level of service

1.0 INTRODUCTION Level of Service (LOS) is defined as a qualitative measure describing operational conditions within a traffic steam and their perception by motorists and passenger. Six classifications are used to define LOS, designated by the letters A through F. LOS A represents the best conditions, while LOS F represents heavily congested flow with traffic demand exceeding highway capacity. The prediction of LOS for a multilane highway involves three steps:(1) Determination of free-flow speed(2) Adjustment of volume(3) Determination of level of serviceBased on our observations at the entrance of UTHM from 8.45am until 9.45am, the majority of the class of vehicle is Class B that is car. From the observations, we saw that the heavy vehicles like buses and van were at the left line while other small vehicles at the right line of the road. The flow of traffic is free flow and no congested were happened. Precaution that we can take during do this survey, we have to wear a safety jacket. It is dangerous if we dont wear it, because vehicle maybe cant see us. Lastly, dont forget to use the safety cone and flags for additional safety. So, the vehicle can more careful. 2.0 OBJECTIVETo determine the capacity and level of service of the UTHM signalized intersection using JKR Arahan Teknik (Jalan) procedure.

3.0 APPARATUS

1. Measuring Tape/Odometer2. Forms HC1, HC2 and HC33. Analog Counter 4. Safety Vest5. Safety Cones6. Flags4.0 PROCEDURE

1) At the UTHM Signalised Intersection, we have to conduct a traffic movement count on all approaches (each line separately) for one hour in four segments of 15 minutes. The data have been recorded in the Tables 1 10.2) The width of lane we measure to get the width, W (in meter) for all approaches and the data have been recorded in the table 11.3) We also measure the green time, g (sec) and cycle time, C(sec). the data are recorded in table 124) Convert the traffic volumes in table 1 -10 to passanger car unit ( p.c.u). This is taken as the design flow, q (pcu/hr) which then be used in Table 11.5) The saturation flow, S (p.c.u/hr) are adjusted for each approach and transfer the value to Table 116) By this, the value of y, can be compute, ehich is the ratio of design flow to adjusted saturation flow. Also, Y value, which is the total value of y for each approach.7) The, calculate the intergreen time, I (sec) and total lost time per cycle L (sec) 8) The practical capacity, and reserved capacity, RC of the intersection are determined.9) Lastly, determined the average stopped dealy per vehicle, d (sec) and level of service for each approach.

5.0 DATA ANALYSISTABLE 1Approach (Movement): PARIT RAJA (RIGHT-TURN)Lane: 1Day/Date: 4/3/2015 (WEDNESDAY)Time: 8.45 9.45 a.m Weather: GoodTIMETRAFFIC COUNT

VEHICLE CLASS

1234

8.45-9.00 am236123

9.00-9.15 am267713

9.15-9.30 am245430

9.30-9.45 am226502

Vehicle Class Traffic Volume (Veh/hour)p.c.u.Factorp.c.u.

Class 1 (Motorcycles)950.3331.35

Class 2 (Cars)2571.00257.00

Class 3 (Vans & Medium Trucks)61.7510.50

Class 4 (Heavy Trucks & Buses)82.2518.00

Total366316.85

Note: p.c.u passenger car unit

TABLE 2Approach (Movement): PARIT RAJA (THROUGH)Lane: 2Day/Date: 4/3/2015 (WEDNESDAY)Time: 8.45 9.45 am Weather: GoodTIMETRAFFIC COUNT

VEHICLE CLASS

1235

8.45-9.00 am185266

9.00-9.15 am1010274

9.15-9.30 am67865

9.30-9.45 am098122



Class 2 (Cars)3301.00330.00



Total412433.72


TABLE 3Approach (Movement): PARIT RAJA (THROUGH)Lane: 3Day/Date: 4/3/2015 (WEDNESDAY)Time: 8.45 9.45 am Weather: GoodTIMETRAFFIC COUNT

VEHICLE CLASS

1235

8.45-9.00 am1523512

9.00-9.15 am2660425

9.15-9.30 am1854516

9.30-9.45 am27541026



Class 2 (Cars)1911.00191.00



Total380439.13


TABLE 5Approach (Movement): UTHM (RIGHT-TURN)Lane: 1Day/Date: 4/3/2015 (WEDNESDAY)Time: 8.45 9.45 am Weather: GoodTIMETRAFFIC COUNT

VEHICLE CLASS

1235

8.45-9.00 am21010

9.00-9.15 am51212

9.15-9.30 am52000

9.30-9.45 am132703



Class 2 (Cars)691.0069.00



Total10192.00


TABLE 6Approach (Movement): UTHM (LEFT-TURN)Lane: 2Day/Date: 4/3/2015 (WEDNESDAY)Time: 8.30 am Weather: GoodTIMETRAFFIC COUNT

