm ESpf (100)cefYom&Sdao;onfjzpf&m vDqlvlrsKd;rsm; bkd;bGm;tpOftqufuyifwpfqifhpum; wpfqifhem;jzifh rSwfom;vmcJhMujcif;jzpfonf/

odkYaomf rSwfwrf;rSwf&mrsm;? taxmuftxm;rsm;? vlrsKd;EG,fpk\ orkdif;aMumif;qkdif&mtjzpftysuf? tcsuftvuf? tcsif;t&mrsm;onf ]]pmayjrifhrS vlrsKd;wifhrnf}} [laom pum;uJhodkY pmayr&SdcJhí yg;pyf&mZ0ifjzifhom ajymcJhMujcif;? vlBuD;olr ajympum;rsm;udkom rSwfom;cJhMu&jcif;aMumifh aemift&SnfwnfwHhckdifNrJap&efrSmpmay&SdrSom ckdifvHkwdusrI&Sdrnfjzpf&m pmayonf vlrsKd;\touf[kqdk&rnfomjzpfonf/

pum;yH kpum;yH kpum;yH kpum;yH kpum;yH k

olYaus;Zl;udk owd&yg/ udk,fuûyzl;onfh aus;Zl;udkarhypfyg/

ykvif;tayguf ydwfvdkY&aomfvnf; vlYyg;pyfaygufydwfvkdY r&Ekdif/

44

*

*


tdrfaxmifbuf rSm;vQif wpfouf? awmif,mckwfrSm;vQif wpfESpf?

nDtpfukdt&if;rygvQif 0uf0Hrvkduf&?

rdef;r r&Sdcif 0uf0Hrvdkuf&?

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0,fpm;olu uRef? vkyfukdifpm;olu ocif?

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rkef;vQif rao? vGrf;vQif rawGUEkdif?

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tcuftcJay:rS aqGrsKd;csif; cspfrSef;od&onf?

tpm;taomuf&SdrS olrsm;ucspfonf?

pum;xmpum;xmpum;xmpum;xmpum;xm

pum;xm0Sufwrf; upm;MuonfrSm aysmfp&mjzpfonf/vDqlvlrsKd;rsm;\ bkd;bGm;pOfqufu toHk;wGifcJhaom pum;xmrsm;jzpfonf/ tm;vyfaomtcsdefrsm;wGif rdom;pktysif;ajyap&ef tbdk;tbGm;u ajr;jrpfrsm;udkvnf;aumif;? rdbrsm;u om;orD;rsm;udkvnf;aumif;? tawG;tac:&ifhoefap&ef tysif;ajypum;xm0SufMu


avh&SdcJhMuonf/ rdom;pkwGif pum;xm0Sufwrf;upm;Mu&maemifwGif toHk;wGifvmNyD; vDqlvlrsKd;rsm;\ pum;xmtoHk;tEIef;rsm;tjzpf vufcHusifhoHk;vmcJhMujcif;jzpf[efwlonf/ toHk;rsm;aompum;xmrsm;rSm atmufygwkdYjzpfonf/

1/ aeYusawmh ausmuif? nusawmh &ifuif/

t"dyÜm,frSm tdrfacgifrkd;

2/ pm;NyD; wpfjynf&Sd? rpm;cif wpfjynf&Sd/

t"dyÜm,frSm c½k

3/ tqpf&SdNyD; t&Gufr&Sd? t&Guf&SdNyD; tqpfr&Sd/

t"dyÜm,frSm vufñId;? t"dyÜm,frSm iSufaysmyif

4/ toD;oD;u ryGifh? tyGifhyGifhu roD;/

t"dyÜm,frSm aq;ajcmufyif? t"dyÜm,frSm oabFmzkdyif

5/ tyGifhr&SdbJ toD;oD;onf/

t"dyÜm,frSm oabFmoD;? ozef;oD;

6/ usnfayGUawmh csnfxm;? qHkusawmh pm;vkdufyg/

t"dyÜm,frSm ig;pkoD;

7/ pm;vkdYaumif;onf? csdyfvdkYr&/

t"dyÜm,frSm MuufO

8/ yef;yGifhu wpfyGifh? taphu wpfaomif;/

t"dyÜm,frSm bdef;aph? ydef;yef;

*

******

*

****


9/ EkvQif [if;jzpfw,f? &ifhvQif tazmfjzpfw,f/

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olaX;BuD;&JUypönf;awGudk vdkcsifavmbxGufaewJh bk&if[mwu,fvdkY olaX;BuD;uG,fvGefoGm;&if ypönf;awGudk olaX;om;vlrrnfuom tarGqufcH&r,fqkdwmudkodw,f/ 'Dawmh &Sdypönf;awGa&m olaX;om; vli,fukdyg odrf;xm;EkdifatmifvkyfrSawmfr,fvdkYBuHNyD; wpfaeYawmh trwfBuD;wpfa,mufukd olaX;BuD;qD trdefYwpfckay;NyD; vTwfvkdufw,f/

'DtrdefY olaX;BuD;qDa&mufoGm;awmh olaX;BuD;[m tifrwefwkefvIyfoGm;w,f/ olwpfoufvHk; êud;pm;yrf;pm;ûypkysKd;axmifvmcJh&wJh olYb0awmh qHk;NyDvkdY pdwf'Hk;'Hk;csvkdufw,f/ 'DvkdeJY olaX;BuD;[molao&awmhrSmudkawG;NyD; rpm;EkdifraomufEdkifeJY pdwfrcsrf;romjzpfaewmudk om;jzpfolujrifawmh olYzcifudk ]]aeraumif;vkdYvm;bmjzpfvdkYvJ}} vdkYar;w,f/

tJ'Dtcg olaX;BuD;u ]]ighom; uHqkd;rkd;arSmif[m 'kdY&JUtdrfay:udk usa&mufvmNyD? igr&SdwJhaemuf ighom;[m vdrfvdrfrmrmeJY0D&d,udka&SUxm;NyD; taz&SmazGvkyfudkifêud;pm;ovdk w&m;ojzifhvkyfayawmh? igawmh rMumcif bk&ifowfwmcH&awmhr,f/ rw&m;ojzifh tvdkavmbxGufwJh bk&if[m ighypönf;awGudkvdkcsifvkdYy&d,m,fqifvmNyD; ighqDrSm MuufzO (3) O awmif;w,f/ 'DMuufzOudk ray;Ekdif&if owfr,fvdkY trdefYuqkdw,f/


]]avmuBuD;rSm Muufz&JU Oudk igb,fvdkenf;eJYrS ay;EkdifrSmr[kwfvkdY ckepf&ufjynfhwJhaeYrSm igtowfcH&vdrfhr,f/ igaoNyD;wJhtcg igh&JUypönf;OpömawGudk bk&ifu b@mawmftjzpf odrf;NyD;ighom;ukdawmh b,fvdkvkyfMur,fqkdwm rodEkdifbl;/ 'Dawmhighom;[m toufraobJ&SifNyD; usef&pf&if vdrfrmzkdYvkdw,f/0D&d,&SdzdkY vkdw,f? w&m;ojzifh vkyfukdif&SmazGNyD; toufarG;zkdYvdkw,f}} vdkY Mo0g'ay;um olYtjzpfukd &Sif;jyw,f/

'Dawmh todynm&SdwJhom;i,fu ]]'Dtwkdif;qkd&if zcifylyifaomu jzpfraeygeJY? ckepf&ufaphwJhaeYrSm bk&ifrif;jrwfqD tazhukd,fpm; uRefawmfoGm;NyD; MuufzOtaMumif;udk &Sif;jyyghr,f}} vkdYjhyefajymw,f/

'Dtcg olaX;BuD;u olYom;udk bmrSjyefrajymawmhbJ ol[maovljzpfaeNyD? b,folubJu,fu,f bmrSajymp&mr&Sdawmhbl;vdkYoabmykdufNyD; aevkdufw,f/

ckepf&ufjynfhwJhaeYusawmh olaX;BuD;&JUom;i,f[m bk&ifha&SUarSmufudk a&mufvmw,f/ NyD;awmh ol[m MuufbJarG;jrLwJholaX;BuD;&JU om;jzpfygw,fvdkY oHawmfOD;w,fw,f/

'Dawmh bk&ifBuD;u ]]udpöu rif;taz&JUudpö? rif;tazbmaMumifh rvmwmvJ}} vdkYar;w,f/ 'Dvdkar;vkdufawmh olaX;BuD;&JUom;u ]]trdefYawmftwkdif; taz[m eef;awmfukd vmzdkYjyifqifaeqJrSm rarQmfvifhbJ 0rf;emvmNyD; om;zGm;aevdkY tazhudk,fpm; uRefawmfrsKd;vm&ygw,f}} vdkY &J&J0Hh0hHavQmufwifvkdufw,f/


'Dtcg bk&ifBuD;u olqifvkdufwJhy&d,m,fu uav;utp odayNyDaumvdkY pOf;pm;rdw,f/ avmbaMumifh olaX;BuD;tay:rawmfrw&m; BuHrdwJhtwGuf olY&JU *kPfodu©mudk xdckdufaeNyDqkdwmudkvnf; odoGm;w,f/ 'Duav;uom todray;&if ig[mtifrwefBuD;av;wJh vlowfrI? ,kwfrmrI? rw&m;ypönf;vkrIukdusL;vGefoljzpfrSmygwum;[k oHa0*&NyD; olaX;om;ukd qkvmbfay;um ]]pdwfat;csrf;omjzifh aeawmh? MuufzOukdvnf; rydkYeJYawmhvkdYrif;tazukd jyefajymvkduf}} vdkY ajymNyD; bk&ifBuD;[m olaX;om;udkjyefvTwfvkdufw,f/

(ylwmtkd vDqlyHkjyif)

ynm&Sd [Gmul;zmynm&Sd [Gmul;zmynm&Sd [Gmul;zmynm&Sd [Gmul;zmynm&Sd [Gmul;zm

a&S;tcgu &Gmwpf&GmrSm tdrfem;eD;csif;ESpfa,muf&Sdw,f/wpfa,muf&JUemrnfu 0daZmfzmvdkYac:NyD; wpfa,mufuawmh 0l;b,fv,fvdkYac:w,f/ 0daZmfzmu pm;EkdifaomufEkdif&SdNyD; 0l;b,fv,fuawmh qif;&JcsKdUwJh&Smw,f/ olwkdYESpfa,muf[m tdrfem;eD;csif;jzpfayr,fh acsmifvnfwJh 0daZmfzm[m qif;&JwJh 0l;b,fv,fudk tEkdifusifhavh&Sdw,f/ 0l;b,fv,fuvnf; 0daZmfzm tEkdifusifhwmudkodayr,fh *kPfj'yfuGmaevdkY pdwf&Snf&SnfeJY onf;cHaecJhw,f/

wpfaeYawmh olwkdYESpfa,muf tazmfnd§NyD; awmxJoGm;umñTwfuGif;axmifMuw,f/ 0daZmfzmu olYñTwfuGif;udk opfyifBuD;wpfyifay:rSm wufNyD;axmifw,f/ 0l;b,fv,fuawmh trsm;axmifaeustwkdif; ajrjyifu wd&pämefawGoGm;wJhvrf;rSm axmifw,f/ NyD;awmh olwkdYtdrfjyefvmMuw,f/


aemufwpfaeYreufusawmh taumufÓPf&SdaewJh 0daZmfzm[m olwpfa,mufxJ ñTwfuGif;axmifxm;wJhae&mudk tapmBuD;xNyD;oGm;w,f/ olaxmifxm;wJh opfyifukda&mufawmh opfyifay:u olYñTwfuGif;rSm usD;uef;wpfaumifrdaewmudkawGUw,f/'geJY ol[m opfyifay:udk wufum usD;uef;udk ñTwfuGif;uûzwfcJhNyD;awmh 0l;b,fv,f axmifxm;wJhñTwfuGif;udk oGm;Munfhw,f/0l;b,fv,f&JU ñTwfuGif;rSmawmh acs (*sD) wpfaumifrdaewmudkawGU&w,f/

'DvkdawGUawmh 0daZmfzm[m remvdkjzpfum avmbxGufvmNyD;0l;b,fv,f&JU ñTwfuGif;rSm rdaewJh acs (*sD) uav;udkûzwfw,f/NyD;awmh opfyifay:ukd ,loGm;NyD; olYñTwfuGif;xJrSm pGyfxm;vkdufw,f/ opfyifay:u olYñTwfuGif;rSm rdxm;wJh usD;uef;ukdawmh0l;b,fv,f&JU ñTwfuGif;rSm jyefpGyfxm;w,f/ aemuftdrfukd jyefvmw,f/

tdrfa&mufNyD; aeaumif;aumif;xGufvmwJhtcsdefusawmh0daZmfzm[m 0l;b,fv,fudk ñTwfuGif;awGoGm;Munhf&atmifvkdYac:w,f/ 0l;b,fv,fuvJ xNyD;vkdufoGm;w,f/

olwkdYaxmifxm;wJh ñTwfuGif;qDa&mufMuawmh ESpfa,mufpvHk;&JU ñTwfuGif;rSm wd&pämefwpfaumifpDaeayr,fh 0l;b,fv,futawmfpdwfraumif; jzpfoGm;w,f/ olY&JU ñTwfuGif;teD;rSm acs(*sD) ½kef;uefvkdY uRwfaewJh tarG;trSifawGudkvJ awGUw,f/ wu,frdaewmu usD;uef;wpfaumifjzpfaew,f/ 'gukdMunhfNyD;awmholawmh 0daZmfzm&JU tEkdifusifhcH&jyefNyDvdkY pdwfraumif;jzpfaew,f/


0daZmfzmuawmh opfyifay:wufNyD; acs (*sD) uav;udkayGUcsDumtm;&0rf;omeJY jyefqif;vmw,f/

'geJY olwdkYESpfa,muf[m wpfa,mufu acs (*sD) uav;udkayGUvdkY wpfa,mufu usD;uef;wpfaumifudkqGJvdkY tdrfukdjyefcJhMuw,f/ 'Dvkd jyefvm&if;eJY vrf;rSm 0l;b,fv,f[m pdwfraumif;jzpfvm&mu rcHcsifjzpfvmw,f/ avmuBuD;rSm w&m;ojzifhqdkwm&Sdao;&JUvm;vdkY olawG;w,f/ ol[m 0daZmfzm&JU tEkdifusifhcH&aygif;vJrsm;NyD? tcktEkdifusifhvkdufyHkuawmh olYudk vHk;vHk;BuD;apmfum;vkdufovdkjzpfw,f/ 'Dudpöudk w&m;ojzifh jzpfatmif &GmolBuD;qDoGm;NyD;tqHk;tjzwfcHrS awmfr,fvkdY tBuHay:vmw,f/ 'geJY &Gm0ifvrf;a&mufawmh ol[m 0daZmfzmeJYvrf;cGJNyD; olBuD;tdrfukd xGufoGm;w,f/

olBuD;tdrfudka&mufwJhtcg olBuD;udk jzpfysufyHktusKd;taMumif; wkdifMum;w,f/ w&m;vrf;rSeftwkdif; qHk;jzwfay;ygvdkYvJtoem;cHw,f/

'DvkdwkdifMum;awmh &GmolBuD;u t&yfvlBuD;awGeJY 0daZmfzmudkyg vlvTwfNyD; tac:cdkif;w,f/ olwkdYa&mufwJhtcg olBuD;u0daZmfzmudk b,fvdkjzpfMuovJvdkY tusKd;taMumif;ar;w,f/

'Dawmh 0daZmfzmu olwkdYESpfa,muf ñTwfuGif;oGm;axmifMuwm rSefw,f/ olYñTwfuGif;u acs (*sD) uav;wpfaumifrdNyD;0l;b,fv,f&JUñTwfuGif;u usD;wpfaumifrdwmudk 0l;b,fv,fujiif;wmr[kwfbl;? tjzpftysufu &Sif;aeNyD;om;jzpfw,f/ udk,fhñTwfuGif;rSmrdwJh wd&pämefudk udk,f&Muwmjzpfygw,fvdkY avQmufvJw,f/


'Dtcg 0l;b,fv,f[m olxifwJhtwdkif; 0daZmfzmuñTwfuGif;rSm rdaewJh wd&pämefcsif;vJxm;wmrSefayr,fh oufaojyzdkYcufaew,f/ udk,fhñTwfuGif;rSmrdaewJh wd&pämefudk udk,fhbmomûzwf,lcJhMuwJhtwGuf 0l;b,fv,fu olaxmifwJhñTwfuGif;rSm(*sD) rdygw,fvdkYvJ taxmuftxm;r&SdbJeJY rajymEkdifbl;/

'geJY 0l;b,fv,fu BuH&mr&jzpfNyD; ]]uRefawmf a&SUaeynm&Sdwpfa,mufudkac:NyD; avQmufvJcsufay;ygr,f? uRefawmfhtjzpfukduRefawmf&Sif;atmif rajymwwfvdkYyg}} vdkY a&SUaeeJY avQmufvJzdkY&GmolBuD;qD cGifhawmif;w,f/

&GmolBuD;uvnf; w&m;ojzifhjzpfatmif a&SUaeeJY avQmufvJcGifhûyvkdufw,f/ oHk;&ufjynfhwJhaeYrSm vmNyD;avQmufvJzdkYvnf; csdef;vkdufw,f/

0l;b,fv,f[m olYtjzpfudk olawG;NyD; pdwfrcsrf;ombJeJYtdrfudk jyefvmw,f/ tdrfa&mufawmh b,folYukd olYukd,fpm; trItwGuf olBuD;qDrSm avQmufvJckdif;&yghrvJvdkY pOf;pm;w,f/ 'DvkdpOf;pm;&if;eJY &GmrSm ynmA[kokweJYjynfhpHkwJh ynm&Sd[Gmul;zmudkowd&w,f/ 'geJY [Gmul;zm&JUtdrfudk oGm;NyD; oljzpfcJh&yHkudk ajymjyw,f/ olYukd ulnDzkdYvJ toem;cHw,f/

'Dawmh [Gmul;zmu ]]'DudpötwGufrylygeJY? pdwfat;vufat;aeyg? trIqkdifwJhaeYrSm ol olBuD;tdrfudkvmcJhygr,f}}vkdY uwday;vkdufw,f/

0l;b,fv,fuvJ [Gmul;zmudk aus;Zl;wifaMumif; txyfxyfajymNyD; 0rf;omtm;&eJY tdrfudkjyefcJhw,f/


aemuf oHk;&ufajrmufwJh aeYusawmhtrIcsdef;&ufjzpfwJhtwkdif;olBuD;tdrfrSm t&yfvlBuD;awGeJY wpf&yfvHk;u vlawGa&mufaeMuw,f/ 'gayrJh [Gmul;zmuawmh ay:rvmbl;/

tcsdef[m wjznf;jznf;ukefvmNyD; naecif;a&mufvmawmholBuD;u ]]0l;b,fv,f&JU a&SUaeynm&Sdawmh a&mufrvmbl;?ra&mufwmaxmufawmh avQmufvJp&mr&SdvdkYjzpfr,f? trIoGm;uawmh udk,fñTwfuGif;rSmrdwJh om;aumifukd udk,fhbmomûzwfcJhMuwmyJ? trIuawmh &Sif;oavmuf&SdaeygNyD}} vdkY a&mufaewJh y&dowfukd&Sif;jyw,f/

'Dvdk &GmolBuD;uajymaeckduf [Gmul;zm[m jcif;Mum;wpfvHk;udkvG,fNyD; uwkdufu½dkuf olBuD;tdrfay:ukd wufvmw,f/

tJ'Dtcg &GmolBuD;u ]][Gmul;zm w,faemufusygvm;?tcsdefukd owdrxm;bl;xifw,f}} vdkY qD;NyD;ajymygw,f/

'Dawmh [Gmul;zmu ]]uRefawmf tcsdefrD tapmBuD;uwnf;u tdrfuxGufvmygw,f? vrf;rSm acsmif;udkjzwfvkdufawmhaomifjyifBuD;rD;avmifaewmawGUwmeJY 'DrD;[m Mum&if&Gmukdygul;avmifrSm pkd;vkdY a[m'D jcif;usm;eJY acsmif;ua&ukdcyfNyD; rD;Ni§drf;ae&vkdY tcsdefMum oGm;ygw,f? cGifhvTwfMuyg}} vdkY jyefajymw,f/

'Dvkdajymvdkufawmh &GmolBuD;u ]]jcif;Mum;eJY a&cyfNyD;aomifjyifrSm avmifwJhrD;udk Nidrf;&w,fqkdwmuawmh wpfoufwpfukd,ftckrS Mum;zl;wmyJ}} vkdY jyefajymvkdufw,f/

'Dtcg ynm&Sd[Gmul;zmu ]]olBuD;rif;ajymwm rSefygw,f?oJaomifjyifudk rD;ravmifEdkif? jcif;Mum;eJY a&cyfvdkY rjzpfEkdifqkdwJh


twkdif; awmwd&pämef (*sD) owå0g[m tawmifaygufwJh taumifvnf;r[kwf? opfyifwufwwfwJhtaumifvnf;r[kwf? 'DtaumifrsKd;u opfyifzsm;rSm axmifxm;wJh ñTwfuGif;xJ0ifNyD; rdraepaumif;yg? ajrjyifu om;aumifrsm;oGm;&mvrf;rSm axmifxm;wJhñTwfuGif;rSmvnf; aumif;uifrSm ysHoef;oGm;vmaewJh usD;uef;rrdpaumif;yg}} vkdY olYtrIudk avQmufvJwJhoabmeJY ajymw,f/

tJ'DtcgrSm &GmolBuD;eJY t&yfvlBuD;awGu tajctaet&yf&yfukd oabmaygufNyD; 0daZmfzmtm; 0l;b,fv,f&JU (*sD) udk jyefay;apvdkY trdefYcsvkdufygawmhw,f/

(ta&SUvDqlyHkjyif)

rl;yd k;rmeJ Y vlom;urÇmrl;yd k;rmeJ Y vlom;urÇmrl;yd k;rmeJ Y vlom;urÇmrl;yd k;rmeJ Y vlom;urÇmrl;yd k;rmeJ Y vlom;urÇm

urÇmudk a&vTrf;rkd;NyD;aemuf ESpfaygif;twefMumaomf rl;ykd;rmqkdol yk*¾dKvfwpfOD; ay:aygufcJhw,f/ a&vTrf;rkd;vkdY urÇmysufoGm;NyD;aemuf rl;ydk;rm[m urÇmudk jyefí ûyjyifxkvkyfcJhw,f/ 'gaMumifhrl;ydk;rmudk bk&m;wpfqlvdkY ,HkrSwfac:a0:Muw,f/

wpfaeYrSm rl;ykd;rm[m urÇmol urÇmom;rsm;udk rac:rDwd&pämefrsm;udk tBuD;rSti,ftxd iSufrsKd;pHkESifh wGm;oGm;owå0grsm;tif;qufydk;rTm;rsm;tygt0if olYukd vma&mufylaZmfuefawmh&efzdwfac:vkdufw,f/ tJ'Daemuf a&muf&SdvmwJh wd&pämeftm;vHk;udkppfaq;Munfhawmh usKdif;aumifESifh yk&GufqdwfwkdY rvma&mufaMumif;awGU&Sd&w,f/

tJ'Dtcg rl;ykd;rmu usKdif;aumifESifh yk&Gufqdwfukd ac:apckdif;NyD; ppfaq;ar;jref;w,f/ usKdif;aumifu ]]t&Sifbk&m; uRefawmfrsKd;


wkdY usKdif;aumifrsKd;[m vrf;ñTefol OD;aqmifol r&Sdojzifh vma&mufuefawmhcsifayr,fhvnf; bmrS t&mra&mufbl;xifvdkY rvmjcif;ygbk&m;}} vkdY ajzw,f/ 'Dawmh rl;ydk;rmu ]]igac:wmudk bmyJjzpfjzpfvmudkvm&r,f? ighudkr½dkraoûyjcif;jzpfw,f}} vdkYqkdum usKdif;aumifezl;ukd "m;eJY cyfapmif;apmif; ckwfjzwfvkdufw,f/ 'gaMumifh ,cktcgusKdif;aumifrsm;&JU ezl;rSm cyfapmif;apmif;jzpfaewmudk awGU&jcif;jzpfw,f/

tJ'Daemuf yk&Gufqdwfudk ppfaq;wJhtcg yk&Gufqdwfu]]t&Sifbk&m; uRefawmfrsKd;wkdY[m urÇmay:&Sd owå0gtm;vHk;xufao;i,fvdkY t&Sifbk&m;xH rvma&mufaomfvnf; udpör&Sd?vma&mufaomfvnf; t&mra&mufEdkifvkdY rvma&mufaMumif;eJYruefawmhwmjzpfaMumif;yg}} vdkYavQmufwifw,f/ tJ'DtcgrSmvnf; rl;ykd;rmu ]]ighvufatmuf&Sd igzefqif;xm;wJh owå0gBuD;i,frqkd ighukd vma&mufuefawmh&r,f? rif;wkdY yk&Gufqdwfudkvnf; igzefqif;xm;wm}} vdkYqdkum yk&Gufqdwf&JUcg;udk wtm;zdvkdufwJhtcg yk&Gufqdwf\cg;[m jywfvkrwwf jzpfoGm;w,f/'gaMumifh ,cktcg yk&Gufqdwf[m cg;ao;aewmudk awGU&w,f/

rl;ydk;rm[m wd&pämeftm;vHk;udk zdwfac:NyD; aumif;csD;r*Fvmay;um urÇmolurÇmom;rsm;udkvnf; tBudrfBudrfzdwfac:cJhw,fvdkYqkdygw,f/ yxrtBudrf a&TaiGrsm;ay;jcif;? 'kwd,tBudrf ewfrsKd;pHkay;jcif;eJY wwd,tBudrftursKd;pHkudk ay;cJhw,f/ vDqlvlrsKd;wkdY&JUacgif;aqmif vl;vl;atmfzmqkdolu usm;wpfaumifukd ypfvkduf&mxdkusm;udk oHk;&ufcefYMum &Sm&avonf/ rl;ydk;rmu ac:íar;&m]]t&Sifbk&m; uRefawmf usm;wpfaumifypfvkdufí usm;ukd&Sm&if;

oHk;&ufMumoGm;aMumif; tckrS vm&aMumif;eJY uRefawmfhtwGufbmrsm;&Sdygao;ovJ? &Sdyguay;oem;ygbk&m;}} vdkY avQmufwifw,f/ tJ'Dtcg rl;ykd;rmu ]]igac:wJhtcg rif;rvmbl;? tckta&;BuD;wJh Budrf? "m;? armif;tm;vHk;udk rif;wkdYtpfukd *sdef;azmhvlrsKd;awGudk ay;vkdufNyD? tck usefwJh av;acsmif;ygwJh apmif;? oHk;acsmif;ygwJh apmif;? bl;yavG? 0g;yavG? 0g;wa,m? 0g;eJYvkyfwJh toHxGufud&d,mtrsKd;rsKd;ukd ay;vkdufw,f/

tJ'Dtcg vl;vl;atmfzmu ]]t&Sifbk&m; 'Dypönf;awGudkb,ftcsdefrSm oHk;pGJ&ygrvJ}} [k ar;avQmuf&m rl;ykd;rmu ]]rif;wkdYvlrsKd;awG aysmfyGJ&TifyGJwkdif;rSm igay;wJh tJ'Dypönf;awGudk wD;rIwfNyD;uckefMu? oDcsif;qkdMu? aysmfMuyg? 'gayr,fh pdwfnpfwJhtcg?'ku©a&mufwJhtcg rwD;rrIwf? ru&}} vdkY rSmMum;NyD; tdrfarG;wd&pämef Muuf? 0uf? aMumif? acG; wkdYukd vl;vl;atmfzmtm;ay;vkdufw,f/ tJ'Dvdk rl;ydk;rmu ay;vdkufwJh toHxGufud&d,mrsm;eJY tdrfarG;wd&pämefawGudk vl;vl;atmfzm[m jcif;awmif;xJxnfhNyD;xrf;ívmcJh&m wpfcgem;wkdif; wd&pämefawGxGufajy;Muw,f/ tJ'Dtcg Muufonf Muufjzpfí 0ufonf 0ufjzpfonf? aMumifonfaMumifjzpfaomfvnf; acG;u ajracG;jzpfoGm;w,fvdkY qdkygw,f/

