Letter Health Consultation

AMERITIES WEST

THE DALLES, OREGON

APRIL 13, 2018

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry

Division of Community Health Investigations Atlanta, Georgia 30333

Health Consultation: A Note of Explanation

An ATSDR health consultation is a verbal or written response from ATSDR to a specific request for information about health risks related to a specific site, a chemical release, or the presence of hazardous material. In order to prevent or mitigate exposures, a consultation may lead to specific actions, such as restricting use of or replacing water supplies; intensifying environmental sampling; restricting site access; or removing the contaminated material.

In addition, consultations may recommend additional public health actions, such as conducting health surveillance activities to evaluate exposure or trends in adverse health outcomes; conducting biological indicators of exposure studies to assess exposure; and providing health education for health care providers and community members. This concludes the health consultation process for this site, unless additional information is obtained by ATSDR which, in the Agencys opinion, indicates a need to revise or append the conclusions previously issued.

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LETTER HEALTH CONSULTATION

AMERITIES WEST

THE DALLES, OREGON

Prepared By:

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry

Division of Community Health Investigations

TeriL. Thalhofer,RN,BSN Director,NorthCentralPublicHealth District419EastSeventhStreetTheDalles,OR970582676

April13,2018

Re:ExposurestoChemicalsinAmbientAir,TheDalles,Oregon

DearMs.Thalhofer,

PeryourrequestonOctober31,2016,theAgencyforToxicSubstancesandDiseaseRegistry (ATSDR),in partnership withtheOregonHealthAuthority(OHA),assessedwhetherconcentrationsofnaphthalene andotherpolycyclicaromatichydrocarbons(PAH)inoutdoorairposelongterm,healthriskstoresidentsneartheAmeriTiesWestfacility(AmeriTies),afacilitythattreats woodenrailroadties.Atthe timeoftherequest,the OregonDepartmentofEnvironmentalQuality(DEQ)wasconductingoutdoorairsamplingfornaphthaleneandotherPAHsaroundAmeriTies.ByDecember1,2016,DEQssamplinghadended and AmeriTieshadchangeditstreatmentformulatoreduceodorsandemissions.

Airsampling. DEQ collected24hourair samplesevery3daysfromJunethroughNovember, 2016;measuredcontaminantconcentrationswereusedtoevaluatehealthrisks.DEQusedthreeairmonitors.Onemeasuredbackground contaminantlevels.Another,placedatWascoCountyPublicWorks,measuredcontaminantlevelsclosetothefacility.Thethirdmeasuredcontaminantlevelsin neighborhoods(atthreelocationsfortwomonthperiods)onthebluffaboveAmeriTies.Limitationsofairsampling includedtargetingtowardthosechemicalsmostlikelytobeofconcern(otherchemicalsnottestedforcouldhavebeenpresent), challengesinplacing monitorsthatbestcaptured thehighestchemicalconcentrationstowhichcommunitymembersmightbeexposed,anddetection limitsfortwoPAHsnearor aboveacancerbasedcomparisonvalue(CV).

Assessmentapproach.ATSDRscreenedmeasuredcontaminantconcentrationsforpotentialhealth risks usingestablishedCVs,andevaluatedfurtherifthe95thpercentileupperconfidencelimitofthemeanconcentration(UCL)atthemonitorwith the highestmeanconcentrationsexceeded CVs.Naphthaleneandbenzo[a]pyreneweretheonlysubstanceswith noncancerCVs.NoncancerCVsusedwereATSDRsminimal risklevel(MRL)forchronicexposuretonaphthaleneand the U.S.EnvironmentalProtection Agencys(EPA)referenceconcentration(RfC)forbenzo[a]pyrene.PAHsgenerallyhavealowdegreeof acute toxicity;forsomePAHs,themostsignificanthealthendpointiscancer.Studieshaveexplored theeffectsofchronicPAHmixtureinhalation,butuncertaintyexistsin whetherand howchronicPAHexposuretootherindividualPAHsorPAHmixturesimpactshealth.Oregonscancerbasedambient benchmark concentrations(ABCs),whicharesetto reflect anestimated theoretical lifetime cancerrisk of1extracaseinapopulationofonemillion,wereusedasCVsforcancerrisk.

Noncancerhealthhazardassessment.Exposure toambientairconcentrationsofnaphthaleneand benzo[a]pyrenedidnotposechronicnoncancerpublichealth risks.TheUCLsforthese chemicalswerelessthantheCVsatthemonitorwiththehighestmeanconcentrations.Noncancereffectsofinhaling PAHsotherthannaphthaleneandbenzo[a]pyreneandeffectsofinhaling PAHmixtureswerenotevaluated.

Cancerhealthhazardassessment.Concentrationsofnaphthaleneand benzo[a]pyrenetoxicityequivalencyfactor(TEF)adjustedtotalPAHsexceededABCs.ATSDRestimatedcancerrisksfornaphthaleneandPAHswithmethodscongruentwithDEQguidance[DEQ2017a].ATSDRcalculated

ATSDRrecommends:

DEQrepeatssamplingfornaphthaleneandotherPAHsatsimilar locationsandduringsimilar weatherconditionsto helpassesstheimpactofchangingthetreatmentformula.

DEQsamplesforadditionalairtoxicsubstances,asresourcesareavailable,toprovideresidentswith informationaboutothersubstancesthatarepresentinTheDalles.

DEQcontinuesodorsurveystohelpprovideobjectivedatatotheextentthatthemethodologyallows.Residentswhosmokereducesmo king whichcanalsoreducePAHexposure.

cancerriskbasedonalifetimethathas33yearsofexposuretothe UCLfromtheneighborhoodmonitorwiththe highest measuredconcentrations.Otherexposurescenarioswerealsoevaluated.

Thetheoreticalestimatedadditionalcancerriskforresidentsexposurestothe UCLattheOldDufurRoadmonitorwastwocancerdiagnosesin100,000lifetimesfornaphthaleneandlessthanoneadditionalcancerdiagnosisin1,000,000lifetimesforPAHs.ThetotaladditionalriskofcanceriswithinEPAsdecisionmakingriskrange,andwasprimarilydueto naphthalene.Overa lifetime,between1/3to1/2ofallpeoplewilldevelopcancer.Thetheoretical additionalriskismuchsmallerthanatypicalindividualsoverallriskofcancer.Moreover,theevidencesupportingnaphthalenesability tocausecancerin humanshaslimitations;actualriskmay belowerthancalculated.Otherscenariosevaluatedhadsimilarorlowerrisk.

Odors. Odors havebeenaconcernforsomemembersofthecommunity.Ingeneral,mostsubstancesin theoutdoorairthatcauseodorsarenotatlevelsthatcanharmhealth.Evenifodorsarentatlevelsthatcanharmhealth,theystillmayaffectqualityoflife.Forsomeindividuals,odorsmayleadtophysicalhealthsymptomsthatresolveaftertheodorisremoved. DEQhascollectedinformationfromodorsurveysandodorcomplaintstohelpdefinethenuisancefromodors.ATSDRacknowledgesthatconcernsaboutodorsareachallengingissueinTheDalles,andthatchallengemaybecompounded because wedidnotidentifywhatsubstancesareassociatedwithindividualsincreasedsenseofodor.Thereare alsosubstantial limitationsinscientificallyevaluatingodorsandlimitationsinunderstanding howodorscanimpacthealth.ATSDRacknowledges theeffortsthatDEQ,residentsofTheDalles,AmeriTiesandothershavetakento understandandreduceodorsandemissionsthusfar.

Summary.ATSDRconcludesthatnoapparentpublichealth hazardexisted,basedontheevaluationoftheDEQsairmonitoringresultspriortotreatment formulachange.Ambientairconcentrationsofnaphthaleneandbenzo[a]pyrenedidnotposechronicnoncancerpublichealthrisks;theUCLofthemonitormeasuringthehighestconcentrationswasbelowthechronicMRLfornaphthaleneandEPAsRfCforbenzo[a]pyrene. ApplyingOregonscancerbasedframeworksuggeststhatthetheoretical estimatedincreasedcancerriskforalifetime ofexposureistwodiagnosesin100,000lifetimes.ATSDRacknowledgesDEQsexpertiseandauthoritytoassessandreduceodors.

