LEXICAL RELATIONS AND RELATED MEANINGS IN SURAH AR- RAHMAN …

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LEXICAL RELATIONS AND RELATED MEANINGS IN

SURAH AR- RAHMAN BY ABDULLAH YUSUF ALI’S

TRANSLATION

THESIS

By:

Norasiah

NIM 16320189

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LITERATURE

FACULTY OF HUMANITIES

UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI MAULANA MALIK

IBRAHIM MALANG

2020

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LEXICAL RELATIONS AND RELATED MEANINGS IN

SURAH AR- RAHMAN BY ABDULLAH YUSUF ALI’S

TRANSLATION

THESIS

Presented to

Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang

in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra (S.S.)

By:

Norasiah

NIM 16320189

Advisor:

H. Djoko Susanto, M.Ed., Ph.D.

NIP 196705292000031001

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LITERATURE

FACULTY OF HUMANITIES

UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI MAULANA MALIK

IBRAHIM MALANG

2020

Scanned by TapScanner



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MOTTO

“Believing yourself is the key to do everything”

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THESIS DEDICATION

I dedicate this thesis to my mother Da’watul Khoiroh, the angle who was

sent by Allah special to me. The hero who always work hard to make her

daughter life full of happiness. The beautiful woman who always believe

and support me that I can finish my thesis.

My father Askun as the person who never forget to pray for the family.

Sorry if I have not be able to make you proud of me.

My sisters Siti Rohmah and my brother Muhammad Ismail, the two people

whom I care about and will protect forever.

They are all very important and influential people in my life.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First and above all, I praise and feel thankful to God Allah SWT, the

almighty who is providing me this opportunity and granting me the capability to

proceed successfully.

Shalawat and greetings also I give to special people and become a role

model for all people namely the prophet Muhammad SAW. Because of him we all

can have the freedom to seek knowledge wherever and whenever.

This thesis appears in its current form due to the assistance and guidance

of several people. I would like to offer my sincere thanks to all of them. Thus, my

deepest gratitude is expressed to my advisor H. Djoko Susanto, M.Ed., Ph.D, as

my esteemed advisor my genial thanks for your great guidance, encouragement,

critical comments, and correction of the thesis

Furthermore, I would like express my profound gratitude to many people

who contribute and motivate me to complete this thesis.

1. The Dean of Faculty of Humanities, Dr. Hj. Syafiyah, M.A, who provides

tool and infrastructure which supporting the smoothness of learning and

studying in this faculty.

2. The Head of English Letters and Language Department, Rina Sari, M.Pd

and all the lecturers of English Letters and Language Department, many

thanks for being so kind, patient and generous in leading me to the world,

which never I knew before with, the loves, valuable knowledge and

experiences.

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3. H. Djoko Susanto, M.Ed., Ph. D, as my advisor for his valuable guidance

and suggestions and given inspires me to get a better critical thoughts and

ideas in completing this thesis.

4. My beloved mother, father and my big family for giving me endless love,

care, affection, eternal pray, and guidance.

5. For my best friend; Fenty Agustiningrum, Dima Agustina, Nurul Latifah,

Krista Annisa, Aula Aprillia, Amelia Hening, Achmad Firdausi, Fitriatul

Quniah, Ika Mailani, Mochamad Riski Pratama, and Akbar Ardian. Thank

you for showing me a value of respects each other and providing support

in so many other ways, you are the best ever, guys..! Also all of you which

I can't mention one by one, thanks a lot guys, without you all I can‟t do

anything.

6. All of my friends in English Department 2015. Thank you so much for the

great experiences.

7. All of my friends who helped me in finishing this thesis. Thanks for

everything. May Allah bless you.

Hereby, this thesis would not be perfect work without the constructive

suggestions from all readers. The writer expects this thesis would give a valuable

contribution as an empirical bases in the study of idiomatic expression and their

meaning and especially for the next researchers who are interest in discussing the

similar topics.

Alhamdulillahirobbil „Alamiin...


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ABSTRACT

Norasiah. 2020. Lexical Relations and Related Meanings in Surah Ar Rahman by Abdullah

Yusuf Ali‟s Translation. Thesis. English Letters Department. Faculty of Humanities.

Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University of Malang. Advisor: H. Djoko

Susanto, M.Ed, Ph.D

Keyword: Lexical Relations, Related Meanings, Surah Ar- Rahman, Translation

This study aims to analyze the types of lexical relations and related meaning of English

translation in Surah Ar- Rahman. The theory used in this study is in accordance with John

Saeed‟s theory which divides lexical relations into eight types. They are homonymy, polysemy,

synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, meronymy, member-collection and portion-pass. While the

related meanings, the researcher used Nida‟s theory which include inclusion, overlapping,

complementation and contiguity. The data are taken from the word, phrases, and sentences in 78

verse of English translation text in Surah Ar- Rahman by Abdullah Yusuf Ali.

The research design of this study is descriptive qualitative because the purpose of this

study is to provide the deep analysis of the data. To achieve the objective of the study, this study

uses the theory of Saeed (2016) to identify the types of lexical relations and theory of Nida

(1975) to identify the principles of related meanings in Surah Ar- Rahman by Abdullah Yusuf

Ali‟s translation. The data of this study are analyzed in the following steps: firstly, identify the

data into the types of lexical relations and related meanings, then the researcher displays the data

into narrative text. The last, the researcher makes conclusion about lexical relations and principle

of related meanings from English translation of Surah Ar- Rahman.

The results of this study show there are 13 data found as lexical relations according to

Saeed‟s (2016) theory which include 1 data of polysemy, 3 data of synonymy, 4 data of

antonymy, and 5 data of hyponymy. In addition, all principles of related meanings based on

Nida‟s (1975) were found out in this study. They are 5 data of inclusion, 1 data of overlapping, 4

data of complementation, and 3 data of contiguity. The dominant type of lexical relation is

hyponymy, with 5 data and while the dominant type of related meanings is inclusion, with 5

data.

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ABSTRAK

Norasiah. 2020. Hubungan Leksikal dan Makna Terkait dalam Surah Ar Rahman oleh

Terjemahan Abdullah Yusuf Ali. Tesis. Departemen Surat Bahasa Inggris. Fakultas Ilmu

Budaya. Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang. Advisor: H. Djoko

Susanto, M.Ed, Ph.D

Kata Kunci: Hubungan Leksikal, Makna Terkait, Surah Ar-Rahman, Terjemah

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis jenis hubungan leksikal dan makna terkait

dari terjemahan bahasa Inggris dalam Surat Ar-Rahman. Teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian

ini sesuai dengan teori John Saeed yang membagi hubungan leksikal menjadi delapan jenis.

Mereka adalah homonim, polisemi, sinonim, antonimi, hiponimi, meronimi, pengumpulan anggota

dan pass-pass. Sedangkan makna yang terkait, peneliti menggunakan teori Nida yang mencakup

inklusi, tumpang tindih, komplementer dan kedekatan. Data diambil dari kata, frasa, dan kalimat

dalam 78 ayat teks terjemahan bahasa Inggris dalam Surat Ar-Rahman oleh Abdullah Yusuf Ali.

Desain penelitian dari penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif karena tujuan dari

penelitian ini adalah untuk memberikan analisis data yang mendalam. Untuk mencapai tujuan

penelitian, penelitian ini menggunakan teori Saeed (2016) untuk mengidentifikasi jenis hubungan

leksikal dan teori Nida (1975) untuk mengidentifikasi prinsip-prinsip makna yang terkait dalam

tejemahan Surah Ar-Rahman oleh Abdullah Yusuf Ali. Data penelitian ini dianalisis dalam

langkah-langkah berikut: pertama, mengidentifikasi data ke dalam jenis hubungan leksikal dan

makna terkait, kemudian peneliti menampilkan data ke dalam teks naratif. Yang terakhir, peneliti

membuat kesimpulan tentang hubungan leksikal dan prinsip makna terkait dari terjemahan bahasa

Inggris Surah Ar-Rahman.

Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan ada 13 data yang ditemukan sebagai hubungan leksikal

menurut teori Saeed (2016) yang meliputi 1 data polisemi, 3 data sinonim, 4 data antonim, dan 5

data hiponimi. Selain itu, semua prinsip makna terkait berdasarkan Nida (1975) ditemukan dalam

penelitian ini. Mereka adalah 5 data inklusi, 1 data tumpang tindih, 4 data komplemen, dan 3 data

kedekatan. Tipe dominan dari hubungan leksikal adalah hyponymy, dengan 5 data dan sementara

tipe dominan dari makna terkait adalah inklusi, dengan 5 data.

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مستلخص البحث

قسمبحث الجامعي. العلاقة الدعجمية والدعاني ذات الصلة في سورة الرحمن من ترجمة عبد الله يوسف علي.( 0202)ه نوراسي جامعة مولانا مالك إبراهيم الإسلامية الحكومية مالانج. الحروف الانجليزية. كلية الدراسات الثقافية.

الداجستر ،جوكو سوسانتوالحاج المشرف : علاقة معجميّة ، معاني ذات صلة ، سورة الرحمن8 الكلمات الأساسية

ت الدعجمية والدعاني ذات الصلة للترجمات الإنجليزية في سورة الرحمن. تتوافق تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تحليل أنواع العلاقا، فوليساميالنظرية الدستخدمة في هذه الدراسة مع نظرية جون سعيد التي تقسم العلاقات الدعجمية إلى ثمانية أنواع. هم هومونيم،

عنى مرتبط، يستخدم الباحث نظرية نداء التي تشمل الإدماج مرادف، متضاد، اختصار، استقبال، جمع الأعضاء وتمرير. في حين أن الدآية من نصوص الترجمة الإنجليزية في سورة الرحمن 56والتداخل والتكامل والتقارب. البيانات مأخوذة من كلمات وعبارات وجمل في

لعبد الله يوسف علي.

ير تحليل بيانات متعمق. ولتحقيق أهداف تصميم البحث لذذا البحث نوعي وصفي لأن الغرض من هذه الدراسة هو توف( لتحديد مبادئ الدعنى 0753( لتحديد أنواع العلاقات الدعجمية ونظرية نداء )0204البحث، تستخدم هذه الدراسة نظرية سعيد )

ديد البيانات في أنواع الدتعلقة بترجمة سورة الرحمن للمؤلف عبد الله يوسف علي. يتم تحليل بيانات البحث في الخطوات التالية8 أولًا، تحالعلاقات الدعجمية والدعاني ذات الصلة، ثم يعرض الباحث البيانات في النصوص السردية. أخيراً، يستخلص الباحث استنتاجات حول

العلاقة الدعجمية ومبادئ الدعنى ذات الصلة من الترجمة الإنجليزية لسورة الرحمن.

( والتي 0204ت م العثور علياا كعلاقات معجمية وفقًا لنظرية سعيد )بيانا 01تشير نتائج هذه الدراسة إلى وجود بيانات اختصار. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، م العثور 3بيانات متضاربة، و 2بيانات مترادفة، و 1بيانات متعددة الحدود، و 0تتضمن

2بيانات متداخلة و 0بيانات تضمين و 3( في هذه الدراسة. وهي 0753على جميع مبادئ الدعنى ذات الصلة على أساس نيدا )بيانات، بينما النوع السائد من الدعنى 3بيانات تقارب. النوع السائد للعلاقة الدعجمية هو إخفاء الذوية ، مع 1بيانات مكملة و

بيانات. 3الدرتبط هو التضمين ، مع

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TABLE OF CONTENT

THESIS COVER .................................................................................. i

STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP .................................................... ii

APPROVAL SHEET ........................................................................... iii

LEGITIMATION SHEET .................................................................. iv

MOTTO ................................................................................................ v

DEDICATION ...................................................................................... vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................... vii

ABSTRACT .......................................................................................... x

TABLE OF CONTENT ....................................................................... xiii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study ............................................................ 1

B. Research Questions .................................................................... 4

C. Objectives of the Study .............................................................. 5

D. Significance of the Study ........................................................... 5

E. Scope and Limitation ................................................................. 5

F. Definition of Key Terms ............................................................ 6

G. Previous Studies ......................................................................... 6

H. Research Method

1. Research Design .................................................................... 10

2. Research Instrument .............................................................. 10

3. Data and Data Source ............................................................. 10

4. Data Collection ...................................................................... 10

5. Data Analysis ......................................................................... 11

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

A. Linguistics and Semantics .......................................................... 12

B. Lexical Relations ........................................................................ 13

1. Homonymy ............................................................................ 13

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2. Polysemy ............................................................................... 14

3. Synonymy .............................................................................. 15

4. Antonymy .............................................................................. 15

5. Hyponymy ............................................................................. 17

6. Meronymy ............................................................................. 17

7. Member Collection ................................................................ 18

8. Portion Mass .......................................................................... 18

C. Related Meanings ....................................................................... 19

1. Inclusion ................................................................................ 19

2. Overlapping ........................................................................... 19

3. Complementation .................................................................. 20

4. Contiguity .............................................................................. 20

CHAPTER III: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

A. Findings ...................................................................................... 21

1. Polysemy ............................................................................... 22

2. Synonymy ............................................................................... 23

3. Antonymy .............................................................................. 26

4. Hyponymy ............................................................................. 31

B. Discussion .................................................................................. 39

CHAPTER IV: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion .................................................................................. 42

B. Suggestion .................................................................................. 43

REFERENCES ..................................................................................... 44

CURRICULUM VITAE ...................................................................... 45

APPENDIX ........................................................................................... 46

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter discusses about the background of this study, the problem of the

study, objectives of the study, the scope and limitation, significances of the study, the

key terms of the study, and research method.

A. Background of the Study

This study examines the use of lexical relation and principle of related

meaning in Holy Quran of Surah Ar- Rahman by Abdullah Yusuf Ali‟s translation.

Lexical relation is a part of semantic which describes the meaning of each word

relationship. Lexical relations describe the relationship among word meanings

(Bolinger: 1968), for example the word „Peak1‟. It can have the meaning as “part of a

mountain” which is near synonym of summit, while „Peak2‟ “part of a hat” which is

near synonym of visor. The types of lexical relation are as follow: homonymy,

polysemy, synonymy, antonym, hyponymy, meronymy, member-collection, and

portion mass (Saeed: 2016), each of which is presented in Chapter II. The related

meaning is the study about the meaning of unit in relation to other meanings which

are closely related to one another. The principle of related meanings includes:

inclusion, overlap, complementation, and contiguity (Nida: 1975).

It is important to analyze lexical relations and principle of related meanings in

Abdullah Yusuf Ali‟s translation of Surah Ar- Rahman because his Holy Qur‟an

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translation is one of the most widely known and used in English-speaking world. He

is a British Indian barrister and scholar who wrote a number of books about Islam.

Each Surah in Holy Quran has a relationship to another because each Surah in

Holy Quran was sent down periodically (Shihab: 1996). It is important to analyze

type of lexical relation and the principle of related meanings in Holy Quran in order

to understand the messages easier.

Surah Ar- Rahman as the subject of the analysis is one of Surah in Holy

Quran. It was revealed in Mecca and consisted of 78 verses. Ar- Rahman means “The

Most Beneficent”. This Surah is talking about the benevolence of Allah SWT to his

servants, by providing endless favors both in this world and hereafter. The researcher

chooses this Surah because it is one of important Surahs in Holy Quran for human

life. As explained in Tafsir Ats Tsaqolayn: From Ubay Bin Ka'bra, he said,

Rasulullah sallallaahu alayhi wasallam said: "Whoever reads the letter of Ar

Rahmaan surely Allah will bless his weakness, people who read Surah Ar- Rahman

and he has exercised gratitude for the favor of Allah to him". It can be reminder for

all human beings to always be grateful and thankful that Allah has given to us.