(jrpfBuD;em;vDqlyHkjyif)

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _


0wfpm;qif,ifxHk;zGJUrI

vDqlwkdY\ 0wfpm;qif,ifrIonf ae&ma'otvkdufuGJjym;jcm;em;onf/ trsm;tm;jzifh ta&mifpHk? tqifpHkrsm;ygaom 0wfpHkrsm;ukd 0wfqifMuonf/ vDqlvlrsKd;rsm;\ 0wfpHkrSm (14) rsKd;cefY&Sdaomfvnf; tajccHtm;jzifh (6) rsKd;&Sdonf/ 4if;wkdYrSm-

(1) ylwmtkde,f0wfpHk

( 2) jrpfBuD;em;e,f0wfpHk

(3) Aef;armfe,f0wfpkH

(4) rkd;ukwfe,f0wfpHk

(5) &Srf;jynfe,fawmifykdif;0wfpHk

(6) &Srf;jynfe,fajrmufykdif;0wfpHk wkdYjzpfonf/

ylwmtkde,f0wfpH kylwmtkde,f0wfpH kylwmtkde,f0wfpH kylwmtkde,f0wfpH kylwmtkde,f0wfpH k

ylwmtkde,f vDqltrsKd;om;rsm;onf ,cifu t&Snf (3)vH&Sdaom teufa&mifacgif;aygif;ukd aygif;Muonf/ acgif;aygif;wGif ESpfrsKd;&Sdonf/ ]]OD;vD}} ac: acgif;aygif;zsifukd ywfaygif;aygif;jcif;ESifh ]]OD;x,f}} ac: yHkpHcsxm;aom uGif;vkdufyHkoP²mefacgif;aygif;rsKd;jzpfonf/ ,cif toHk;ûycJhaom ywfaygif;aygif;Muonhf acgif;aygif;udk aemiftcgwGif vDql½kd;&m,Ofaus;rItzGJUu

aumif;Ekd;&m&mudk jyifqifowfrSwfNyD; ajymif;vJoHk;pGJvmcJhMujcif;jzpfonf/

ylwmtkde,f vDqltrsKd;om;rsm;\ ]]b,fz,f}} ac: tuÐsonf awm*kefavQmfyifrS&aom avQmfrQifrsm;jzifh &ufvkyf0wfqifjcif;jzpfonf/ a&S;tcgu *syfckwf &ufuef;xnftjzpf teH 6 vufrcefYESifh tvsm;udk &SnfEkdiforQ&Snfaom *syfckwfxnfzsifjzpfonf/4if;udk vkdoavmufydkif;,lí teHcsif;pyfum vkdtyfaom tuÐs?vHkcsnf? apmif? vG,ftdwf ponfh t0wftxnf? toHk;taqmifrsm;ukd &ufvkyfjcif;jzpfygonf/

trsKd;om;rsm;onf aumfvmygaom vuf&SnftusÐudk0wfqifMuonf/ 4if;tuÐsrsm;\ tem;pyfwkdif;wGif tem;uGyfí0wfqifMuonf/ trsKd;om;rsm;onf teufa&mif abmif;bD&Snfcyfppfppf0wfqifMuonf/ tcsKdUurl 'l;qpfzHk;½Hk0wfqifMuonfhrsKd;vnf;&Sdonf/ abmif;bDrSm a&S;,cifu tjzLa&mif? yifeDa&mifponfjzifh vuf&ufxnfrsm;ukd csKyfvkyf0wfqifcJhaomfvnf;aemifwGif w½kwfEkdifiH? tdEd,EkdifiHwkdYrS vmaom teufa&mifzsifrsm;udkom csKyfvkyf0wfqifvmMuonf/ xkdYjyif 'l;qpfrS ajccsif;0wfxdajcovHk;wpfavQmuf teufa&mifjzpfap? yifeDjzpfap? &&mzsifpudkb,fjyefnmjyef MuufajccwfyHkoP²mefay:atmif vdrf,Sufywfxm;onfh ajcpGyfudk 0wfqifMuonf/

ylwmtdke,f vDqltrsKd;om;rsm;onf a&S;tcgu 0g;zdeyfukd½kd;&mzdeyftjzpf oHk;pGJMuonf/ awmawmifxJwGifom taersm;cJhaomaMumifh 0g;udk wDxGifBuHqí zdeyftjzpfoHk;pGJvmcJh[efwlonf/0g;ESD;jzmí &ufvkyfjcif;rsKd;r[kwfay/ rEkr&ifh0g;udk rD;zkwfNyD;


59

vDqlwkdif;&if;om;wdkY\ b0"avh 61 62 vDqlwkdif;&if;om;wkdY\ b0"avh

0g;t&SnfwpfavQmuf 0g;avQmfukd cGm,lum êud;vdrftjzpf uspfí&ufvkyfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ xdkYjyif a&cJawmifrsm;wGif oHk;aomzdeyfwpfrsKd;vnf; &Sdao;onf/ xkdzdeyfrSm trsKd;orD;rsm;\ qHyif&Snfjzifh ûyvkyfonf/ vDqlwkdYonf rkqkd;vkyfief;jzifh toufarG;0rf;ausmif;ûyMuonfjzpf&m om;aumifrsm;usufpm;&m a&cJawmifrsm;udk zdeyfrygbJ jzwfausmfrI rûyEkdifay/ vDqlvlrsKd;rsm;onfawmawmifuEÅm&rsm;? ausmufp&pfrsm;? a&cJawmifrsm;wGif oGm;vm&onfursm;aomaMumifh zdeyfudk xdkodkYûyvkyfoHk;pGJMujcif; jzpfonf[kqkdygonf/ aemiftcgwGif w½kwfEkdifiHrS uRJom;a&? EGm;om;a&wkdYjzifhcsKyfvkyfaom zdeyfrsm;udk toHk;ûy&mrS ½kd;&mzdeyfudk toHk;enf;vmMuonfudk awGU&onf/ 0wfpHkudk 0wfqifNyD;ygu cg;ywfukd xyfíywf&onf/ awmawmifxJwGif wpfaeYwm vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;udkvkyfukdif&mwGif cHEkdif&nf&Sd&efESifh qmavmifrGwfodyfrIudk ajzodrfhjcif;oabmjzifh cg;ywfukdywfxm;jcif;jzpfonf[kqkdygonf/

vDqlwkdY\ ½kd;&m0wfpm;qif,ifrIwGif cg;ywfrSm *kPfudkaqmifaom toHk;taqmifjzpfí aiGaMu;rwwfEkdifolrsm;u wefzkd;BuD;rm;aom cg;ywfrsm;udk ûyvkyfroHk;EkdifMuaomfvnf; yvwfpwpfjym;rsm;tpm; tjzLa&mifa<ujym;rsm;ukd xnfhoGif;yHkazmfí yHkpHwlûyvkyftoHk;ûyvmMuonf/

ylwmtkde,f vDqltrsKd;orD;rsm;\ acgif;aygif;rSm uGif;yHkoP²mefjzpfonf/ qHyifukd uspfvdrfNyD; acgif;ay:rSywfí wifxm;onf/ acgif;aygif;udk a&SUrsufESmqHyifukd zHk;tkyf0wfqifNyD; em;pyfwGiftpGef;ESpfckcsxm;um qHyifukd pepfwus xHk;zGJUjyifqifxm;onf/

em;wGif em;qGJ? em;uGif;? em;awmif;rsm;udk a&T? aiG wkdYjzifhûyvkyfqifjref;Muonf/ vnfyif;wGif oEÅmykwD; teDa&mifjzifh tjzL

a&mifrsm;udk 0wfqifMuonf/ tcsKdUwwfEkdifolrsm;u a&T? aiG?qGJêud;rsm;udkyg oEÅmykwD;rsm;ESifhtwl qGJom;qifjref;MuonfukdawGU&onf/

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&ifzHk;tuÐsrSm trsKd;om;rsm;uJhokdY vufaumuf0wfwGifomteufa&mif uGyfxm;aom tjzLa&mifvuf&SnftuÐsjzpfonf/ trsKd;orD;rsm;\ tuÐszsifrSm trsKd;om;rsm; 0wfqifaom zsiftuÐsESifhtrsKd;tpm;wl? tqifwljzpfonf/

trsKd;orD;rsm;onf ajccsif;0wftxd &Snfvsm;aom *g0ef&Snfukdvnf; 0wfqifMuonf/ yxrOD;pGm abmif;bD&Snfudk 0wfqifNyD;rSom azmfjyyg *g0efudk 0wfqif&onf/ ylwmtkd vDqltrsKd;orD;rsm;onf tdyfaevQifyif ½dk;&m*g0ef&Snfukd 0wfqifavh&Sdonf/

ylwmtkde,f vDqltrsKd;orD;rsm;onf cg;ywfywfonfh tavhr&Sdyg/ *g0efudk 0wfqif&mwGif tuÐsudk zHk;tkyfoGm;onfhtwGufcg;ywfoD;oefYrvdkay/ odkYaomf *g0efwGif cg;ywfuJhodkY tavQmhtwif;ûyvkyfEkdifaom cg;pnf;êud;udkxnfhí csKyfvkyfxm;ayonf/

zdeyfrSmrl trsKd;om;rsm;uJhodkY a&S;,cifu 0g;zdeyfrsm; oHk;pGJMuonf/ ,ckacwfwGif ½SL;zdeyf? ajcn§yfzdeyf? cHkjrifhzdeyf? uGif;pGyfzdeyfponfwkdYrS wpfrsKd;rsKd;udk 0wfqifí ½kd;&m0wfpHkwGif xnfhoGif;oHk;pGJvmMuonf/

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _


ylwmtkde,f vDqltrsKd;om;ESif h trsKd;orD;ylwmtkde,f vDqltrsKd;om;ESif h trsKd;orD;

ylwmtkde,f vDqltrsKd;om;ESif h trsKd;orD;ylwmtkde,f vDqltrsKd;om;ESif h trsKd;orD;ylwmtkde,f vDqltrsKd;om;ESif h trsKd;orD;


jrpfBuD;em;e,f vDqltrsKd;om;jrpfBuD;em;e,f vDqltrsKd;om;

jrpfBuD;em;e,f vDqltrsKd;om;jrpfBuD;em;e,f vDqltrsKd;om;

jrpfBuD;em;e,f vDqltrsKd;om;


jrpfBuD;em;e,f0wfpH kjrpfBuD;em;e,f0wfpH kjrpfBuD;em;e,f0wfpH kjrpfBuD;em;e,f0wfpH kjrpfBuD;em;e,f0wfpH k

jrpfBuD;em;e,f vDqltrsKd;om;rsm;onf tvsm; 15 awmif?teH wpfudkuf&Sdaom teufa&mifzsifudk acgif;aygif;Muonf/ &Srf;abmif;bDteufa&mif ajc&Snfukd 0wfqifMuonf/ tjzLa&mifajctdwfudk 0wfqifonf/

tuÐsrSm tjzLa&mifvuf&SnftuÐsjzpfNyD; 'l;atmufem;xd&Snfvsm;onf/ aumfvHrSm ukyftuÐsaumfvH&SnfyHkpHrsKd;jzpfonf/tuÐsudk 0wfqifNyD;ygu teH 6 vufr? tvsm; 6 awmif&Snfaom teufa&mifzsif cg;ywfjzifhywfí 0wfonf/

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½kd;&m0g;zdeyfudk pD;Muonf/ ,ckacwfwGifrl aemufydwfzdeyf?uGif;pGyfzdeyf? csnfn§yfzdeyf ponfrsm;udkvnf; ½dk;&m0wfpm;qif,ifrIwGif xnfhoGif;0wfqifrIûyvmaMumif;awGU&onf/

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a&S;tcgu em;wGif aiGem;uGif;rsm;? aiGem;qGJrsm;udk qGJxm;Muonf/ ,cktcg 4if;aiGem;uGif;rsm; roHk;MuawmhbJ aiGem;awmif;? aiGem;uyf? a&Tem;awmif;? a&Tem;uyfrsm;udk yefqifMuaMumif; awGU&onf/ vnfyif;wGif a&mifpHkykwD;aphrsm; ykwD;uHk;rsm;udkaiGêud;rsm;ESifhwGJvsuf ESpfuHk;rS ig;uHk;txd qGJxm;Muonf/aiGvufaumufuGif;BuD;rsm;udkrl vufwpfzufpDwGif wpfuGif;pD0wfqifMuaMumif;awGU&onf/

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4if;aemuf txyfESpfxyfygaom a&SUzHk;tBuD;ESifh a&SUzHk;tao;wkdYudk a&SUrSydwfí 0wfqif&onf/ trSwfwrJhMunfhygu *g0efyHkpHrsKd;xif&onf/ odkYaomf tuÐs\ aemufydkif;ajcusif;0wftxd wGJvsm;us0wfqifxm;aom atmufbufydkif;aemufzHk;udk a&SUzHk;ESpfckjzifh [yfíuyfí vHkûcHrI&Sdatmif a&SUrSydwfí 0wfqifjcif;jzpfonf/ 0wfqifNyD;onfESifh csnfcg;ywfudk xyfíywf&onf/ 4if;cg;ywfudk tNrdwfrsm;a&SUwGif csí ywf&onf/ 4if;aemuf cg;pnf;êud;udk xyfí csnf&onf/


abmif;bDrSm teufa&mifjzpfNyD; cg;rS'l;txd &Snfonf/xkdYaemuf wpfaycefY&Snfaom ajcpGyfukd pGyfMuonf/ ajcpGyfukd0wfqifonfhtcg ckdifcHhrI&Sdap&ef 'l;atmufem;&Sd ajcpGyfxdyfykdif;wGifyef;zGm;rsm;yg&Sdaom csnfêud;jzifh wif;usyfpGm 0wfqifMuonf/ajcpGyfavQmusroGm;ap&ef xdkodkY csnfaESmifxm;jcif;jzpfonf/

zdeyfrSm trsKd;om;rsm;uJhodkY a&S;tcgu 0g;zdeyfrsm;udk 0wfqifNyD; ,cktcg acwfay:zdeyfrsm;udk 0wfqifMuonf/

Aef;armfe,f0wfpHkAef;armfe,f vDqltrsKd;om;rsm;\ 0wfpm;qif,ifrIwGif

eufjyma&mifrsm;udkom toHk;ûyMuonf/ acgif;aygif;rSm eufjyma&mifjzpfí tvsm; 5 awmif? teH 6 vufr&Sdonf/ acgif;aygif;aygif;&mwGifvnf; vufsm&pf &pfywfí aygif;Muonf/

a&S;,cifu toHk;rsm;cJhonfh vDql½dk;&m0g;zdeyfrsm;a&S;,cifu toHk;rsm;cJhonfh vDql½dk;&m0g;zdeyfrsm;

a&S;,cifu toHk;rsm;cJhonfh vDql½dk;&m0g;zdeyfrsm;a&S;,cifu toHk;rsm;cJhonfh vDql½dk;&m0g;zdeyfrsm;a&S;,cifu toHk;rsm;cJhonfh vDql½dk;&m0g;zdeyfrsm;


tuÐsrSm vuf&Snf &ifaphtuÐsrsKd;jzpfonf/ Mu,foD;rsm;ukdtuÐs\ 0J,m&ifzHk;vQmESpfzufwGif wyfqifxm;onf/ abmif;bDrSmvnf; ajc&Snfabmif;bDrsKd;jzpfonf/ abmif;bD&Snf\ ajcawmufatmufem;wGif jrm;yHkoP²mefudk tjzLa&mifcsnfjzifh yHkazmfxkd;csKyfxm;onf/ vDqlvlrsKd;rsm;\ a&S;bkd;bGm;tpOftquf toufarG;0rf;ausmif;tjzpf udkifwG,ftoHk;ûycJhaom trJvkduf&mwGif oHk;onfhjrm;udk trSwfoauFwtjzpf xnfhoGif;&ufvkyfxm;jcif;jzpfayonf/

tuÐsESifh abmif;bDudk 0wfqifNyD;onfhtcgwGif tvsm;6 awmif &Snfaom csnfcg;ywfukd ywfMuonf/ 4if;cg;ywfrSmvnf; txyfoHk;xyfacgufxm;jcif;jzpfNyD; tay:cg;ywf[kvnf;ac:onf/ 'l;atmufem;xd&Snfvsm;aom ajcpGyfrsm;udkvnf; 0wfqifMuonf/ a&S;tcgu 0g;zdeyfrsm;udkom pD;MuNyD; ,ckacwfwGifw½kwfEkdifiHjzpf bGwfzdeyfrsm;? ½SL;zdeyfrsm;? awmpD;zdeyfrsm;udkomtoHk;ûyMuonf/

Aef;armfe,f vDqltrsKd;om;rsm;\ 0wfpm;qif,ifrIwGif rd½dk;zvmtoHk;taqmifjzpfonfh 'l;av;udk ycHk;wGif xrf;vsuf ½kd;&mwl&d,mypönf;jzpfaom bif*sKdukd vG,fvsuf bl;oD;ajcmufyavGudkudkifvsuf awGUjrifEkdifonf/

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acgif;aygif;rSm tjzL? t0g? tpdrf;a&mifav;rsKd;jzifh a&mpyfcsKyfvkyfxm;aom acgif;aygif;jzpfonf/ acgif;aygif;tpGef;wpfzufwGif a&mifpHkyef;zGm;rsm;udk vSypGm wyfqifcsKyfvkyfxm;avh&Sdonf/

tuÐsrSm vuf&SnftuÐsjzpfNyD; vufaumuf0wfwGif tjzL?teD? tpdrf;? yef;a&mif ponfha&mifpHkrsm;jzifh wGJuyfcsKyfvkyfxm;onf/vufarmif;wpfavQmufwGifvnf; yef;yGifhrsm;azmfí xm;onf/ tuÐsaumfvHrSm tjzLa&mifjzpfonf/ tuÐs&ifbwfykdif;wGif aiGjym;rsm;wyfqifxm;Muonf/

Aef;armfe,f trsKd;orD;rsm;onf vHkcsnfudk ESpfxyfxyfí0wfqifMuonf/ uGif;vHkcsnfrsKd;r[kwfbJ tvsm;vkduf jyefYvHkcsnf


Aef;armfe,f vDqltrsKd;orD;Aef;armfe,f vDqltrsKd;orD;

Aef;armfe,f vDqltrsKd;orD;Aef;armfe,f vDqltrsKd;orD;

Aef;armfe,f vDqltrsKd;orD;


rdk;ukwfe,f vDqltrsKd;om;ESif h trsKd;orD;rdk;ukwfe,f vDqltrsKd;om;ESif h trsKd;orD;

rdk;ukwfe,f vDqltrsKd;om;ESif h trsKd;orD;rdk;ukwfe,f vDqltrsKd;om;ESif h trsKd;orD;rdk;ukwfe,f vDqltrsKd;om;ESif h trsKd;orD;


wpfenf;tm;jzifh uGif;rqufonfh vHkcsnfrsm;jzpfonf/ ta&mifrSmeufjyma&mif atmufcHjzpfNyD; atmufem;ydkif;wGif 6 vufrcefUvkdif;pif;oHk;pif;udk ta&mifrsKd;pHkjzifh wGJqufí csKyfxm;onf/

vHkcsnf\a&SUykdif;wGif vHkcsnfa&SUzHk;tydkif;i,fESifh a&SUzHk;tydkif;BuD;rsm;udk txyfESpfxyfûyvkyfí xm;onf/ xdkodkY tuÐsESifh vHkcsnfrsm;udk0wfqifNyD;aemuf cg;ywfukd xyfíywf&onf/ cg;ywfrSm ESpfrsKd;&SdNyD;cg;ywfBuD;rSm teufa&mifydwfpcsnfjzifh ûyvkyfxm;NyD; cg;atmufydkif;rSm ywfMuonf/ cg;ywftao;rSm ta&mifydkrsm;NyD; êud;rQifrsm;pGmyg&Sdonf/ cg;ywfao;ukd cg;tay:ydkif;rSm ywf&onf/

xkdYaemuf ajcpGyfukd 0wfqifMuonf/ ajcpGyfrSm 'l;atmufem;pyfrS ajccsif;0wftxd 0wfqifMuonf/ zdeyfrsm;ukdrl uwåDygzdeyf?om;a&zdeyf? cHkjrifhzdeyf? uGif;pGyfzdeyfrsm;ukdom toHk;jyKvmMuonf/

aiGvufaumufukd wpfzufwpfuGif;pD 0wfqifMuonf/,ckacwfwGif ausmufpdrf;vufaumufrsm;ukdyg ½kd;&m0wfpHkwGifa&mí0wfqifoHk;pGJvmonfukd awGU&onf/ aiGvufpGyfukdrl ½dk;&mtjzpf ,aeYwkdif 0wfqifNrJjzpfonf/

Aef;armfe,f? vDqltrsKd;orD;rsm;\ 0wfpHkrSmtqiftjyifrsm;NyD;wefzkd;tm;jzifhvnf; BuD;rm;vSonf/ trsKd;orD;rsm;onf rdrdwkdY\0wfpHkudk ,aeYwkdif jrwfEkd;pGm xdef;odrf;0wfqifvmMuonfrSm *kPf,lzG,fjzpfayonf/


rd k;ukwfe,f0wfpH krd k;ukwfe,f0wfpH krd k;ukwfe,f0wfpH krd k;ukwfe,f0wfpH krd k;ukwfe,f0wfpH k

rdk;ukwfe,f vDqltrsKd;om;rsm;onf qHyifukd aooyfpGmNzD;vdrf;ûyjyifxm;onf/ acgif;aygif; aygif;aomtavhr&SdMu/ tuÐsrSm ESpfxyfjzpfonf/ aumfvHyg tjzLa&mif &SyftuÐsvuf&SnfudkatmufwGif0wfqifNyD; tay:wGifvufrygaom teufa&mifokdYr[kwf tjyma&miftuÐstxludk xyfí0wfqifonf/ 0pfpukwftuÐsrsKd;jzpfonf/

trsKd;om;rsm;onf &Srf;abmif;bDuJhokdY abmif;bDrsKd;ukd 0wfqifMuonf/ okdYaomf abmif;bDrSm tuÐsta&mifwkdif;yif 0wfqifMuonf/ zdeyfukdrl teufa&mifom;a& ajcn§yfzdeyfrsm;udk 0wfqifavh&SdMuonf/

rdk;ukwfe,f vDqltrsKd;orD;rsm;\ 0wfpm;qif,ifrIonfwpfrsKd;wpfzHk xl;jcm;vSonf/ OD;acgif;wpfckvHk;ukd acgif;aygif;jzifhxyfíxyfí &pfywfaygif;xm;NyD; acgif;aygif;pudk OD;acgif;aemufbuf oifhawmf&mae&mwGif pepfwus tqHk;owfxm;onf/ acgif;aygif;\t&G,frSm tvGefBuD;rm;vSonf/ tvsm; 8 awmif? teH15 vufr&Sdaom teufa&mifacgif;aygif;udk vuf0J&pfjzpfap?vufsm&pfjzpfap oifhawmfovkdaygif;Muonf/ acgif;aygif;rSm tvGefav;vHNyD; yHkoP²mefrSmvnf; wpfrsKd;wpfzHk qef;Mu,fvSaMumif;awGY&onf/

rsufESmudkvSypGm vdrf;usHjc,foMuNyD; aiGem;qGJukd qGJMuonf/ rdk;ukwfe,f vDqltrsKd;orD;rsm;\ ½dk;&m0wfpm;qif,ifrIwGif


bkd;bGm;tpOftquf xdef;odrf;xm;Ekdifaom t&mrSm aiGem;qGJyifjzpfonf/ tzkd;wefausmufrsuf&wemrsm;ESifh tjcm;aom em;qGJrsm;udkqGJom;avhr&SdbJ ½dk;&mem;qGJudkom qGJom;Muonf/

tuÐsrSmvnf; tvGefxl;jcm;onf/ tjyma&mifjzpfNyD; ajccsif;0wfxd wpfqufwnf; &Snf;vsm;pGm csKyfxm;aom tuÐs&SnfrsKd;jzpf&m cE¨mudk,fwpfckvHk; vHkûcHrI&Sdaeayonf/ odkYaomf csKdif;atmufrSajccsif;0wfwkdifatmif ab;ESpfzufudk cGJxm;&m a&SUzHk;ESifh aemufausmzHk;[lí ESpfckyg&SdaMumif; awGU&onf/ tuÐsaumfvHrSm 0wfqifoltrsKd;orD;\vnfyif;ESifhwkdif;í vnfyif;wpfckvHk;udk vnfaphoabmrsKd; csKyfvkyfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/

tuÐsudk 0wfqifNyD;onfESifh teufa&mifzsifcg;ywfukd xyfíywfonf/ tvsm; 6 awmif? teH 8 vufr&Sdaom ESpfxyfzsifcg;ywfjzpfonf/ aiGvufaumufBuD;rsm;udkvnf; wpfzufvQifESpfuGif;rS oHk;uGif;txd 0wfqifMuonf/ vnfyif;wGif t0ef;ESpfaycGJ&Sdaom aiGjym;0dkif;BuD;ESpfckudk qGJxm;Muonf/ aiGjym;BuD;ESpfuGif;\tav;csdefrSm oHk;q,fusyfom;cefY&Sdonf/ 4if;jyif aiGqGJêud;ESpfuHk;udkvnf; qGJom;Muonf/

teufa&mif odkYr[kwf tjyma&mifabmif;bD&Snfudk atmufcH0wfqifMuonf/ abmif;bDudk 0wfqifNyD;aemuf êud;jzifh oD;jcm;csKyfí xm;onf/ odkYaomf trsKd;orD;rsm;onf tusÐ&Snfjzifh zHk;tkyf0wfqifxm;jcif;rsKd;jzpfí abmif;bDrSm xif&Sm;odomjcif;r&Sday/

zdeyfudkrl ajcn§yfzdeyf? ½ª;zdeyf? a'gufzdeyf ponfjzifh ESpfouf&mudk 0wfqiftoHk;ûyavh&SdMuonf/


&Srf;jynfe,fawmifyk dif;0wfpH k&Srf;jynfe,fawmifyk dif;0wfpH k&Srf;jynfe,fawmifyk dif;0wfpH k&Srf;jynfe,fawmifyk dif;0wfpH k&Srf;jynfe,fawmifyk dif;0wfpH k

