Level E

Unit 1 Vocabulary

ADULTERATEConnotation: negative

Etymology: 1580–90; < Latin adulterātus  mixed, equivalent to ad- + -ulter  (perhaps combining form of alter  other)

Word Structure: Verb suffix –ate means “to become, produce, or treat”

AMBIDEXTROUSConnotation: positive / negative

Etymology:1640s, from L. ambidexter, lit. "right-handed on both sides," from ambi- "both" + dexter "right-handed" (dexterity).

Word Structure: prefix bi- means “two;” suffix –ous means “marked by”

AUGMENTConnotation: positive

Etymology: c.1400, from O.Fr. augmenter (14c.), from L.L. augmentare "to increase;" from L. augmentum "an increase;" from augere "to increase, make big, enlarge, enrich"

Word Structure: noun suffix –ment means “act or process of”

BEREFTConnotation: negative

Etymology: O.E. bereafian "to deprive of, take away, seize, rob," from be + reafian "rob, plunder," Since mid-17c., mostly in reference to life, hope, loved ones, and other immaterial possessions. Past tense forms bereaved and bereft have co-existed since 14c., now slightly differentiated in meaning, the former applied to loss of loved ones, the latter to circumstances.

DEPLOYConnotation: neutral

Etymology: 1786 as a military word, from Fr. déployer "unroll, unfold," from O.Fr. desployer "unfold"

Word Structure: prefix de- means “lower”

DOURConnotation: negative

Etymology: probably from Latin dūrus  hard

Ebenezer Scrooge

FORTITUDEConnotation: positive

Etymology: early 15c., from L. fortitudo "strength," from fortis "strong, brave" (fort).

Word Structure: noun suffix

-tude means “state of”

GAPE

Connotation: neutral

Etymology: 1175–1225; Middle English < Old Norse gapa  to open the mouth wide; compare German gaffen

GIBEConnotation: negative

Etymology: 1560–70; perhaps < Middle French giber  to handle roughly, shake, derivative of gibe  staff, billhook

GUISEConnotation: neutral / negative

Etymology: from Old French guise,  of Germanic origin “manner, wise”

INSIDIOUS

Connotation: negative

Etymology:1545, from L. insidiosus "deceitful," from insidiæ (pl.) "plot, snare, ambush," from insidere "sit on, occupy,"

Word Structure: prefix in- means “into;” adjective suffix –ous means

“full of, given to”

INTIMATIONConnotation: neutral

Etymology: "action of making known," mid-15c., from L.L. intimationem (nom. intimatio) "an announcement" (in M.L. "a judicial notification"), from intimare (intimate).

Word Structure: prefix in- means “into”; noun suffix –ation means “act or result of”

OPULENTConnotation: positive

Etymology: 1595–1605; < Latin opulentus  wealthy, equivalent to op-  (stem of ops  power, wealth) + -ulentus

PLIABLEConnotation: neutral

Etymology: late 15c., from O.Fr. pliable "flexible," from plier "to bend" (ply)

Word Structure: adjective suffix –able means “able, capable of”

REITERATEConnotation: neutral

Etymology: 1526, from L. reiteratus, pp. of reiterare "to repeat," from re- "again" + iterare "to repeat," from iterum "again."

Word Structure: prefix re- means

“again, back”

STOLIDConnotation: neutral

Etymology: from M.Fr. stolide (16c.), from L. stolidus "insensible, dull, brutish," prop. "unmovable," related to stultus "foolish"

TENTATIVEConnotation: neutral

Etymology: 1580s, from M.L. tentativus "trying, testing," from L. tentatus, pp. of tentare "to feel, try," (variant of temptare "to feel, try, test").

Word Structure: Latin root -ten- means “hold, keep;” adjective suffix –ive means “marked by”

UNKEMPTConnotation: negative

Etymology: Old English uncembed;  from un- + cembed,  past participle of cemban “to comb”

Word Structure: prefix

un- means “not, opposing”

VERBATIMConnotation: neutral

Etymology: 1481, from M.L. verbatim "word for word," from L. verbum "word"

WARILYConnotation: neutral

Etymology: 1552, from O.E. wær "prudent, aware, alert, wary"

Word Structure:

adverb suffix –ly means

“having the nature of”