Nowadays, people usually forget how to thankful of everything they have.

Studies on lexical relations have been done previously by a number of

researchers, such as Habibah (2015), Muslimatin (2015), Febriasari (2018), Basori

(2018), and Zakiyah (2018). Habibah (2015) analyzes lexical relation in symbol and

sign of a short story written by Vladimir Nabokov. The purpose of her research is to

find the types of lexical relations designed by Saeed (2009) which includes

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synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, homonymy, polysemy, meronymy, member

collection and portion mass. The result of her research showed that there are 3 data of

synonym, 11 data of antonym, 5 data of hyponymy, 3 data of meronymy, 4 data of

member-collection, 1 data of homonymy, and 1 data of portion mass.

Muslimatin (2015), Febriasari (2018), and Basori (2018) have the same

purpose of their research, i.e. identifying the types of lexical relations and its

dominant use. Muslimatin (2015) and Basori (2018) took the data from the verses of

Al Quran. Muslimatin (2015) took Surah Yaasin verse 1 up to 21, while Basori

(2018) used Surah Yusuf as the data. The result of Muslimatin‟s research showed that

there are 3 kinds of lexical relations used. i.e. Synonym, Antonym, and Homonym.

There were 13 data of synonym, 11 data of antonym, and 3 data of homonym. The

dominant type of lexical relation in her research is synonymy.

The result of Basori‟s research showed that there are 644 data of lexical

relation in English translation of Surah Yusuf by Abdullah Yusuf Ali in the Holy

Qur‟an, that consist of 215 (33,3%) data of synonymy, 20 (3,1%) data of homonymy,

82 (12,7%) data of hyponymy, 245 (38%) data of antonymy,10 (1,5%) data of

meronymy, 0 (0%) data of polysemy, 2 (0,3%) data of partion mass, and 70 (10,8%)

data of member collection. The dominant type of lexical relation in this research is

antonymy which has the highest data.

Febriasari used Lyrics songs of 5 Second on Summer Album. The result of her

research is there were 243 data of lexical relations with 99 cases of synonym, 75

cases of antonym, 61 cases of polysemy, 7 cases of homonym, and 1 case of

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hyponym. The dominant kinds of lexical relation was synonym and the lowest is

homonym. Ridwan‟s study aims to identify the types of lexical relation and diction

which are found in editorials Jakarta Globe August edition. The results of his research

found some types of lexical relations: Hyponymy, Synonymy, Meronymy and

Antonymy. While the kinds of diction were found by the researcher: abstract word,

popular word, concrete word, common word and jargon.

Based on the previous researches presented above, the majority of the

previous studies analyzed the types of lexical relations and its dominant type. The

present study, however, analyzes not only lexical relations (Saeed, 2016) and (Nida,

1975) but also principle of related meanings of different Surah, i.e. Surah Ar Rahman

translated by Abdullah Yusuf Ali. Besides, there are many lexical relations and

principle of related meanings in Surah Ar- Rahman that people do not know about it.

B. Problems of the Study

Based on the background above, this study is carried out to answer the

following questions:

1. What types of lexical relations are found in Surah Ar- Rahman by Abdullah

Yusuf Ali‟s translation?

2. How is the lexical relation related to principle meaning found in Surah Ar-

Rahman by Abdullah Yusuf Ali‟s translation?

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C. Objectives of the Study

Concerning the research question above, this study is intended to present the

description of:

1. To identify the types of lexical relations are found in Surah Ar- Rahman by

Abdullah Yusuf Ali‟s translation.

2. To describe the relation between lexical relations and principle of meanings in

Surah Ar- Rahman by Abdullah Yusuf Ali‟s translation.

D. Significances of the Study

In this study there is a theoretical and practical significances. Theoretically,

the results of this study enrich the knowledge on lexical relations and principle of

related meanings which are specified on various Surah in Holy Qur‟an. Further, it is

expected to be useful for other researchers who want to know more about lexical

relations and principle of related meanings. It is hoped that people who read this

research will understand the content of Surah Ar- Rahman easily. Practically, after

understanding the content, the reader will practice to recite the Holy Quran especially

Surah Ar- Rahman.

E. Scope and Limitation

This research focuses on the types of lexical relations and principle of related

meanings found in Abdullah Yusuf Ali‟s translation of Surah Ar- Rahman. This study

uses lexical relations theory which includes homonymy, polysemy, synonymy,

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antonym, hyponymy, meronymy, member-collection, and portion mass (Saeed,

2016); and the theory of related meanings which includes inclusion, overlapping,

complementation, and contiguity (Nida: 1975).

F. Definitions of Key Terms

1. Lexical Relations discusses about the word which is have relationship in

meaning.

2. Principles of related meanings are the study about the meaning of the

words which are related one another.

3. Surah Ar- Rahman was revealed in Mecca and consists of 78 verses. It is

called Ar- Rahman because it is the most generous. This Surah talks about

the benevolence of Allah SWT to His servants, by providing endless

favors both in this world and hereafter.

4. Translation is the communication of meaning from one language (the

source) to another language (the target).

G. Previous Studies

This study has relation with previous researches that also focus on lexical

relations on English translation of surah in Qur‟an. However, all the researchers

chose the different object (surah of al-Qur‟an). Such as Habibah (2015) in her study

entitled “An Analysis of Lexical Relation in Symbol and Sign (a short story written

by Vladimir Nabokov)”. The researcher wants to find out the types of lexical

relations that defined by Saeed (2009) which is devided into eight types such as

7

synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, homonymy, polysemy, meronymy, member

collection and portion mass. By using descriptive qualitative method, the research has

the result of the study showed that there are 3 data are synonymy, 11 data are

opposites (antonymy), 5 data are hyponymy, 3 data are meronymy, 4 data are

member-collection, 1 data presents homonymy, 1 another presents portion mass.

Muslimatin (2015) in her research entitled “An Analysis of Lexical Relation

in English Translation of Surah Yaasin Verse 1 up to 21”. The researcher focused on

lexical relations (synonym, hyponym, antonym, polysemy, and homonym) in surah

Yaasin verse 1 up to 21. There are two research problems proposed of the “Surah

Yaasin verse 1 up to 21”. Firstly, what are the types of lexical relations found in

English translation of that verses, and what are the dominant lexical relations found in

English translation of surah Yaasin verse 1 up to 21. The methodology of her study is

qualitative study. The result of the study from Surah Yaasin verses 1 up to 21 the

writer takes 3 kinds of lexical relations (Synonym, Antonym, and Homonym), 27

data of lexical relations. Those are consist of 13 data of synonym, 11 data of

antonym, and 3 data of homonym.

Febriasari (2018) in her thesis entitled “An Analysis of Lexical Relations in

Amnesia Song Taken from 5 Second of Summer Album”. The researcher identified

lexical relations used in the lyric of Amnesia song and to find out the most dominant

types of lexical relations between the five lexical devices. Her research was applied

descriptive qualitative as the research design. She used the lyric of Amnesia song as

the data source. The technique of collecting data was content analysis. The result of

8

her research showed that there are 243 data of lexical relations. They are 99 data of

synonym, 75 data of antonym, 61 data of polysemy, 7 data of homonym, and 1 data

of hyponym. The most dominant of lexical relations was synonym and the lowest is

homonym.