&Srf;jynfe,fawmifykdif; vDqltrsKd;om;rsm;onf tvsm; 10awmif&Snfaom acgif;aygif;udk aygif;xm;Muonf/ acgif;aygif;udkyef;a&mifESifh teDa&mifESpfrsKd; oHk;Muonf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh yef;a&mifukd ykdí oHk;pGJMuonf/

trsKd;om;rsm;onf tjzLa&mifaumfvHuwHk; vuf&Snftay:wGif teufa&mifaumfvHwpfckygaom &SyftuÐsvuf&SnfyHkpHrsKd;ukdxyfí 0wfqifonf/ trSwfrJhMunhfygu jrefrmwkdufyHktuÐsESifhqifwl½dk;rSm;jzpfonf/ odkYaomf aumfvHwpfckygaeonfu jrefrmwkdufyHktuÐsESifh uGJjym;aom tcsufwpfckyifjzpfonf/ ,cifuyifvDqlwkdY jrwfEkd;pGm 0wfqifvmcJhaom ½kd;&mtuÐsjzpfí ,ckacwfwGifvnf; &Srf;jynfe,fawmifykdif;a'orsm;wGif toHk;rsm;vSonf/

teufa&mif odkYr[kwf tjyma&mif abmif;bDajc&Snfudk0wfqifMuonf/ abmif;bDajcrSm cyfyGyGjzpfonf/ xkdYaemuf yef;zGm;rsm;? a<uaphrsm;? ykwD;rsm;wyfqifxm;aom tuGufazmf&ufvkyfxm;onfh csnfvG,ftdwfudk vG,fMuonf/

ajcwGif 'l;qpfrS ajccsif;0wftxd teufa&mifajcpGyfukd0wfqifMuonf/ tqkdyg ajcpGyfukd avQmusroGm;ap&ef 'l;atmufem;pyfwGif csnfêud;rsm;jzifh ckdifcHhpGm csnfaESmifxm;&onf/ abmif;bDudk0wfqifonfhtcg 4if;ajcpGyfudk rjrif&acs/

&Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif; vDqltrsKd;orD;rsm;onf tvsm; 10awmif? teH 4 vufr&Sdaom txyfrsm;pGmyg&Sdonfh teufa&mifacgif;aygif;ukd aygif;Muonf/ teHwpfudkufudk acgufxm;jcif;rsKd;jzpfí txyfaygif; (8) xyf&Sdonfh acgif;aygif;jzpfonf/


em;wGif aiGuGif;tao;i,frsm;udk wpfzufwpfuGif;pD0wfqifxm;ojzifh jrifomrIr&Sday/ a&S;tcgu a&mifpHkykwD;aphrsm;udkêud;jzifh oDí ykwD;uHk;a& (10) ckrS (20) txdudk ar;rSmokdif;NyD;em;uGif;rsm;ESifh csdwfqGJxm;Muonf/ odkYaomf ,ckacwfwGif xdkokdYaom 0wfpm;qif,ifrIrsKd;rSm enf;yg;vmNyDjzpfonf/ tusÐrSm teufa&mifjzpfNyD; &ifzHk;tuÐsjzpfonf/

a&SUydkif;wGif cg;txdtwkdjzpfNyD; aemufausmrSm ajccsif;0wfxd&Snfvsm;onf/ tuÐswpfxnfvHk;wGif &ifzHk;atmufMu,foD;wpfvHk;om wyfqifxm;onfudk awGU&onf/ tusÐukyfykd;wpfavQmufwGifvnf; aiGarmif;? aiGcGufrsm;udk tvHk;a& (20) pD twef;oHk;wef;azmfíxm;&m aiGarmif;? aiGcGuf vHk;a& (60) cefYyg&SdNyD; teDa&mifzsifjzifh wGJoDcsKyfvkyfxm;onf/

vufESpfzufwGif aiGvufaumuftvHk;udk wpfzufwpfuGif;pD 0wfonf/ eufjyma&mif abmif;bD&Snfudk 0wfqifMuonf/'l;atmufem;pyfrS ajccsif;0wfxd ajcpGyfukd pGyfMuonf/

tusÐESifh abmif;bDudk 0wfqifNyD;ygu cg;pnf;cg;ywfukdywf&onf/ tvsm; 4 awmif &Snfaom cg;ywfjzpfonf/ 4if;cg;ywfcsnfpudk rnfollrQ udkifcGifhr&Sday/ udkifívnf; rjzpfay/tu,fí udkifrdygu epfemrI&Sdí ]]NrDwkdAsm}} ac: avQmfaMu;ay;&onf/ tusÐwpfxnfvHk;wGif &ifzHk;Mu,foD;wpfvHk;om yg&Sdojzifhcg;pnf;cg;ywfrSm tuÐswpfxnfvHk;\ ta&;ygaomtydkif;jzpfonf/

&Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif; vDqltrsKd;orD;rsm;onf ajcn§yfzdeyf?uGif;pGyfzdeyf ponfjzifh ESpfouf&mudk 0wfqifavh&SdMuonf/


&Srf;jynfe,fajrmufydkif;vDqlvSysKdjzLwpfOD;&Srf;jynfe,fajrmufydkif;vDqlvSysKdjzLwpfOD;

&Srf;jynfe,fajrmufydkif;vDqlvSysKdjzLwpfOD;&Srf;jynfe,fajrmufydkif;vDqlvSysKdjzLwpfOD;

&Srf;jynfe,fajrmufydkif;vDqlvSysKdjzLwpfOD;


&Srf;jynfe,fawmifykdif; vDqltrsKd;om;&Srf;jynfe,fawmifykdif; vDqltrsKd;om;

&Srf;jynfe,fawmifykdif; vDqltrsKd;om;&Srf;jynfe,fawmifykdif; vDqltrsKd;om;

&Srf;jynfe,fawmifykdif; vDqltrsKd;om;


&&&&&Srf;jynfe,fajrmufyk dif;0wfpH kSr f;jynfe,fajrmufyk dif;0wfpH kSr f;jynfe,fajrmufyk dif;0wfpH kSr f;jynfe,fajrmufyk dif;0wfpH kSr f;jynfe,fajrmufyk dif;0wfpH k

&Srf;jynfe,fajrmufykdif;? vm;½Id;? ukef;Murf;? erf;crf;? rdk;rdwf?uGwfckdif? aemifcsKd ponfhûrdUe,frsm;wGif aexkdifMuaom vDqlvlrsKd;rsm;\ ½dk;&m0wfpHkjzpfonf/ udk;uefYa'o0wfpHkonfvnf; &Srf;jynfe,fajrmufykdif;0wfpHkyifjzpfayonf/

trsKd;om;rsm;onf acgif;aygif;udk aygif;Muonf/ acgif;aygif;rSm teufa&mif odkYr[kwf tjzLa&mifjzpfonf/ acgif;aygif;rSm7 awmifcefY &Snfvsm;NyD; teHrSm 5 vufr&Sdonf/ txyfrsm;pGmygaom acgif;aygif;jzpfonf/

tuÐsrSm aumfvHygaom tjzLa&mifvuf&SnftuÐsjzpfonf/4if;tuÐsay:wGif teufa&mif tuÐsudkxyfí 0wfonf/ 4if;tuÐsrSmvufjywf tuÐsjzpfNyD; 0pfukwftuÐs yHkpHrsKd;jzpfonf/ xkdYjyif tjyma&mif &ifzHk;tuÐsudk 0wfqifMuonfvnf;&Sdonf/ abmif;bDrSm0wfqifol\ cg;ESifhwkdif;NyD; abmif;bDcGESifh ajcyHkpHwkdYudk cyfum;um;ykHoP²mef csKyfvkyfxm;onfh abmif;bDyGwpfrsKd;jzpfonf/

trsKd;om;rsm;onf ajcpGyfukd tjzLa&mif odkYr[kwf teufa&mif wpfrsKd;wnf;udkom csKyfvkyf0wfqifMuonf/ a&S;tcguawmawmifxJwGifom aeMuaom tavhtx&Sdí zdeyfpD;jcif;rsKd;r&SdMuay/ pD;yguvnf; 0g;zdeyfukdom pD;Muonf/ ,cktcgacwfay:zdeyfrsm;rS ESpfouf&mudk 0wfqifMuaMumif; avhvmawGU&Sd&ayonf/


&Srf;jynfe,fajrmufykdif; a'oae vDqltrsKd;orD;rsm;\ 0wfpHkrSm ae&ma'otvdkuf rsm;pGm&Sdayonf/ ta&miftqif;ESifh tqiftaoG;yHkpHenf;jcif;? rsm;jcif;&Sdayonf/ ta&miftqif; uGJjym;jcm;em;jcif;rsKd;vnf; &Sdonf/ odkYaomf trsKd;orD;0wfpHk\ oabmobm0rSmtajccHtm;jzifh wlnDrI&SdaeaMumif; awGU&Sd&onf/

trsKd;orD;rsm;\ acgif;aygif;rSm tvsm; ig;awmif? teHwpfay &SdNyD; teufa&mif ESpfxyfacgif;aygif;jzpfonf/ ESpfzufvSjzpfí txyf (6) xyf&Sdonf/ acgif;aygif;pGef;wGif a&mifpHkyef;zGm;rsm;?tNrdwfprsm; csxm;onf/ acgif;aygif;udk aygif;&mwGif vufsm&pfa&mifpHkvkdif;pif;rsm;? yef;zGm;rsm;? tNrdwfpGef;rsm;ygaom tvSbufudktay:wGifxm;í aygif;jcif;jzpfonf/

trsKd;orD;rsm;onf a&S;,cifu rsufESmudk tvSty vdrf;usHjc,forI r&SdcJhay/ aiGem;qGJudk wGJvsm;csqifjref;Muonf/ ESpfumvMumaomtcg aiGem;awmif;ESifh aiGom;awmifhrsm;udk qGJom;Muonf/

vnfyif;wGif aiGjym;? aiGvHk;oHk;ckpDudk uGif;ûyvkyfí qGJom;xm;Muonf/ tuÐsrSm vuf&SnftuÐsjzpfonf/ teufa&mifodkYr[kwf tjyma&mifatmufcHtuÐsjzpfNyD; aemufydkif;wGif udk,fcEmrSmajccsif;0wfxd wpfqufwnf;jzpfonf/ a&SUydkif;rSm cg;txdom&Sdonf/ twGif;cHtuÐsudk 0wfqifNyD;rSom ½kd;&m0wfpHktuÐsudk 0wfqifMujcif;jzpfonf/ ,mbuf&ifzHk;tuÐs jzpfonf/ tuÐsay:wGifaiGMu,frsm;? ta&mifawmufygaom t&mrsm; wyfqifxm;ygonf/tuÐs\ aemufausmydkif;wGif vkdif;pif;rsm;azmfNyD; a&SUydkif;wGif vdkif;pif;rsm; ryg&Sdacs/


tuÐsudk 0wfqifNyD;onfESifh aemufykdif;tNrD;ESpfckygonfhMuufvQmpGef;yHkudk tNrD;zGm;rsm; yg&Sdaom wefqmqifrIrsKd; &Sdonf/4if;rSm yxrtqifh csnfxm;aom cg;ywftrsKd;tpm;wpfckjzpfonf/tay:ydkif;rSm cg;ukdywfí 0wfqif&mwGif vG,fulrI&Sdap&ef 'kwd,cg;ywfwpfckESifh ywfxm;onf/ 4if;cg;ywfrSm tv,fwGif csnfzsifjzpfNyD; tzsm;ydkif;ESpfzufwGif êud;rsm;jzifh qufxm;onf/ 4if;aemuf*syfckwfcg;ywfjzifh ywfí 0wfqifonf/ þcg;ywfrSm wwd,cg;ywfjzpfonf/ azmfjyyg tuÐsr0wfrD abmif;bDukd 'l;qpfem;xd0wfqifMuonf/ abmif;bDrSm eufjyma&mifjzpfonf/ abmif;bD0wfqifNyD;aemuf 'l;atmufem;pyfrS ajccsif;0wfxd teDa&mifatmufcHajcpGyfudk 0wfqif&onf/

trsKd;orD;rsm;onf a&S;cgu 0g;zdeyfudk ½kd;&mzdeyftjzpf0wfqifMuaomfvnf; ,ckacwfwGif acwftvdkuf zdeyfrsm;udk0wfqiftoHk;ûyMuonf/

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

vlrIqufqHa&;ESif h {nfh0wå&m;vlrIqufqHa&;ESif h {nfh0wå&m;vlrIqufqHa&;ESif h {nfh0wå&m;vlrIqufqHa&;ESif h {nfh0wå&m;vlrIqufqHa&;ESif h {nfh0wå&m;

vDqlwkdif;&if;om;rsm;onf aqGrsKd;wlpkcsif;jzpfap? tjcm;vlrsKd;rsm;ESifh jzpfap tjyeftvSefrdwf0wfrysuf aygif;oif;wwfonf/rnfonfh wkdif;&if;om; nDtpfudkarmifESrrsm;ESifhrqkd ta&mw0ifcspfcifpGm aygif;oif;aexkdifMuonf/

oma&;? ema&;? vlrIa&; udpörsm;wGif tm;wufoa&mulnDMuonf/ aiGaMu;? tpm;taomuf? uRJ? EGm;? 0uf ponfwkdYjzifhay;vªMuonftxd ½dkif;yif;rI&SdMuonf/ wpfOD;ü ta&;udpöBuD;i,fay:aygufygu usefrdom;pkrsm;? tdrfaxmifpkrsm;u vkyftm;ay;í0dkif;0ef;ulnDavh&Sdonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh rdom;pkwpfpkrS tdrfopfaqmufvkyfygu wpf&GmvHk;wpfe,fvHk;u apwemtjynfht0jzifh vkyftm;ay;Muonf/ tdrfaqmuf&mwGif vkdtyfonfh opf0g;rsm;udk ckwf,ljcif;?ypönf;rsm;udk pkaqmif;jcif; ponfwdkYrStp tm;vHk;udk 0dkif;0ef;ulnDvkyftm;ay;Muonf/

vDqlwkdYonf aqGrsKd;[kwfonfjzpfap? r[kwfonfjzpfap?rdrdvlrsKd;[kwfonfjzpfap? r[kwfonfjzpfap? rsufESmBuD;i,fra&G;?olpdrf;olusufra&G; MunfjzLpGm qufqHwwfí {nfhcHauR;arG;avh&Sdonf/ þodkY rnfolrqkd? rnfonhf{nfhonfudkrqkd {nfhcHauR;arG;

82


jcif;onf rGefjrwfonf[k cH,lcsuf&SdMuonf/ {nfhonf0ifxGufoGm;vmrIenf;yg;ygu uHraumif;? vmbfvmbydwfonf? pD;yGm;Opömuswwfonf[k ,HkMunfMuonf/

{nfhonfrsm; rnfrQyif vma&mufapumrl jiLpljcif;tvQif;r&Sd? o'gMunfjzLpGm vufcHqufqHauR;arG;wwfaomtavhtxrSmESpfvkdzG,faumif;aom p½dkufvu©Pmwpfckyifjzpfonf/

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

rdom;pk zG J hpnf;aexdkifyH krdom;pk zG J hpnf;aexdkifyH krdom;pk zG J hpnf;aexdkifyH krdom;pk zG J hpnf;aexdkifyH krdom;pk zG J hpnf;aexdkifyH k

vDqlwdkY\ rdom;pkzGJUpnf;aexkdifyHkrSm zrsKd;,lpepfudk tajccHxm;aMumif;awGU&onf/ zcifonf rdom;pk? tdrfaxmifpkwGif tBuD;tuJ wpfOD;jzpfNyD; tdrfaxmifwm0efukd,l&onf/ rdom;pkukd pDrHtkyfcsKyf&onf/ rdcifonf pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;? rdom;pkvkyfief;rsm;?csufûywfa&;udpörsm;udk aqmif&Gufonf/

om;orD;rsm;tdrfaxmifusygu orD;jzpfolonf om;ruftdrfodkY tNyD;tydkifvkdufoGm;&ojzifh tjcm;rdom;pk0ifjzpfoGm;onf/ om;jzpfolrsm;xJwGif om;ti,fqHk;onf tdrfaxmifusaomfvnf;rdbtdrfwGifom &moufyefaexdkif&aom "avhudkawGU&onf/ om;rsm;xJrS tBuD;ti,frsm;&Sdyguvnf; tdrfaxmifusvQif rdbrsm;ESifh&moufyef wpftdrfwnf;aecGihfr&Sday/ tdrfaxmifusNyD;NyD;csif; tdk;opftdrfopfxlaxmif wnfaqmufaexdkif&onf/ odkYaomf tdrfaxmifusNyD;NyD;csif; rdbtdrfrS rxGufcGmao;bJ wpfESpf? ESpfESpfponfjzifhtcsdefumv tcdkuftwefYaeNyD;rS tdk;tdrfoD;jcm; wnfaqmufaejcif;rsKd;vnf;&Sdavonf/ om;orD;rsm; arG;zGm;vmygu zcifrsKd;ESifh trnfudkom rSnfhac:&avonf/

84

aqGrsK d;rdom;pk tac:ta0:rsm;aqGrsK d;rdom;pk tac:ta0:rsm;aqGrsK d;rdom;pk tac:ta0:rsm;aqGrsK d;rdom;pk tac:ta0:rsm;aqGrsK d;rdom;pk tac:ta0:rsm;

zcif tbm;

rdcif trm;

tbdk; (zcifbufrS) tmyg

tbGm; (zcifbufrS) tm;qm (&)

om; tmyD

orD; tm;rD

tpfudk t&d

tpfr tmaZ

nDarmif npfqm

nD nDrm

tbdk; (rdcifbufrS) tmygaum

tbGm; (rdcifbufrS) tm;azmf

ajr;^ajr;r vD;yg;^vD;rm;

OD;av; (taz\nD) tma0g

ta': (taz\nDr) tmnD

OD;av; (tar\armif) tmy

ta': (tar\nDr) a&mfa&mf

OD;BuD; atmufzm

a':BuD; atmufrm

wl qm;Zm

wlr qm;rm

a,mu©r (tar) tmnD

a,mu©xD; (taz) tm&D

om;ruf ar;zm

acR;r cspfrm

cruf (xD;) r[l;rm

cruf (r) r[l;rm

orD;a,mufr *Gacsmfrm

orD;a,mufz *Gacsmf

c,fr *Gacsmfrm

cJtkd tm;a&wm

r&D; rmv


85

vDqlwdkY\ aqG;rsKd;awmfpyfjcif;"avhESifh tac:ta0:toHk;tEIef;rsm;onf a&ajra'ouGm;a0;rIay:rlwnfí tenf;i,fpDuGJjym;jcm;em;rI&Sdonfudk awGU&onf/ okdYaomf vDqlpum;ajymqkdaomvlrsKd;wlkcsif;rSm tac:ta0:rSm tenf;i,fuGJjym;jcm;em;rI&Sdaomfvnf;tm;vHk;em;vnfoabmaygufMuayonf/ xl;jcm;onfrSm vDqlwkdY\rdom;pktac:ta0:rsm;xJrS tcsKdUtac:ta0:toHk;tEIef;rsm;onfArmvlrsKd;rsm;\ rdom;pktac:ta0:toHk;tEIef;rsm;ESifh wlnDaejcif;?qifwl,dk;rSm;&Sdaejcif;rSmum; pdwf0ifpm;zG,fjzpfonf/ ordkif;okawoDwkdY\tqdkt& ,aeYwkdif vufcHaeaom t,ltqqkdvQif ArmESifhvDqlwkdYonf wdbufjrefrmvlrsKd;tkyfpkBuD;rS qif;oufvmcJhonf[lonfhoabmudk axmufcHrIûyaeaom om"ursm;yifjzpfonf[kqkd&rnfomjzpfonf/

arG;zGm;jcif;arG;zGm;jcif;arG;zGm;jcif;arG;zGm;jcif;arG;zGm;jcif;

ukd,f0efaqmiftrsKd;orD;onf aeY&ufaphí rD;zGm;onfhtcsdefwGif tdrf&SdrD;zdkcef;rSm arG;zGm;&onf/ rD;zdkcef;teD;wGifom arG;zGm;&onf/ aEG;axG;rI&Sdaeap&ef ta&;BuD;ayonf/ arG;zGm;rnfh trsKd;orD;tm; aoG;vnfywfrIudk [efYwm;apaom a&at;wkdufjcif;? at;aomtpmrsm; auR;jcif;rûy&ay/

rD;zGm;rnfhtrsKd;orD;tm; ulnDapmifha&Smuf&ef &Gm&Sdvlrsm;uulnD&rnf/ raumif;aomt&mrsm;r&Sd&efESifh ylaZmfyorIûy&onfht&mrsm;udk xm;&Sd&onf/ arG;zGm;onfrS wpfvwdwd? 4if;tcef;wGifae&onf/ yxr (7) &uftwGif; tcef;twGif;odkY rnfonfh{nfhonfrsm;rS r0if&ef wm;jrpfxm;onf/ arG;zGm;NyD;uav;udkwpfywftwGif;ü ewfrsm;uomykdifqkdifonf/ vlom;tjzpfowfrSwfí r&ao;[k ,HkMunfMuonf/

arG;zGm;NyD;aemufwpf&ufwGif 0ufwpfaumifudkowfNyD;0ufom;ESifh xrif;[if;vsmrsm;udk ewfq&mu &GmapmifhewfudkylaZmfyo&onf/ &Gmapmifhewf\ aumif;csD;ay;rIaMumifh uav;toufudk vufcH&&Sdonf/ xdkYaMumifh ]]&Gmudk 'ku©ra&muf&efulrawmfrlyg/ uav;udk aumif;csD;r*Fvm ay;awmfrlyg/ tema&m*g


88

rusa&muf&ef rpyg}} ponfjzifh touf&Snfí wefcdk;rsm;&Sdap&efqkawmif;ay;&onf/

4if;tjyif uav;arG;aomrdcifonf tjcm;tom;ig;rsm;udkvHk;0pm;oHk;jcif;rûybJ Muufom;ûywfudkom pm;aomuf&onf/trsKd;om;url trsKd;orD;ESifh uav;acs;paom tnpftaMu;rSeforQwpfvwdwd avQmfzGyfjcif;ûy&onf/ tjcm;rnfolrS avQmfzGyfjcif;rsKd;rûy&ay/


trnfay; (uifyGef;wyfjcif;)trnfay; (uifyGef;wyfjcif;)trnfay; (uifyGef;wyfjcif;)trnfay; (uifyGef;wyfjcif;)trnfay; (uifyGef;wyfjcif;)

arG;zGm;NyD;aomuav;udk a,mufsm;av;jzpfygu 3 &ufjynfhvQif trnfay;&\/ rdef;uav;jzpfygu 2 &ufjynfhvQif trnfay;&\/ uifyGef;wyftrnfay;jcif;udk rsm;aomtm;jzifh tbdk;? tbGm;wkdYuay;aomtrnfudk vufcH&onf/

arG;zGm;NyD;aomuav;onf usef;rma&;raumif;vQif arG;pm;tazvkduf&Sm&onf/ avmavmq,f arG;pm;taz&Smr&ygu arG;zGm;NyD;aemufwpf&ufeHeufwGif tdrfodkYOD;qHk;a&muf&Sdvmoludk arG;taz[kowfrSwfNyD; trnfay;ckdif;onf/ xdkuav;onf BuD;jyif;vmaomtcg xdkarG;pm;taztm; wpfESpfwpfBudrf qefjzifhoGm;a&mufuefawmh&onf/ arG;pm;tazu jyefvnfNyD; t0wftpm;rsm;ay;umqkawmif;arwåmydkYo&onf/

uifyGef;wyfjcif;wGif Muuf? 0uf wkdYudkowfí oufBuD;&G,ftkdrsm;ESifh uav;arG;zGm;ay;onfh vufonfwkdYudk zdwfac:umxrif;wpfeyfauR;&avonf/

90

xdrf;jrm;r*FvmjyKjcif;"avhxdrf;jrm;r*FvmjyKjcif;"avhxdrf;jrm;r*FvmjyKjcif;"avhxdrf;jrm;r*FvmjyKjcif;"avhxdrf;jrm;r*FvmjyKjcif;"avh

xdrf;jrm;r*Fvmûyjcif;wGif vDqlwkdYonf uefYowfcsufrsm;&Sdonf/ trsKd;wlcsif;udk a&SmifMuOfMuonf/ rsKd;csif;pyf (odkY) rsKd;EG,fwlarmifESrwpf0rf;uGJvnf; a&SmifMuOfonf/ odkYaomf rsKd;uGJarmifESrwpf0rf;uGJudkrl ,lcGifh&Sdonf/

trsKd;wljcif;qkdonfrSm Oyrmtm;jzifh AsmrsKd;trsKd;om;ESifhAsmrsKd;trsKd;orD;? iGm;rsKd;trsKd;om;ESifh iGm;rsKd;trsKd;orD;? vjrmrsKd;trsKd;om;ESifh vjrmrsKd;trsKd;orD; ponfjzifh trsKd;wlolcsif;ukd qkdvkdonf/ ydkí&Sif;atmifajym&vQif Oyrm jrpfBuD;em;a'orS vDqltrsKd;om;onf AsmrsKd;jzpfNyD; vm;½dI;u vDqltrsKd;orD;onf AsmrsKd;jzpfygu 4if;wkdYonf rnfodkYrQ tdrfaxmifûycGifhr&Sday/ odkYjzpfí vlwpfOD;csif; wpfBudrfwpfcgrQ rawGUzl; rjrifzl;onfjzpfap trnfar;½HkjzifhtrsKd;wlcsif;jzpfaeí tdrfaxmifûy&rnfhtrsKd; [kwfr[kwf wyftyfaocsmpGm od&Sdavonf/

rsKd;csif;pyf (odkY) rsKd;EG,fwl armifESr0rf;uGJqkdonfrSm tpfr(odkY) nDr\om;? tpfudk (odkY) armif\orD;udk tdrfaxmifûycGifhr&Sday/odkYaomf vDqlvlrsKd;wdkYwGif xl;jcm;onfrSm tpfudk (odkY) armif\om;u tpfr (odkY) nDr\orD;udkrl ,lcGihf&Sdonf/ rsKd;uGJarmifESr

wpf0rf;uGJcsif;jzpfí vufxyf,lcGihf&Sdonf/

trsKd;wlolcsif; vufxyfxdrf;jrm;rI rûycJhonfrSm a&S;bkd;bGm;tpOftqufu xdef;odrf;vmcJhaom vlrIusifh0wfpnf;urf;rsm;?½dk;&m"avhxHk;pHrsm;yifjzpfonf/ vli,frsm;uvnf; trsKd;wlolcsif;jzpfygu armifESr&if;csmyrm &if;ESD;pGm qufqHrIûyMuonf/ a'otvSrf;uGma0;rIaMumifh? rdbcsif;jzpfap? om;orD;csif;jzpfap wpfBudrfwpfcgrS rqufqHzl;? rawGUjrifzl;Muaomfvnf; emrnfudk od&Sd&onfhtcg trsKd;wlcsif;jzpfaeu aqGrsKd;pk wlolcsif;jzpfí vufxyfxdrf;jrm;rIûyír&aMumif;? vDqlvlrsKd;tm;vHk;u em;vnfoabmaygufNyD;jzpfavonf/ rvTJra&Smifomí aqGrsKd;wlolcsif; cspfêudufrdyguarmifESrt&if;csif;cspfêudufonfh oabmjzpfaomaMumifh vlrIa&;azmufjyefjcif;jzpfí rdom;pktodkif;t0dkif;u z,fMuOfavh&SdMuonf/4if;wkdYudpöt00udkvnf; rdbaqGrsKd;rsm;u wm0ef,laqmif&Gufay;jcif;r&Sdacs/ &SufzG,faumif;aom vlYodu©mrJh usifh0wfpnf;urf; azmufzsufrIrsKd;jzpfí þodkY rdom;pktodkif;t0dkif;u z,fMuOfjcif;jzpfonf/w&m;pGJqkdjcif;? tjypfay;cH&jcif;rsm;xd &Sdavonf/ odkYjzpfí vDqlwkdYonf trsKd;wlolcsif; tdrfaxmifûyjcif;? owfrSwfxm;aom rsKd;EG,fwlarmifESr wpf0rf;uGJcsif; tdrfaxmifûyjcif;rsm; vHk;0r&SdMuay/

a&S;,cifewfudk;uG,faomacwfu vDqlvlrsKd;rsm;ESifh ,aeYwdkif ewfudk;uG,faeqJ vDqlvlrsKd;rsm;url trsKd;rwlygu trsKd;om;ESifh trsKd;orD; oabmwlonfjzpfap? rwlonfjzpfap ESpfzufrdboabmwlvQif vufxyf,lcGifh&SdNyD; rdbrsm;u vufxyfxdrf;jrm;ay;avh&Sdonf/