Background:SiteOverviewandHistory

TheDalles,Oregon(population15,340)islocatedontheColumbiaRiverinnorthcentralOregon[Census2017a;CityofTheDalles2017].Themedianhouseholdincome($41,311)inTheDallesislowerthanmedian householdincomeinOregonandthe UnitedStates[Census2017a].TheDalles isthecounty seatandlargestcitywithinWascoCounty [CityofTheDalles2017]andthethreecountyareaservedbytheNorthCentralPublic Health District(NCPHD).Once knownasthe townattheendofthe

OregonTrail,TheDalles nowisattheintersectionofamajorhighwayandfreewayinnorthcentralOregon,and itisonamajorrailcorridor [CityofThe Dalles2017].

AmeriTies(thesite)isontherailcorridorandnearthefreeway(Attachment,Figures1and2);itisalargemanufacturerofrailroadtiesand employsover50people.Railroadtiemanufacturingandtreatmentbeganatthesitein1922andhascontinuedwithchangesinownershipandname ofthe facilityovertime.Figure3from1934andphoto1fromthe1950sillustratetheareastopographyand thepastdevelopment;figure4isfrom2016.ThepopulationaroundAmeriTieshasincreasedbetween2000and2010(Figure2).AmeriTieshasbeenrecognizedbytheOccupationalHealthandSafetyAdministration(OSHA)throughtheirVoluntaryProtectionProgramsasameetingtheStarProgramcriteria[OSHA2016],includinghavinginjuryandillnessratesatorbelowtheirindustrysnationalaverageandhavingacomprehensive safetyandhealthprogram[OSHA2009].

ThetopographyandmeteorologyofTheDallesmayimpactthedispersionofemissionsfromanysource.AmeriTiesislocatedbetweentheColumbiaRiverandabluff.Furtheruplandfromthebluffisaresidential areaofThe Dalles.Inthelowlyingareabetweentheriverandthe bluffisafreeway,AmeriTies,arailcorridor,andcommercialestablishments,includingatireshop andWascoCountyPublicWorks.The ColumbiaRiverGorge createsaneastwestconnectionacrosstheCascadeMountainsandisworldrenownedfor itsstrong,steadywindscreatedbyatmosphericpressuredifferencesacrosstheCascades.The areaissemiarid;averagetemperaturesrangefrom35oFto90oF[NOAA2017].

AmeriTieshasrecentlyproducedbetween600,000to1,200,000railroadtieseachyear. Emissionsourceswithinthefacilityincludeoffgassingfromtreatedtiesstoredatthefacilityandvolatilecontaminantsthatescapewhenpressurizedcylindersusedtosimultaneouslytreat735tiesareopenedtoremoveties.The treatmentcylindersarelocatedonthewesternsideofthesite.Bothtreatedand untreatedtiesarestoredontheeasternsideofthesite.Typically,untreatedtiesarestackedanddriedforabout6months.Whiletreatedties donotrequireanyfurtherdryingorventilationafterleavingthetreatmentcylinder,asupplyoftreatedtiesarestoredonsitetomeetpeaksin demand.

Inadditiontothecurrentconcernsaboutodorsandairemissions,AmeriTiesandenvironmentalagenciesdevelopedandimplementedstrategiestocontrolandmonitorgroundwater,sediment, andsoilcontamination[DEQ2017c].A1996EPARecordofDecisiondescribesthebackgroundandactions[EPA1996].Drinkingwaterandresidentialsoilwerenotimpactedandcontrolstrategieswereimplementedforsoil,sediment,andgroundwater[DEQ2017c].Analysisofthisdataandworkwasoutsideofthescopeofthisletter healthconsultation.

Other potentialsourcesofnaphthaleneandPAHsin theimmediatevicinityofAmeriTiesincluderoadandrailemissions.Averageannual dailytraffic(AADT)in2013fortheInterstate84segmentadjacenttothefacility was21,300;AADTforHighway197totheeastwas6,200[ODOT2014].AADTforHighway30tothesouth wasnotavailable,butin anotherpartofThe Dalles,AADTforthisroadwas5,900[ODOT2014].ThenumberoftraincarspassingthroughtheDalleswasnotavailable,butanestimated2035 trainsperdaypassthroughMosier,acityonthe sameraillinetotheimmediatewest[Mulvihill2016].

InthethreecountyregionthatincludesWasco,Sherman,and Gilliamcounties,NCPHDeffortstoimprovepublichealth focusonprevention,includingpreventingunintended pregnancy,malnutrition,lowbirth weightbabies,outbreaksofdisease,tobaccouse,andpoorresponsetopublichealthemergencies [NCPHD2012].ThetotalpopulationservedinWasco,Sherman, andGillamcountieswas28,849in2010[Census2017b].Whilethepotentiallyimpactedgeographyandpopulation fromsiterelatedemissionswaslikelysmallerthanthegeographiesandpopulationsforwhichhealthdataexists,availablebaselinehealthdatafortheareaprovidescontext.Naphthaleneathighconcentrationscanbe

arespiratoryirritant,andasthmawasmentionedbycommunitymembersasaconcern.Animalstudies haveindicatedthatsome femalemice thatbreathedhighconcentrationsofnaphthalenevaporsdailyforalifetimedevelopedlungtumors.Relevantsimilaritiesanddifferencesinavailablerespiratoryhealth riskfactorsandoutcomescompared toOregonasawholearesummarizedbelow:

Ageadjustedadultasthmarates(20122015)were11.2%inthe3county regioncomparedto10.9%inOregonasawhole[OHA2017a].

Asthmaprevalenceratesinthe3 countiesandOregonwere13.4%versus13.1%,respectively,for11thgraders[OHA2017c],and10.8%versus12.2%for8thgraders[OHA2017b].

Emergency roomutilizationforasthmasymptomsbyadultsandchildrenontheOregonHealthPlanwashigherinWascocountythaninOregon[NCPHD2012].

Smokingratesbyadultsin20062009werehigherinthe3countiesservedbythehealthdepartment(23%)thaninOregon(17%)[NCPHD2012];from20122015,ageadjustedadultsmokingrateswere20%inthe3 countiesand18%inOregon[OHA2017d].

TheDalles(ZipCode97058)hadamoderateriskofelevatedindoorradonlevels[OHA2015]. Ageadjustedlungcancer incidence ratesforthe 3counties(70.4casesper100,000population)

werehigherthanOregon(59.4casesper100,000population)[OHA2016].

Additionally,riskfactorsdifferbetweenthethreecountiesandtheadjacentHoodRiver County.Ageadjustedsurveydatafrom20122015identifiedthat80%ofadultsinthe threecountieshaveoneormorechronicdiseaseriskfactors,comparedto47%inHoodRiverand77%inOregon[OHA2017d].

CommunityConcernsandtheLetterHealth Consultation

Odorsandemissionsattributedto the railroadtietreatmentfacilityhaveledtoengagementsamong communitymembers,environmentalandhealthagencies,andthefacilitytomakeimprovements.PriortoAmeriTiesownershipofthefacility,duringa permitrenewalprocessin2002,aworkgroupformedthatattemptedtocorrelateplantactivitieswithodor.Noconsistentpatternemergedwith plantactivities;ingeneral,mostodoreventsoccurredonwarmdayswithlittlewind[DEQ2017b].Thepreviousownerimplementedimprovementstoreduceodors[DEQ2017b].InFebruary2015,aDEQOdorNuisanceStrategywastriggeredbecauseofodorcomplaints;the subsequentodorinvestigationledtoanApril2016MutualAgreementandFinalOrderanditsOctober2016amendmentbetweenDEQandAmeriTiestoreduceodors[DEQ2016a,2016b].Multiplestrategieswere implementedbyAmeriTies,includingchangingposttreatmentstackingtoreducespacingbetweentiesand changingtie treatmentformulationinDecember2016[DEQ2017b].AmeriTiesimplementedstacking changespriortoDEQsairsampling.Thesestrategies,developedby AmeriTiesandDEQ, mayreduceemissionsaswellasodors. DEQ continuestoconductodorsurveys.