Basori (2018) has research thesis entitled “An Analysis of Lexical Relations

in Abdullah Yusuf Ali‟s Translation of Surah Yusuf in Holy Quran”. His study aims

to observe the types of lexical relation and the most dominant type of lexical relation

in surah Yusuf of Abdullah Yusuf Ali‟s translation in the Holy Qur‟an. The writer

used Saeed‟s theory to classify the lexical relation such as homonymy, polysemy,

synonymy, opposites (antonymy), hyponymy, meronymy, member-collection, and

portion-mass. The researcher used descriptive qualitative method as the research

design to find out the types and dominant type of lexical relation in Abdullah Yusuf

Ali‟s translation of surah Yusuf in the holy Qur‟an. The result of the study shows

there are 644 data of lexical relation in Abdullah Yusuf Ali‟s translation of Surah

Yusuf in the Holy Qur‟an, that consist from 215 (33,3%) data of synonymy, 20

(3,1%) data of homonymy, 82 (12,7%) data of hyponymy, 245 (38%) data of

antonymy,10 (1,5%) data of meronymy,0 (0%) data of polysemy,2 (0,3%) data of

partion mass, and70 (10,8%) data of member collection. Thus, the most dominant

type of lexical relation based on the result is antonymy which has the highest data

with 245 data.

Ridwan (2015) in his research entitled “An Analysis to Diction and Lexical

Relations toward Editorial in Jakarta Globe”. The researcher analyzed the types of

9

lexical relation and diction written in editorials Jakarta Globe August edition to

understand the context of the editorials. The researcher used descriptive qualitative as

the research design. The results of this research, the researcher found some types of

lexical relations: Hyponymy, Synonymy, Meronymy and Antonymy. While the kinds

of diction were found by the researcher: abstract word, popular word, concrete word,

common word and jargon. The dominant types of lexical relation which used by the

editor was synonymy and the dominant types of diction was popular word.

Based on the previous researches above, majority of the previous researchers

have analyzed the types of lexical relations and its dominant type. The researcher

concludes that investigating lexical relations and principle of related meanings are not

conducted yet. Therefore, to fill the gap of this research, the researcher conducts a

study in different subject and recent theory. As the result, the researcher will analyze

“Lexical relations and Related Meanings in Surah Ar- Rahman by Abdullah Yusuf

Ali‟s Translation”. Furthermore, the researcher uses the theory from Saeed (2016) to

analyze the types of lexical relations and Nida (1975) to analyze the principle of

related meanings.

H. Research Method

This part explains about the research design of the study, research instrument

of the study, the data and data source, data collection, and data analysis.

10

1. Research Design

This study employs descriptive qualitative method in analyzing the data of

types of lexical relation and principle of related meaning in Abdullah Yusuf Ali‟s

translation of Surah Ar- Rahman. Creswell (2009) stated that one of the

characteristics of qualitative research is trying to find the deepest understanding about

particular issue.

2. Research Instrument

The instrument of this study is the writer herself. The reason why qualitative

research uses human as an instrument because all of the senses of the writer directly

needed to observe the data (Mukhtar: 2013).

3. Data and Data Source

This study includes some words, phrases, and sentences that has relation to

lexical relations and principle of related meaning in Abdullah Yusuf Ali‟s English

translation of Surah Ar- Rahman. The data source of this research is the text of Holy

Quran.

4. Data Collection

In order to collect the data, the researcher conducts some steps as follows:

a) Reading all of the data

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b) Collecting words, phrases, and sentences which are potential and related to

lexical relation, and

c) Underlining the words, phrases, and sentences which were related to lexical

relation and principle of related meaning.

5. Data Analysis

In analyzing the data of this research, the researcher needs to identify,

classify, and calculate the data. First, the researcher identifies and classifies the data

into several types of lexical relation, e.g. synonym, antonym, hyponym, homonym,

polysemy, and metonymy (Saeed, 2009). Second, the researcher displays the data into

narrative text. In this step, the researcher arranges, selects, and describes the meaning

of data related to principal of lexical relation. The last, the researcher makes a

conclusion about lexical relations and principle of related meanings from English

translation of Surah Ar- Rahman.

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CAPTHER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

In this chapter, the researcher will explain about the theory which is related to

this research. They are the relation between semantics and linguistics, lexical

relations and principle of related meanings.

A. Linguistics and Semantics

Semantics is the branch of any sort of linguistics, including phonetics and

grammar. Semantics is the "systematic study of meaning and linguistic semantics is

the study of how languages organize meanings and convey them" (Kreidler, 2002:3).

"Semantics is the scientific term for meaning analysis." Semantics sadly envelops the

kinds of language elements, but there is no general agreement on what its significance

is and how it should be defined (Palmer, 1976: 1). "Semantics is the study of

conveyed meaning through language" Saeed (2009: 3).

Aminuddin (2015: 26) gives an opinion on the relationship between linguistics

and semantics. The meaning is the item which accompanies in communication

activities long before the sound component is present. As an aspect attached to the

sound, meaning often accompanies the device and the relationships and sound

combinations in the greater framework of units so that it eventually materialized in a

communication.

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On the basis of the above definition, the relationship between linguistic and

semantic can be inferred that semantic is part of linguistic which specifically analyzes

the meaning of words, phrases and sentences.

B. Lexical Relations

Murphy (2003: 9) states that lexical relation is part of semantics that defines

the nature of the relationships of each word. Lexical Relationships include phonetic

relationships (such as rhyme or alliteration), morphology of relationships (such as

inflectional variations), and morpho-syntactic relationships (such as grammatical co-

membership).Yule (2006: 118) said that "words should not only be viewed as

containers or as fulfilling positions, they can also connect." This means words not

only have positions but also have relationships.

The researcher attempts to infer the lexical relationship by integrating the

opinion of some writers with the above description. Every word having meaning to

other words is clarified by the lexical relation. Saeed (2016: 59-67) classifies types of

lexical relations into:

1. Homonymy

Homonyms are have the same in phonological word but unrelated senses.

Saeed (2016) divided homonyms into several different types :

a) Lexeme of same syntactic category and the same spelling: e.g. lap “circuit of

a course” and lap “part of body when sitting down”

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b) Having the same category but different in spelling: e.g. the verbs ring and

wring

c) Different in categories but same spelling: e.g. the noun bear and the verb bear

d) Different categories and spelling: e.g. not and knot.

2. Polysemy

The words which have same spelling but different in meanings. In polysemy

and homonymy there is a similarity, both of them have the same in meaning and

phonological words. However, it can be included to polysemy when the sense is

related or similar. It is important to distinguish between homonymy and polysemy,

because there are polysemous sense under the same lexical acces while homonymous

are given separated enteries. For example the word „hook (noun)‟ is explained in

various sense as follow:

a) A piece of material, usually metal, curves or bent and usedto suspend.

b) Short for fish-hook

c) Trap or snare

d) Chiefly

e) Something resembling a hook in design or use.

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3. Synonymy

The words which have similar in meaning is called as Synonymy. Saeed

(2016) stated that synonymy is the words which have different phonological, but the

meanings are same.

For example:

Example of Synonyms

Word

Look

See

Oxford Dictionary

Act of looking at somebody or

something

Become aware of somebody or

something by using the eyes

(Table 1: Example of Synonims)

Based on the example above, it is showed that generally the word „look‟ and

„see‟ have the same meaning or used to call as synonym. However, this similarity is

not fully similar. The word „look‟ is more intimate that the word „see‟.

4. Antonymy

The words that have opposite in meaning is called as antonymy. Saeed (2016)

stated antonyms are the words that are opposite in meaning. Therefore, the several

types of antonym will explain below :

a) Converses, is the terms which describe a relation between two entities from

alternative view-point. The example as below:

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1) My room is above the dining room

2) The dining room is below my room

b) Taxonomic Sister, it used to identify the word that has the same level in

taxonomy or classification system.

For example:

1) Colour Adjective : White / Blue ( His car is white, is not blue)

2) Days : Wednesday / Thursday ( Today is not Wednesday, it is Thursday).

c) Complementary antonyms, this is a relation of words such as the negative of

one implies the positive of the other. Sometimes, it also categorized as

contradictory, binary or simple antonyms. The example as below:

1) Dead/Alive ( e.g for animal)

2) Pass/Fail ( for a test)

3) Hit/ Miss ( a target)

d) Gradable of antonymy, is the part of antonyms which does not really have

effect or implies from positive meanings to negative meanings. It is used to

associate with adjective also. E.g rich/poor, fast/slow, young/old,

beautiful/ugly.