91

okdYaomf c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;jzpfvmMuaom vDqlvlrsKd;rsm;rSm ESpfzufaomrdbrsm; oabmwlonfomru owdkYom;ESifhowdkYorD;ESpfOD;pvHk;uyg oabmwlnDrSom vufxyfxdrf;jrm;jcif;ûyMuygonf/

vDqlvlrsKd;wdkY\ vufxyfxdrfjrm;jcif;"avhwGif ]]tnDr,fh}}ac: tpfrnDrrsm;rS arG;aomorD;udk armif (odkY) tpfukd\om;u,lEdkifonf[k qkdxm;ygonf/ tu,fí tpfrnDrrsm;rS arG;aomorD;onf tjcm;a,mufsm;wpfOD;OD;ESifh tdrfaxmifusNyD;jzpfí orD;rdef;uav;r&SdvQif armifuarG;aomom; tdrfaxmifûya&;twGuf]]tnDr,fh}} ac: tpfrnDrrsm;u orD;udk,fpm; rdef;r&SmazGay;&onf/ odkYjzpfí ]]tnDr,fh}} r[kwfaomfvnf; rdom;pktrsKd;wlcsif;r[kwfygu tdrfaxmifûyEdkifonf/ 4if;udk ]]Zm*dk&Sdwl;}} ac:vrf;opfazmufjcif;[k ac:avonf/

(u)(u)(u)(u)(u) aphpyfaMumif;vrf;jcif;aphpyfaMumif;vrf;jcif;aphpyfaMumif;vrf;jcif;aphpyfaMumif;vrf;jcif;aphpyfaMumif;vrf;jcif;

trsKd;om;ESifh trsKd;orD;wdkYtm; aphpyfaMumif;vrf;&mwGiftrsKd;om;bufrS ]]ZDrdk}} ac: atmifoG,fvkdtyfonf/ 4if;ZDrdkonfwpfOD;rS ESpfOD;xdvkdtyfovkd &SmazG&onf/ trsKd;om;bufrS ,HkMunfpdwfcspGm apvTwfjcif;cH&oljzpfí ZDrdkrS aphpyfaMumif;vrf;jcif;udpöudkwm0ef,laqmif&Guf&avonf/

ZDrdkudk aphpyfaMumif;vrf;&ef apvTwfawmhrnfqkdvQif yxrOD;pGm ZDrdkudk tdrfokdYzdwfac:í xrif;auR;{nfhcH&onf/ 4if;aemufrnfolrnf0g\ orD;udk awmif;,lrnfjzpfaMumif; trsKd;om;bufrS

ajymvdkonfhpum;rsm;udk ZDrdktm; tusKd;taMumif;ajymjy&onf/ZDrdkonf trsKd;om;ESifh trsKd;orD;wkdY ajyvnfrI&Sdatmif tjyeftvSefn§dEdIif;aqmif&Guf&olvnf;jzpfonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif orD;ysKd\OD;av;awmfpyfolu ZDrdktjyef OD;aqmifvkyfudkifaqmif&Gufay;&onfvnf;&Sdonf/

aphpyfolZDrkdonf orD;ysKd\ tdrfodkYoGm;í orD;ysKd rdbESpfyg;tm; rnfolrnf0g\om;u tdrfaxmifbufa&G;vkdaMumif;? aphpyfvkdaMumif; OD;pGmajym&onf/ xdkodkY yxrOD;pGm aphpyfaMumif;vrf;onfhtcgwGif ZDrdkonf owdkYorD;rdbrsm;tm; t&uf 2 ykvif;ESifhaiGom; 22 usyfom;ay;&\/ owdkYorD;\rdbrsm;u ZDrdkay;onfht&ufESihf aiGom;udkvufcHygu aphpyfjcif;udk oabmwlvufcHonf[k rSwf,lNyD; oufqkdif&mypönf;rsm;udk ay;cJh&onf/ 4if;wkdYrSmowdkYorD;udk ac:aqmifvm&eftwGuf t&ufykvif; 20? 0ufom;22 ydóm? qefESpfwif;? qm;ESpfydómESifh rkefYyJoa&pmponfhpm;aomufzG,f&mrsm;udk ay;cJh&onf/ þodkYûyvkyfjcif; ]]&mr,fckdjcif;}} [kac:onf/

a&S;,cifu ESpfzufaomrdbrsm; oabmwlvQif ]]&mr,fcdkjcif;}} udk touft&G,fi,fpOfu aphpyfaMumif;vrf;xm;NyD; t&G,fa&mufrSom xdrf;jrm;vufxyfay;MuonfrsKd;vnf;&Sdonf/ odkYaomf,cktcg vDqlvlrsKd;wdkYonf a,mufsm;av;? rdef;uav; t&G,fa&mufrSom aphpyfaMumif;vrf;avh&Sdonf/ tcsKdUaiGaMu;Opöm<u,f0csrf;omolrsm;onf ]]&mr,fcdkjcif;}} udk rdef;uav;tdrf wpfenf;tm;jzifh owdkYorD;tdrfwGif BuD;BuD;us,fus,f ûyvkyfusif;yMuonf/


aphpyfaMumif;vrf;NyD;onfESifh owdkYorD;tyfESif;yGJtwGuf &ufaumif;&ufjrwf owfrSwfa&G;cs,fMuavonf/

(c)(c)(c)(c)(c) r,fz,fac: uGrf;zd k;r,fz,fac: uGrf;zd k;r,fz,fac: uGrf;zd k;r,fz,fac: uGrf;zd k;r,fz,fac: uGrf;zd k;

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r,fz,fudk aphpyfaMumif;vrf;yGJwGif wpfBudrf? owdkYorD;tyfESif;yGJwGif wpfBudrf? vufxyfyGJwGif wpfBudrfay;&onf/ aphpyfaMumif;vrf;yGJtwGufay;&aom uGrf;zdk;rSmESpfck&Sdonf/ yxrwpfckrSmaphpyfaMumif;vrf;yGJtwGuf ukefusrnfh uGrf;zdk;jzpfNyD;? 'kwd,wpfckrSmowdkYorD;tyfESif;yGJtwGuf ukefusp&dwfpu uGrf;zkd;jzpfonf/ 4if;wkdYudkvnf; aphpyfaMumif;vrf;yGJwGif wpfcgwnf;ay;cJh&jcif;jzpfonf/

uGrf;zkd;onf ae&ma'otvkduf uGJjym;jcm;em;rI&SdaMumif;avhvmod&Sd&onf/ a&S;tcgu uGrf;zdk;udk EGm;? 0uf? Muufaumifa&rnfrQ[k owfrSwfí owfrSwfcsuftwkdif; ay;aqmifMu&onf/trsm;tm;jzifh owdkYorD;\ auseyfrI? rauseyfrIay:wGifrlwnfíuGrf;zdk;rsm;udk ay;Mu&onf/ a&T? aiG? owåKypönf;rsm;? '*Fg;jym;rsm;tm; rnfa&GUrnfrQowfrSwfí aphpyfaMumif;vrf;yGJ? owdkYorD;tyfESif;yGJ? vufxyfr*FvmyGJrsm;NyD;pD;onfhtcg ay;cJh&jcif;rsKd;&SdcJhonf/ ,cktcgwGif tqkdygaphpyfaMumif;vrf;yGJ? owkdYorD;tyfESif;yGJ? vufxyfr*FvmyGJrsm;twGuf ukefusrnfhp&dwfudk uGrf;zdk;tjzpf aiGaMu;ukefus

rIudkwGufcsufNyD; êudwifay;aqmifMu&onf/ xdkkYjyif ]]ckdcsm}}ac: owdkYorD;tyfESif;yGJwGif {nfhcHauR;arG;&mü toHk;ûy&ef tom;[if;vsmrsm;tjyif ]]cGm&SD;}} ac: rdef;uav;bufrS rdbrsm;twGufaumif;aomtom;rsm;udkvnf; ay;&ao;onf/ 4if;udkrl aqGrsKd;rsm;udk vufaqmiftjzpf a0iSay;avh&Sdonf/

uGrf;zkd;onf ZDrdkac: atmifoG,fvkyfolu aphpyfaMumif;vrf;pOfuyif wpfcgwnf;,laqmifvmjcif;jzpf&m 4if;ypönf;rsm;udkrdef;uav;bufrS oabmrwl vufrcHygu 4if;uGrf;zkd;ypönf;rsm;udkaphpyfolu jyef,loGm;&onf/ oabmwlvufcHrSomvQif uGrf;zdk;wif&avonf/ 4if;aemuf ZDrdk,laqmifvmaom t&uf? acgif&nfESifh xrif;[if;vsm pm;aomufzG,f&mrsm;udk aysmfaysmfyg;yg;pm;aomufMuavonf/

uGrf;zkd;rSm ucsifrsKd;EG,fpk0if *sdefazmh? avmfa0:? &0rf?vmcsd'f? Zdkif0g;wkdYESifh vDqlwkdY rwlnDaMumif;awGU&onf/ azmfjyygucsifrsKd;EG,fpk0ifwkdYrSm EGm;? uRJ? ydwftkyf? armif;? rckwf"m;?rxdk;vSHwkdYyg&SdNyD; vDqlwkdYrSm 4if;ypönf;rsm;ryg&Sday/ 0uf? Muuf?EGm;? t&uf? acgif&nfponfh ukefusp&dwfrsm;rSmrl wlnDrI&Sdonf/aqGrsKd;rdwfo*F[ tenf;trsm;tvkduf uGrf;zkd;ukefusrI tenf;trsm;uGmjcm;csuf&Sdygonf/ odkYaomf tcsKdUae&mrsm;wGif uGrf;zkd;p&dwfpuykdrdkukefusrI&SdaMumif;awGU&onf/

(*)(*)(*)(*)(*) owkd horD;tyfESif;yG Jowkd horD;tyfESif;yG Jowkd horD;tyfESif;yG Jowkd horD;tyfESif;yG Jowkd horD;tyfESif;yG J

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aMumif;vrf;onfh&ufESifh owdkYorD;tyfESif;yGJ usif;yonfh&ufonftenf;qHk;ESpf&ufESifh trsm;qHk;oHk;&ufom uGmjcm;avh&Sdonf/ Oyrmvqef; 1 &ufaeYwGif aphpyfaMumif;vrf;yGJûyvkyfygu vqef; 3&ufaeY okdYr[kwf vqef; 4 &ufaeYwGif rjzpfrae owdkYorD;tyfESif;yGJudk usif;yûyvkyf&onf/

a&S;tcgu owdkYorD;tyfESif;yGJtwGuf rdwfaqGrsm;? aqGrsKd;om;csif;rsm;xH? qm;xkyfuav;rsm;ay;í zdwfMum;xm;&onf/þodkYzdwfMum;jcif;udk ]][Gm&SDz,f}} [kac:onf/ ,cktcg zdwfpmrsm;ukd ½dkufESdyfa0iSí êudwifzdwfMum;jcif;ûyMuonf/

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vufxyfr*FvmyGJNyD;vQif owdkYom;\rdbrsm;rS owdkYorD;jzpfolacR;rukd owdkYom;\tcef;okdY ac:aqmifvmonf/ owdkYom;rSvnf; owdkYorD;udk rdrd\tcef;tm; ac:íjyo&onf/ xdkYaemufvufxyfr*FvmyGJwGif tursm;jzifh ujyazsmfajzMuonf/ oHk;&ufwdkifujy&onf/

c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;url bk&m;ausmif;rsm;wGif vufxyfr*FvmyGJusif;yMuonf/ r*Fvmaqmifrnfhae&mwGif ZDrdk\ZeD;rS owdkYorD;udkOD;aqmifí ac:vm&onf/ owdkYorD;onf t&efowkdYorD;ESifhwGJonf/ owdkYom;tdrfwGifvnf;aumif;? bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;wGifvnf;aumif;? aqGrsKd;rdom;pk? rdwfaqGrsm;udkac:í vufxyfr*FvmyGJudk usif;yavh&Sdonf/

r*Fvmaqmifrnfhae&mwGif owdkYom;ESifh t&efowkdYom;?owkdYorD;ESifh t&efowkdYorD;wkdYrSm twlwuGaeMu&onf/ t&efowkdYom;ESifh t&efowkdYorD;wdkYrSm ArmvlrsKd;rsm;\ "avhxHk;pHuJhodkYaeYeHudkufnDoludk owkdYom;? owdkYorD;wkdY\ t&eftjzpf a&G;cs,fjcif;rsKd;r[kwfay/ rdrdwkdY cifrif&if;ESD;rIt&jzpfap? vlysKd? tysKdrsm;uoifhawmfoludk pDpOfay;íjzpfap a&G;cs,fwGJ&onf/ owkdYom;ESifhowkdYorD;wdkYrSm tv,fwGifae&m,lí t&efowkdYom;ESifh t&efowkdYorD;wdkYrSm tpGefwGif ae&m,lMu&onf/

owkdYom;ESifh owdkYorD;? t&efowdkYom;ESifh t&efowkdYorD;wkdYonf rdbaqGrsKd;rsm;ESifhtwl bk&m;ausmif;a&mufonfESifh ac:vmolu owdkYom;ESifh owdkYorD;udk oif;tkyfq&mxH tyfESH&onf/oif;tkyfq&mu qufvufí pDpOfaqmif&Gufoifhonfrsm;udkaqmif&Guf&onf/

owkdYom;ESifh owkdYorD;wdkY\ t'Grf&SD (ac:) cspfaomufyGJowkdYom;ESifh owkdYorD;wdkY\ t'Grf&SD (ac:) cspfaomufyGJ

owkdYom;ESifh owkdYorD;wdkY\ t'Grf&SD (ac:) cspfaomufyGJowkdYom;ESifh owkdYorD;wdkY\ t'Grf&SD (ac:) cspfaomufyGJ

owkdYom;ESifh owkdYorD;wdkY\ t'Grf&SD (ac:) cspfaomufyGJ


oif;tkyfq&monf owkdYom;ESifh owkdYorD;ukd bk&m;ocifxHtyfESif;NyD; qkawmif;ay;jcif;? usrf;pm&Gwfqkdjcif;? w&m;a[majymqHk;rjcif;? owdkYom;ESifh owdkYorD;wkdYtm; vufxyfr*FvmûyonfhvufrSwfa&;xdk;apjcif;? t&efowkdYom;ESifh t&efowkdYorD;wdkYtm;vufxyfr*Fvm oufaocHvufrSwfa&;xkd;apjcif;? qHk;rpum;ajymjcif;rsm; ûyvkyfay;&onf/ uwdopömcH,lMuap&ef qHk;rpum;rsm;jzifhar;jref;ajymqkdNyD; owdkYom;ESifh owdkYorD;ukd vufxyfay;íqkawmif;ay;onf/ xdkYaemuf vG,ftdwfrsm;vG,fay;jcif;? vufpGyfrsm;vJvS,fjcif;ûyMuonf/ toif;tkyfq&mBuD;onf owdkYom;ESifhowdkYorD;udk vufxyfxdrf;jrm;ay;í usrf;pmrsm;? &Gwfzwfay;jcif;?qkawmif;ay;jcif;? qHk;rjcif; ûyay;avonf/ vufxyfr*FvmyGJvmy&dowfrsm;uvnf; "r®aw;rsm; oDusL;jcif;? aus;Zl;awmfcsD;rGrf;jcif;?qkawmif;arwåmykdYojcif;jzifh tMuifvifr,m;tjzpfodkY aqmif&GufpDpOfay;avonf/

r*FvmaqmifonfhaeYwGif ESpfbufaqGrsKd;om;csif;rsm;?zdwfMum;xm;onfh {nfhy&dowfrsm;rS vufaqmifypönf;rsm;? vufzGJUaiGrsm;jzifh ay;urf;csD;jr§ifhMuonf/ NyD;vQif tauR;tarG;jzifh {nfhcHonf/ aysmfaysmfyg;yg; pm;aomufaeMupOftwGif; aw;*DwtoHrsm;?aysmfyGJ &TifyGJrsm;jzifh {nfhcHavh&Sdonf/

4if;aemuf trsKd;orD;bufrS rdbaqGrsKd;om;csif;rsm;u owkdYom;ESifh owdkYorD;wkdYtm; qHk;rpum;ajymqkdrSmMum;jcif;? qkawmif;arwåmydkYojcif;rsm;udk aqmif&GufMu&onf/ þodkY qHk;rpum;rsm; rSmMum;p&mrsm;udk ajymqkdrSmMum;NyD;onfESifh vufxyfr*FvmyGJtcrf;tem;

NyD;qHk;oGm;awmhonf/

vufxyfr*FvmyGJNyD;qHk;onfhtcg &yfa0;&yfeD;rS aqGrsKd;om;csif;rsm;? zdwfMum;xm;olrsm;udk jyefydkY&efpDpOfay;&onf/ tcsKdUurlrdrdwdkY\tpDtpOfjzifh jyefjcif;rsKd;vnf;&Sdygonf/ vufxyfr*FvmyGJNyD;qHk;í owdkYorD;\rdbrsm;? vlBuD;rsm;jyefoGm;onfhtcg owdkYorD;tazmfrsm;? tzGJUrsm;? taygif;toif;rsm;onf &GmtjyifodkYvkdufydkYMuonf/ xkdYaemuf wpfa,mufvufudk wpfa,mufqGJum idka<u;Muonf/ þodkYûyNyD;vQif aiGaMu;vufaqmifypönf;wpfckckay;&onf/þodkYypönf;ay;jcif;udk ]]csDrmvJh*sD;}} [kac:onf/

r*FvmaqmifNyD; oHk;&ufjynfhaemufydkif;wGif owdkYorD;\rdbtdrfokdY owkdYom;? owkdYorD; ESpfOD;pvHk;oGm;&onf/ vufaqmiftjzpf tom;? t&ufacgif&nfrsm;? acgykyfrsm;ESifh tjcm;pm;aomufzG,f&mrsm;,lí oGm;a&mufuefawmhMuonf/ xkdokdYuefawmh&efoGm;onfudk ]]&SD;csDazm}} odkYr[kwf ]]rJvJvm}} [k ac:onf/rdef;uav;\ rdbrsm;rSvnf; owdkYom;ESifh owdkYorD;wkdYtm; r*FvmqkrGefaumif;rsm; awmif;Muonf/ tkd;cGufyef;uefrsm;? Muuf? 0uf?pkdufysKd;a&;oD;ESHrsm;? rsKd;aphrsm;? vufaqmifypönf;rsm;udk jyefvnfay;um qHk;rpum;rsm; ajymMum;avonf/

a&S;tcgu vDqlvlrsKd;wdkYonf r,m;rsm;rsm;,laompepfudkusifhoHk;Muonf/ om;orD;rsm;rS vlaerIb0 ykdrdkpnfyifrI&Sdonf[kvnf; cH,lMuonf/ om;orD;rsm;jcif;onf r*Fvm&Sdonf/ r*Fvmrsm;rsm;&&Sdonf/ aumif;aomedrdwfvu©Pmrsm; jzpfonf[kvnf;cH,lMuonf/ rdom;pkrsm;jym;jcif;? rsKd;EG,fqufrsm;jym;jcif;onf

102 vDqlwkdif;&if;om;wkdY\ b0"avhvDqlwkdif;&if;om;wdkY\ b0"avh 101

rdom;pkrsKd;EG,fpkukd yGm;rsm;atmif ûyvkyfay;jcif;jzpfonf/ rsKd;EG,fudkxdef;odrf;vkdjcif; oabmvnf;aqmifonf[k ,lqMuonf/

,cktcg vDqlwkdYonf acwfESifhtnD wpfvifwpfr,m;pepfukd usifhoHk;vmcJhMuNyD;jzpf&m r,m;rsm;rsm;,laompepfvnf; aysmufuG,fvk&SdaeNyDjzpfonf/


½d k;&mtdrf½d k ;&mtdrf½d k ;&mtdrf½d k ;&mtdrf½d k ;&mtdrf

vDqlwkdY\ ½dk;&mtdrfonf oufi,frkd;? 0g;x&Hum ajrpkduftdrfjzpfonf/ tdrfa&SUwGif ]]a0grlay:}} 0&efwmrSm trdk;t&dyftumr&Sday/

]]umcl}} ac: tdrfa&SU0ifaygufrSm tdrfa&SUtv,fwkdifESpfvHk;Mum;wGif xm;&Sdonf/ tdrfwpfaqmifvHk;wGif xkd0ifaygufwpfaygufom&SdNyD; tm;vHk;tvHkydwfjzpfonf/ xkd0ifaygufrS 0ifoGm;onfESifh]]eD'g;at;}} ac: ewfpifcef;ESifh ]]a&T*lpm*sm*l}} ac: {nfhcef;BuD;udkawGU&onf/ tqdkyg{nfhcef;ü ]][m;bm}} ac: u#iftdyfpifi,fwpfckudk {nfhonftwGufxm;&Sdonf/ ewfpifcef;ESif huyfvsuf]]tykd;ajr}} ac: rD;zdkvnf;&Sdonf/ tvGefat;csrf;aom t&yfa'orsm;wGif aexkdifMuonfhtwGuf rD;zkdudktdrfwGif;ü ûyvkyfavh&SdNyD;ntcsdefrsm;wGif rD;vHI&if; bdk;bGm;rdbtpOftquftaMumif;? pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;? rdom;pka&; ponfrsm;udk wpfaxmifhwpfnyHkjyifozG,frdbrsm;u orD;rsm;udk ajymjyavh&Sdonf/

tayguf0\ 0JbufwGif ]]a&om;*l}} ac: tdyfcef; ESpfcef;&Sdonf/ 4if;tdrfcef; ESpfcef;\tv,frSm ]]cJus&if}} ac: 0g;x&Hjzifht&efum&efxm;ygonf/ tjcm;wpfzufrSm cef;rus,fBuD; jzpfonf/

104

tdrf\aemufausmbufuyfvsuf 0ufpmxnfh&ef opfvHk;udkxGif;xm;aom opfom;cGufwpfck&Sdonf/ 4if;opfom;cGufa&SUü ]]apmcl}}ac: 0ufpmcsuf&ef rD;zdkBuD;ESifh ]]toHk;ajy}} ac: xrif;csufonfhrD;zdktao;wkdY ,SOfvsufxm;&Sd&onf/ vDqlwkdYonf 0ufarG;jrLjcif;udk bdk;bGm;pOfqufuyif cHkrifjrwfEdk;pGm vkyfaqmifvmcJhaomt"duarG;jrLa&;vkyfief;wpfckjzpfonf/ ½dk;&myGJvrf;obifrsm;wGifvnf;aumif;? vDqlwdkY\ rnfonfhtcrf;tem;rsm;wGifrqkd 0ufom;[if;onf r&Sdrjzpf rygrNyD;aom [if;wpfrnf jzpfonf/ 0ufudk[if;twGufvnf;aumif;? pD;yGm;a&;twGufvnf;aumif; arG;jrLavh&SdMuonf/ 0ufrarG;aom vDqlvlrsKd; r&Sdoavmuf&Sm;onf/ rD;zdkab;em;wGif xrif;pm;yGJESifh xrif;pm;&efwkdYudk ae&moD;oefYxm;&Sd&onf/

xkdYjyif cef;rus,fBuD;a&SUbuf þ ]]csJrm;}} ac: armif;qHkESifh ]]csJ'l}} ac: armif;wkdYudk wyfqifûyvkyfxm;onf/ aEG? rkd;?aqmif;tcg &moDra&G; qefpyg;? vl;? qwf? ajymif;? *sKH ponfhaumufyJoD;ESHrsm;udk armif;axmif;BudwfcGJí pm;aomuf&ef tdrfwGif;ütqifoifhûyvkyfxm;jcif; jzpfayonf/

tdrfa&SUrsufESmpm0JbufwGif ]]tm;nD[D;}] ac: EGm;wif;ukyfESifh tdrfa&SUrsufESmpm,mbufwGif ]]Zm[D;}} ac: pyg;usDwkdYudkvnf; aqmufvkyfxm;&Sdonf/ pyg;usDudk toifhûyvkyfíxm;onf/pyg;usDwGif pyg;xm;&efESifh tjcm;toHk;taqmifypönf;rsm; xm;aomae&mwkdYudkvnf; cGJjcm;xm;onf/ odkYjzpfygí vDqlwkdY\½dk;&mtdrfwGifEGm;wif;ukyf? pyg;usDrSm wGJvsuf&Sdaeonfudk avhvmawGU&Sd&onf/

½dk;&mtdrfudk ]]ays}} ac: NcHpnf;½dk;cwfí xm;Muonf/NcHpnf;½kd;0ifaygufwGif ]]wmarG}} ac: wHcg;rBuD;xm;&Sdonf/0ifaygufwkdifESpfwkdifwGif ]]wmarG[if}} ac: trdk;i,fao;wpfckudkvnf; rdk;xm;ao;onf/