OnJuly29,2016,ATSDRRegion10receivedaletter fromOHArequestingassistancefrom ATSDRin assessinghealthrisksassociated withchemicalsinthe ambientairaroundAmeriTies.OnOctober31,2016,NCPHDrequestedassistancefromtheOregonHealthAuthoritytoconductahealthconsultation because communitymembersinThe Dallesandsurroundingareaswereconcernedaboutthepossibility ofhealtheffectsfromairborneemissionsfromAmeriTiesWest.Throughoutandpriortotheseformalrequests,DEQ,the leadenvironmentalregulatoryagency, hadengaged OHA fortechnical assistance.

Communityconcernswereidentified throughpublicmeetings,phonecalls,andletters.Theseincluded:

Variabilityofthestrengthofthesmell Specificshortandlongtermsymptomsandhealthproblems

Compositionandpotential hazardsofthenewtreatmentformula

thatpeopleattributetoexposure

Possibilityofastudyofwherehealthproblemsareoccurring Short andlong term risksofexposure Indoorversusoutdoorrisks Consumption offruitandvegetablesgrownatnearby,offsitelocations Impactonvulnerablepopulations Specificlocationsandhealthconcernsinthoselocations(e.g.asthmainaschool) DesireforhealthinformationofAmeriTiesworkersto besharedwithcommunity HowtointerpretOregonsAmbientBenchmarkConcentrations Other emissionsthatarenotmonitoredanddesire formorecomprehensive airtoxicsampling Impactofmixturesofchemicals Whetherthefacilityisdeliberatelyreducingemissions/productiononsamplingdays

Ofparticularconcern tosomeindividualswerethesymptomsthey experiencethatoccurinrelationshipwithpeaksin odor(andpresumedpeaksinexposure)and thechronichealtheffectsthattheyattributed toexposure tothefacilitysemissions.Tothe extentpossible,thisletter attemptstoaddressthecommunityconcernsraised.Somequestionsarebeyondthescopeoftheassessment.

OutdoorAirSamplingandEmissions

StartinginJune2016,DEQdeployedmonitorstocollectairsamplesinthe vicinityofAmeriTies.Locationswerebasedon proximity,odorcomplaintsandavailability.SampleswereanalyzedfornaphthaleneandotherPAHslikely associatedwithtietreatment. Sampled PAHsincluded somethatOregonDEQidentifiesascarcinogenic(cPAHs)andothersthatarenotcarcinogenic.DEQstaffdeployed 3monitorsandameteorologicalstationtocollecttemperature,windspeed,andwinddirectiondata[Pillsbury2017].

Initially,threemonitoringstations(Figure4)weresetup:CherryHeights(2.5 milesfromAmeriTiesstreatment cylinders),CityPark(0.2miles),andWascoCountyPublicWorks(0.4 miles).Althoughfartherfrom the treatmentcylinders,theWascoCountyPublicWorksmonitorwaslocatedacrosstherailroadtracksfrom AmeriTies,approximately60yardsfromthefenceline,nearthetiestoragearea,andatthesameelevationasAmeriTies.Thelocationswereselected tocapturebackground,neighborhood,andnearsourceair,respectively.Allthree collectedone24hourairqualitysampleeverythreedaysfromJune2,2016throughAugust1,2016usingpolyurethanefoam/XADairtoxicssamplingsystems[Pillsbury2017].Basedoncommunityinputandtoimproveassessmentofaircontaminantsthroughout TheDalles,DEQmovedtheCityParkmonitortotwo additionallocations,eastandwestofCityPark.OnAugust4,2016,thissensorwasmovedtoOldDufurRoaduntilSeptember6,2016.OnSeptember24,2016,themonitorwasrelocatedfromOldDufurRoadtoClarkStreet.The monitorbegancollectingdataonSeptember24and continued throughNovember18.SampleswerecontinuallycollectedattheCherryHeightsandWascoCountyPublicWorkslocationsuntilNovember19.Samplerswerescheduledtocollectasampleeverythreedays,howeverequipmentmaintenance,holidaysandlogisticalfactorsledtooccasionaldiversionsfromtheregularsampling schedule[Pillsbury2017].DuringthemonitoringperiodameteorologicalstationwassetupbetweentheCityParksamplinglocationandAmeriTiesthatcapturedtemperature,windspeed,andwinddirection[Pillsbury2017].

Themonitoringplanhadstrengthsandlimitations.Itcaptured6monthsofair concentrationsoveravarietyofmeteorologicalconditions.DEQplacedneighborhoodmonitorsbasedoncomplaintdata,proximity,andcommunityinput.DEQcollectedothervariables,includingproductionrecordsandtemperature,whichcouldinfluencemeasuredconcentrations.Aswithanysamplingstrategy,limitationsexisted.DEQusedinformationabouttheproductiontotargetsamplingtowardthosechemicalsmost

likelytobe ofconcern;otherchemicalscouldhavebeenpresent.Thesizeofthesite andthe different potential sourcesofemissionswithinandaroundthesitecouldmakeitchallengingtoplaceamonitorthatbestcapturesthehighestconcentrationstowhichcommunitymembersmightbe exposed.The laboratorydetectionlimitforallindividualPAHswas0.0004microgramsper cubicmeter(g/m3).For twoofthemosttoxicPAHs,benzo[a]pyreneanddibenzo[a,h]anthracene, the detectionlimitwasnear orabovethe ABCforthetotalconcentrationofbenzo[a]pyreneTEFadjustedcPAHs(adjustedcPAHs). Thedetectionlimitforbenzo[a]pyrene wasapproximatelyhalfoftheABCforadjustedcPAHs,andthelaboratorydetectionlimitfordibenzo[a,h]anthracene wasapproximately4timestheABCforadjusted cPAHs.

Theonlyotherairmonitoringinformationlocatedwas aconsultantsreportof2daysofdatacollectionin2011and2012[BeadieandWall2012].AirmonitoringfornaphthaleneoccurredonSeptember7,2011(8hoursamples)at4 locations,includingonelocationonsite andwithin100feetofthe treatmentcylinders(Figure5).AirmonitoringoccurredinFebruary2012foroneday at5locations;oneneighborhoodlocationwasthe sameas the locationofaSeptember2011measurement.

AmeriTiesreportsdatatoEPAsToxicReleaseInventory(TRI).Releasesreportedin2015included8,074poundsofcreosote,6.8poundsofPAHs,and0poundsofbenzo(G,H,I)perylene[EPA2017b].In2015,AmeriTiesreleased0.9%ofthecreosoteitused,comparedto1%forallwoodpreserving industriesthat reportedtoTRI[EPA2017b],andAmeriTiesreleased0.007%ofthePAHsused, comparedto0.2%forallwoodpreservingindustriesthatreportedtoTRI[EPA2017b].The2011NationalAirToxicsAssessment(NATA)indicatesthatthetotaltheoreticalestimatedcancerriskfromtoxicemissionsintheareasurroundingAmeriTiesis31casesper millionpeople[EPA 2017a].AmeriTiess0.00285tons/yearoftotalPAHemissionsin2011areincludedintheNATAdata[EPA2016].

AirSamplingDataSummary

ConcentrationsofnaphthaleneandPAHsdetectedin2016atWascoCountyPublicWorksandOldDufurRoadandhealthbased CVsforchronicexposuresareshowninTable1.ChemicalsforwhichtheCVsexceededthemaximumconcentrationdetectedarehighlightedingrey.TheUCL fornaphthaleneattheWascoCountyPublicWorkssite,thelocationofthehighestconcentrations,wasbelowtheATSDRMRLforchronicexposure.ConcentrationsofnaphthaleneandadjustedcPAHsattheWascositewereaboveOregonsABCs.Fluoranthenewastheprimarycontributortothe adjustedcPAH level.TheTEFadjusted UCLoffluoranthene exceededthe OHAABC. Individually,themaximumdetectedTEFadjusted concentrationsofother PAHsdidnotexceedtheABC.Dibenzo[a,h]anthracenewasnotdetected; however,thedetectionlimitwasabovetheABC.

Allsamplingdatawasusedintheanalyses,exceptfoursampleswherethesampleblankwas contaminatedattheCityParkandCherryHeightslocationsand samplesondayswhenpowerfailurepreventedanaccuratecollection.