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e) Reverses, is part of antonym that have relationship between term describing

movement in one direction that describes the other of the same in movement

of the opposite direction.

For example:

1) Go ( in/out)

2) Turn (left/right)

5. Hyponymy

Hyponyms are the general words which have the specific words. The general

word is called the superordinate or hypernym. For example, Brother and father are

hyponym of man.

6. Meronymy

It can be called as meronymy when the words describe another words or

things. According to Saeed (2016) meronymy is a term which used to describe a part-

whole relationship between lexical items. The differences between hyponyms and

meronyms are hyponyms are always transitive but meronyms are may or not.

For example the transitive meronymy: Cover as a meronym of Book. Then we

can say “A book has cover‟. A non-transitive meronymy is: Pane is a meronym of

window. Thus we were be able to say “A window has a pane‟.

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7. Member- Collection

Member-collection is the place that thing or unit collected. A relationship

between the word for a unit and the usual word for a collection of the units is called

as member- collection (Saeed: 2016). The example as the table below:

Example of Member Collection

Tree

Bird

Book

Sheep

Forest

Flock

Lybrary

Flock

(Table 2: Example of Member Collection)

8. Portion-Mass

The relation between a mass noun and the usual unit of measurement or

division is defined as portion- mass. Portion-mass discusses about the unit, a count

noun, is added to the mass noun, making the result of noun phrase into a count

nominal. The example as the table below:

Example of Porion-mass

Grain

Sheet

Lump

Strand

Of

Of

Of

Of

Salt/ Sand/ Wheat

Paper

Coal

Hair

(Table 3: Example of Porion-mass)

C. Related Meanings

Nida (1975) claims that there are four principles where the meaning to

different semantic units may be related to one another. These four principles include:

inclusion, overlapping, complementation and contiguity.

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1. Inclusion

Inclusion is "one word that contains meaning to another" If you name a

particular word has been included without providing an answer to another. This idea

is about the human‟s mind encouraging something to name. Pateda clarified the

inclusion concept is attributable to the man needs to convey quickly what he needs;

consider friends‟ talk already understand what he meant. (Pateda, 2010: 240). It can

be concluded that inclusion related to one term within the context of another. The

word 'poodle' for example is part of 'dog' and dog is part of 'animal.'

2. Overlapping

Overlapping is a relation between the meanings in which-at least for certain

contexts though not for all-the meanings of two different lexical units may be said to

be essentially similar. For example: There is no sense in the word "head." The first

interpretation here is about our body part. Second, if the term "head" adds suffix

"headmaster," the meaning is shifting to being the school's boss.

3. Complementation

Complementation is word containing the amount of common meaning but

showing some pronounced contrast and sometimes the opposite meaning. The symbol

of the theory of complementation is comparison, but also opposite. There are three

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kinds of relationships of meaning which complement one another; they are opposite,

reversive, and conversive.

The opposite meaning of word has related to quality (good x bad); quantity

(many x few); circumstance (single x marriage); time (day x night), state (e.g dead x

alive) and movement (e.g go x come, enter x exit). The reversive word is the word

that can be converted to the former circumstance. For example quarrel x peace. The

conversive word can be seen by the movement of the actor, such as selling x buying;

take x give.

4. Contiguity

Contiguity is the consequence of significance similitude. By having at least

the important function, each meaning is part of another associated meaning. Pateda

(2010, 242) adds the view that contiguous meaning can be noticed from

distinguishing the factors, such as living or non-living, countable or uncountable,

function, human, character, size, and colour. The examples of contiguity included to

the words: bench, seat, chair, and sofa. The distinguishing factors are the material

(wood or cork), there is a hand chair or not, expensive or cheap.

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CHAPTER III

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

The data analysis is done in accordance with the formulated research

questions. As mentioned earlier, theories of lexical relations (Saeed: 2016) and

related meanings (Nida: 1975) are used.

A. Findings

The data analyzed of this research are obtained from Abdullah Yusuf Ali‟s

English translation of Surah Ar- Rahman. The data is categorized as eight themes of

lexical relations: homonymy, polysemy, synonymy, antonym, hyponymy, meronymy,

member-collection, and portion mass. The data categorized as related meanings

which include: inclusion, overlapping, complementation, and contiguity. The data are

used to answer the research question ” What types of lexical relation found in

Abdullah Yusuf Ali‟s English translation of Surah Ar- Rahman?” and “How is lexical

relation related to principle meaning in Abdullah Yusuf Ali‟s English translation of

Surah Ar- Rahman?

There are four types of lexical relations and principle of related meanings

which are found in this study, each of them will be explained bellow:

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1. Polysemy

Polysemy has multiple meaning in phonological word, just related to the

lexeme but the meaning is different (Saeed: 2016). Polysemy has not only different

words with different meaning, but sometimes has similar words with different

meaning. Looking up a dictionary is one of the ways to check what word to be a

polysemy. When the word is similar in writing, reading, and having the same senses

but different meaning, it includes polysemy.

Data of Polysemy

Data Word Verses Types of Lexical Relations Related Meanings

1. Day 29, 39 Polysemy Overlapping

1. Day

The word Day found in Surah Ar- Rahman verse 29 and 39.

“Of Him seeks (its need) every creature in the heavens and on earth: every

day in (new) Splendeour doth He (shine)!”(verse 29)

“On that Day no question will be asked of man or Jinn as to his sin.”(verse

39)

Based on the Oxford dictionary (2008), the word Day in verse 29 is

defined as “A period of 24 hours or the time between when it becomes light

in the morning and when it becomes dark in the evening”. Then the word

Day in verse 39 is “A particular period of time”. The word Day in verse 39

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and 29 are polysemy because they have similar in writing and reading. The

senses are related but the meaning is different. Saeed‟s (2016) argues that

not only different words which have different meaning, but sometimes

similar words also have different meaning. The meaning of Day in verse

39 is about a period of time. It is not about the day in daily activity but it

refers to the day when human died. However, the day in verse 29 refers to

the day of 24 hours in daily activity.

The principal of related meaning of the data is overlapping because the

word Day in verse 29 and 39 has similar sound but different meaning.

Thus, it is called overlapping.

2. Synonymy

Synonymy has different phonological words which have the same sound

(Saeed, 2016:61). Moreover, Synonym occurs when two things have the same

referring expression, and both of them have the same truth value (Kreidler, 1998: 97).

Data of Synonymy

Data Word Types of lexical relation Related Meanings

1. Majesty: Honour Synonymy Contiguity

2. God: Lord Synonymy Contiguity

3. Sky: Heaven Synonymy Contiguity

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1. Majesty (noun) = Honour (noun)

The word Majesty and Honour found in Surah Ar-Rahman verse 27.

“But will abide (forever) the Face of thy Lord- full of Majesty, Bounty and

Honour”

Based on the Oxford Dictionary (2008) the word Majesty is defined as

“the impressive and attractive quality, it is used to a title of respect used

when speaking about or to a king/queen”. The word Honour is“A good

reputation respect from other people or great respect and admiration for

somebody”. The word Majesty and Honour have different spelling but

similar meaning. So, it is categorized as lexical relation as synonymy.

Kreidler (1998: 97) explained that synonym occurs when two things have

the same referring expression, and both of them have the same truth value.

Besides, the context in the verse 27, the word Majesty and Honour

explains the character of God as Creator who created the earth, heaven,

hell, and human in this world. To explain the word Majesty and Honour, it

is necessary to relate with the verse before, i.e. Ar-Rahman verse 26. The

translation of verse 26 is “Whatsoever on it (the earth) will perish”. This

verse shows that earth is not abide and will perish. Based on this verse, the

word Majesty and Honour are the characteristics of God that is abide. It

means that God as the creator will abide, different from the creatures that

will perish in the day.