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _


107

½d k;&mtdrfaqmufvkyfyH k½ d k ;&mtdrfaqmufvkyfyH k½ d k ;&mtdrfaqmufvkyfyH k½ d k ;&mtdrfaqmufvkyfyH k½ d k ;&mtdrfaqmufvkyfyH k

vDqlwkdY\ ½dk;&mtdrfrSm ajrpkduftdrfjzpfonf/ tdrfwkdif 12vHk;jzifh aqmufvkyfxm;aom 4 yiftdrfjzpfonf/ a&SUaemuf 3yif? 0J,m 4 yif[k qkdEkdifonf/

a&S;tcgu tdrfaqmufrnfhaeYudkvnf;aumif;? ajrae&mudkvnf;aumif; a&G;cs,fNyD;rS ½dk;&mtdrfudkaqmufvkyfMuonf/ aeY&ufudka&G;cs,fNyD;ygu ajrae&mudk ½dk;&mt,ltqt& a&G;cs,fonf/a&G;cs,fyHkrSm pyg;aph (odkY) *sKHaph 7 aphudk 2 ae&mcGJxm;NyD;a&G;cs,fonf/ tdrf&Sifu pyg;aph odkYr[kwf *sKHaphudk aqmufvkyfaomajrae&mwGif xm;&mrStyifaygufvQif ae&maumif;onf/ yk&Gufqdwf? ydk;rTm;? MuufiSuf zsufqD;íjzpfap? tjcm;rnfonfhtaMumif;aMumifhjzpfap? ae&ma&TUvQifjzpfap xkdae&monf tdrfaqmuf&efraumif;[kt,l&Sdonf/

tdrfaqmufonfhtcg &SmazGpkaqmif;xm;aom opf? 0g;rsm;?BudrfESD;? 0g;ESD;rsm;udk toHk;ûyMuonf/ &Gmwpf&GmwGif odkYr[kwfe,fwpfe,fwGif tdrfaqmufrnfqkdygu tm;vHk;&Gmol&Gmom;rsm;u0dkif;0ef;ulnDaqmufvkyfay;Muonf/ vuform;[lí iSm;&rf;aqmufvkyfjcif;rsKd;r&Sdyg/ wwfuRrf;ol&Sdygu ulnDaqmufvkyfay;onf/

awmifay:a'orsm;wGif acgiftjrifh 14 ayrS 15 ay txdomaqmufvkyfNyD; ajrjyefYvGifjyifa'orsm;xuf tenf;i,ftjrifhydkíaqmufavh&Sdonf/ tdrfaqmufawmhrnfqkdvQif wkdifusif;rsm;wl;NyD;onfESifh ]]uRef;}] ac: acgifwkdif 4 vHk;udk OD;pGmpkdufxlonf/4if;aemuf ]]wkduf*sKd;}} ac: a&SUvufcHwkdif 4 vHk;? aemufvufcHwkdif 4 vHk;wkdYudk pkdufxlonf/ 4if;aemuf ]]a'0dk;}} ac: acgifavQmufESifh ]]a'rkd}} ac: vufcHavQmufrsm;? tifa*s; ac: xkyfwef;rsm;udkcsnfatmif wG,fuyf&onf/ xkyfrsm;rSm opfom;ukdtvHk;vkdufxnfhjcif; jzpfonf/ wkdifrsm;ukdxpfNyD; avQmufrsm; xkyfrsm;udk BudrfESD;? 0g;ESD;rsm;ESifh csnfaESmifjcif;jzpfonf/

4if;aemuf tdrfacgifrkd;rdk;&ef uefYvefYwef;tjzpfoHk;aom]]aqmfavmf}} ac: wef;0g;ESifh ]]avmf*sL;}} ac: csif0g;rsm;udkwGJcsnfum 4if;tcsif0g;rsm;ay:ü ]]&if;qpfzsm;}} ac: 0g;jcrf;pdwfi,frsm;udk cif;&onf/ 4if;aemuf ]]a[tif}} ac:onfh oufu,frkd;rsm;ukd rkd;&onf/ rdk;NyD;vQif ]]'Dx,f}} ac: 0g;jcrf;pdwfi,frsm;jzifhzdí ]]rmeD}] ac: 0g;ESD;? *lNyDac: BudrfESD;rsm;jzifh cdkifNrJpGmcsnf&onf/ tdrfywfywfvnfudk cJusD ac: 0g;x&Hudk umMu&onf/

4if;aemuf tdrftcef;rsm;udk ewfpifcef;? tdrfcef;? rD;zdkacsmif{nfhcef;? zdeyfcRwf? armif;qHk ponfwkdYxm;&mae&mwkdYudk tcef;zGJUpDpOfNyD;pD;oGm;NyD jzpfavonf/


"avh½d k;&m tEkynm"avh½d k;&m tEkynm"avh½d k;&m tEkynm"avh½d k;&m tEkynm"avh½d k;&m tEkynm

vDqlwdkY\ tEkynmrsm;onf bkd;bGm;tpOftqufu vufcHusifhoHk;cJhonf/ b0tawGUtêuHrsm;? ½dk;&m,Ofaus;rIxHk;wrf;pOfvmrsm;? vlrIywf0ef;usifjzpf&yfrsm;ay:rlwnfí ay:aygufcJhaom? qufvufxdef;odrf;vmaom ynm&yfwpfck[k qkdEkdifayonf/ vDqlwkdY\ tEkynmudk (u) ½dk;&mwl&d,mrsm;? (c) ½dk;&maw;oDcsif;rsm;?(*) ½dk;&mtursm;[lí cGJjcm;odjrifEkdifonf/

(u) ½dk;&mwl&d,mrsm;(u) ½dk;&mwl&d,mrsm;(u) ½dk;&mwl&d,mrsm;(u) ½dk;&mwl&d,mrsm;(u) ½dk;&mwl&d,mrsm;

1/1/1/1/1/ ]tm;arG;MuLavG} ac: bl;oD;ajcmufyavG]tm;arG;MuLavG} ac: bl;oD;ajcmufyavG]tm;arG;MuLavG} ac: bl;oD;ajcmufyavG]tm;arG;MuLavG} ac: bl;oD;ajcmufyavG]tm;arG;MuLavG} ac: bl;oD;ajcmufyavG

bl;oD;ajcmufESifh 0g;wkdYjzifhaygif;pyfûyvkyfxm;aom yavGwpfrsKd;jzpfonf/ bl;oD;vnfwkdifudk ,mvufjzifhukdifNyD; 0Jvufjzifht&SnfqHk;0g;aygufudk vufn§dK;jzifhvnf;aumif;? 'kwd,t&SnfqHk;0g;aygufudk vufrjzifhvnf;aumif;? wwd,&Snfaom0g;aygufudkvufcv,fjzifhvnf;aumif;? pwkw¬&Snfaom0g;aygufukd vufzaemifhjzifhvnf;aumif;? tao;qHk; twdkqHk;0g;aygufudk ,mvufnKd;jzifhvnf;aumif; ydwf&onf/ xdkYaemuf bl;oD;vnfwdkifaygufudkyg;pyfjzifhrIwfaomtcg toHrsm;xGufay:vmonf/ wl&d,moHpHk

ay:vma&;twGuf vufacsmif;uav;rsm;udk ydwfcsnfzGifhcsnf ûyvkyfay;&onf/

þbl;oD;ajcmufyavGudk ESpfull;NyD;aemuf (8) vMumrSomtoHk;ûy&onf/ EkdifiHawmftpkd;&rS BuD;rª;usif;yaom tcrf;tem;rsm;?vlrsKd;EG,fpkrsm;\ ½dk;&myGJawmfrsm;? r*Fvm&Sdaomtcrf;tem;rsm;wGifoHk;&onf/ tokbyGJwGif oHk;pGJjcif;rûy&ay/

2/ ]]rHaumf}] ac: 0g;jcrf;jym;ESpfckudkyl;í êud;jzifhpnf;aESmifumtaygufazmufxm;aom yavGwpfrsKd;?

3/ ]]*sDvGD*R,f}} ac: 0g;wpfvHk;yavG?

4/ ]]wdrHa*:}} ac: 0g;ESpfvHk;yavG?

5/ ]]owd'lv,f}} ac: tv,fwGiftaygufwpfaygufwnf;om&Sdaom 0g;wpfvHk;yavG?

6/ ]][D*D}} ac: xkd;wa,m/

7/ ]]p*s,fcsDbD}} ac: êud;oHk;yifyg bif*sKdESifhwlaom wl&d,mwpfrsKd;?

8/ ]]vD*s,fcsDbD}} ac: êud;av;yifyg r,f'vifESifhwlaomwl&d,mwpfrsKd;?

9/ ]]wD;atmhrm}} ac: yavGwkd?

10/ ]]&Sm;y,fh}}? ]]rmil}}? ]]csLcsL}} [k a'otvkdufac:a0:aom 0g;bl;wl&d,mwpfrsKd; (4if;rSm avrIwfwl&d,mvnf;jzpfonf)

vDqltwD;trIwfwl&d,mrsm;vDqltwD;trIwfwl&d,mrsm;vDqltwD;trIwfwl&d,mrsm;vDqltwD;trIwfwl&d,mrsm;vDqltwD;trIwfwl&d,mrsm;(1) bl;oD;ajcmufyavG

(2) rHaumf (ac:) yavG

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(11) r,f'vif

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rSwfcsuf/ yHkwGifazmfjyxm;onfh trSwfpOf (10) ESifh azmfjyxm;jcif;r&Sdaom trSwfpOf (13) rSm a'otvkdufoHk;pGJonfh wl&d,mrsm;jzpfonf/


vDqlwdk h\ twD;trIwfwl&d,mrsm;vDqlwdk h\ twD;trIwfwl&d,mrsm;

vDqlwdk h\ twD;trIwfwl&d,mrsm;vDqlwdk h\ twD;trIwfwl&d,mrsm;

vDqlwdk h\ twD;trIwfwl&d,mrsm;


11/ ]]csdbd}} ac: êud;oHk;acsmif;wyf r,f'vifwl&d,m?

12/ ]]armif; (t)}} ac: wG,ftyfyHkpH&SdNyD; &Snfarsmao;oG,fíaMu;êud;oHk;acsmif;yg wl&d,mwpfrsKd;?

13/ ]]wkd0g;}} ac: EIwfcrf;ESpfcktMum; vQmESifhxdef;í oHpOfukdrIwf,l&aom yavGtrsKd;tpm;0if wl&d,mwpfrsKd;/

(c)(c)(c)(c)(c) ½dk;&maw;oDcsif;rsm;½dk;&maw;oDcsif;rsm;½dk;&maw;oDcsif;rsm;½dk;&maw;oDcsif;rsm;½dk;&maw;oDcsif;rsm;

vDql; vlrsKd;wdkYonf oDcsif;qdkjcif;udk 0goemxHkMuonf/pum;ajym&m uAsmvuFmoabmrsKd; ajymqkdwwfMuonf/ aw;oDcsif;rsm;onf tvGefoHaeoHxm;&Snfvsm;ojzifh qGJqGJiifiifoDqkd&onfh oDcsif;rsKd;ursm;onf/ tcsKdUoDcsif;rsm;onf 7 &uf? 7 noDqdk&onf[k qkdygonf/

uAsmqefaom pum;vHk;rsm;udk aw;oDcsif;wGif awGU&onf/oDcsif;udk wpfOD;wnf;oDqkdavhr&Sdvnf; tzGJUvkdufoDqdkMuonf/wpfzGJUESifhwpfzGJU tjyeftvSef twkdiftazmufjzifh oDqkdMujcif;rsKd;jzpfonf/ vdyfjymac:,ljcif;? uifyGef;wyfjcif;? r*Fvmaqmifjcif;? tokbtcrf;tem;? ESpfopful;yGJESifh vlrIa&;yGJrsm;wGif oDqkdavh&SdMuonf/vDqlwdkY\ aw;oDcsif;rsm;rSm awmawmifxJüqkd&aom tvGrf;oDcsif;ESifh tdrfwGif;oDcsif;? yGJvrf;obifwGif oDqkdaomoDcsif;ESifh tdrfwGif;oDcsif;[lí cGJjcm;awGU&onf/

1/1/1/1/1/ ESpfopful;oDcsif;ESpfopful;oDcsif;ESpfopful;oDcsif;ESpfopful;oDcsif;ESpfopful;oDcsif;

]]a&m&dwyfwyf 0g;wyfwyf}} trnf&Sd ESpfopful;oDcsif;rsm;rSm twD;ryg tqdkoufoufjzpfonf/ a&SUuvlBuD;wpfa,mufu

wkdifay;NyD; usefvlrsm;u0dkif;í oDqdkavh&SdMuonf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifhESpfopful;yGJwGif oDqkdavh&SdMuonf/ ESpfopful;yGJwGif oDqdkavh&Sdaomtjcm;oDcsif;wpfrsKd;rSm-

]]usef;vDygawmh usef;vD&SD;}} trnf&Sd aysmfMu? uMuonfhaw;oDcsif;jzpfí ewfylaZmfaomoDcsif;vnf;jzpfonf/ ewfrsm;vnf;vmí aysmfMuonf/ vlrsm;vnf;vmí aysmfMuonf/ tm;vHk;pkpnf;nDnm uckefaysmfyg;Muonf/ ewfudkylaZmfí uckefMuum oDqkdonf/ awmrS tom;ig;rsm;jzifh ylaZmfaomyGJjzpfí ewfrsm;uvnf;pm;Muonf[k ,HkMunfum oDqdkzGJUEGJUxm;aom aw;oDcsif;jzpfonf/

2/2/2/2/2/ ewfylaZmfaomoDcsif;ewfylaZmfaomoDcsif;ewfylaZmfaomoDcsif;ewfylaZmfaomoDcsif;ewfylaZmfaomoDcsif;

a&S;bkd;bGm;rsm;vufxufwGif ewfudkudk;uG,frI&SdcJhí tom;ig;rsm;udk owfjzwfylaZmf&mwGif ewfrsm;udk rD;zdkem;ESifh cswfûywfaomae&mwGif vma&mufpm;aomuf&ef zdwfac:onfh ewfylaZmfaom½dk;&maw;oDcsif;jzpfonf/ ]]0ufaygif? Muufaygifrsm; vma&mufpm;vSnfhyg}}? ]]tarT;wkdifrsm; xGef;n§dylaZmfygw,f}} [laom t"dyÜm,fjzifh oDqdkaomaw;oDcsif;jzpf\/

4if;oDcsif;rSm ]](wefeD;ay:awmf wefeD;cs,f)2

(vdvday:awmf ausmfvJhv,f)2

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aomif;claomif;usyf ausmfvJhv,f}} [líjzpfonf/ ESpfopful;yGJwGif rygrjzpfaom oDcsif;jzpfonf/


3/3/3/3/3/ pk dufysK d;a&;oDcsif;pk dufysK d;a&;oDcsif;pk dufysK d;a&;oDcsif;pk dufysK d;a&;oDcsif;pk dufysK d;a&;oDcsif;

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4/4/4/4/4/ rkqk d;vk dufoDcsif;rkqk d;vk dufoDcsif;rkqk d;vk dufoDcsif;rkqk d;vk dufoDcsif;rkqk d;vk dufoDcsif;

]]awmf&JU&JUvm; awmfvG,fvwf}} ac: rkqkd;vdkufaw;oDcsif;rSm tqdyfyif? tqdyfvl;jrm;wkdY\ tpGrf;xufjrufonfudk zGJUEGJUxm;aom aw;oDcsif;jzpfonf/ tqdyfyGifhrStqdyfxkwfí jrm;wGif tqdyfudkvl;Mu? okwfvdrf;Mu&ef? tqdyfyGifh? tqdyf&GufwkdYudk cl;Mu&efEdI;aqmfjcif;t"dyÜm,fjzpfonf/ aumufopfpm;yGJESifh tjcm;aysmfyGJ&TifyGJrsm;wGif yGJponfrSyGJodrf;onftxd oDqkd&aom aw;oDcsif;jzpfonf/

5/5/5/5/5/ ck d ;&mvk dufoDcsif;ck d ;&mvk dufoDcsif;ck d ;&mvk dufoDcsif;ck d ;&mvk dufoDcsif;ck d ;&mvk dufoDcsif;

a&S;tcgu a,musfm;av;u rdef;uav;tm; rdbrsm;xHcGifhryefbJ cdk;ajy;aom"avh&Sdonf/ a,mufsm;av;onf rdef;uav;udk cspfêudufygu aiG'*Fg;jym; ponfhoufaocHypönf; wpfckckudkay;xm;&onf/ rdef;uav;uvufcHvQif rnfonfhae&mrqdk tcsdefra&G;cdk;ajy;í&onf/ þonfukd a&;zGJUxm;aom ckd;&mvkdufoDcsif;rSma&S;½dk;oDcsif;yifjzpfonf/

a,mufsm;av;rS owdkYorD;aMu; uGrf;zdk;ray;Ekdifí cdk;ajy;&aMumif;? 4if;xHvkdufí qif;&J'PfcHEdkifyghrnfvm;? r,fhudkac:&onfrSm r,fhzcif? rdcifrsm;ESifha0;&mjzpfí qif;&Jyifyef;rIudk cHEkdifyghrnf

vm; ponfjzifhar;aMumif;? rdef;uav;uvnf; bmyJjzpfjzpfarmifeJYvkdufcJh&vkdY pdwfqif;&J'ku©jzpfaomfvnf; &ifqkdiftefwkaeMurnfjzpfaMumif; zGJUEGJUxm;aom aw;oDcsif;jzpfonf/ ,cktcg vDqlwdkYonf a,mufsm;av;ESifh rdef;uav; cdk;&mvkdufjcif;? cdk;,laygif;oif;jcif;rsm; tvsOf;r&Sdawmhay/ okdYaomf ckd;&mvkdufoDcsif;rSmrl a&S;½dk;&moDcsif;tjzpf wnf&Sdaeao;onf/

6/6/6/6/6/ {nfU MudKoDcsif;{nfU MudKoDcsif;{nfU MudKoDcsif;{nfU MudKoDcsif;{nfU MudKoDcsif;

ESpfopful;wGif wpf&GmESifhwpf&Gm zdwfMum;NyD; oDqkdaomoDcsif;jzpfonf/ &GmOD;&GmxdyfrkcfOD;\ twGif;bufü e,fcH&Gmom;rsm;uwpfzGJU? rkcfOD;tjyifbufü zdwfMum;cH&ol tjcm;&Gmom;rsm;uwpfzGJUrsufESmcsif;qkdifNyD; twkdiftazmufnDnDoDqkdaom ½dk;&maw;oDcsif;jzpfonf/ xdkoDcsif;rSm rdwfaqGtaygif;toif;rsm; awGUqHkMuí 0rf;omMunfEl;jzpf&aMumif; zGJUEGJUoDqkdxm;aom oDcsif;jzpfonf/ xdkoDcsif;ESifhtwl csJai: csJtuudkyg uckefavh&SdMuonf/

7/7/7/7/7/ EIwfqufoDcsif;EIwfqufoDcsif;EIwfqufoDcsif;EIwfqufoDcsif;EIwfqufoDcsif;

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9/9/9/9/9/ vufxyfr*FvmoDcsif;vufxyfr*FvmoDcsif;vufxyfr*FvmoDcsif;vufxyfr*FvmoDcsif;vufxyfr*FvmoDcsif;

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10/10/10/10/10/ rdbrJ hoDcsif;rdbrJ hoDcsif;rdbrJ hoDcsif;rdbrJ hoDcsif;rdbrJ hoDcsif;

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11/11/11/11/11/ vkusefem&Duk dygqJ hoDcsif;vkusefem&Duk dygqJ hoDcsif;vkusefem&Duk dygqJ hoDcsif;vkusefem&Duk dygqJ hoDcsif;vkusefem&Duk dygqJ hoDcsif;

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_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _


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129


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vlaotavmif;udk tdrfwGifxm;onfhtgü aool\0dnmOfudkOD;cspGm xrif;ac:auR;&onf[k qkd\/ tavmif;xm;csdefwGif aqGrsKd;om;csif;rsm;onf aooludkvGrf;qGwfí wrf;widka<u;Muonf/aoqHk;oltouf&SifpOfu vkyfudkifaqmif&GufcJhorQudk owd&atmifidka<u;&Gwfqkdjcif; ûyMuonf/

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(i)(i)(i)(i)(i) tjcm;t,ltqrsm;tjcm;t,ltqrsm;tjcm;t,ltqrsm;tjcm;t,ltqrsm;tjcm;t,ltqrsm;

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_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _


a&SmifMuOfjcif;ESif h wm;jrpfcsufrsm;a&SmifMuOfjcif;ESif h wm;jrpfcsufrsm;a&SmifMuOfjcif;ESif h wm;jrpfcsufrsm;a&SmifMuOfjcif;ESif h wm;jrpfcsufrsm;a&SmifMuOfjcif;ESif h wm;jrpfcsufrsm;

a&SmifMuOfjcif;a&SmifMuOfjcif;a&SmifMuOfjcif;a&SmifMuOfjcif;a&SmifMuOfjcif;

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2/ xdrf;jrm;r*Fvmûyjcif;? tdrfopfaqmufjcif;? c&D;a0;xGufípD;yGm;&Smjcif;wdkYudk vqkwf&ufwGif qkwf,kwfonf[k,HkMunfum a&SmifMuOfavh&SdMuonf/

3/ aetdrfaqmuf&ef opf0g;ckwf&mwGif vqef;&ufudk opf0g;ckwfjcif;rS a&SmifMuOfMuonf/

4/ tdrfwHcg;udk aemufzufrSzGifhjcif;udk a&SmifMuOfMuonf/

5/ tdrfwkdifpkdufxlvQif opftzsm;udk ajrwGifajymif;jyefrpkdufrdap&ef txl;*½kûy a&SmifMuOfMuonf/

6/ tdrfaqmufvQif wpftdrfESifhwpftdrf acgifwef;wpfwef;wnf;wpfnDwnf;xm;jcif;rS a&SmifMuOfMuonf/

7/ a&S;tcgu vDqlwdkYtcsif;csif; wdkufyGJjzpfvQif uav;rsm;?trsKd;orD;rsm;ukd rypfcwfrd&ef a&SmifMuOfMuonf/

8/ pkef;? ua0&Sdonfh pkef;? ua0yl;uyfaeonf[k ,lq&aomtrsKd;orD;rsm;udk tdrfaxmifrûybJ a&SmifMuOfMuonf/

9/ ZeD;jzpfol udk,f0efaqmifpOfwGif cifyGef;jzpfolonf trJvkdufjcif;udk a&SmifMuOfMuonf/

10/ trsKd;orD;rsm; rD;0ifcsdefwGif oH? aMu;wkdYjzifh ûyvkyfaomypönf;rsm;ukd toHk;ûyjcif;rS a&SmifMuOfMuonf/

11/ ema&;udpörsm;wGif 0rf;enf;aMuuGJrIoabmjzifh t0wftxnftopfrsm; 0wfqifjcif;rS a&SmifMuOfMuonf/

12/ tokbjr§KyfESH&mwGif ajrusif;xJokdY wkwf? oHacsmif;? opf&Gufrsm;udk ypfxnfhrdu usef&pfolrdom;pkrsm; cdkufwwfojzifhxkdokdY ypfxnfhjcif;rS a&SmifMuOfMuonf/

13/ wevFmaeYwGif awmif,mrD;½dIUjcif;ukd a&SmifMuOfMuonf/

14/ aumufyJoD;ESHrsm;ukd vqef;&ufwGif pkdufysKd;jcif;rûyrd&efa&SmifMuOfMuonf

15/ ukd,f0ef&Sdaom 0uf? uRJ? EGm;rsm;udk owfjzwfjcif;rS a&SmifMuOfMuonf/

16/ trJvkduf&mwGif trJaumifBuD;rsm;ypf&ef oGm;jcif;jzpfítaumifi,frsm;udk ypfcwfjcif;rS a&SmifMuOfMuonf/

wm;jrpfcsufrsm;wm;jrpfcsufrsm;wm;jrpfcsufrsm;wm;jrpfcsufrsm;wm;jrpfcsufrsm;

1/ udk,f0ef&Sdaom trsKd;orD;rsm; opfoD;cl;jcif;rûy&/ tdk;uGJ?yef;uefuGJrsm; rukdifwG,f&? r[kwfrrSefaom pum;rajymqkd&/

135


2/ ewfpif? ewfuGef;ESifh ocFsKdif;ukef;rS ypönf;rsm;ukd tdrfokdYro,f,l&? oHk;pGJjcif;rûy&/

3/ ewfylaZmfaom xrif;[if;vsmrsm; tpm;tpmrsm;udk trsKd;orD;rsm; rpm;&/

4/ trsKd;orD;rsm; jrifEkdif? a&mufEkdifaomae&mwGif tqdyfjrm;rsm;rûyvkyf&/

5/ trsKd;om;rsm;? "m;? vG,ftdwf ponfwdkYudk trsKd;orD;rsm;ausmfvTm;jcif; rûyvkyf&/

6/ ig;&SmxGufcgeD;wGif ig;rQm;wHudk ckefausmfjcif;rûy&/

7/ ig;&SmxGuf&ef tqdyfopfoD;? opf&Guf? opfjrpf? opfacgufrsm;udk axmif;xkaepOf ig;zrf;jcif;rûy&/

8/ ig;xnfhaomjcif;rsm;? yvkdif;rsm;udk trsKd;orD;rsm; ausmfvTm;jcif; rûy&/

9/ trJvkdufoGm;cgeD;wGif 'l;av;? jrm;? jrm;bl;ESifh tdwfwkdYudktrsKd;orD;rsm; udkifwG,fjcif;rûy&/

10/ trJvkdufoGm;&mwGif tom;pdrf;? tom;ajcmufrsm; ,laqmifoGm;jcif;rûy&/

11/ trJvkdufoGm;&mwGif taygif;tazmfrsm;tm;vHk; npfnrf;aompum;rsm; rajymqkd&/

vDqlwkdYonf azmfjyyga&SmifMuOf&rnfh taMumif;tcsufrsm;ESifh wm;jrpfcsufrsm;udk a&S;bkd;bGm;tpOftqufuyif vufcHvkdufemvmcJh&m ,aeYwkdifyifjzpfonf/

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

tarGcG Ja0yH ktarGcG Ja0yH ktarGcG Ja0yH ktarGcG Ja0yH ktarGcG Ja0yH ktarGcGJa0&mwGif orD;rsm;udk tarGcGJa0ay;½dk; xHk;pHr&Sdyg/

om;rsm;xJrS ti,fqHk;om;udkom tarGcGJa0ay;avh&Sdonf/ om;BuD;?orD;BuD;rsm;xJrS tdrfaxmifûyNyD; tdrfcGJxGufaomtcg &oifhaomtcGifhta&;cHpm;rIrsm;udk ay;vdkufNyDjzpfí aemufxyfr&&Sdawmhyg/

om;ti,fonf rdbESpfyg;ESifhtwlwuG aexkdifvmNyD;aemufom;i,ftdrfaxmifûyjcif;? tdrfaxmifûyNyD;aomfvnf; ZeD;uygom;i,ftdrfwGifvkdufae&jcif;? rdbESpfyg;udk ûypkauR;arG;apmifha&Smufjcif;&Sdayonf/ rdbESpfyg;qHk;yg;oGm;vQifvnf; 4if;tdrf&Sd ypönf;tarGtm;vHk;udk om;ti,fqHk;om cHpm;&onf/ om;BuD;? orD;BuD;rsm;uvnf; rdrdwkYd½dk;&m"avhxHk;pHrsm;t& em;vnfrI&SdMu&onf/

vDqlvlrsKd;wkdY\ tarGcGJa0yHkrSm ArmvlrsKd;rsm;\ tcsKdUrdom;pkrsm;\ tarGcGJa0yHk? cHpm;cGihf&SdyHkESifh wlnDrI&Sdonfukd awGU&onf/rdbESpfyg;\aetdrfESifh usef&Sdonfhypönf;tm;vHk;onf om;ti,fqHk;uom cHpm;&onf/ tu,fí a,mufsm;av;rarG;ygu orD;rsm;xJrS oifhawmfolorD; (odkY) rdbtusKd;udkydkíaqmif&Gufol om;oruftm; tarGcGJa0ay;avh&Sdonf/