Table2 summarizesthe2016samplingdataforallfivesampledlocationsandincludesthenumberofdetections,detectionsabovetheCV,andthemaximumconcentrationforeachchemical.Asexpected,because the monitorwasclosesttothesource,theWascoCountyPublicWorksmonitoringlocationhadthehighestlevelsdetectedforallchemicals.Figure6 comparesconcentrationsofnaphthaleneand cPAHsattheneighborhoodmonitorstoWascoCountyPublicWorksduringthe sametimeperiods.Table3 summarizesthecarcinogenicityclassificationsforeachtestedchemical.Naphthaleneisclassifiedaspossiblycarcinogenictohumans;itisnotclassifiedasamutagen.Notably,DEQhasdevelopedaTEF forfluoranthene,which indicatesthatDEQconsidersfluoranthenetobeacarcinogenandamutagen.

TheInternationalAgencyforResearchonCancer,the EPA,andtheNationalToxicologyProgramhavenotclassifiedfluorantheneastohumancarcinogenicitynorasamutagen.

Table4 showsconcentrationsofnaphthalenemeasuredin2011and2012.Thehighestlevelswereobservedwithinthe facilitysproperty.Althoughmeasurednaphthaleneconcentrationsgenerallyappearedgreaterthanthosemeasuredin2016,directcomparisontothe2016dataischallengingforseveralreasons.Asindicatedinthetable,manyofthesampleswerecollectedfor8hoursduringtheday,differentthanthe24hoursofsamplingdonein2016.Recordhightemperaturesabove100FwereobservedontheSeptember2011samplingday[NOAA2017].Locationsofmeasurementalso differed.Additionally,giventhe shortsamplingtimeframe(8hoursforallbut2 samplestakenoutside ofthe facility), the2011and2012datawerenotcomparedtohealthbasedCVs.

IdentificationofSensitivePopulations

MRLsareset belowlevelsthatmightcauseadversehealtheffectsin mostpeople,includingsensitivepopulations.Sensitivepopulationsincludechildren,peoplewithpreexistingrespiratoryconditions,pregnantwomen,andthe elderly.Proximallocationswheresensitivepopulationsmaycongregatewereidentified.Theclosestschoolisaprivateschool1/3milessouth fromthetreatmentcylinders.The closestdaycarefacility ismilessouthwestofthetreatmentcylinders.Aseniorlivingfacility islocatedontheblufftothesoutheastofthe facility1milesfromthe treatmentcylindersand1/3milesfromtheeasternedgeofthe facility(Figure4).

AssessmentApproach

Theletterhealthconsultationexamined the potential longtermhealthimpactsfrompast(2016)airconcentrationsofmeasuredcontaminants.Currentairconcentrationsmaybe differentbecauseofthetreatmentformulachangethatoccurredinDecember,2016.ThehealthconsultationprocesscomparedcontaminantconcentrationstoknownCVs.Thelocationwiththe highestmeasuredconcentrations,WascoCountyPublicWorks,wasusedtoestablishexposureconcentrationstodetermineif furtherassessmentofhealthriskswasneeded.

ATSDRschronicair exposurecomparisonvaluefornaphthaleneisanMRLof3.7g/m3[ATSDR1995a].ThisMRLisbasedonalowestobservedadverseeffectlevel(LOAEL)of52milligramspercubicmeter (mg/m3)(humanequivalentconcentration(HEC)ofabout10mg/m3)fornoseandrespiratorylesionsinrats[ATSDR1995a].Toaccountforuncertaintyinidentifyingasafelevelforhumans,the MRLincludesuncertaintyfactorsthatreduce theHEC byover3 ordersofmagnitude.TheUCLofnaphthalene(2.7g/m3)atthelocationwiththehighestlevelswasbelowthe ATSDRMRLforchronicexposure.Additionally,theUCLwasbelowtheEPARfCof3g/m3forchronicexposure,whichisbasedonrespiratoryandnasallesionsinmiceexposedto52mg/m3[EPA1998].MRLsandRfCsareestimatesofexposureconcentrationsbelowwhicharelikely tobe withoutanappreciableriskofadverseeventsoveradurationofexposure.ForachronicMRL,thedurationis365daysorlonger;foranRfCitisalifetime (70years).

Forthishealthconsultation,carcinogenicPAHs(cPAHs)refer tothesampledPAHsforwhichDEQhasdevelopedTEFs[DEQ2017a].TheUCLsofnaphthaleneandadjustedcPAHswereusedtoevaluateexposure.EachsamplesconcentrationofadjustedcPAHswascalculatedbysummingtheindividualTEFadjustedconcentrationsofmeasured cPAHs.NaphthalenedoesnothaveaTEFandwasevaluatedseparately.ATSDRassumedthatPAHsthatwere not detectedin individual sampleswerepresentathalf thedetectionlimit,exceptthosePAHsthatwere not detectedin anysample.Benzo[a]pyrene,dibenzo[a,h]anthracene,andbenzo[g,h,i]perylenewerenotdetectedinanysample;theirconcentration

wasassumedtobezero.Evaluatingexposurebasedonthe UCL andusingthe locationwiththehighestmeasuredconcentrationswereprotectiveofhealthbecausethesemethodserrtowardsassuming higher levelsofexposure.

Estimatedtheoreticalcancerrisksfornaphthalenewerecalculatedbased ontheunitriskestimate(URE)of3.4E5(g/m3)1fromCaliforniaOfficeofEnvironmentalHealthHazardAssessment(OEHHA)[DEQ2010].ThisUREisbasedonrodentnasalepithelialadenomasandolfactoryneuroblastomas.

EstimatedcancerrisksforadjustedcPAHswerecalculatedusingDEQsproposedmethodology[DEQ2017a]. ThismethodologysetstheUREforadjustedcPAHsat0.0006(g/m3)1,whichisthesameasEPAs2017UREforbenzo[a]pyrene.EPAs2017benzo[a]pyreneUREisderivedfroma1981studythatassessedtheoccurrenceofupperrespiratoryandupperdigestivetract (forestomach)tumorsinmale hamsterschronicallyexposedbyinhalationtobenzo[a]pyrene[EPA2017c].Abenzo[a]pyrenetoxicityadjustedconcentrationfortotalcPAHsisestimatedusingproposedTEFsfrom DEQ[DEQ2017a].ToaccountforpotentialmutagenicityofcPAHs,agedependentadjustmentfactors(ADAF)of10,3,and1 for02,>216,and>16 yearsofagewereused.Toestimate cancerrisksforadultresidents,aresidencyperiodof33yearswasused.Thisperiodwasbased onthe95thpercentileresidencyperiodinEPAsExposuresFactorHandbook[EPA2011].CensusdatasuggeststhatresidencyinTheDalleshasbeensimilar;20112015surveysshowedthat94%ofresidentsinTheDallesmovedintotheircurrentresidenceonorafter1980[CensusN.D.].TheUCLsofbothadjustedcPAHsandnaphthalenefromthe neighborhoodlocationwiththehighestconcentrationswereusedtocalculaterisk.Theoreticalrisksfromotherexposurescenarios,includingchildhoodexposuresandexposureswhileworkingatWascoCountyPublicWorkswerealsoestimated.

NoncancerHealth HazardAssessment

TheUCLfornaphthalenewasbelowATSDRsMRL;naphthaleneexposurewasunlikely toposeanappreciableriskofnoncancertoxicologicallymediatedhealtheffectsevenforexposureslongerthanoneyear.Benzo[a]pyrenewasnotdetected,andthedetectionlimitwaslowerthanEPAsRfCof0.002g/m3[EPA2017c];therefore,itwasunlikelytoposeanappreciableriskofnoncancermediatedhealtheffects.TheothermeasuredPAHsdonothavenoncancercomparisonvaluesforinhalation.Although animalandepidemiologicstudieshaveevaluatedlinksbetweenchronicexposurestoPAHstoanumberofhealthoutcomes,methodologicalchallengeshaveprecludedtheidentificationofdefinitivelinksandnoncancercomparisonvaluesformostPAHs.PAHsgenerallyhavealowdegree ofsystemictoxicity; themostsignificantPAHendpointiscancer.

CancerHealthHazardAssessment

NaphthaleneandadjustedcPAHconcentrations exceededOregonsABCs,whicharesettoreflect anestimatedtheoreticallifetimecancerriskof1extracaseinonemillionpopulation[DEQ2010],promptingfurtherevaluationofcancerrisks.