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The principle of related meaning of the data (Majesty and Honour) is

contiguity because they have similar function, i.e. to respect. In this

context, the word Majesty is used as a respect when speaking to a king or a

queen, while Honour is used as a respect to somebody who has good

reputation.

2. God (noun) = Lord (noun)

The word God found in Surah Ar- Rahman verse 1 and the word Lord

in verse 13, 17, 21, 23, 25, 27, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 45, 46, 47, 49, 51,

53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77 and 78.

“(God) most Gracious!”

“Then which of the favours of your Lord will ye deny?”

Based on the Oxford dictionary (2008) the word God is defined as

“the maker and ruler of the universe, (in some religions) it is believed to

have power over nature or to represent a particular quality”. The word

Lord is “a title used to refer to God”. The word God and Lord are

different in writing and pronouncing but they have similar meaning.

Therefore, they are categorized as synonym. It is because they have

different phonological word but have the same meaning (Saeed: 2016). The

principal of related meaning of the data is contiguity because the words

„Lord’ and „God’ have similar function to address Allah.

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3. Sky (noun) = Heavens (noun)

The word Sky found in Surah Ar- Rahman verse 37 and the word

Heavens verse 29 and 33.

“When the sky is rent asunder, and it becomes red like ointment”

“Of him seeks (its need) every creature in the heavens and on earth: every

day in (new) Splendour doth He (shine)!”

“O ye assembly of Jinns and men! If it be ye can pass beyond the zones of

the heavens and the earth, pass ye! Not without authority shall ye be able

to pass!”

On the Oxford English Dictionary (2008) the word Sky means “the

space above the earth that you can see when you look up, where clouds and

the sun, moon and stars appear”. Then, the word Heaven means “the

skies”. They are categorized as synonymy. Saeed (2016) notes that

synonyms are the words which have different in phonological, but have the

similar meaning. While the principal of related meaning of the data is

contiguity because the words Sky and Heaven have similar association, i.e.

heaven. The word Heaven is literally used more formal than Sky.

4. Antonymy

Antonymy is one part of the lexical relations that explains the two words

which contrast in meaning. Antonymy occurs when the word is opposite one another

in meaning (Saeed, 2016: 63).

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Data of Antonymy

Data Word Types of Lexical relation Related Meaning

1. Gardens x Hell Antonymy Complementation

2. Heavens x Earth Antonymy Complementation

3. Perish x Abide Antonymy Complementation

4. East x West Antonymy Complementation

1. Gardens (noun) x Hell (noun)

The word Gardens found in Surah Ar- Rahman verse 54 and 62. The

word Hell is located in the verse 43.

“They will recline on Carpets, whose inners linings will be of rich

brocade: the Fruit of the Gardens will be near (and easy of reach)”

“This is the Hell which the Sinner deny”

In the Oxford Dictionary (2008)the word Gardens defined as “A piece

of land next to or around your house where you can grow flowers, fruit,

and vegetables”. While, the word Hell is “place believed to be the home of

wicked people after death”. The data above shows two words which are

included to become antonymy. The word Gardens and Hell are the words

which is opposite in meaning related to the place when human being die.

Both of them are located in the different verse but in the same Surah Ar-

Rahman. Although they are found in different verse, the meaning of the

words has a relation to one another.

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The word Garden in Oxford Dictionary (2008) is a place around the

house. It means that the Garden is there in the earth. In fact, the word

Garden here is related to the place in paradise specifically. The word

„paradise‟ means the perfect place and the word Garden means a good

place where flowers and other plants are grown. The words Garden is more

specific than the word “Paradise”. As explained above the words Garden

and Hell are opposite in meaning. Garden is a good place and Hell is a bad

place.

The words Gardens and Hell are categorized as antonymy because of

they have opposite meaning. Saeed (2016) argues that the words which

opposites in meaning is categorized as antonymy.

The principle of related meaning of this data is complementation. It is

because complementation occurs when the words have opposite meaning.

Nida (1975) said that complementation is the relation involves the typical

antonym. The word Garden refers to paradise that is the place where the

home of good people to go after death. Meanwhile the word Hell is the

place which the home of devils and where bad people to go after death. As

explained above the words Garden and Hell have opposite in meanings.

2. Heaven (noun) x Earth (noun)

The word „Heaven‟ found in Surah Ar- Rahman verse 29 and 33.

While the word „Earth‟ located in verse 26, 29, 33.

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“Of Him seeks (its need) every creature in the heavens and on earth:

every day in (new) Splendeour doth He (shine)!” (Q. S: 29)

“All that is on earth will perish” (Q. S: 26)

“O ye assembly of Jinns and men! If it be ye can pass beyond the

zones of the heavens and the earth, pass ye! Not without authority shall ye be

able to pass!” (Q. S: 33).

The meaning of word Heaven looked from Oxford Dictionary

(2008)is related to the sky. The meaning from oxford dictionary is “the space

the earth that you can see when you look up, where clouds and the sun, moon

and stars appear”. The meaning of word Earth in oxford dictionary (2008) is

“The world, the planet that we live on”. The meaning of the word Earth has

the opposites meaning from sky. It is observed from the position of both. The

Heaven is located above the earth and the earth is located below a heaven.

One of the meanings of heaven in Oxford Dictionary (2008) is the sky.

Meanwhile, the Earth is a world. Therefore, the words Heaven and Earth are

categorized as antonymy because the meaning of both is opposite (Saeed:

2016). The related meaning of this data is complementation because the

meaning is opposite.

The related meaning of this data (Heaven and Earth) is

complementation. It is because complementation occurs when the data has

opposite meaning. As Nida (1975)‟s theory that complementation is the

relation involves the typical antonym.

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3. Perish x Abide

The word “Perish” found in Surah Ar- Rahman verse 26 and the word

“Abide” is located in verse 27.

“All that is on earth will perish”

“But will abide (for ever) the face of thy Lord,- full of Majesty, Bounty

and Honour”.

In the oxford dictionary (2008) the word Perish is defined as “(of

people or animals) to die, especially in a sudden violent way, to be lost or

destroy”. While, the word Abide is “To stay or live in a place”. The data

above shows two words which are included to become antonymy. It is

because the word „Perish‟ and „Abide‟ have opposite meaning. (Saeed:

2016) argues that the words which opposites in meaning is included to

antonym. Looked at the meaning in the dictionary, the data is opposite in

meaning.

The principle of related meaning of this data (Perish and Abide) is

complementation because the data has opposite in meaning. The types of

complementation here is opposites.

4. East x West

The word “East” and “West” found in Surah Ar- Rahman verse 17.

“(He is) Lord of the two East and Lord of the two West”.

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The meaning of the word East in oxford dictionary (2008) is “(Usually

the east) the direction that you looked towards to see the sun rise”. While

the word West is “(Usually the east) the direction that you looked towards

to see the sun go down”. The word East and West are part of direction area

in compass, but here the word East and West is categorized as antonymy.

Actually, the meaning of both words is opposite (Oxford Dictionary

(2008). The first word refers to the sunrise and the second one refers to the

sun going down or sunset.

Thereafter, the word East and Westin verse 17explainthat God as the

creator of the east and west. The words East and West are the marks of the

power of God as the creator of all things in the earth. It proves the

existence of God in the universe. The word East and West are the place

when the sun rise and the sun go down.

The principle of related meaning of the data (East x West) is

complementation because they have opposite in meaning.

5. Hyponymy

Hyponym includes the meaning of general words. It means that the word can

be classified from specific to general (Saeed, 2016).