138

xl;jcm;onfrSm vDqlwdkY\ ½dk;&m,Ofaus;rI "avhxHk;pHt&orD;rdefuav;rsm;udk tarGcGJa0ay;jcif;r&SdaMumif; awGU&onf/ zrsKd;,lpepfudk usifhoHk;ojzifhvnf; zcifjzpfol tdrfaxmifwm0efukdpDrHtkyfcsKyfEdkifjcif;? OD;aqmifEkdifjcif;&Sdonfudk vDqlwdkYvufcHusifhoHk;vsuf&SdaMumif; avhvmod&Sd&onf/

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _


½d k;&myG Jawmfrsm;½d k ;&myG Jawmfrsm;½d k ;&myG Jawmfrsm;½d k ;&myG Jawmfrsm;½d k ;&myG Jawmfrsm;

(u)(u)(u)(u)(u) tdrfopfwufyGJtdrfopfwufyGJtdrfopfwufyGJtdrfopfwufyGJtdrfopfwufyGJ

vDqlwkdYonf rdrdwkdY½dk;&maetdrfukd aqmufvkyfNyD;pD;ygutdrfopfwufyGJusif;yavh&Sdonf/ ArmvlrsKd;rsm;uJhokdY &uf&mZm?jyó'g;ponfh &ufowfrSwfa&G;cs,fí tdrfopfwufyGJ usif;yjcif;rsKd;r[kwfay/ aetdrfaqmufvkyfNyD;pD;rIay:rlwnfí ½dk;&mtdrfopfwufyGJudk usif;yjcif;rsKd;jzpfonf/

tdrfopfwufyGJrusif;yrD tdrf&Sifu &yfa0;&yfeD;rS aqGrsKd;om;csif;rsm;? rdwfaqGrsm;udk êudwifzdwfMum;&onf/ tdrfopfwufyGJusif;yrnfhaeYrwdkifrD wpf&uf (odkY) ESpf&ufêuduyif 0uf? EGm;?Muufrsm;? tpm;tpmrsm;udk êudwif&SmazGpDpOfxm;&onf/ acgif&nfrsm;udkvnf; tqifoifhxm;&Sd&onf/

tdrf&Sifonf tdrfaqmufolrsm;twGuf acgif&nfwpftkd;ESifh{nfhy&dowfrsm;twGuf acgif&nfwpftkd;oD;jcm;pDxm;í wnfhcif;{nfhcH&onf/ tdrfopfaqmufvkyfNyD;pD;jcif;? atmifjrifjcif;twGuf*kPf,lonfhtaejzifh tdrf&SifESifh rdwfaqGrsm;? aqGrsKd;om;csif;rsm;onf½dk;&maw;oDcsif;rsm; oDqdkjcif;? uckefjcif;rsm;jzifh tdrfopfwufyGJudk

140

usif;yMuonf/ uyGJwGif yg0ifqifETJolrsm;udk tdrf&Sifu t&ufacgif&nf? xrif;[if;vsmrsm;udk oD;jcm;auR;arG;ûypk&onf/

tdrf&SifESifh tdrfaqmufolwpfOD;OD;ujzpfap? odkYr[kwf tdrfaqmufulol vTJtyfay;aomukd,fpm;vS,fwpfOD;OD;ujzpfap? tjyeftvSef twdkiftazmufaw;oDcsif;rsm;oDqdkí uckefMuonf/ tdrfopfwufyGJponfh nOfhOD;ykdif;rS rdk;vif;onftxd wpfnvHk;qdkvkduf?uvkdufjzifh tdrfopfwufyGJudk usif;yMuonfrSm ½dk;&m"avhudkjrwfEdk;xdef;odrf;onfhoabm ay:vGifvSonf/

oDqkdaomaw;oDcsif;rsm;rSmvnf; tdrf&Sifu tdrfaqmufuloludk aus;Zl;wifaMumif; zGJUEGJUoDuHk;pyfqkdxm;onfh oDcsif;yifjzpfonf/tdrfaqmufuloluvnf; tdrf&SiftwGuf tdrfudkaumif;rGefpGm aqmufvkyfay;cJhNyD;jzpfí tdrfudktdrf&SifxH tyfESHygaMumif; oDcsif;oDqdkvsufuckefaysmfyg;Muonf/ tdrfopfwufyGJwGif uaomtursm;rSm uGmcsJtu? *dka&wD;ac: avm&SnftuESifh csDbDuGmcsJtursm;jzpfonf/

,cktcg c&pf,mefbmom0ifvDqlwkdYonf tdrfopfwufyGJwGif bk&m;ocifxHqkawmif;jcif;? oif;tkyf? oif;axmufq&mrsm;utdrf&Sifrsm;twGuf qkawmif;ay;jcif;? or®musrf;pm&Gwfzwfjcif;rsm;jzifhtdrfopfwufyGJukd usif;yMuonf/ tdrfopfwufyGJokdY a&muf&Sdvmolrsm;uvnf; "r®aw;rsm; oDusL;jcif;? c&pfawmf\aus;Zl;awmfcsD;rGrf;jcif;jzifh qkawmif;arwåmydkYMuum tdrfopfwufyGJudk usif;yMuonf/Ak'¨bmom0if vDqlwkYdurl a&S;½dk;&mrysuf tdrfopfwufyGJwGifbkef;BuD;rsm;udkyifhzdwfí tdrfopfwufqGrf;auR;r*Fvmukd ûyavh&SdMUuonf/


tdrfopfwufyGJwGif aqGrsKd;rsm;? rdom;pkrsm;? &yfa0;&yfeD;rSrdwfo*F[rsm;u tdrf&Sifwnfcif;{nfhcHaom t&ufacgif&nfrsm;?xrif;? [if;vsmrsm;udk waysmfwyg;pm;aomufMuonf/ tdrfopfwufyGJukefusrIrsm;rSm csrf;om<u,f0olrsm;u rdrdwdkY\aiGaMu;wwfEkdifonfh tajctaeay:rlwnfaqmif&GufMuaomfvnf; vufvkyfvufpm;rsm;\ tdrfopfwufyGJukefusrIudk aqGrsKd;om;csif;rsm;uaiGaMu;? t&ufESifh qefrsm;udk wwftm;oavmuf yg0ifulnDavh&SdMuonf/

vDqlwkdYonf tdrfopfwufyGJonf wpfOD;\tcuftcJrsm;udktrsm;u 0kdif;0ef;ulnDajz&Sif;aqmif&Gufay;onfh oabmudkawGU&onf/ þonfrSm ESpfvdkzG,faumif;aom pnf;vHk;nDnmaom"avh"½dkufrsm;jzpfNyD; ta&;BuD;u aoG;eD;jcif;ESifh ta&;êuHu aoG;qHkjcif;[lonfh oabmvu©Pmudk aqmifygonf/

(c)(c)(c)(c)(c) ESpfopfull;yG JESpfopfull;yG JESpfopfull;yG JESpfopfull;yG JESpfopfull;yG J

ESpfopful;yGJonf ESpfa[mif;rS ESpfopfodkY ul;ajymif;csdefumvudk &nf&G,fusif;yaomyGJjzpfonf/ tcsKdUa'orsm;wGif 'DZifbm25 &ufrS Zefe0g&D 10 &uftwGif; usif;yonf/ tcsKdUa'orsm;wGifewfq&muaMunmaom &ufuefYowfcsuft& usif;yMuonf/wpfESpftwGif; b,fESpf&ufusif;yrnfudk ewfq&maMunmonfhtwkdif; usif;yMuonf/ trsm;tm;jzifh ESpfopful;yGJonf 2 &ufrS7 &uftxd Mumavh&Sdonf/

ESpfa[mif;vGefaom txdrf;trSwftjzpf tdrfywf0ef;usifoefY&Sif;a&;udk ûyvkyfxm;Muonf/ tdrfwkdif;wGif ESpfopful;opfyifukd


pkdufysKd;xm;Muonf/ tcrf;tem;udk ewfq&mu aMunmNyD;pwifonf/ aoepfypfazmuftcsufay;NyD; aumufn§if;rsm;udk axmif;Mu?aygif;Mu&onf/ rkefYrsm;ûyvkyf&onf/ ESpfa[mif;\aemufqHk;aeYae0ifNyD;aemuf ewfq&mu &Gmapmifhewfudk ewfpifrSac:&onf/ESpfopful;opfyifukd rkefY? 0ufom;? tarT;wkdif? yef;ponfjzifhylaZmfxm;&onf/

4if;naewGif ûyvkyfxm;aom MuufOwpfvHk;? vdyfjymac:aomêud;wpfyifudk vlwdkif;,lvm&onf/ ewfq&m\pDpOfrIjzifhESpfa[mif;naewGif tdrf&SdtoufBuD;qHk;vlu tdrfoltdrfom;rsm;\0dnmOfudkac:,lonf/ MuufOwpfvHk;pDauR;í êud;wpfyifpDay;onf/ uav;rsm;udk vuf (odkY) cg;wGif êud;udkcsnfNyD; vlBuD;rsm;udkrl vnfyif;wGif csnf&onf/ vlwkdif;twGuf 0dnmOftm;&Sdap&efûyvkyfjcif;jzpfonf/

tcsKdUt&yfa'orsm;wGif ewfq&monf ESpfopful;aeYeHeufapmapmuyif wpftdrfwuf? wpftdrfqif;a&mufí 0dnmOfvdyfjymukdac:um t&uf? 0ufom;? rkefYrsm;jzifh ylaZmfyoauR;arG;onf/ewfq&monf ESpfa[mif;naewGif ewfyll;í &Gmom;rsm;tm;vHk;twGuf a&ref;NyD;yufzsef;onf/ rD;awmufudk yg;pyfwGif iHkírIwfjyonf/ &nf&G,fcsufrSm ESpfa[mif;uraumif;onfrsm;udk usefcJh&efESifhtm;vHk;pnf;vHk;nDñGwfMu&efjzpfonfukd qHk;rpum;ajymonf/

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_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _


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151

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155

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156 vDqlwdkif;&if;om;wdkY\ b0"avh

tavmif;udk roN*KØ[frcsif;]]*wem}}ac: idka<u;jcif;udkaeYa&mnyg tqufrjywfûyvkyfay;&onf/

oN*KØ[frnfh&ufü tBuD;qHk;EGm;wpfaumif\ 0JbufOD;csKdukdêud;csnfNyD; aoqHk;olvufrS êud;pudkudkifapum EGm;tm; ckwfowf&onf/

rdbaoqHk;ygu om;orD;rsm;u rdrdudk,fwdkif&ufvkyfxm;aom ydkufqHavQmfapmifudk wpfa,mufvQif wpfxnfus? vTrf;ûcHay;&onf/ apmifrvTrf;Edkifaomom;orD;rsm;udk &yf&Gma'ouuJh&JUavh&Sdonf/ odkYjzpfí vDqlvlrsKd;rsm;onf rdrdudk,fwdkif4if;aqGrsKd;wpfa,mufvQif wpfxnfus &ufvkyfxm;avh&Sdonf[kqdkygonf/

ewfa[mq&mu aoqHk;ol\vdyfjym (0dnmOf) udk oN*KØ[frnfh&ufar;pOfu vdyfjymêudufESpfoufonfh owfrSwfaomoN*KØ[frnfh&ufa&mufvQif tavmif;udk tdyftjyifodkYxkwfuma,mufsm;jzpfygu opfyifi,f (9) yifpdkuf&onf/ rdef;rjzpfyguopfyifi,f (7) yifpdkuf&onf/ aoqHk;olESifh uG,fvGefNyD;aomrdbbdk;bGm;aqGrsKd;rsm;\vdyfjymrsm; zdwfac:NyD; qefaumwGif xrif;[if;vsmrsm;xnfhum auR;arG;&onf/ aoqHk;ol\vdyfjymudk]]rm;rDarG;}}ac: cgbm*sD'g at,smpk? awmifzsm;bufewfjynfodkYwpfqifhNyD;wpfqifh ewfa[mq&mu &GwfzwfajymqdkNyD;ydkY&onf/4if;aemuf tqpfygaomjrm;oHk;acsmifudk 'll;av;jzifhypfvTwfumtavmif;udk rdbaqGrsKdk;rsm;? y&dowfrsm;u okomefodkYydkYaqmifíajrjr§KyfoN*KØ[fMuonf/


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_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

158

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( * ) trJvkdufjcif;

(C) wHigvkyfief;

( i ) vufrIynm&yfrsm;

( p ) tjcm;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;[lí avhvmawGUS&Sd&onf/


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trJvkdufenf;rsm;rSm-

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( 6 ) usif;wl;ql;pdkufenf;?

( 7 ) cvkwfESifh vSHxkd;enf;?

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( 9 ) ajcaxmufudk êud;jzifhcsnfrdatmif axmifzrf;enf;?

(10) vnfyif;udk êud;jzifhcsnfrdatmif axmifzrf;enf;?

(11) ausmufjym;BuD;rsm;jzifh zdrdatmif axmifzrf;enf;?

(12) arsmufavSmiftdrfûyvkyfí axmifzrf;enf;?

(13) usm;avSmiftdrfûyvkyfí axmifzrf;enf;?

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ponfwdkYjzpfonf/

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171

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178

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vDql½dk;&mwdkif;&if;aq;rsm;onf ucsifjynfe,fESifh &Srf;jynfe,f tat;ydkif;a'orsm;wGif tjzpfrsm;onfh iSufzsm;a&m*gudkumuG,fukoEkdifonf/ acsmif;qdk;jcif;? avema&m*gpGJuyfjcif;?tonf;a&miftom;0ga&m*g? rufuavmifem? 'lvmaoG;0rf;a&m*g?rD;,yfa&m*g? t½dk;taMuma&m*g? 'PfaMuem? xdcdkuf&Semrsm;udk


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183

Oykofpmajzausmif;Oykofpmajzausmif;Oykofpmajzausmif;Oykofpmajzausmif;Oykofpmajzausmif;

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Oykofpmajzausmif;onf vDqluav;rsm;twGuf &nfrSef;zGifhvSpfjcif;jzpfonf/ uav;i,frsm;onf vDqlpmayudk wwfuRrf;&ef? c&pf,mefbmomudk vDqlpmayjzifh oif,lem;vnf&ef? "r®usrf;pmüyg&Sdaom ol&Jaumif;rsm;taMumif;? yHkjyif 0w¬Krsm;taMumif;udk pdwf0ifpm;em;vnfNyD; bmoma&;tajccH&&Sdap&efESifhvDqlpmaytu©&mudk aocsmuse em;vnfwwfuRrf;&eftwGufay:aygufvmjcif;jzpfonf/ ESpfjcif;c&pf,meftoif;awmftvkduf?ae&ma'ovdkufí vDqlOykofpmajzausmif;rsm;udk wnfaxmifxm;ay;onf/ odkYaomf aiGaMu;wwfEkdifonfhtoif;awmfrsm;rSOykofpmajzausmif;udk useaooyfpGm aqmufvkyfEdkifrI&SdNyD;


tcsKdUtoif;awmfrsm;rSmrl Oykofpmajzausmif;[lí oD;oefYwnfaqmufzGifhvSpfEkdifjcif;r&SdbJ toif;awmf\ bk&m;&Spfcdk;ausmif;üaomfvnf;aumif;? toif;awmftaqmuftODwpfcküaomfvnf;aumif;?Oykofpmajzausmif;\vkyfief;udpörsm;udk aqmif&Gufay;avh&Sdonf/

qdkcJhNyD;onfhtwdkif; Oykofpmajzausmif;onf oufqdkif&mtoif;awmfrsm;\tpDtrHjzifh aqmif&Gufjcif;? uav;rsm;tm;oifMum;ydkYcsay;jcif;jzpfNyD; oifMum;ol q&m (odkYr[kwf) q&mronfvnf; vDqlusrf;pmausmif;rS atmifjrifNyD;aom q&m? q&mrrsm;uoifMum;ay;jcif;jzpfonf/

touf 5 ESpfrS 12 ESpft&G,f&Sd uav;rsm;ukd oifMum;ydkYcsay;jcif;jzpfNyD; 0ifaMu;xnfh0ifjcif;? q&m? q&mr vcaxmufyHhaMu;,ljcif; vHk;0r&Sday/ &ufowåywftwGif; we*FaEGaeYwpf&ufwnf;om tcsdefydkif;tvkduf oifMum;ay;jcif;rsKd;jzpfonf/ vDqlESpfjcif;c&pf,meftoif;awmfrsm;wnf&Sd&m ûrdU&Gma'orsm;wGif aqmif&Gufavh&Sdaom Oykofpmajzausmif;rsm;jzpfygonf/

Oykofpmajzausmif;wGif wufa&mufoifMum;ol vDqluav;rsm;onf vDqlpmay? c&pf,mefbmomponfwdkYudk tajccHtqifhwwfuRrf;em;vnfvQif Oykofpmajzausmif;rSxGufí vDqltoif;awmf vli,frsm; toif;tzGJUwGifyg0ifNyD;jzpfavonf/

tcsKdUonf tenf;qHk; 2 ESpfoif,lNyD; tcsKdUrSm 4 ESpfwdwd oif,lMuonf/ uav;rsm;\ ÚmPf&nfÚmPfaoG; xl;cRefxufjrufrI? tm;enf;rI? tm;omrIay:rlwnfí ESpftvkduf oifMum;&onf/


tcsKdU Oykofpmajzausmif;rsm;onf {NyD? arvrsm;üzGifhvSpfNyD;tcsKdUrSm Zefe0g&D? azazmf0g&Dvrsm;wGif wpfESpfwmoifMum;rI? oif,lrINyD;qHk;NyD;jzpfonf/ oifwef;NyD;qHk;ygu uav;rsm;udk pmar;yGJppfar;onf/ "r®aw;oDcsif;rsm;? yHkjyifrsm;? ol&Jaumif;rsm;taMumif;?tajccHvDqlpmay? Asnf;tu©&mwdkYdukd jyefppfar;jcif;jzpfonf/

pmar;yGJatmifjrifrI? us½HI;rI[lí &Sdaomfvnf; us½IH;olrsm;twGuf xdckdufepfemrIr&Sday/ atmifjrifolrsm;wGifvnf; tqifhudkowfrSwfay;jcif; oD;jcm;r&Sday/ c&pf,mefbmomESifh vDqlpmaytajccHwkdYudk zwfwwfatmifom oifMum;ay;jcif;rsKd;jzpfaMumif;oifMum;olq&mESifh oif,loluav;rsm;\rdbwdkif;u em;vnfNyD;jzpfavonf/

pmar;yGJppfaq;NyD;ygu wpfESpfukefonf[kowfrSwfNyD;tm;upm;yGJ? aysmfyGJ&TifyGJrsm;ESifh uav;rsm;pdwfcsrf;omrI? pdwfaysmf&TifrI?pdwf0ifpm;rI&Sdap&ef q&m? q&mrrsm;OD;aqmifí pDpOfusif;yay;avonf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh c&pfprwfyGJawmfeD;uyfvmygu pmoifMum;rI? oif,lrI wpfESpfwmukefqHk;NyD;jzpfí wpfESpfwmppfaq;rIausmif;NyD;aomtcg txdrf;trSwfyGJwGif uav;rsm;tm; Avmpmtkyf?cJwH? pmaomufzG,f&m? rkefYyJoa&pmrsm;jzifh ay;tyfcsD;jr§ifhNyD; q&m?q&mrudk vufaqmifypönf;ay;tyfNyD; wpfESpfwmoifMum;rItpDtpOf&yfem;ygonf/

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186

jrefrmEk difiHvDql "r®wuúodkvfjrefrmEk difiHvDql "r®wuúodkvfjrefrmEk difiHvDql "r®wuúodkvfjrefrmEk difiHvDql "r®wuúodkvfjrefrmEk difiHvDql "r®wuúodkvf

jrefrmEkdifiHvDql"r®wuúodkvfonf rEÅav;wkdif;? jyifOD;vGifûrdUwGif&Sdonf/ ,cifu vDqlvlrsKd;rsm;twGuf wnfaxmifzGifhvSpfcJhjcif;jzpfaomfvnf; ,cktcg c&pf,mefbmom0if wdkif;&if;om;tm;vHk;yg wufa&mufoif,lEkdifaom "r®wuúodkvfjzpfonf/

jrefrmEdkifiHvDqlwuúodkvfudk yxrOD;pGm wnfaxmifzGifhvSpfcJhaomae&mrSm jrpfBuD;em;ûrdUe,f a&Tpuf&Gmjzpfonf/ 1969-ckESpfwGifpwifzGifhvSpfcJhjcif;jzpfNyD; zGifhpwGif 3 v oifwef;tjzpfom &SdcJhonf/ xkdpOfu "r®wuúodkvf[lí trnfray:ao;bJ usrf;pmoifausmif;tjzpfom pwifzGifhvSpfcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ usrf;pmoifausmif;pwifzGifhpOfu odu©mawmf&q&mawmfBuD; OD;vkud,krS ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/ xkdYaemuf 1973 ckESpfrSpí 4 voifwef;tjzpf umvwdk;jr§if hzGif hvSpfcJ honf/ odk Yaomf 3 voifwef;udkvnf; qufvufxm;&Sdum oifwef;ESpfckpvHk; oifMum;ydkYcscJhonf/ þoifwef;ESpfckudk wpfûydifwnf;zGifhvSpfaom 1973ckESpfrSpí ausmif;tkyfq&mrBuD;tjzpf q&mOD;vm0lrS wm0ef,lcJhonf/


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1969 ckESpfrS 1989 ckESpfxd odu©mawmf&q&mBuD;OD;vjrmwm;rS ausmif;tkyfBuD;tjzpf qufvufwm0ef,lcJhonf/1989 ckESpfrSpí ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;tjzpf OD;tav;zrS wm0ef,lcJhonf/ 4if;q&mBuD;vufxuf 1992 ckESpfwGif usrf;pmoifausmif;udk jrpfBuD;em;ûrdUe,f a&Tpuf&GmrS rEÅav;wkdif;? jyifOD;vGifûrdUodkYajymif;a&TUzGifhvSpfcJhonf/ 1995 ckESpfwGif jyifOD;vGif usrf;pmoifausmif;udk vDqlwuúodkvftjzpf wdk;jr§ifhzGifhvSpfcJhonf/ "r®wuúodkvfpwifzGifhvSpfcJhonfhESpfrSmyif a'gufwmvm0lrS ausmif;tkyfBuD;tjzpfpwifwm0efxrf;aqmifygonf/

jrefrmEkdifiHvDql "r®wuúodkvfudk 1991 ckESpf vqef;ydkif;wGifpwiftkwfjrpfcs wnfaqmufcJh&m 1992 ck? arv 30 &ufaeYwGifNyD;pD;ygonf/

"r®wuúodkvf\ t"dutcsufrSm]]vlrsKd;wumtwGufaumif;csD;r*Fvm}}[líjzpfonf/ "r®wuúodkvfwGif "r®trIawmfaqmifoifwef;ESifh "r®a&;&m0dZÆmbGJUoifwef;ESpfckudk zGifhvSpfydkYcsygonf/ "r®trIawmfaqmifjzpf oifwef;udk tajccHynmtv,fwef;atmifjrifNyD;olrsm; wufa&mufcGifh&SdNyD; "r®a&;&m0dZÆmbGJUoifwef;udkrltajccHynmtxufwef;atmifjrifNyD;olrsm;om wufa&mufcGifh&Sdygonf/ oifwef;ESpfrsKd;pvHk;twGuf oifwef;umvrSm (4) ESpfjzpfygonf/

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3 ESpfMum ESpfjcif;c&pf,mefbmom0iftjzpf cH,lNyD;olrsm;udkowfrSwfxm;aom pnf;urf;csufrsm;udk vkdufemygrnf[k uwdcH0efcsuf vufrSwfa&;xkd;NyD; avQmufvTmudk vufcHpOf;pm;onf/avQmufvTmrsm;udk pdppfNyD;ygu oufqdkif&mum,uH&Sifrsm;udkac:,lí 0ifcGifhpmar;yGJ usif;yay;onf/

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ynmoifp&dwfaxmufyHhrnfh apwem&Sifyk*¾dKvfrsm;udk &SmazGpDpOfíay;onfvnf;&Sdayonf/ xkdYjyif oifwef;om; oifwef;olrsm;twGuf rdwfqHkpm;yGJûyvkyfay;NyD; aqG;aEG;jcif;? qkawmif;jcif;? cGeftm;,ljcif; ûyvkyfay;ygonf/

vDql"r®wuúodkvfwGif ausmif;tkyf (1) OD;? 'kausmif;tkyf(1) OD;? ynma&;wm0efcH (1) OD;? ausmif;om;a&;&m? b@mxdef;?pmcsyk*¾dKvf ponfjzifh csdefjynfh? q&mq&mr (14) OD;ESifh tcsdefydkif;(1) OD; &Sdygonf/ {nfhonfygarmu©q&mBuD;rsm;vnf; vma&mufoifMum;ydkYcsay;jcif;rsKd; &Sdygonf/ xkdYjyif tkyfcsKyfrIA[dkaumfrwD[lí&Sdonf/ tkyfcsKyfrIA[dkaumfrwD\atmufwGif vlrIa&;&maumfrwD?0dnmOfa&;&maumfrwD? *Dwa&;&maumfrwD? tm;upm;aumfrwD?pdkufysKd;a&; arG;jrLa&;aumfrwD? b@maiG&SmazGa&;aumfrwD? tpm;taomufauR;arG;a&;aumfrwD[lí&Sdonf/ wpfzGJUvQif q&mwpfOD;uOuú|tjzpfaqmif&GufNyD; oifwef;om;oifwef;olwpfOD;u twGif;a&;rª;wm0ef aqmif&Guf&onf/ tzGJU0ifrsm;udk oifwef;om; oifwef;olrsm;xJrS 0goemt&jzpfap? oifhawmfonfh pDrHcefYcGJa&;enf;t&jzpfap zGJUpnf;xm;ygonf/

vlrIa&;aumfrwDonf ausmif;om;opfrsm;udk armifr,fopfvGifêudqdkyGJûyvkyfjcif;? usyef;pum;ajymyGJ? jyZmwfûydifyGJ? c&pf,mef"r®tNidrfhyGJ? ausmif;om;wpfOD;csif;\arG;aeYyGJ ponfwkdYudkaqmif&Guf&onf/ 0dnmOfa&;&maumfrwDonf 0wfûyudk;uG,fonfhtpDtpOf"r®a&;&ma[majymjcif;? aeYxl;aeYjrwfrsm;? c&pfprwfyGJ ponfhwdkYwGifc&pf,mefbmom0ifwpfOD;pD\ 0dnmOfa&;&mudpörsm;udkvnf;aumif;?


qkawmif;jcif;? qufuyfjcif; aus;Zl;awmfcsD;rGrf;jcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;aqmif&Guf&onf/