VEHICLE CLASS

1235

8.45-9.00 am2411

9.00-9.15 am21521

9.15-9.30 am111625

9.30-9.45 am102301



Class 2 (Cars)581.0058.00



Total9693.00


TABLE 7Approach (Movement): BATU PAHAT (U-TURN)Day/Date: 4/3/2015 (WEDNESDAY)Time: 8.45 9.45 amWeather: GoodTIMETRAFFIC COUNT

VEHICLE CLASS

1235

8.45-9.00 am1800

9.00-9.15 am21730

9.15-9.30 am4830

9.30-9.45 am81141



Class 2 (Cars)441.0044.00



Total7068.7


TABLE 8Approach (Movement): BATU PAHAT (THROUGH)Lane: 2Day/Date: 4/3/2015 (WEDNESDAY)Time: 8.45 9.45 am Weather: GoodTIMETRAFFIC COUNT

VEHICLE CLASS

1235

8.45-9.00 am18311616

9.00-9.15 am30402325

9.15-9.30 am14593520

9.30-9.45 am14542028



Class 2 (Cars)1841.00184.00



Total443573.83


TABLE 9Approach (Movement): BATU PAHAT (THROUGH)Lane: 3Day/Date: 4/3/2015 (WEDNESDAY)Time: 8.45 9.45 am Weather: GoodTIMETRAFFIC COUNT

VEHICLE CLASS

1235

8.45-9.00 am342147

9.00-9.15 am063135

9.15-9.30 am06091

9.30-9.45 am07484



Class 2 (Cars)2391.00239.00



Total303355.24


TABLE 10Approach (Movement): BATU PAHAT (LEFT-TURN)Day/Date: 4/3/2015 (WEDNESDAY)Time: 8.45 9.45 am Weather: GoodTIMETRAFFIC COUNT

VEHICLE CLASS

1235

8.45-9.00 am122712

9.00-9.15 am102111

9.15-9.30 am112500

9.30-9.45 am173101



Class 2 (Cars)1041.00104.00



Total160133.00


TABLE 11

PHASEIIIIIIIV

Movement

W (m)4m4m-4m4m4m4m-4m4m4m4m9m

S (pcu/hr)1603.441603.44-1603.441603.441603.441603.44-1603.441603.441603.441603.44428.40

q(pcu/hr)433.72439.13-573.83355.24433.72439.13-316.85316.8568.7092.0093.00

y= q/S0.270.27-0.360.220.270.27-0.200.200.040.060.22

y0.280.250.120.14

Key:P = Parit Raja Approach; B = Batu Pahat Approach; U = UTHM Approach T = Through; R = Right-turn; L = Left-turn 1 = Lane 1; 2 = Lane 2; 3 = Lane 3; 4 = Lane 4

Example calculation of adjusted saturation flow S

S = S S = 1965 1.00 0.96 1.00 0.85 = 1603.44 (pcu/hr)

Y = + + + = 0.27 + 0.27 + 0.36 + 0.22= 0.28

Amber time, a = 3 secAll-red period, R = 2 secIntergreen time, I = a + R = 5 secDrivers reaction time, l = 2 secNumber of phases, n = 4Total lost time, L = n(I a) + nl = 4(2-3) + (4)(2)= 4 sec

Practical capacity, Yprac = 0.9 0.0075L = 0.9 0.0075(4)= 0.87Reserve capacity, RC = 100% ( Yprac Y ) / Y= 100% (0.87-0.28) / 0.28= 210.71

TABLE 12phaseIIIIIIIV

movement

C (sec)112112-112112112112-110110808080

g (sec)9090-90909090-1717323232

0.800.80-0.800.800.800.80-0.150.150.400.400.40

S (pcu/hr)1603.441603.44-1603.441603.441603.441603.44-1603.441603.441603.441603.44428.40

q (pcu/hr)433.72439.13-573.83355.24433.72439.13-316.85316.8568.7092.0093.00

=(pcu/sec)0.120.12-0.160.100.120.12-0.090.090.020.030.03

x= q/ S0.340.34-0.450.280.340.34-1.321.320.110.140.54

d (sec)3.433.43-4.193.093.433.43-17.3717.3713.8614.0726.04

LOSAA-AAAA-CCBBD

Example calculation for delay and determination of LOS

d = ( + = ( + = 3.43 sec (LOS = A (

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level of service