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Data of Hyponymy

Data Word Type of Lexical Relations Related Meaning

1. Creature, Jinn, Man Hyponymy Inclusion

2. Red, Green, Colour Hyponymy Inclusion

3. Pearls, Coral, Rubies Hyponymy Inclusion

4. Forelocks, Feet Hyponymy Inclusion

5. Fruits, dates,

pomegranates

Hyponymy Inclusion

1. Creature, Jinn, Man

The word “Creature” found in Surah Ar- Rahman verse 10, the word

“Jinn”15, 33, 39, 56, 74 and the word “Man” in verse 14, 33, 39, 56, 74.

“And the earth He has put for the creatures” (Q. S: 10)

“And He created Jinns from fire free of smoke” (Q. S: 15)

“O ye assembly of Jinns and men! If it be ye can pass beyond the

zones of the heavens and the earth, pass ye! Not without authority shall ye

be able to pass!” (Q. S: 33)

“He created man from sounding clay like unto puttery” (Q. S: 14)

“On that day no question will be asked of man or Jinn as to his sin”

(Q. S: 39)

“In them will be (Maidens), chaste, restraining their glances, whom

no man or Jinn before them has touched” (Q. S: 56)

“Whom no man or Jinn before them has touched” (Q. S: 74)

Based on the oxford dictionary (2008) the meaning of the word

Creatureis “A living thing, real or imaginary, that can move around or a

33

person consider in a particular way”. While the word Jinn is “(in Arabian

and Muslim mythology) an intelligent spirit of lower rank than the angels,

able to appear in human and animal forms and to possess humans” and the

meaning of the word Man is “Human as a group or from particular period

of history”.

The words Creature, Jinn, and Man are categorized as hyponymy

because they relate to each other from general to specific (Saeed: 2016).

The relation between every word has a little bit similar in characteristics

which all of the words are included in general label. In the data above, the

words Jinn and Man are creature. The word Creature is a label of the

words Jinn and Man. In religion of Islam, Jinn and man are two kinds of

the creatures in the earth created by Allah to obey to Him. The word Jinn

and Man are always together in every verse wherever they are. Jinn and

man are the creatures of God. In this surah, God is telling them about the

attention and advice that will happen based on their deeds. The men or

human is the real creature but Jinn is abstract or absurd but they are the

creatures of God.

The principle of related meanings of the word Creature, Jinn and

Man are inclusion. It is because the meaning of one or more lexical units is

included within the meaning of another (Nida: 1975).

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2. Red, Green, Colour

The word Red found in Surah Ar- Rahman verse 37, Green is located

in verse 76 and the word Colour in verse 64.

“When the sky is rent asunder, and it becomes red like ointment”

“Reclining on green Cushions and rich Carpets of beauty”

“Dark-green in colour (from plentiful watering)”.

Based on the oxford dictionary (2008) that the word Red is defined as

“Having the color of blood or fire” and the word Green is “Having the

color of grass or the leaves of most plants and trees”. The meaning of the

word Color is “the appearance that things have that results from the way

in which they reflect light or the use of all the colours”. Hyponym based on

the Riemer (2010: 142) is the lexical relation that describes in English by

phrase/type/sort of. Riemer also defines that hyponym as hierarchy of

elements like every car is vehicle, but not every vehicle is car. The words

Red, Green, Colour are hyponym because Red and Green are part of

Colour.

The explanation above is showed that the word Red, Green and

Colour are included to hyponymy. (Saeed: 2016) explains that the

hyponymy is one of the lexical relation that have relation one another and it

related to the general in to the specific. The words Green, Red and Colour

showed specific words about Colour.

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The principle of related meaning of this data is inclusion because

inclusion occurs when the meaning of one or more lexical units is included

within the meaning of another (Nida: 1975). The data (Colour : Red :

Green) as type of hyponym is related to inclusion of related meaning

because of the word Red and Green is part of the word Colour which has

relationship.

3. Pearls, Coral, Rubies

The word “Pearls” found in Surah Ar- Rahman verse 22, while the

word “Rubies” and “Coral” is located in verse 22 and 58.

“Out of them both come pearls and coral”.

“Like unto Rubies and coral”.

Based on the oxford dictionary (2008), the word Pearls has meaning

as “A small hard shiny white ball that forms inside the shell of an OYSTER

and is of great value as a jewel”. The meaning of the word Coral is “A

hard substance that is red, pink or white in colour, and that forms on the

bottom of the sea from the bones of very small creatures. Coral is often

used in jewellery” and the word Rubies defined as “A dark red

PRECIOUS STONE, a dark red colour”.

The words Pearls, Coral, and Rubies are categorized as hyponymy

because they have a little bit similar in the characteristics and they have a

general label for them. Hyponym is a relation of inclusion where the words

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can be classified from the specific to general (Saeed, 1997: 68). The

researcher takes examples such as rose, jasmine, tulip which are flower. In

this example, the rose includes in flower but not every flower is rose.

Similarly, the data shows three kinds of stone: pearl, coral, and rubies.

Such relation of the words is called hyponymy. Pearl is stone, but not every

stone is pearl since there are coral, rubies, and so on.

The principle of related meaning of the data (Pearls, coral and rubies)

is included to inclusion, because inclusion occurs when the meaning of one

or more lexical units is included within the meaning of another (Nida:

1975). The data (Pearls: Coral; Rubies) categorized as type of hyponym

which related to inclusion of related meaning because of the data have part-

whole relationship.

4. Forelocks, Feet

The word “Forelocks” and “Feet” are found in Surah Ar- Rahman

verse 41.

“(For) the sinners will be known by their marks: and they will be

seized by their forelocks and their feet “.

Based on the oxford dictionary (2008), the word Forelocks has

defined as “A piece of hair that grows at the front of the head and hangs

down over the forehead”. While the word Feet is “The lowest part of the

leg”. The relation of Forelock and Feet is called hyponym. The reason is

37

because both of them are part of human body. Both of the words are

located in the similar verse and explaining about the same way. Hyponym

is the type of lexical relation which explains and describes the relation

between the words that have relation and include general label such as the

data above which includes part of body, i.e. forelock and feet.

In addition, the relation between both of the words in the verse is

about the marks of the sinners. In the Day, God will justice human being

who destroy life in the earth. They will have marks from God. God knows

them from the marks itself. Verse 41 explains that the marks of the sinner

will be shown by their face. The faces of the sinners are black and full of

the darkness. So, the relation of forelock and feet can be categorized as

hyponymy because both are part of human body. In the verse 41, it will be

seized by Allah from their forelock and foot when they are the sinners.

The principle of related meaning of this data is inclusion. The words

Forelock’ and Feet are inclusion of related meaning because the word

Forelock’ and Feet have part-whole relationship.

5. Fruits, dates, pomegranates

The words “Fruits”, “Dates” and “Pomegranates” are located in verse

68 of Surah Ar- Rahman.

“In them will be fruits, and dates and pomegranates”.

In the oxford dictionary (2008), the word Fruit means “The part of a

plant that consists of one or more seeds and flesh, can be eaten as food and

38

usually tastes sweet”. The word Dates is “A sweet sticky brown fruit that

grows on a tree common in North Africa and West Asia” and the word

Pomegranates is “A round fruit with thick smooth skin and red flesh full of

large seeds”. The data above are categorized as hyponym. i.e. the types of

lexical relation which explains about the relation of some words included

in the meaning of general words (Saeed, 2016). It means that the word is

classified from the specific to general, such as rose, jasmine, tulip, and so

on are categorized as flower. In this data, the words above are part of fruits.

The meaning of dates and pomegranates is the product of the plants

which included in the kinds of fruits. In verse 68, the fruits are available in

paradise. This verse said that in the two gardens of paradise, human will

find out fruits, i.e. dates and pomegranates.

The principle of related meaning of the data is inclusion. The reason is

that inclusion occur when the meaning of one or more lexical units is

included within the meaning of another (Nida: 1975). The data (Fruits;

dates; pomegranates) are classified as inclusion of related meaning

because of the data have part-whole relationship.