*Dwa&;&maumfrwDonf 0wfûyudk;uG,fjcif;? qkawmif;jcif;?aus;Zl;awmfcsD;rGrf;jcif; ponfwkdYwGif oDcsif;qdkjcif;? aw;*Dwa&;zGJUjcif;jzifh "r®wuúodkvf*Dwvkyfief;rsm;ukd aqmif&Guf&onf/tm;upm;aumfrwDonf oifwef;ol oifwef;om;tcsif;csif;jzpfap?tjcm;toif;awmfrsm;udk zdwfMum;íjzpfap? tm;upm;ûydifyGJrsm;?vkyfief;&yfrsm;udk wm0ef,laqmif&Guf&onf/ pdkufysKd;arG;jrLa&;aumfrwDonf oD;ESHpdkufysKd;a&;? yef;tvSpdkufysKd;a&;? 0ufarG;jrLa&;wdkYudkaqmif&GufNyD; 4if;vkyfief;rsm;rS&&Sdonfh0ifaiGrsm;jzifh "r®wuúodkvfrSusif;yaomyGJawmfrsm; tcrf;tem;rsm;twGuf&&SSdaom &efyHkaiGudk taxmuftulûy&aomaumfrwD jzpfonf/

b@maiG&SmazGa&;aumfrwDonf ausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm;twGuf0wfpHkrsm;xkwfvkyfa&mif;csí &efyHkaiG&Smjcif;? c&pfprwfvufaqmifypönf;rsm; xkwfvkyfa&mif;csí &efyHkaiG&Smjcif;? aps;a&mif;í &efyHkaiG&SmazGjcif;vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Guf&onf/ tpm;taomufauR;arG;a&;aumfrwDonf "r®wuúodkvf&Sd oifwef;om; oifwef;olrsm;tm;vHk\ tpm;taomufudpöt00ukd wm0ef,laqmif&Guf&aomaumfrwDjzpfonf/ oifwef;om; oifwef;olrsm;rS tvSnfhusaps;0,fNyD; oifwef;wpfckvHk;twGuf auR;arG;a&;udpöt00udkwm0ef,laqmif&Guf&onf/ yHkESdyfxkwfa0a&;aumfrwDonf "r®wuúodkvf\ ESpfpOfjyu©'defxkwfa0a&;? vufurf;pmapmifxkwfa0a&;ESifhpmtkyfpmayjzefYcsda&;udpörsm;udk wm0ef,laqmif&Guf&aomtzGJU


jzpfonf/

"r®wuúodkvfwGif yifrtaqmifBuD;? ausmif;tkyfBuD;ESifh q&m?q&mrrsm;aetdrf? oifwef;om; oifwef;olrsm; abmf'gaqmif?q&mq&mrrsm;ESifh oifwef;om;oifwef;olrsm;twGuf tdrfom? a&csKd;cef;ponfrsm;&Sdonf/ ½Hkcef;? pmMunfhwdkuf? pmoifcef;rsm;ESifh q&m?q&mrrsm; em;aecef;? tm;upm;uGif;ESifh yef;O,smOfrsm;&Sdonf/pmMunfhwdkufBuD;rSm pmtkyftrsKd;tpm;aygif; ajcmufaxmifausmf&SdNyD;tm&Swdkuf&Sd c&pf,mefusrf;pmausmif;rsm;rSm 3 ESpfwpfBudrfvma&mufppfaq;avh&SdNyD; vkdtyfcsufrsm;udk jznfhqnf;xm;&SdojzifhpmtkyfrsKd;aygif;rsm;pGm &Sdayonf/

jyifODvGifûrdU&Sd jrefrmEkdifiHvDql"r®wuúodkvfwGifwufa&mufíc&pf,mefbmompmayrsm;oif,laeaom wkdif;&if;om;rsm;rSm vDqlvlrsKd;rsm;trsm;qHk;jzpfNyD; *sdef;azmh? avmfa0:? vmcsd'f? Zdkif0g;? &Srf;?vm;[l? u&if? 0? csif;? em*? ArmESifh tmcg[lí wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pHkwkdY wufa&mufonfh"r®wuúodkvfBuD;jzpfonf/ odkYjzpfíc&pf,mefbmom0ifwdkif;&if;om;? wdkif;&if;olrsm;twGuf tm;udk;tm;xm;ûyxdkufaom "r®wuúodkvfBuD;tjzpf txift&Sm;wnf&Sdaeayonf/

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

196

xl;cRefxif&Sm;yk*¾ d Kvfrsm;xl;cRefxif&Sm;yk*¾ d Kvfrsm;xl;cRefxif&Sm;yk*¾ d Kvfrsm;xl;cRefxif&Sm;yk*¾ d Kvfrsm;xl;cRefxif&Sm;yk*¾ d Kvfrsm;

(1) AdkvfBuD; NrDwHkwef (aomif;0l)(1) AdkvfBuD; NrDwHkwef (aomif;0l)(1) AdkvfBuD; NrDwHkwef (aomif;0l)(1) AdkvfBuD; NrDwHkwef (aomif;0l)(1) AdkvfBuD; NrDwHkwef (aomif;0l)

vDqlvlrsKd;rsm;xJrS yxrOD;qHk; wyfrawmfodkY0ifa&muf trIxrf;oljzpfonf/ AdkvfBuD;NrDwkHwefonf ucsifjynfe,f? Aef;armfûrdUe,f q,ftdrf&Gmom;jzpfonf/ 1908 ckESpfwGif wyfrawmfodkYpwif0ifa&mufcJhNyD; t*FvdyfwyfwGif (31) ESpf trIxrf;NyD; 1939ckESpfwGif tNidrf;pm;,lcJhonf/

AdkvfBuD; NrDwHkwefonf pdwfxm;aumif;rGefNyD; ½dk;om;êud;pm;onf/ &JpGrf;owådvnf;&Sdonf/ wkdufyGJrsm;pGmwGifyg0ifcJhNyD; qkwHqdyfrsm;pGm csD;jr§ifhtyfESif;jcif;cH&oljzpfonf/ AdkvfBuD;NrDwHkwef&&SdcJhaomqkwHqdyfrsm;ESifh wkdufyGJrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf/

1/ 1914-15 ckESpf? [l;aumif;csKdifh0Srf;wkdufyGJü ol&Jaumif;qkwHqdyf

2/ 1914-18 ckESpf? *smreDppfyGJü qkwHqdyf

3/ 1914-19 ckESpf? *smreDppfyGJü qkwHqdyf

4/ 1916 ckESpf? Indian Order Of Merit (I.O.M) bGJUwHqdyf


5/ 1917 ckESpf? rufqkdydkaw;rD;,m;a'o? uyf'pfpwefppfyGJüqkwHqdyf

6/ 1930 32 ckESpf? jrefrmwefjyefxdk;ppfwdkufyGJü qkwHqdyf

7/ 1935 ckESpf? t*FvefEkdifiH yOörajrmuf a*smhbk&ifESifhar&Dbk&ifrwdkY\ *sLAvDzGJ csD;jr§ifhaom Medal rS qkwHqdyf

8/ 1937 ckESpf? Contion qkwHqdyf

9/ 1937 ckESpf? yOörajrmuf a*smhbk&ifvufxufwGif om;pOfajr;quf cHpm;&&Sdaom qkwHqdyfwdkY csDjr§ifhjcif;cH&onf/

vDqlvlrsKd;rsm;xJwGif wyfrawmfodkY tapmqHk;0ifa&mufwm0efxrf;aqmifol? &JpGrf;owåd&Sdol? ,HkMunfpdwfcs&ol yk*¾dKvffwpfOD;jzpfí pHerlem,lxkdufoljzpfayonf/

(2) qlywmar*smvqef*rf (varwm;)(2) qlywmar*smvqef*rf (varwm;)(2) qlywmar*smvqef*rf (varwm;)(2) qlywmar*smvqef*rf (varwm;)(2) qlywmar*smvqef*rf (varwm;)

qlywmar*smvqef*rf\ arG;ouú&mZf Zmwd&yf&GmudkrlwduspGmrod&Sday/ tusifhpm&dwåaumif;rGefNyD; vkyfief;aqmif&Guf&müwdusolwpfOD;jzpfonf/

1914 ckESpfwGif &JwyfzGJUodkY yxrqHk;0ifa&muftrIxrf;onf/1917 ckESpfwGif wyfrawmfodkY ajymif;a&TUwm0efxrf;aqmifonf/&mxl;tqifhqifh wdk;jr§ifhhjcif;cH&NyD; t&mcHAdkvf&mxl;jzifh rufqkdydkaw;rD;,m;ppfajrjyifü ppfom;rsm;udk acgif;aqmifwkdufcJholjzpfonf/ 1931 ckESpfwGif yOörajrmufa*smhbk&ifu oufawmfapmifhtjzpf a&G;cs,fjcif;cH&onf/


King Orderly Officer &mxl;jzifh t*Fvefeef;awmfwGif(4) v oufawmfapmifhwm0ef ,lcJholjzpfonf/ wkdufyGJtrsKd;rsKd;wGifacgif;aqmifwdkuf&mü atmifjrifcJhí t*Fvefjynfh&Sif 0dwdk&d,bk&ifrBuD;\qkwHqdyfudk yOörajrmufa*smhbk&ifudk,fwdkif csD;jr§ifhjcif;cHcJh&avonf/

(3) 'kwd,AdkvfrSL;BuD; tm;'D(3) 'kwd,AdkvfrSL;BuD; tm;'D(3) 'kwd,AdkvfrSL;BuD; tm;'D(3) 'kwd,AdkvfrSL;BuD; tm;'D(3) 'kwd,AdkvfrSL;BuD; tm;'D

tb OD;0gaZmfzm? trd a':tm;emvmwdkYrS 1906 ckESpf?{NyDv 26 &ufaeYwGif ucsifjynfe,f? acgifvefzl;ûrdUe,f tbdk;xm;&Gmü arG;zGm;onf/

arG;zGm;cJh&mae&mrSm e,fpGefe,fzsm;a'ojzpfívnf;aumif;?i,fpOfu twef;ynmudkoif,lEkdifcJhjcif;r&Sday/ touf (17) ESpft&G,fwGif ucsifjynfe,fawmtkyfwpfOD;\ tapmifhtul 0efxrf;tjzpf trIxrf;cJhonf[kod&onf/

26.4.1925 &ufaeYwGif trSwf (1) ucsif½dkifz,fwyfodkY0ifí ppfrIxrf;cJhonf/ omrefwyfom;b0rS 'kwd,Adkvfrª;BuD;tqifhtxd &mxl;tqifhqifh a&muf&Sdwm0efxrf;cJhNyD; (1.2.56)&ufaeYwGif trSwf (1) ucsifaoewfudkifwyf&if;? wyf&if;rª;tjzpfrStNidrf;pm;,lcJhonf/ 'kwd,Adkvfrª;BuD; tm;'D\ ppfrIxrf;oufrSm(20) ESpfESifh (228) &ufjzpfonf/ udk,fydkiftrSwfrSm B.C 3810

jzpfonf/

ArmhwyfrawmfwGif trIxrf;pOfu jyifOD;vGif? vm;½Id;?yckuúL? wdkifay? rav;&Sm;a'orsm;wGif wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf/


wyfrawmfwGif wm0efxrf;&Guf&if; a&mrtl'l;bmompum;udk 1931ckESpfwGif jyifOD;vGifüvnf;aumif;? 1934 ckESpfwGif wdkifayüvnf;aumif;? t*Fvdyfbmompum;ukd 1937 ckESpfwGif rEÅav;üvnf;aumif;? 1939 ckESpfwGif jyifOD;vGifüvnf;aumif;? 1945ckESpfwGif rlq,füvnf;aumif; oif,lwwfajrmufcJhonf/ xdkYjyifjrefrm? *sdefazmh? [dEDbmom;pum;rsm;udkyg uRrf;usifpGmwwfajrmufolvnf;jzpfonf/

trSwf (1) ucsifaoewfudkifwyfwGif wm0efxrf;pOf 1942ckESpf? ESpfqef;pwGif &JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifvmpOfu tifzm? umvuwåm;? bHkab? r'&yfûrdUrsm;wGif aexdkifcJhonf/ 1940-42 ckESpftwGif; t*Fvdyfwyfrsm; jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;odkY yxrqHk;tBudrf xdk;ppfqifETJpOfu xdkppfaMumif;wGif 'kwd,Adkvfrª;BuD; tm;'D yg0ifcJhonf/xdkYjyif 1943-44 ckESpfwGif t*FvdyfAdkvfrª; 0if;udwfacgif;aqmifaomvD'dkvrf;azmufa&;tzGJUwGifvnf; olyg0ifcJhonf/ 1944-45 ckESpfwGif 'kwd,tBudrf xdk;ppfqifETJ&mwGifvnf; yg0ifcJhonf/

xkdYaMumifh t*Fvdyftpdk;&u ucsifjynfe,fajrmufydkif;a'owGif xl;cRefpGmppfrIxrf;cJhol? &J&ifhxufjrufoltjzpf todtrSwfûyum (B.G.M) ac: xl;cRefonfh ppfol&Jaumif;bGJUwHqdyfukdcsD;jr§ifhjcif;cH&oljzpfonf/

'kwd,Adkvfrª;BuD; tm;'Donf trSwf (1) ucsifaoewfudkifwyf&if; wyf&if;rª;tjzpfrS tNidrf;pm;,lNyD;aemuf jrpfBuD;emûrdUe,f?refc&defaus;&GmwGif ZeD;om;orD;ESifhtwl at;csrf;pGmaexdkifcJhonf/1980 jynfhESpf? Ekd0ifbmv (21) &ufaeY touf (74) ESpft&G,fwGif


jrpfBuD;em;ûrdU? jynfe,faq;½HkBuD;wGif taMuma&m*ga0'emcHpm;&if;uG,fvGefcJhonf/

(4) a'gufwma,m½I(4) a'gufwma,m½I(4) a'gufwma,m½I(4) a'gufwma,m½I(4) a'gufwma,m½I

a'gufwma,m½Iudk tbOD;&mwm;? trda':pHrqD;wdkYrS(18.8.1935) &ufaeYwGif &Srf;jynfe,f? uGwfckdifûrdUe,f? eefYzwfum&Gmü arG;zGm;cJhonf/ i,fpOfu uGwfcdkifûrdU trsKd;om;c&pf,mef?txufwef;ausmif;? (,ck t.x.u-2 uGwfckdif) wGif tv,fwef;atmifonftxd ynmrsm;oif,lcJhNyD; &efukefûrdU t.x.u (4)tvHk (ul&Sifausmif;) wGif txufwef;ynmrsm;oif,lcJhonf/1955 ckESpfwGif 10 wef;atmifjrifcJhonf/ 1963 ckESpfwGif&efukef0dZÆmodyÜHwuúodkvfrS 0dZÆmbGJU&&SdcJhonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd vDqlvlrsKd;rsm;xJwGif yxrOD;qHk;aom EkdifiHawmftpdk;&ynma&;Xme\ bGJU'D*&D&&SdcJholjzpfonf/

xdkYaemuf 1963 ckESpfwGif &efukefûrdUynma&;wuúodkvfrSynma&;'Dyvdkrm (Dip-Ed) bGJU &&SdcJhonf/ 1970 ckESpfrS 1974ckESpftxd er®wlûrdUe,f? refwHk t.v.u wGif tv,fwef;ausmif;tkyftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf/4if;tjyif er®wlûrdYe,f? w&m;olBuD;tzGJU0iftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhzl;onf/ 1970 ckESpf? atmufwdkbmvwGif ynma&;0efxrf;tjzpfrS tNidrf;pm;,lcJhonf/

1975 ckESpfrS 1986 ckESpftxd vDqlESpfjcif;c&pf,meftzGJUcsKyfzGJUpnf;jcif;vkyfief;wGif bmoma&;vkyfief;wm0efrsm; aqmif&GufcJhNyD;taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;wm0efudk xrf;&GufcJhonf/ 1977 ckESpfrS


1980 ckESpfxd jrefrmEkdifiH"r®wuúodkvf (tif;pdef) wGif "r®0dZÆmbGJU(B.D) &&SdcJhonf/

1984 ckESpfwGif xdkif;EkdifiHbefaumufûrdUü c&pf,mefb@mxdef;aumif;aqG;aEG;yGJudk wufa&mufcJhonf/ 4if;aemuf 1986ckESpfrS 1989 ckESpftxd tar&duefEkdifiH uif;qwfûrdU&Sd Central

Baptist Theological Seminary wGif bmoma&;oifwef;rsm;wufa&mufcJhonf/ 1986-1987 ckESpfwGif 4if;ausmif;rS "r®r[m0dZÆmbGJU (M.Div) bGJU &&SdcJhonf/ 1987-89 ckESpfwGif pdefayg"r®wuúodkvfrS "r®yg&*lbGJU&&SdcJhonf/ 1990 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEkdifiH"r®wuúodkvf (tif;pdef) ü pmcsyk*¾dKvftjzpf wpfESpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhNyD; 1991 ckESpfrS 1996 ckESpftxd jrefrmEdkifiHESpfjcif;c&pf,meftoif;csKyfwGif wGJbuftwGif;a&;rª;wm0ef? 1997 rS 1999 xdOuú|wm0efrsm; xrf;aqmifcJhonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH"r®wuúodkvf(tif;pdef) onf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;aygif;pHktzGUJcsKyf (16) ck yg0ifaomc&pf,mef"r®wuúodkvfBuD;jzpfonf/

1996 ckESpfwGif ruúqDudkEkdifiHodkY c&pf,mefqufoG,fa&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifhywfoufaom tpnf;ta0;odkY wufa&mufcJhNyD; 1997ckESpfwGif *syefEdkifiH? wdkusKdûrdU? *syeftoif;awmfrS zdwfMum;csuft&oGm;a&mufcJhonf/

a'gufwma,m½Ionf ,cktcg rEÅav;wdkif;? jyifOD;vGifûrdU&SdjrefrmEdkifiH vDql"r®wuúodkvfwGif pmcsyk*¾dKvftjzpfvnf;aumif;?avhvm&ef vDqlESpfjcif;c&pf,mef or®musrf;pmûypka&;wm0efcHtjzpfvnf;aumif;? jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qkdif&m vDqltzGJUcsKyfOuú|tjzpf


vnf;aumif; wm0efrsm;udkxrf;aqmifvsuf&Sdonf/

(5) a'gufwmvm0l(5) a'gufwmvm0l(5) a'gufwmvm0l(5) a'gufwmvm0l(5) a'gufwmvm0l

a'gufwmvm0ludk tb OD;vmav;? trd a':iGm;rav;wdkYrS(24.8.1946) &ufaeYwGif uGwfckdifûrdUü arG;zGm;cJhonf/ i,fpOfuuGwfcdkifûrdU ESpfjcif;c&pf,mefomoemûyausmif;wGif rlvwef;rSpíynmrsm;oif,lNyD; 1967 ckESpfwGif 10 wef;atmifcJhonf/

jrefrmEdkifiH"r®wuúodkvf (tif;pdef) wGif "r®a&;&mynmrsm;oif,lcJhNyD; 1972 ckESpfrS 1987 ckESpftxd jrpfBuD;em;ûrdYU? a&TpufvDqlusrf;pmoifausmif;wGif ausmif;tkyftjzpf wm0ef xrf;aqmifcJhonf/ 1987 ckESpfwGif Aef;armfûrdUrS a':acgef;rdkifESifh tdrfaxmifuscJhNyD;om;orD; (5) a,muf xGef;um;onf/

1991 ckESpf? Mo*kwfvrS 1993 ckESpf? Mo*kwfvtxdtar&duefEkdifiH qif;vl;0pfûrdU bmoma&;ausmif;wGif ausmif;om;a&;&mwm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmifcJhonf/ 1993 ckESpfwGif tar&duefEdkifiH qif;vl;0pfûrdUwGif wm0efxrf;aqmif&if; "r®yg&*lbGJU &&SdcJhonf/1994 ckESpfwGif jyifOD;vGifûrdU jrefrmEdkifiHvDql"r®wuúodkvfwGifausmif;tkyfwm0ef pwifxrf;aqmifonf/ 1997 ckESpfwGif xdkif;EkdifiH?befaumufûrdUodkYvnf;aumif;? 1999 ckESpfwGif Mopaw;vsEkdifiH?'g0ifûrdUodkYvnf;aumif; bmoma&;tpnf;ta0;rsm; wufa&mufcJhonf/

a'gufwmvm0lonf jrefrmEdkifiH oDtkdvdk*sDynma&;toif;?*kdPf;aygif;pHk c&pf,mefusrf;pmausmif;ESifh "r®wuúodkvfrsm;toif;\


'kwd,Ouú|tjzpfvnf;aumif;? jyifOD;vGifûrdU jrefrmEdkifiHvDql "r®wuúodkvfausmif;tkyftjzpfvnf;aumif; wm0efrsm;xrf;aqmifvsuf&Sdonf/

(6) OD;aZmfa,mquf(6) OD;aZmfa,mquf(6) OD;aZmfa,mquf(6) OD;aZmfa,mquf(6) OD;aZmfa,mquf

tbOD;aZmfwm;? trd a':Nrdef;wdkYrS 1956 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 20 &ufaeYwGif 0dkif;armfûrdUe,f? cg;&Sd&Gmü arG;zGm;onf/arG;csif;ig;a,muf&Sdonfhteuf tBuD;qHk;jzpfonf/

touf 19 ESpft&G,frSpí vDql½dk;&m wkdif;&if;aq;ynm&yfrsm;udk avhvmoif,lcJhonf/ 0dkif;armfûrdUe,f? cg;&Sdaus;&GmrSOD;iGm;aq;? jrpfBuD;em;ûrdUe,f a&Tpuf&GmrS OD;Asmav;wdkYxHrS tajccHwdkif;&if;aq;ynmudk pwifoif,lcJhonf/ 4if;aemuf ucsifjynfe,f?&Srf;jynfe,fESifh rEÅav;wdkif;twGif;&Sd awmawmifa'orsm;wGifwdkif;&if;aq;yifrsm;udk &SmazGpkaqmif;onf/ okawoeûyonf/okawoeûycsuftay:&&Sdvmaom aq;tmedoifrsm;udk aq;usrf;ESifhn§dEIdif;NyD; aq;0g;uko&mrS wpfwpfatmifjrifvmonf/

1987 ckESpfwGif jrpfBuD;em;ûrdU vDqlESpfjcif;c&pf,mefbk&m;ausmif;üzGifhvSpfaom vDqlwdkif;&if;aq;ynmoifwef;udk wufa&mufoif,lavhvmcJhonf/ xdkodkYwdkif;&if;aq;ynmudk oif,lNyD;onfESifhqufvufêud;pm;avhvmjcif;? wDxGifMuHqjcif;? aq;0g;rsm;azmfpyfjcif; ponfjzifh tqifhqifhêud;pm;cJh&m aemufqHk;wGif atmifjrifonfhq&mwpfOD;jzpfvmcJhonf/

1995 ckESpfwGif rEÅav;wdkif;? rdk;ukwfûrdUüvnf;aumif;?


a'gufwm a,m½Ia'gufwm a,m½I

a'gufwm a,m½Ia'gufwm a,m½I

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OD;aZmfa,mqufOD;aZmfa,mquf

OD;aZmfa,mqufOD;aZmfa,mquf

OD;aZmfa,mquf


1996 ckESpfwGif ucsifjynfe,f? 0dkif;armfûrdUüvnf;aumif;? 1997ckESpfwGif ucsifjynfe,f? jrpfBuD;em;ûrdUe,f a&Tpufaus;&Gmüvnf;aumif;? wdkif;&if;aq;q&moifwef;ü oifwef;ydkYcsolq&mtjzpfOD;aqmifEkdifolwpfOD;jzpfvmcJhonf/ 1998 ckESpfwGif ucsifjynfe,f?Aef;armfûrdUüvnf;aumif;? 0dkif;armfûrdUe,f? q'Hk;a'oüvnf;aumif;?2000 jynfhESpfwGif ucsifjynfe,f Aef;armfûrdUESifh &Srf;jynfe,fvm;½Id;ûrdUrsm;wGifvnf;aumif; aq;ynmoifwef;rsm;udk ydkYcscJhonf/

OD;aZmfa,mqufonf 1998 ckESpfwGif vDqlwdkif;&if;aq;q&mrsm;vufpGJ aq;usrf;udk ûypkonf/ 1970 ckESpfu pwifûypkcJhaom q&mOD;Asmav;\ aq;usrf;rNyD;rjywf&SdrIudk qufvufêud;pm;ûypk&mrS atmifjrifcJhonf/ w½kwfaq;usrf;udk bmomjyefjcif;?topfûyjyifjznfhpGufjcif;? xyfrHaygif;pyfwDxGifjcif;jzifh vDqlwdkif;&if;aq;q&mrsm;vufpGJ aq;usrf;ukdûypkcJhayonf/ yxrûypkaomaq;usrf;rSm aq;enf;aygif;ESpf&mausmfyg0ifNyD;? 'kwd,aq;usrf;rSmvnf; aq;enf;aygif; oHk;&mausmfyg0ifNyD; ûypkaeqJyifjzpfonf/

1991 ckESpfwGif vDqlwdkif;&if;aq;q&mrsm;tzGJU twGif;a&;rª;tjzpf wm0ef,laqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1993 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m vDqlwdkif;&if;aq;q&mrsm;tzGJUonf jrefrmEdkifiHwdkif;&if;aq;ynmOD;pD;XmevufatmufwGif&SdNyD; vDqlvlrsKd;rsm;twGufomrutjcm;wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;tygt0if vlrsKd;bmomra&G; tm;udk;tm;xm;ûyEdkifaom wdkif;&if;aq;q&mrsm;tzGJUvnf;jzpfonf/

q&mOD;aZmfa,mqufonf 0gnm;wdkif;&if;aq;ukcef;udkwnfaxmifzGifhvSpfí aq;ukoaeoljzpfonf/ 0gnm;qdkonfrSm


tarmufygNyD; tNrD;&SnfaomiSufwpfrsKd;udk vDqlbmompum;jzifhac:qdkjcif;jzpfonf/ 4if;iSufuav;aexkdifonfh awmawmifrsm;rS&&Sdaom aq;0g;azmfpyfuko&mrS atmifjrifrI&&SdonfhtwGuf 0g;nm;aq;wdkuf? 0gnm;aq;cef;[lí trnfrSnfhac:jcif;jzpfonf[kod&onf/ rD;,yfa&m*g? iSufzsm;a&m*g? oli,fema&m*g? tom;0ga&m*grsm;udk txl;uktjzpf uRrf;usifpGm ukoEkdifoljzpfonf/

1997 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmv 17 &ufaeYrS 18 &ufaeYtxducsifjynfe,f? jrpfBuD;em;ûrdU? ûrdUawmfcef;rü jrefrmwkdif;&if;aq;ynmaqG;aEG;yGJwGif OD;aqmifcJholwpfOD;jzpfonf/ xdktcrf;tem;wGifajrmufydkif;wkdif;ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rª; ucsifjynfe,fat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh zGHUûzd;a&;aumifpDOuú|udk,fwkdif wufa&muftm;ay;csD;jr§ifhcJhonf/

2000 jynfhESpf? 'DZifbmv 15 &ufaeYrS 18 &ufaeYxdusif;ycJhaom jrefrmwdkif;&if;aq;q&mrsm;nDvmcHodkY ucsifjynfe,frSvDqlwdkif;&if;om;nDvmcHudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf wufa&mufcJhNyD; vDqlwdkif;&if;aq;ynmudk wifjyaqG;aEG;cJhonf/

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

208

co 2000 yGJawmfco 2000 yGJawmfco 2000 yGJawmfco 2000 yGJawmfco 2000 yGJawmf

jrefrmEkdifiHvHk;qdkif&m vDqlESpfjcif;c&pf,meftoif;awmf\co 2000 yGJawmfBuD;um; pnfpnfum;um; odkufodkuf0ef;0ef;&SdvSygonf/ co 2000 yGJawmf[lonfrSm c&pfouú&mZf 2000jynfhtxdrf;trSwf yGJawmfjzpfonf/

usif;yonfhae&mrSm vDqlpmayESifh,Of;aus;rIaumfrwD½Hk;wnf&Sd&m ucsifjynfe,f? 0dkif;armfûrdU? om*&&yfuGufwGifjzpfonf/xdk&yfuGuf&Sd vDqlpmayESifh ,Ofaus;rIaumfrwD½Hk;ESifh vDqlESpfjcif;c&pf,meftoif;awmf bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;wdkYwnf&Sd&m uGif;jyifBuD;jzpfonf/ axmifpkESpf\ yxrqHk;tBudrfêuHawGU&aom vDqlvlrsKd;rsm;\ wefzdk;xdkufaom trSwfw&yGJawmfBuD;aywnf;/

a&S;,cifu vDqlwdkYonf ½dk;&mewfrsm;udk ,HkMunfudk;uG,fjcif;? ylaZmfyojcif;&SdcJhonf/ aemifwGif c&pf,mefomoemûyrsm;\aus;Zl;aMumifh c&pf,mefbmomodkY pwiful;ajymif;udk;uG,fcJhMuonf/ odkYjzpf&m vDqlwdkYonf c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;jzpfvmonfrSm ESpf (100) cefYom &Sdao;onf/ xdkYaMumifhvnf; þco-2000 yGJawmfBuD;onf vDqlwdkY\ yxrqHk;aom axmifpkESpf\bmoma&;yGJawmfBuD;[k a&S;OD;tpu qkdcJhjcif;jzpfonf/


xdkco-2000 yGJawmfBuD;odkY jrefrmEdkifiHtESHYtjym;&Sd vDqlESpfjcif;c&pf,meftoif;0if vDqlvlrsKd;rsm; usm;r ra&G;? BuD;i,fr[l vma&mufMuojzifh þyGJawmfBuD;onf pnfum;odkufûrdufvSygonf/ co-2000 yGJawmfBuD;odkY 1999 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 22&ufrS 26 &ufxd usif;yjcif;jzpfonf/ ûrdU&Gma'otoD;oD;rSvDqlvlrsKd;pkpkaygif; ESpfodef;ausmfcefY wufa&mufcJhMuonf/ tjcm;wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;? avhvmolrsm;? zdwfMum;xm;aom{nfhonfawmfrsm;vnf; vma&mufMuonfudkawGU&onf/

yGJawmfusif;y&muGif;jyifBuD;rSm tvGefus,f0ef;NyD; &yfa0;a'orsm;rS {nfhonfawmfrsm;twGuf wnf;ckdaqmifrsm;vnf;aqmufvkyfay;xm;onf/ tcsKdUuvnf; 0dkif;armfûrdU&Sd &yfuGufrsm;ESifheD;pyf&maus;&Gmrsm;wGif aqGrsKd;pktvdkuf wnf;ckdMuonf/ yGJawmfodkYvma&mufMuonfh {nfhy&dowfrsm;\ pm;aomufa&;udkrl yGJawmfusif;ya&;aumfrwDrS pDpOfaqmif&Gufay;onf/ {nfhcHauR;arG;onf/co-2000 yGJawmfBuD;udk 4 nESifh 5 &ufwkdifwdkif usif;yygonf/

nbufwGif vDqlwdkYonf e,fajra'otvdkuf ½dk;&m0wfpkHrsm;udk0wfqifí tuûydifyGJ? oDcsif;qdkûydifyGJrsm; usif;yonf/ acwfESifhtnDusif;yonfh ya'omuyGJ? pwdwf½Id;azsmfajzyGJ? wpfcef;&yfjyZmwfponfjzifh tutvSrsKd;pHkjzifh wifqufazsmfajzMuonf/

aeYpOf eHeuf 8 em&DrS eHeuf 10 em&Dxd wpfBudrf? aeYv,f12 em&DrS nae 3 em&DxdwpfBudrf bmoma&;toif;awmfrsm;udpöaqG;aEG;jcif;? toif;0ifrsm;udpöaqG;aEG;jcif;? 0wfûyudk;uG,fjcif;?