Theoreticalcancerriskper lifetimewasestimatedbasedona33yearexposure foranadult totheUCLofnaphthaleneandadjustedcPAHsattheOldDufurRoadmonitoringlocation.OldDufurRoadwasthe neighborhoodmonitoringlocationwiththehighestmeasuredconcentrations. The theoreticalestimated increasedcancerriskforthisexposurewastwoadditionalcancerdiagnosesin100,000lifetimesfornaphthaleneandlessthanoneadditionalcancerdiagnosisin1,000,000lifetimesforcPAHs.ThisadditionalestimatedcancerriskiswithinEPAsdecisionmakingriskrangeforcleanup,andwasprimarily

duetonaphthalene.Overalifetime,between1/3to1/2ofallpeopledevelopcancer.The theoreticaladditionalriskismuchsmallerthanatypicalindividualsoverallriskofcancer.

TheoreticalcancerriskwasalsoestimatedforachildresidinginanearbyneighborhoodandforanadultworkingacareeratWascoCountyPublicWorksandlivingnearby.TheoreticaladditionalcancerriskforachildwasbasedonexposuretotheUCLatOldDufurRoadforthefirst21yearsoflife.Forthisscenario,estimatedcancerriskwasone additionaldiagnosesin100,000lifetimesforexposuretonaphthaleneandoneadditionaldiagnosisin1,000,000lifetimesforPAHs.Ifthischildscenariowasextended 12additionalyearsintoadulthoodforatotalof33years,estimatedcancerriskwastwoadditionaldiagnosesin100,000lifetimesforexposuretonaphthaleneandtwoadditionalcancerdiagnosesin1,000,000lifetimesforcPAHs.Theoreticalcancerrisk foracareerWascoCountyPublic Worksemployeewasbasedon33yearsofeight hoursperworkdayexposure totheUCLatWascoCountyPublicWorksandtheremainder totheUCLatOld DufurRoad.Forthisscenario,estimatedadditionalcancerriskwastwodiagnosesin100,000lifetimesfornaphthaleneandlessthanonediagnosesin1,000,000lifetimesforcPAHs.Inallexposurescenarios,naphthalenewastheprimarycontributortotheestimatedadditionalcancerrisk.

Theappliedframeworkmayhaveoverestimatedcancerrisk.Theevidence supportinghumancarcinogenicityofnaphthalenehaslimitations.Nationally,ratesof nasalepithelialadenomas andolfactoryneuroblastomainhumansare lowerthanmightbepredictedbasedonpopulationexposures,suggestingthathumancancerriskvaluesderivedfromanimalstudiesmaybeconservative[Mageeetal.2010].TheclassificationofPAHsasmutagensorhumancarcinogensdiffersamongorganizations.This healthconsultationsanalysisconsideredPAHsforwhichDEQdevelopeda TEFtobe bothcarcinogenicandmutagenic.Inthishealthconsultation,fluoranthenewasthe PAHprimarilycontributingtothe adjustedcPAHconcentration.Because DEQdevelopedaTEFforfluoranthene,whileotherorganizations(Table3)havenotclassifiedfluorantheneasahumancarcinogen orasamutagen,cancerrisksfromcPAHsmaybeoverestimated.Finally,themonitoratOldDufurRoadonlycollected15 samplesduringthesummermonthswhenconcentrationsarelikely higher becauseofhighertemperatures.TheUCL fromthisperiodmaybesubstantiallyhigherthanactualyearlymeanconcentrations.

Odors

Odorsandtheirrelationshiptohealthwereaconcernforthecommunity. Thetie treatmentformulaincludesdieseland creosote.The formulaisamixtureofchemicals,including naphthalene,which hasastrongmothballodor.Thecharacteristicsofodorsreportedinthe communityvaried,butsomereported similarodorstonaphthalene.

Odorscan havephysical effectswithout aknown toxicologicalmechanism.Peoplemayhaveexperience withodorsinducingincreasedsalivationaftersmellingwarmcookies.This odorrelatedsymptomisnotduetotoxiceffectsofchemicals;odorsmaycreatesymptomswithoutdisease.Odorsdonotnecessarilymeanthat achemicalistoxic,butsome chemicalswithodorscan havetoxiceffectsthrough mechanismsthatare unrelatedtotheodor.Ingeneral,themostcommonsymptomsreportedfromenvironmentalodorsareheadacheandnausea.Somesituationsmaytriggersymptomsinsomepeopleatlowerlevelsthanotherpeople.ATSDRsfactsheetonodorsand healthisattachedandprovidesadditionalinformation.

Somechemicalshaveodorthresholdsreported intheliterature;studieson the samechemicalmayhave differingfindings.ATSDRsToxicological Profilefornaphthaleneidentifies440g/m3asthelowest

concentrationthatpeoplecansmellit[AmooreandHautala1983;ATSDR1995a];studieshavereportedodorthresholdsrangingfrom505,340g/m3[EPA1992].Thiswiderangereflectsthedifficultyindeterminingodorthresholdsandmayreflectindividualvariability toodorperception. Concentrationsofnaphthalene, phenanthrene,andacenaphthalenewerelowerthantheirrespectiveodorthresholds[EPA1992].Odordetectionlimitsforother measuredPAHswerenotidentified.

Explanationsforwhyresidentsexperiencedodorsdespitemeasuredconcentrationslowerthantheodorthresholdsmayincludethefollowing: Monitorscaptured a24hoursample creatinganaveragevaluefor24hours,notapeak value. Residentsdetectedodorsbelowthepublishedodorthresholds. Mixturesofcompoundsmayhavecreatedodorsatlowerlevelsthanindividualcompounds. Other measuredPAHscontributedtoodors;publishedodordetectionlimitswerenotidentified. Unmeasuredchemicalsthatmightbe present,suchasphenols(e.g.cresols),mayhavecontributed

toodors.Thesecanhaveodorthresholdsmuchlower thanlevelsthatcausetoxicologicallymediatedhealthproblems.Forexample,cresolmixturesmaybedetectedbysomepeopleat0.05g/m3[Brown2017].TheOEHHAChronicReferenceExposureLevel(REL)forcresolmixtures is600g/m3[OEHHA2016];exposuresbelowthisconcentrationare notexpectedtocauseharm.(SeeattachmentAre Environmental OdorsToxic.)

Usingthe provideddata,wecannotdefinitivelyidentifyacompoundorsetofcompoundsthatcausetheodorsthatresidentshaveassociatedwithAmeriTies;however,elucidatingwhichcompoundsarerelated totheodorsforeachindividualmay notbepossibleornecessarytoprotectpeoplefromtoxicexposures.Becauseofindividualvariationinodorperception, linkingodorstospecificcompoundscan bedifficult.Odorsareperceiveddifferently;onepersonmayexperience anunpleasantodorwhileanotherdoesnotperceiveanyodor.Asanexample,continuousexposuretoodorouschemicalsmayleadtoa decreasedability tosmellthesechemicals[EPA1992].

Limitations

Thisletter healthconsultationissubjecttoseverallimitations. Comparisonvalues(CVs)areprimarilybasedonsinglepollutant,highdoseexposurestoanimals.

Availablestudiesonhumansprovidecontext.Thedosewhere noeffectisseeninanimals (or,insomecases,theLOAELdose)isusedasastarting pointforthederivationofaCV.Thatlevel is loweredbyuncertaintyfactorstoaccountforundetermined information,suchaspotential differencesbetweenspecies.Aswithnaphthaleneandbenzo[a]pyrene,uncertaintyfactorscanleadtoCVsthatareordersofmagnitudelowerthanthedosesthatweregiventothe testanimals.Uncertainties include:

o Mixturesmayactdifferentlythan individualpollutants,leading toeffectsat lower orhigher levelsthanindividualpollutants.

o Exceptfornaphthaleneandbenzo[a]pyrene,noPAH noncancerCVswereidentified.Theabsence ofaCVdoesnotnecessarilymean that exposureswillnotcreatehealthrisk.

o ThederivedCVprovidesaconcentrationordosethatisreasonablyassurednottobeariskforhealth.ExposuresthatarehigherthantheCVmayalsonotbe ahealthrisk.

o TheuncertaintyfactorsusedtoderiveaCVcouldoverorunderestimaterisk.Forexample,ifpeoplewere assusceptibletothe harmfuleffectsastheanimalsinthestudy,theapplicationofuncertaintyfactorswouldoverestimaterisk. Ifpeoplewere muchmore susceptible toharmfuleffectsthan animals,riskcouldbeunderestimated.