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co 2000 yGJawmftxdrf;trSwf urÜnf;armfuGef;wdkifco 2000 yGJawmftxdrf;trSwf urÜnf;armfuGef;wdkif

co 2000 yGJawmftxdrf;trSwf urÜnf;armfuGef;wdkifco 2000 yGJawmftxdrf;trSwf urÜnf;armfuGef;wdkif

co 2000 yGJawmftxdrf;trSwf urÜnf;armfuGef;wdkif


qkawmif;jcif;? "r®aw;rsm;oDusL;jcif;jzifh bmom omoemtusKd;udkaqmif&GufMuonf/

co-2000 yGJawmfusif;y&mtcrf;tem;odkY EkdifiHawmfat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifhzGHUûzd;a&;aumifpD0if? ucsifjynfe,fat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifhzGHUûzd;a&;aumifpDOuú|? ajrmufydkif;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rª;ESifh ppfbufe,fbufrSyk*¾dKvfrsm;? Xmeqkdif&mrsm;ESifh tjcm;wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkacgif;aqmifrsm; wufa&mufcJhMuonf/ tcrf;tem;wGif wdkif;rª;rS trSmpum;ajymMum;jcif;? wufa&mufvmolrsm;tm;vHk;tm; toif;awmfrS "r®aw;rsm;jzifh oDqkd{nfhcHjcif;? wkdif;rª;tm; trSwfw&vufaqmif vDql½kd;&m,Ofaus;rIypönf;rsm;ay;tyfjcif;? wdkif;rª;rSvnf; toif;awmfaiGaMu;axmufyHhjcif;? wkdif;rª;BuD;ESifhtzGJUtm; a'otvkduf 0wfpHkudk,fpDjzifh ½dk;&mtursm;jzifh ujyazsmfajzjcif;tpDtpOfrsm; yg&Sdygonf/ xkdYaemuf wkdif;rª;ESifhtzGJUtm;{nfhcHauR;arG;jcif;? trSwfw&"mwfyHk½dkufjcif; ûyMuonf/ a'oqkdif&mtmPmydkiftzGJUtpnf;rS tBuD;tuJjzpfolrsm;tm; av;pm;*kPf,lpGm êudqdkzdwfMum;jcif;onf vDqlwdkY\ ½dk;&m,Ofaus;rIyGJawmfusif;yjcif;wGif tpOftvmwpfckjzpfaMumif; od&Sd&onf/

co 2000 yGJawmfwGif vDqlpmayESifh ,Ofaus;rIaumfrwDESifhyGJawmfjzpfajrmufa&;aumfrwDwdkY\ pDpOfaqmif&GufrIjzifh cif;usif;jyoxm;aom jycef;rsm;uvnf; rsm;jym;vSonf/

vDqlvlrsKd;rsm; qif;oufvm&mvrf;aMumif;ESifh rsKd;EG,fpkordkif;jycef;? vDqlvlrsKd;rsm;\ vlUtoHk;taqmifypönf;rsm;jycef;?0wfpm;qif,ifxHk;zGJUrIrsm;ESifh 0wfpHkrsm;jycef;? ½dk;&m wl&d,mjycef;?


wkdif;&if;aq;rsm;jycef;? vDqlpmtkyfpmayrsm;jycef; ponfjzifh a'oEÅ&A[kokwjzpfzG,f ½dk;&m,Ofaus;rIudk *kPf,l0ifh<um;zG,f jyoxm;onfudkawGU&onf/

vDqlvlrsKd;wdkY\ ½kd;&m,Ofaus;rI"avhxHkpHrsm;ESifh bmomomoema&;&mudpörsm;udk co 2000 yGJawmfBuD;u xif&Sm;odomap&ef azmfñTef;jyouJhodkY &SdvSonf/ odkYjzpfí þyGJawmfBuD;onfaxmifpkESpf\ ESpfOD;têud yGJawmfBuD;vnf;jzpfNyD; vDqlwpfrsKd;om;vHk;\ pnf;vHk;nDñGwfrI? bmoma&;tav;xm;rI? tjcm;wkdif;&if;om; nDtpfudkarmifESrrsm;udk rdwf0wfrysuf aygif;pnf;cspfMunfrIjy,k*fwpfckudk azmfaqmifjyonfESifh wlvSawmhonf/

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214

vDqlpmayESif h ,Ofaus;rIaumfrwDvDqlpmayESif h ,Ofaus;rIaumfrwDvDqlpmayESif h ,Ofaus;rIaumfrwDvDqlpmayESif h ,Ofaus;rIaumfrwDvDqlpmayESif h ,Ofaus;rIaumfrwD

jrefrmEkdifiHwdkif;&if;om; vDqlvlrsKd;rsm;onf a&S;bkd;ab;tpOftqufuyif tjcm;wkdif;&if;om;rsm;ESifhrwlnDaom 0daoorsm;?,Ofaus;rI"avhxHk;pHrsm; &SdcJhMuonf/ vDqlpmayESifh ,Ofaus;rIaumfrwDudkzGJUpnf;&ef vdktyfvsuf&SdaMumif;? tajrmftjrif&Sdonfh vlBuD;rsm;u odjrifcJhMuonf/

odkYjzpfí jrpfBuD;em;ûrdU refc&defaus;&GmrS q&mOD;aZmfa,mquf?q&myDwmESifh OD;,efwm;csKdifhzwdkYu OD;aqmifí jrefrmEdkifiH vDql,Ofaus;rIxdef;odrf;jr§ifhwifa&;tzGJUudk (10.10.1960) &ufaeYuyxrOD;pGm zGJUpnf;cJhMuonf/ xdkYaemuf 4if;wdkYu jyu©'defxkwfa0jcif;?½Hk;oHk;vufESdyfpuf 0,f,ltoHk;ûyjcif;? aeYxl;aeYjrwfyGJawmfrsm;?tcrf;tem;rsm;wGif vDqlwdkY\ uGmacs;tuudk ujyjcif;jzifh vDqlpmayESifh ,Ofaus;rIudk xdef;odrf;cJhMuonf/ 4if;aemufwGif taMumif;trsKd;rsKd;aMumifh tzGJUtpnf;rSm qufvufwnfwHhEkdifjcif; r&SdcJhay/

1967 ckESpfrS 1974 ckESpftwGif; vDqlpmayESifh ½dk;&m,Ofaus;rIudkxdef;odrf;&ef tzGJUtpnf;rsm;vnf;ysufjym;cJhNyD; taMumif;trsKd;rsKd;aMumifh tqufjywfcJhavonf/ 1974 ckESpfwGif vDqlpmayESifh ,Ofaus;rIxdef;odrf;a&;tzGJU zGJU&ef &nf&G,fcJhMuNyD; 1975 ckESpf?


{NyDv 21 &ufaeYwGif vDqlpmayESifh,Ofaus;rItzGJUudk 0dkif;armfûrdUwGif zGJUpnf;cJhMuonf/ 'kwd,tBudrf zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ 1964 ckESpf? trsKd;om;pnf;vHk;nDñGwfa&;udk umuG,fonfhOya't& rSwfyHkwifcGifhudk (17.3.1977) &ufpGJjzifh EkdifiHawmfodkYavQmufxm;cJ h&m jynfxJa&;ESif homoema&;0efBuD;Xme\20.10.1979 &ufpGJjzifh vDql½dk;&m,Ofaus;rItzGJU\ rSwfyHkwifoufaocHvufrSwf (385) udk yxrOD;pGm&&SdcJhonf/ odkYjzpfíEkdifiHawmftpdk;&rS w&m;0ifcGifhûycsufjzifh todtrSwfûyxm;aomvDqlpmayESifh ,Ofaus;rItzGJU[lí ay:aygufvmcJh&ygonf/

vDqlpmayESifh ,Ofaus;rItzGJU\wnf&mrSm ucsifjynfe,f?0dkif;armfûrdU? om*&&yfuGufwGifjzpfNyD; vDqlpmayESifh ,Ofaus;rItzGJU½Hk;vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdygonf/ ,cktcg ucsifjynfe,f?vDqlpmayESifh ,Ofaus;rItzGJUudkvnf;aumif;? ylwmtkdc½dkif vDqlpmayESifh ,Ofaus;rItzGJUudkvnf;aumif;? ucsifjynfe,f? &Srf;jynfe,f?ppfudkif;wkdif;ESifh rEÅav;wdkif;wdkYwGif tcsKdUûrdUe,frsm;ü vDqlpmayESifh,Ofaus;rItzGJUrsm;udkvnf;aumif; zGJUpnf;NyD;jzpfygonf/

vDqlpmayESifh ,Ofaus;rItzGJUwGif Ouú|? 'k Ouú|? twGif;a&;rª;? wGJzuftwGif;a&;rª;? tzGJU0ifponfjzifh (7) OD;rS (15) OD;xdyg0ifzGJUpnf;xm;avh&Sdygonf/

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216

e,fcsJ UawmfvSefa&;wGif yg0ifcJ h Mujcif;e,fcsJ UawmfvSefa&;wGif yg0ifcJ h Mujcif;e,fcsJ UawmfvSefa&;wGif yg0ifcJ h Mujcif;e,fcsJ UawmfvSefa&;wGif yg0ifcJ h Mujcif;e,fcsJ UawmfvSefa&;wGif yg0ifcJ h Mujcif;

vDqlwdkYonf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmf\ tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkifqkdifrIatmufwGif at;csrf;pGm &yfwnfaevkdMuolrsm;jzpfonf/ odkYaomf EkdifiHawmftm; rw&m;usL;ausmfapmfum;rI? e,fcsJUvkdrIrsm;udkrl acgif;iHkYrcHwwfMuay? e,fcsJUt*FvdyfwdkY jrefrmajray:wGifAdkvfuspdk;rdk;rIrsm;udk tjcm;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;ESifhvufwGJí wGef;vSefwdkufxkwfcJhonfhom"ursm; &Sdygonf/

jrefrmbk&ifoDaygrif;udk t*Fvdyfrsm;zrf;qD;NyD;aemufwGifwdkif;&if;om;rsm;u e,fy,fa'otoD;oD;rS &&mvufeufpGJudkifawmfvSefcJhMuonf/ xkdtcsdefwGif Aef;armfûrdUe,f q'Hk;yga'orSvDqltrsKd;om; OD;[Da&SmazmESifh OD;auswDzmwdkYacgif;aqmifNyD;a'ocHwkdif;&if;om;rsm;ESifhyl;aygif;í e,fcsJUt*Fvdyfrsm;udk wkdufcdkufcJhMuonf/

acgifvefzl;ûrdUe,f bDaZ? qDawm? oD;wm? nD;wm'D&Gmrsm;wGif a'ocHvDqlwdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf uyÜwdefAdkvfBuD;pBwDw,fvfESifh ppfykvdyftzGJUudk wdkufcdkufcJhMuonf/ xdkwdkufyGJwGife,fcsJUppfykvdyftMuyfBuD;wpfa,muf us½IH;NyD; uyÜwdefAdkvfBuD;pBwDw,fvf jyif;xefpGm'Pf&m&&SdcJhonf/ a'ocHvDqlvlrsKd;


acgif;aqmifrsm;xJrS OD;tm;'DiGm;wm? OD;ZD;wm'd? OD;cdtmrJESifhOD;vdtmausmfwdkY usqHk;cJhavonf/

xkdYtwl 0dkif;armfûrdUe,f q'Hk;? qrm;a'orsm;wGifvnf;ucsiftrsKd;om;acgif;aqmifBuD; qrm;'l0g qif0g;aemifacgif;aqmifaom e,fcsJUawmfvSefa&;wyfzGJUwGifyg0ifí t*FvdyfwdkYudk awmfvSefwdkufcdkufcJhonf/ xdkwyfzGJUwGif xif&Sm;pGmyg0ifaom vDqlwkdif;&if;om;rsm;rSm OD;&dwdwdk? OD;avarwm;z? OD;avarawmz? OD;aZmfwm;zwdkYjzpfMuonf/

1886 ckESpfwGif &Srf;jynfe,fodkYa&muf&Sdvmaom rif;nDrif;om;wpfyg;\tzGJUrsm;ESifh uHk;pHk&Gmae OD;ZdzmESifh vG,farmfrdkif;&GmaeOD;,Dom;wdkYOD;aqmifaom vDqlwdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf e,fcsJUt*Fvdyfudk awmfvSefcJhMuonf/ oufaocHtjzpf xdkrif;om;wpfyg;rSa&aEG;u&m;wpfvHk;pDESifh pmwpfvdyfpDay;cJhaMumif; od&Sd&ygonf/

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;aqmifaom &JabmfoHk;usdyfonf1942 ckESpf ESpfqef;ydkif;wGif jrefrmEkdifiHodkY0ifa&mufNyD; e,fcsJUt*Fvdyfudk awmfvSefMuonf/ xkdtcsdefwGif ucsifjynfe,f csDazGûrdUe,fwGif0ifa&mufwyfpGJxm;aom e,fcsJUt*FvdyfwdkYonf csDazGûrdUe,frS qkwfcGmoGm;Muonf/ xdktcg w½kwfwyfrsm; a&muf&SdvmMuonf/ 1943ckESpfwGif Ekd0ifbmv (27) &ufaeYü *syefwyfrsm; axma*ghudkodrf;ydkufaomtcg w½kwfwyfrsm;onf zDarmfbufodkY qkwfcGmxGufajy;Muonf/

*syefwyfrsm;onf jrefrmajray:wGifajccsrdonfESifh rif;om;acgif;aqmif;xm;aom bDvl;½kyfZmwdrsm;? zufqpfpepfrsm;u


wzGm;zGm;ay:vmcJhonf/ *syefwdkYonf a'ocHrsm;tm; rw&m;ojzifhvlrqefpGmûyrl qufqHjcif;rsm;aMumifh ajrmufydkif; vJAD;&drf;*sm;wyfrSavmfa0:ESifh vmcsd'fwdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;u 1944 ckESpfwGif0ZJbkwf&GmrSpwifí ajymufusm;pepfjzifh awmfvSefcJhMuonf/xdkawmfvSefa&;wGif vDqlvlrsKd;rsm; yg0ifawmfvSefcJhonf/

t*Fvdyfrsm; jrefrmajray:wGif rw&m;e,fcsJUpOfuyif &drf;*sm;wyfwGif zGJUpnf;yg0ifcJhaom wdkif;&if;om;rsm;um; wdkif;jynfcspfpdwf?rsKd;cspfpdwfrsm;&SdMuonf/ zufqpf*syefrsm;onf ajrmufydkif;vJAD;&drf;*sm;wyf\ wkdufcdkufrIaMumifh csDazGûrdUe,f zDarmf? avmacgif?axma*gh wyfpcef;rsm;rS *syefwyfom;oHk;usdyfausmf usqHk;NyD; (25)a,mufudk t&Sifzrf;qD;EkdifcJhonf/ xkdodkYpGrf;pGrf;wrH wkdufckdufcJholrsm;tm; tar&duefor®w x½l;rif;u *kPfûycJhayonf/ *kPfûycH&olrsm;xJwGif vmcsd'ftrsKd;om; (9) OD;ESifhtwl rGef;ZdefY&Gmom; vDqlvlrsKd; OD;iGm;av;onf ESpfvHk;jyL;aoewfwpfvufESifh *kPfûyvufrSwfudk csD;jr§ifhtyfESif;jcif;cH&olwpfOD;jzpfonf/ xdkYjyif zDarmfa'orS OD;vjrm[l;qmonfvnf; txl;xif&Sm;cJhonfh awmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmif vDqltrsKd;om;wpfOD; jzpfayonf/

1943 ckESpf? ZGefvwGif *syefwyfrsm;onf avmacgif?axmha*:? zDarmfa'orsm;rS qkwfcGmxGufajy;Muaomtcg w½kwfjzLvlrsm;onf þa'orsm;odkY 'kwd,tBudrf0ifa&mufvmcJhNyD; pdk;rkd;cs,fvS,fMujyefonf/ w½kwfjzLwyfrsm;onf vJAD;&drf;*sm;wyfxJodkY0ifa&muftrIxrf;aeMuaom a'ocHwdkif;&if;om;rsm;? aqGrsKd;om;csif;rsm;udk zrf;qD;ESdyfpufjcif;? uRJEGm;rsm;ESifh pm;eyf&du©mrsm;udk


rw&m;odrf;,ljcif;? trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; t"r®apmfum;jcif;aMumifha'ocHwkdif&if;om;rsm; yg0ifzGJUpnf;xm;onfh &drf;*sm;wyfrsm;rSavmfa0:? vmcsd'f? vDqlwdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf w½kwfjzLwyfrsm;udkjyif;xefpGmwdkufcdkufcJh&m w½kwfjzLrsm;onf þa'orS qkwfcGmxGufajy;cJhMuawmhonf/ þodkY w½kwfjzLrsm;ukd wdkufxkwf&mwGifxef;wHk&GmrS OD;vrmav;&S[l;onf a'ocHwdkif;&ifom;rsm;udkOD;aqmifcJhonfh vDqlvlrsKd;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;tjzpf xif&Sm;cJhonf/

þodkYjzifh ZmwdaoG;? Zmwdrmefxufoefaom rsKd;cspfjrefrmEdkifiHom;yDoonfh vDqlwdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf trdEkdifiHawmftwGuftoufaoG;acR;ay;qyfum wdkif;wpfyg;om;wdkY\ rw&m;usL;ausmfvTrf;rdk;rIudk olYuRefrcH wGef;vSefcJhMuolrsm;tjzpf ordkif;uoufaocHvsuf&Sdawmhonf/

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

220

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xdkYjyif vDqlvlrsKd;rsm;onf ,aeYacwfwGif ucsifjynfe,f\vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;udk? taxmuftulûyonfh Avrif;xifwHwm;BuD; zGifhyGJtcrf;tem;? rvd,efewfwHwm;ESifh erhfqefwHwm;zGifhyJGponfh wHwm;zGifhyGJtcrf;tem;rsm;? ucsifjynfe,fa'otmPmydkifrsm;\ pDrHñTefMum;rIjzifh jynfe,ftwGif; usif;yûyvkyfonfhtcrf;tem;rsm;wGifvnf; vDqlvlrsKd;wdkY tm;wufoa&m yg0ifcJhMuonf/ pmayudk av;pm;jrwfEkd;wefzdk;xm;olrsm;? pmayavhvmolrsm;tjzpf pmaya[majymyGJtcrf;tem;rsm;? jynfaxmifpkaeY EkdifiHawmftqifhtcrf;tem;rsm;? jrefrmh½dk;&m,Ofaus;rI qkd? u? a&;? wD;ûydifyGJrsm;?tjcm;½dk;&m,Ofaus;rIyGJawmfrsm;wGifvnf; vDqlwdkYyg0ifcJhMuonfudkavhvmod&Sd&onf/

þonfrSm vDqlwdkY\ jynfaxmifpkpdwf"mwfaMumifh[kyifqdk&rnfomjzpfygonf/

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 226

EdkifiHawmftcrf;tem;rsm;u ajymjyaeaomEdkifiHawmftcrf;tem;rsm;u ajymjyaeaomEdkifiHawmftcrf;tem;rsm;u ajymjyaeaomEdkifiHawmftcrf;tem;rsm;u ajymjyaeaomEdkifiHawmftcrf;tem;rsm;u ajymjyaeaomvDqlvlrsK d ;rsm;vDqlvlrsK d ;rsm;vDqlvlrsK d ;rsm;vDqlvlrsK d ;rsm;vDqlvlrsK d ;rsm;

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AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf 1946 ckESpf? Ekd0ifbm 28 &ufESifh 29&ufaeYwGif jrpfBuD;em;ûrdUodkY a&muf&Sdvmonf/ AdkvfcsKyfonfolYuRefb0a&muf&SdaeaomjrefrmEdkifiHudk vGwfvyfa&;&&SdMuap&efêud;yrf;aqmif&GufcJh&m wdkif;&if;om;rsm;udk pnf;vHk;nDñGwfa&;rdefYcGef;rsm; ajymMum;cJhonf/ xdkrdefYcGef;ajymMum;cJhonfh jrpfBuD;em;ûrdUv,fzqyv½Hk;a&SUtcrf;tem;rsm;? refc&defaus;&Gmtcrf;tem;rsm;odkYvnf;vDqlvlrsKd;acgif;aqmifrsm; vkyfom;jynfolrsm; wufa&mufcJhMuavonf/

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2000 jynfhESpf? 'DZifbmv 15 &ufrS 18 &ufxdusif;yûyvkyfcJhaom jrefrmEdkifiHwdkif;&if;aq;q&mrsm;nDvmcHodkYvnf;ucsifjynfe,frS vDqlwkdif;&if;aq;q&mrsm; wufa&mufcJhMuonf/


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_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _


udk;um;csufrsm;udk;um;csufrsm;udk;um;csufrsm;udk;um;csufrsm;udk;um;csufrsm;

1/ odef;azjrifh? jrpfzsm;a&mifpHkjzm

2/ OD;rif;Ekdif? jynfaxmifpktuya'om? 'dkYaoG;'dkYom; wkdif;&if;bGm;

3/ ,k0wD*sif;azmr,f? ajrmufpGef;a'orSaoG;csif;rsm;

4/ rJZm? ucsif½dk;&mokwya'om

5/ vlxkOD;vS? vDqlyHkjyifrsm;

6/ [Hom0wDOD;b&if? jrefrm&mZ0ifrSwfwrf;

7/ jrwfa0wdk; (ynma&;wuúodkvf)? ucsif½dk;&mtuya'om

8/ jrwfa0wdk; (ynma&;wuúodkvf)? ucsifwdkif;&if;om;½dk;&m

0wfpm;qif,ifxHk;zGJUrIrsm;

9/ ucsif? jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH wdkif;&if;om;,Ofaus;rI"avhxkH;pHrsm;

10/ ucsifawmifwef;a'owGif usifhoHk;aeaomOya'rsm;

11/ ucsifjynfe,fjzwfxHk;? ucsifjynfe,f,Ofaus;rIpmapmif (1)

12/ jrpfBuD;em;ûrdUe,fordkif;rSwfwrf;

13/ ylwmtkdûrdUe,fordkif;rSwfwrf;

14/ Aef;armfûrdUe,forkdif;rSwfwrf;

15/ 0dkif;armfûrdUe,fordkif;rSwfwrf;

16/ csDazGûrdUe,forkdif;rSwfwrf;


17/ aqmhavmfûrdUe,forkdif;rSwfwrf;

18/ rdk;ukwfûrdUe,forkdif;rSwfwrf;

19/ jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;twGJ (11)



22/ usNrD;? rSefuif;wpfvSnfh xif;wpfvSnfh

DEFEAT INTO VICTORY

Field Mashal Sir William Slim (July,1995)

23/ JESUS AND LISU-A STUDY OF THE ETHICITY AND

INIGENOUS CHURCH OF THE LISU PEOPLE YANG

a'gufwma,m½I? wkdif;&if;om;vDqlvlrsKd;ESifh bmomudkavhvmjcif; okawoepmwrf;

24/ CHRIST IN LISU CULTURE BY LIE ESTHER AYE AYE THEIN

Myanmar Institute of Theology Insein, Yangon.

(March, 1998)

25/ PART DEP NINGSHAWNG MAGAZINE JING HPAW WUN

PAWNG PAILILAIKA HTE HTUNG HKING HPUNG

TOKYO,JAPAN

26/ PEOPLE OF THE GOLDEN TRIANGLE PAUL AND ELAINE

LEWIS PUBLISHED IN GREAT BRITIAN BY THAMES ANDHUALSON LTD,

30-34 Blooms bury street,London,WCIB 3QP 1984

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