CancerbasedCVshaveadditionaluncertainty. Developmentinvolvesapplyingamathematicalmodeltothe datafromstudiesonanimalsgivenrelativelyhighdoses,andusingthemodeltoextrapolatecancerriskinformationforlowerexposuresforhumans.

Differencesexistbetweenpeoplesexposuretochemicalsandthelevelsfromairsampling.Samplingoccurredfor6months,butthecancerriskcalculationsassumedyears ofexposure.Ifconcentrationswerehigherinthe past,riskmaybeunderestimated;ifconcentrationswerelowerinthepast,riskmaybeoverestimated.Furthermore,whilethe samplinglocationswerepickedtoprovidesamplesinlocationswherehigherconcentrationscouldbeexpected,therecouldbedifferencesbetweenmeasuredvalues andindividual exposure.Forexample,airsamplingwasnotdoneindoors.

Theanalysiswasbasedonthedataprovidedandthe limitationsofthatdata collectioneffort. Thechemical orchemicalscreatingperceivedodorshavenotbeen definitivelyidentified. Thehealthconsultationdoesnotattempttoattributeaspecificsourceforthedetectedchemicals

intheairor theperceivedodors.ATSDRrecognizestheexpertiseandauthority ofenvironmentalagenciestomakefinaldeterminationsofrelevantsourcesofcontamination.

Locationsofschools,daycares,andnursinghomeswerebasedonaninternet mapsearch and nototherwiseverifiedforaccuracy.

Conclusions

Basedonthedataevaluated,residentswerenotchronicallyexposedtoconcentrationsofnaphthaleneandbenzo(a)pyrenethatposeapublichealthhazard. Thetheoreticalestimatedadditionalcancerrisk forresidentialexposuretonaphthaleneandotherPAHswas2cancerdiagnosesin100,000lifetimes.Thismeansthatif100,000peoplehadsimilarexposurestothe33yearexposurescenario,duringtheirlifetimes,cancercouldimpacttwomoreofthe100,000peoplethanwhatwouldnormallybeexpected.

Recommendations

ATSDRrecommendsDEQrepeatsamplingfornaphthaleneandotherPAHsatsimilarlocationsandduring similar weather conditionsto helpassesstheimpactofchangingthetreatmentformula.

ATSDRrecommendsDEQsampleforadditionalairtoxicsubstances,asresourcesareavailable,toprovideresidentswithinformationaboutothersubstancesthatarepresentinTheDalles.

ATSDRrecommendsDEQcontinueodorsurveystohelpprovideobjective datatothe extentthatthemethodologyallows.

ATSDRrecommendsresidentscontinueeffortstoreducesmokingwhichcanreduce PAHexposure.

Pleasedonothesitateto contactmeat2065530454,ifyouhaveanyquestionsregardingthisletter.

Sincerely,

CDRArthurM.Wendel,MD,MPH RegionalRepresentative,ATSDRRegion10DivisionofCommunityHealthInvestigations

AttachmentQuestionsandanswers toaddresspotential communityconcerns

Ifapersonhasheadache,asthmaattack, orotheradverse healtheffectafternoticinganodor,whichindicatesthatsome type ofchemicalexposureisoccurring,whyistheodorsassociatedchemicalexposurenotapublichealthhazard?

Theassessmentofwhetherthemeasuredchemicalsareapublichealthhazardisbasedonhowtheirconcentrationcomparestoconcentrationsusedintoxicologicalstudies. The concentrationsofnaphthaleneandbenzo[a]pyrenedidnotexceedchronicnoncancercomparisonvalues,indicatingthatnoncancerhealtheffectsare notlikely fromthese substances.

Odorrelatedsymptomsmayoccur throughother,lesswellunderstoodphysiologicalpathways.Aframeworktoassesswhether anodorisapublichealthhazardisnotwelldefined;rather,odorsareprimarilycharacterizedbasedontheperceivedlevel ofnuisance.Ashasbeen collectedinTheDallesbyDEQ,informationfromodorsurveysandodorcomplaintsarestrategies,withtheirownsetoflimitations,thatcanhelpdefinethenuisance.ATSDRrecognizestheexpertiseandauthority ofenvironmentalagenciestomake finaldeterminationsofrelevantsourcesofodorsandimpactofodors.

Ifthecommunityhasreported healthissues,whyisinformationabout health outcomesnotbeingcollectedtoseeifdiseaseratesdifferfromothercommunities or toseeif theyclusterin areas close to the facility?

Thescopeofthisletter healthconsultationistoexaminethe airsamplingdatacollectedfromJune2016November2016.

Availabledataonasthma,lungcancer,andriskfactorswerepresented inthisletterhealth consultation,butrateswerenotavailabletocompareamongneighborhoodsinTheDalles.

Collectingenvironmentaldataisthemeansofdeterminingiflevelsofchemicalsintheairposeatoxicological healthrisk.

Manyfactorscouldcreateelevatedratesofdiseasesinanarea;anelevatedrateofdiseasedoesnotprovethananenvironmental problemexists.Similarly,alackofelevationofdiseaseratesdoesnotprovethat anenvironmentalriskfactorforthosediseasesisabsent.

Thedirectmethod,inthiscase,fordeterminingwhetheranenvironmentalriskfactorfordiseaseispresentin theairistosampletheairfortheenvironmentalriskfactor.

LocalhealthdepartmentsinOregontrackinformationaboutrates ofdiseasesandriskfactorsintheirjurisdictions.Ifacommunityhasa concernaboutanapparentclusterofdisease,theNorthCentralPublicHealthdistrictcanbe consulted.Theapproachforunderstandingifandwhy diseasesappearmorefrequentlythanexpectedcanencompassriskfactorsbeyondenvironmentalhealthriskfactors.

Howcantherenotbeahealth problem ifanumberofpeopleareexperiencing healthissuesrelatedtotheemissions?

Theair samplingdataindicatesthatnaphthaleneand benzo[a]pyreneareunlikelytobearisk factorforchronicnoncancertoxicologicallymediatedhealtheffects.Inhalationcomparison

valuesfortheothermeasuredPAHsdonotexistfornoncancerhealtheffects.PAHsgenerallyhavealowdegreeofacutetoxicity;themostsignificantPAHendpointiscancer.

Limitations existinthehealthassessmentprocess.Forexample,noncancercomparisonvaluesformostofthemeasuredPAHswerenotavailable.Future researchonthesechemicalsandsynthesisofthatresearchmighthelpdefinehealth risksofthese chemicals.

Thishealthconsultationusedthehealthassessmentframeworktodeterminewhethertoxicologicallymediatedhealthriskswereexpected fromtheconcentrationsmeasuredinair samples. Itdidnotprovideorseektoprovideananswerforthecauseofsymptomsinindividuals. Basedonthefindings,noapparentpublichealthhazardexistedandtoxicologicallymediatedhealtheffectsfromthemeasuredcontaminantswere unlikely.

Iftherearenocomparisonvaluesfor mixturesor forsomeof thePAHs,andifthere couldbeemissionsthatarenotcaptured bytheairsampling,whywouldntastudyonhealthoutcomesinTheDalleshelp?

Thelimitationsofastudywouldnotprovideadditionalclaritytocausallylinkexposuretohealth outcomesinthecommunity.Theselimitationswouldincludechallengeswithexposureassessment,challengeswithcontrollingforotherriskfactors,andpotentialrecallbias.

Anacademicstudythatincluded multiplesimilarcommunitieswithPAHexposureand highqualityexposureassessmentmightbecapableofdiscerningifhealthimpactscouldberelatedto similarexposures.

Howdothemeasured levelsof naphthalenecomparetolevels in otherlocations?

ConcentrationLocationorComparisonValue (g/m3) OregonABC 0.03ModeledforPortlandAmbientAir*[PortlandAir Toxics 0.3SolutionsAdvisoryCommittee2011]AverageCherryHeights 0.068AverageCityPark 0.51AverageClarkStreet 0.6AverageOldDufurRoad 1.1InBusses[Battermanetal.2002] 1.2AverageWascoCounty PublicWorks 2.4UCLWascoCountyPublicWorks 2.7EPAReferenceConcentration 3.0ATSDRChronicMRL 3.7InVehicle[Lfgrenetal.1991] 4.5IndoorResidentialAir [ATSDR1995a] 0.310

*ModeledairinPortlandreportedasmorethan10timesabovethebenchmark.Theconcentrationinspecificlocationsmaybe higher.

Ingeneral,fruitandvegetableconsumptionandgardeningarebeneficialtohealth.CanI eatfruitand vegetablesfrom gardens inthearea?

o Neithersoilnorproduce samplingdataareavailablefromgardensfromrecentLimitedinformationexiststodirectlyevaluatethisquestion.

sampling. o PAHscandepositonplants,ordepositonsoilandbetakenupbyplantsfromthesoil;

soiluptakeratesarelow[ATSDR1995b].o Naphthalenedegradesfasterthan manyotherPAHs inthesoil;itshalflifeisestimated

atjustover2 days,otherPAHshavehalflivesinthe soilclosertooneyear[ATSDR1995b].

o Atmosphericdepositionof PAHsonabovegroundplantpartsmaybetheprimaryrouteforPAHaccumulation[ATSDR1995b].

o Ifthevegetablesaregrilled,thecookingprocesswilladdPAHs.o Washingproduce and peelingrootvegetablepriorto consumptionmayreduce

exposuretocontaminants,iftheyarepresent. Giventhe lowlevelsofPAHsinthe airandthe benefitsoffruitandvegetable consumption,

consumingfruitandvegetablesfromgardensisunlikelytocauseharm.

Attachments Tables, Figures,andPhotos

Table1: AirconcentrationsofnaphthaleneandotherPAHsatWascoCountyPublicWorks(measuredbyDEQJuneNov2016)andOldDufurRoad(measuredbyDEQAugSept2016)andcomparisonvalues.

WascoCounty PublicWorks OldDufurRoad

ContaminantName

Meanconcentration*,

g/m3

95%UCL, ND=1/2DL,g/m3

Maxconcentration

g/m3

Meanconcentration*,

g/m3

95%UCL, ND=1/2DL,g/m3

Maxconcentration

g/m3

Noncancercomparison valueg/m3

Cancerbasedcomparison valueg/m3

Chemicalofpotentialconcern?

Naphthalene TotalPAHs

2.4 2.7 5.8 0.0044 0.0053 0.023

1.1 1.3 0.0024 0.0029

2.0 0.0048

3.7 n/a

0.030.0009

Yes Yes

Benzo[a]anthracene Benzo[a]pyrene Benzo[b]fluoranthene Benzo[g,h,i]perylene Benzo[k]fluoranthene Chrysene Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene Fluoranthene Indeno[1,2,3cd]pyrene

NC NC 0.0014ND ND ND NC NC 0.0007ND ND ND NC NC 0.0005

0.0007 NC 0.0034ND ND ND

0.051 0.062 0.27NC NC 0.0005

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND NC NC NC NC ND ND

0.027 0.033ND ND

ND NDND ND

0.00040.0009

ND 0.052

ND

n/a 0.002n/a n/a n/an/an/a n/a n/a

0.0045 0.00090.0011

0.10.03

0.0090.00009

0.0110.013

No No No No NoNoNo Yes No

Chemicalsofpotentialconcern(detectedatconcentrationsexceedingthecomparisonvalue)arehighlightedgrey.ProUCLusedtocalculate95%upperconfidencelevelsofthemean.AlthoughotherPAHsweremeasured,individualPAHsincludedinthistablehaveanassignedtoxicityequivalencyfactor(TEF)

*Mean concentrationsareshownwithnondetects setat onehalfofthedetectionlimit;means werenotcalculated (NC)ifchemicalwasnotdetected inmorethanhalfofthesamples.Detectionlimitwas0.0004g/m3forPAHs.Thehighestmean concentrationsdetected wereattheWasco CountyPublicWorkslocation;datapresentedisfromthismonitor.Chemicalsdetectedinfrequentlyonlyhavethemaximumvaluelisted.PAHsconvertedtobenzo[a]pyrenetoxicity equivalency usingTEFs.Cancerbased CVsforindividualPAHs(excludingnaphthalene)wereconvertedfromtheAmbientBenchmarkConcentrationusing theirTEF.DL=DetectionLimitg/m3=microgramspercubicmeter n/a =NotavailableNC=Notcalculatedduetofrequentnondetects ND=Notdetected UCL=Upperconfidencelevel

Table2.2016Airsamplingdatasummarybylocation.MaximumvaluesfortotalPAHassumeND=DL.GreyindicateswheremaximumvalueexceedsCV.

Location Dates

CherryHeights6/2/2016 11/18/2016

CityPark6/2/2016 8/1/2016

ContaminantName

CVg/m3

Numberof

samples

Numberofdetections

NumberofdetectionsaboveCV

Maxg/m3

Numberof

samples

Numberofdetections

NumberofdetectionsaboveCV

Maxg/m3

Naphthalene TotalPAHs2

3.7,0.03 0.0009

59* 59 0,38 0.4162 61 0 0.0004

19 19 0,19 1.7 19 19 13 0.0042

Acenaphthene None 59* 58 0.051 18* 18 0.71Acenaphthylene None 62 18 0.0032 19 17 0.0042Anthracene None 62 24 0.0013 19 19 0.016Benzo[a]anthracene 0.0045 62 0 0 19 1 0 0.0006Benzo[a]pyrene 0.002**,0.0009 62 0 0,0 19 0 0,0 Benzo[b]fluoranthene 0.0011 62 0 0 19 0 0Benzo[e]pyrene None 62 0 19 0Benzo[g,h,i]perylene 0.1 62 0 0 19 0 0Benzo[k]fluoranthene 0.03 62 1 0 0.0005 19 0 0Chrysene 0.009 62 2 0 0.0004 19 9 0 0.0019Coronene None 62 0 19 0Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene 0.00009 62 0 0 19 0 0Dibenzofuran None 59* 59 0.042 19 19 0.38Dibenzothiophene None 62 44 0.0018 19 19 0.018Fluoranthene 0.011 62 47 0 0.002 19 19 12 0.061Fluorene None 59* 59 0 0.027 19 19 0.25Indeno[1,2,3cd]pyrene 0.013 62 3 0.0004 19 0 0Perylene None 62 0 19 0Phenanthrene None 59* 59 0.018 19 19 0.26Pyrene None 62 28 0.0011 19 19 0.036

Location Dates

ClarkStreet9/24/201611/18/2016

First3samplesat8thandHarris

OldDufurRoad 8/4/2016 9/6/2016

ContaminantName

CVg/m3

Numberofsamples

Numberofdetections

NumberofdetectionsaboveCV

Maxg/m3

Numberofsamples

Numberofdetections

NumberofdetectionsaboveCV

Maxg/m3

Naphthalene TotalPAHs2

3.7,0.03

0.0009 15 15 0,15 1.1 15 15 1 0.0009

15 15 0,15 1.9515 15 15 0.0044

Acenaphthene None 15 15 0.21 15 15 1.2 Acenaphthylene None 15 14 0.005 15 15 0.0074Anthracene None 15 15 0.0044 15 15 0.028Benzo[a]anthracene 0.0045 15 2 0 0.0005 15 0 0Benzo[a]pyrene 0.002**,0.0009 15 0 0,0 15 0 0,0 Benzo[b]fluoranthene 0.0011 15 4 0 0.0005 15 0 0Benzo[e]pyrene None 15 0 15 0Benzo[g,h,i]perylene 0.1 15 0 0 15 0 0Benzo[k]fluoranthene 0.03 15 1 0 0.0004 15 1 0 0.0004Chrysene 0.009 15 9 0 0.0007 15 5 0 0.0009Coronene None 15 0 15 0Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene 0.00009 15 0 0 15 0 0Dibenzofuran None 15 15 0.12 15 15 0.73Dibenzothiophene None 15 15 0.0038 15 15 0.032Fluoranthene 0.011 15 15 0 0.0057 15 15 15 0.052Fluorene None 15 15 0.078 15 15 0.53Indeno[1,2,3cd]pyrene 0.013 15 5 0 0.0005 15 0 0Perylene None 15 0 15 0Phenanthrene None 15 15 0.042 15 15 0.61Pyrene None 15 15 0.0032 15 15 0.030

Location

DatesWascoCountyPublicWorks

6/2/201611/18/20166/2/2016 11/19/2016

ContaminantName

CV g/m3

Numberof

samples

Numberof detections

Numberofdetections

aboveCV

Max g/m3

Naphthalene TotalPAHs2

3.7,0.03 0.0009

64 64

64 64

13,64 64

5.8 0.023

Acenaphthene Acenaphthylene

Anthracene Benzo[a]anthracene

Benzo[a]pyrene Benzo[b]fluoranthene

Benzo[e]pyrene Benzo[g,h,i]perylene Benzo[k]fluoranthene

Chrysene Coronene

Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene Dibenzofuran

Dibenzothiophene Fluoranthene

Fluorene Indeno[1,2,3cd]pyrene

Perylene Phenanthrene

Pyrene

None None None

0.00450.002**,0.0009

0.0011None

0.10.03

0.009None 0.00009None None 0.011None 0.013None None None

64 6464

64 64 64

64 64 64 64

6464 64 64 64 64 64 64 64

64

64 64 64

12 0 8

1 0 2 43

0064 64 64 64

5064 64

00,0

0

000

054

0

4.6 0.0270.11

0.0014

0.00070.0004

0.00050.0034

2.4

0.130.27

2.0 0.0005

2.1

0.15

*Somesamplesdidnotmeet quality standardsforanalysis ATSDRChronicminimalrisklevel(MRL) OHA AmbientBenchmarkConcentration basedoncancerriskConvertedfromtotalPAHcomparisonvalueusingTEFFornaphthalene,thenumbersarethe numberofdetectionsaboveistheATSDR Chronic MRLandthenumberofdetectionsabovetheOHAABC,respectively**EPARfCnoncancerforBenzo[a]pyrene CV=Comparisonvalue g/m3 =microgramspercubicmeter

Table3:CarcinogenicityclassificationsofPAHs

ContaminantName

Detected DetectedaboveCV*

Mutagen EPA NTP IARC

Naphthalene Yes Yes CN 2 2B Acenaphthene Yes 3Acenaphthylene YesAnthracene Yes D 3Benzo[a]anthracene Yes No M B2 2 2B Benzo[a]pyrene No No M B2 2 1Benzo[b]fluoranthene Yes No M B2 2 2B Benzo[e]pyrene YesBenzo[g,h,i]perylene No No D 3Benzo[k]fluoranthene Yes No M B2 2 2B Chrysene Yes No M B2 2B Coronene No Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene No No M B2 2 2A Dibenzofuran YesDibenzothiophene YesFluoranthene Yes Yes D 3Fluorene Yes D 3Indeno[1,2,3cd]pyrene Yes No M B2 2 2B Perylene No Phenanthrene Yes D 3Pyrene Yes D 3

SourceATSDRAirComparisonValues(CV) andInhalationHealthGuidelines[ATSDR 2017]Chemicalsofpotentialconcern(detectedatconcentrationsexceedingthecomparisonvalue)arehighlightedgrey*Cancerbased CVsfor individualPAHs(excludingnaphthalene)were convertedfromtheAmbientBenchmarkConcentration usingtheirTEF.PAHswithaCV(excluding naphthalene)aretreatedasmutagenicinthisanalysis.M=Mutagen EPA= EnvironmentalProtectionAgency

B2= Probably carcinogenictohumans,littleorno humandata CN=Carcinogenicpotentialcannotbedetermined D=Notclassifiableastohumancarcinogenicity

NTP=NationalToxicologyProgram 2=Reasonably anticipated tobeahuman carcinogen

IARC=InternationalAgencyforResearchon Cancer 1=Carcinogenictohumans2A= Probablycarcinogenictohumans 2B= Possiblycarcinogenictohumans 3=Notclassifiableastoitscarcinogenicitytohumans

Table4: NaphthaleneAir Concentrationsmeasured byconsultant onsingledays,September2011andFebruary2012[BeadieandWall2012]Sampleswerecollectedfor8hoursduringtheday,unlessotherwisenoted.SeeFigure5forgeographiclocationofsampling.

SampleLocation

September2011Concentration

g/m3

February2012 Concentration

g/m3 Onsite,near treatmentcylinder,24hour Onsite,near treatmentcylinderRiverfrontpark(betweenfacility/freewayandriver)E11thStreetE11thStreet,24hour E20thStreetE14thStreet,24hourCherryHeights/10thStreet

2901313

7.8

53 56

1.0

0.880.72

g/m3=microgramspercubicmeter

Locationsof2016airsampling;WascoCountyPlanningisthesameasWascoCountyPublicWorks SourcesofemissionswithinAmeriTies

AmeriTieslabeland siteboundary

Figure1:AmeriTiesWest(outlinedin green)and immediate vicinity[GoogleN.D.b]

0.25miles

North

Legend

Figure2: GeneralsiteprofilemapforAmeriTies

Figure3:USGStopographicalmapofTheDalles,1934[USGS1934]

TiePlantSite

1mile North

Locationsof2016airsampling

Meteorologicalstationlocationduring2016sampling

Nearestschool,daycare,andassistedcarefacility

SourcesofemissionswithinAmeriTies

AmeriTiessiteboundary

Figure4:2016DEQairmonitoringlocations*.[GoogleN.D.b]

1mile

AmeriTiesWest

North

Legend

Locationsof2016airsampling;WascoCountyPlanningwastheoriginallabelgiventotheWascoCountyPublicWorksmonitoringlocationMeteorologicalstationlocationduring2016sampling

Locationsof20112012airsampling

SourcesofemissionswithinAmeriTies

AmeriTieslabeland siteboundary

Figure5:Samplinglocationsforboththe2016samples(bluetriangles)andthe201112consultantsamples(pinksquares). [GoogleN.D.a]

1 mile

North

AmeriTiesWest

Legend

Figure6: TEFadjustedcarcinogenicPAH concentrationand naphthaleneconcentrationsmeasuredatWascoPublicWorksandneighborhoodlocations

0

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.005

0.006

0.007

0.008

6/2/2016to8/1/2016 8/4/20169/6/2016 9/24/201611/18/2016

AverageCo

ncen

tration(g/m

3 )

SamplingTimePeriod

AverageTEFadjustedcarcinogenicPAHconcentrationsbytimeperiodandlocation

WascoCountyPublicWorks CityPark OldDufur Road ClarkSt.

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

6/2/2016to8/1/2016 8/4/20169/6/2016 9/24/201611/18/2016

AverageCo

ncen

tration(g/m

3 )

SamplingTimePeriod

Averagenaphthaleneconcentrationsbytimeperiodandlocation

WascoCountyPublicWorks CityPark OldDufur Road ClarkSt.

g/m3=microgramspercubicmeter

Photo1:SiteoftheRailroadTiePlant,1953.ConstructionoftheI84freewayhadnotoccurred.Developmentonthebluffstothesouthandeastof theplantwasmorelimited.[Anonymous 2015]

North

SiteofTiePlant

https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/odors/docs/are_environmental_odors_toxic_508.pdf

https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/odors/docs/are_environmental_odors_toxic_508.pdf

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Structure BookmarksAMERITIES WEST THE DALLES, OREGON Health Consultation: A Note of Explanation

AMERITIES WEST THE DALLES, OREGON Background: Site Overview and History Outdoor Air Sampling and Emissions Identification of Sensitive Populations NoncancerHealth HazardAssessment Cancer Health Hazard Assessment Odors Limitations Conclusions Recommendations AttachmentQuestionsandanswers toaddresspotential communityconcerns If the community has reported health issues, why is information about health outcomes not being collected to see if disease rates differ from other communities or to see if they cluster in areas close to the facility? How can there not be a health problem if a number of people are experiencing health issues related to the emissions? If there are no comparison values for mixtures or for some of the PAHs, and if there could be emissions that are not captured by the air sampling, why wouldnt a study on health outcomes in The Dalles help? ConcentrationLocationorComparisonValue (g/m) Attachments Tables, Figures, and Photos

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