B. Discussion

This part discussed about the result that has been explained in the previous

part. In order to see the result of the analysis which has been conducted, the table

below shows the complete data which found in Holy Quran of Surah Ar- Rahman.

39

The Result of Data Types of Lexical Relation and Principle of Related

Meaning

No. Data Types of Lexical Relation Related Meanings

1. Polysemy 1 Overlapping (1)

2. Synonymy 3 Contiguity (3)

3. Antonymy 4 Complementation (4)

4. Hyponymy 5 Inclusion (5)

Total 13 13

According to the table above, there are 13 data that related to types of lexical

relation and related meanings found in English translation of Surah Ar Rahman by

Abdullah Yusuf Ali. The dominant type of lexical relation which found by the

researcher is hyponymy with 5 data. The least data found is polysemy, with 1 data.

Then, the dominant principle of related meaning is inclusion with 5data, and also

relate to hyponymy. The least data found is overlapping with 1 data.

Saeed (2016) stated that polysemy has multiple meanings in phonologic word,

just related with the lexeme but the meaning is different. The researcher found only

one data in Surah Ar- Rahman that is included as polysemy. The word Day in verse

39 and Day in verse 29 are polysemy because they have similar form in writing and

reading, and the senses are related but the meaning is different. The meaning of Day

in verse 39 means refers to the day when the human being die. However, Day in verse

29 refers to the day with 24 hours in daily activity in human life. The word Day has

same sound but different in meaning. Thus, the data is included to overlapping (Nida,

1975).

40

Synonymy is used to the word which has the same meaning (Palmer,

1989:98). The word Majesty from verse 27 has actual meaning like impressive to

respect. It is used when speaking about or to a king/queen. The word Honour has the

same meaning, i.e. respect or admire somebody. Other words included as synonymy

in Surah Ar- Rahman are God-Lord and Sky-Heaven.

The principle of related meaning of the data (Majesty and Honour) are

included to synonymy is contiguity. Based on Nida‟s theory (1975), contiguity is

consequence of significance similitude. The word Majesty and Honour has the same

meaning that is respect somebody. Thus, this data included to contiguity.

The next lexical relation in Surah Ar- Rahman is antonymy. It is called

antonymy when the words have opposite in meaning (Saeed: 2016). Antonymy is

found in verse 17, which is the word East and West. From the meaning in oxford

dictionary (2008), both of them have opposite meaning. When the East means sun is

rising, while West means the sun is going down. Both of them are contrast in

direction. So, it surely includes antonymy in the types of lexical relation.

The principle of related meanings of the word East and West is

complementation. It is because complementation occurs when the data has opposite

meaning.

Hyponymy is one of the lexical relations that has relation to one another, from

general to specific (Saeed: 2016). In this study, the researcher found the words in the

English translation by Abdullah Yusuf Ali which are categorized as hyponymy, i.e.

the word Red in verse 37, Greenin verse 76 and the word Colour in verse 64. The

41

words Green, Red and Colour are words which showed from general to specific

words. The words colour is general and others are specific of the colour itself.

The principle of related meaning of the data (Green; Red; Colour) is

inclusion because the words red and green are part of the word colour which still has

relationship.

42

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

This chapter consists of conclusion and suggestion from the results of findings

and discussion. The conclusion is drawn based on the formulated on the data which

are conducted by the researcher according to research questions, while suggestions

are addressed to the next researcher who are interested in semantic analysis especially

on lexical relation and related meaning.

A. Conclusion

The conclusion of this study can be formulated based on the data which are

conducted by the researcher according to research questions. Lexical relations and

related meanings are found in Abdullah Yusuf Ali‟s English translation of Surah Ar-

Rahman. There are 13 data found as lexical relations according to Saeed‟s (2016)

theory which is included to polysemy, synonymy, antonymy, and hyponymy; and

Nida‟s (1975) theory that is principle of related meaning which is included: inclusion,

overlapping, complementation, and contiguity.

They are 1 data of polysemy, 3 data of synonymy, 4 data of antonymy, and 5

data of hyponymy. In addition, all principles of related meanings were found out in

this study. They are 5 data of inclusion which has relation to hyponymy, 1 data of

overlapping which has relation to polysemy, 4 data of complementation which has

relation to antonymy, and 3 data of contiguity which has relation to synonymy. The

43

dominant type of lexical relation is hyponymy, with 5 data and the dominant type of

related meanings is inclusion, with 5 data.

B. Suggestion

This part consists of suggestion for the next researchers who are interested in

conducting the same research in semantic, especially lexical relations and related

meanings. The researcher has a high expectation for the next researcher to explore the

types of lexical relations and related meanings deeply. This study suggests for the

next researcher to use different data. It can be from another Surah of Holy Quran,

song lyrics, advertisement, movie or drama. Moreover, the researcher expects that the

results of this study are useful initial reference to conduct the relevant research.

a.

b.

44

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Basori, A. (2018). An Analysis of Lexical Relations in Abdullah Yusuf Ali's

Translation of Surah Yusuf in The Holy Qur'an. Published Thesis

Probolinggo: Panca Marga University.

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Cresswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design Second Edition.

Febriasari, W. P. (2018). An Analysis of Lexical Relations in Amnesia Song Taken

From 5 Seconds of Summer Album. Published: Thesis Surakarta:

Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.

Habibah, L. (2015). An Analysis of Lexical Relations in Symbol and Sign (a short

story written by Vladimir Nabokov. Published Thesis Gorontalo: Universitas

Negeri Gorontalo.

Mukhtar. (2013). Metode Praktis Penelitian Deskriptif Kualitatif. Jakarta Selatan: GP

Press Group.

Murphy, L. M. (2003). Semantic Relation and The Lexicon: Antonymy, Synonymy

and other paradigm. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.

Muslimatin. (2015). An Analysis of Lexical Relations in English Translation of Surah

Yaasin Verse 1 up To 21. Published Thesis Semarang: Sekolah Tinggi Agama

Islam Negeri Salatiga.

Nida, E. A. (1975). A Componential Analysis of Meaning: An Introduction to

Semantic Structure. . The Hague- Paris- New York: Cambridge University

Press.

Ridwan, N. (2015). An Analysis to Diction and Lexical Relation toward Editorial in

Jakarta Globe. Published Thesis Jakarta: State Islamic University Syarif

Hidayatullah Jakarta.

Saeed, J. I. (2009). Semantics Fourth Edition. United Kingdom: Blackwell

Publishing.

Saeed, J. I. (2016). Semantics Fouth Edition. United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing.

Shihab, Q. (1996). Wawasan Al Quran. Bandung: Mizan.

Yin, R. K. (2011). Qualitative Research from Start to Finish. New York London: The

Guilford Press.

Yule, G. (2010). The Study of Language Third Edition. New York: Cambridge

University Press.

45

CURICULUM VITAE

Norasiah was born in Rimbo Bujang on Januari 29, 1997. She was

graduated from MA AL ANWAR Sarang in 2015. During her

study at the Senior High School, she actively participated in OSIS

as the secretaries. She started her higher education in 2016 at

Department of English Literature Universitas Islam Negeri

Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang and finished in 2020. During her

study, she joined Asean Youth Conferece as the participant in Malaysia 2018.

46

APPENDIX

THE BENEFICENT, THE MERCY GIVING, CHAPTER NO. 055

055.001 (God) Most Gracious!

055.002 It is He Who has taught the Qur'an.

055.003 He has created man:

055.004 He has taught him speech (and intelligence).

055.005 The sun and the moon follow courses (exactly) computed;

055.006 And the herbs and the trees - both (alike) bow in adoration.

055.007 And the Firmament has He raised high, and He has set up the Balance (of Justice),

055.008 In order that ye may not transgress (due) balance.

055.009 So establish weight with justice and fall not short in the balance.

055.010 It is He Who has spread out the earth for (His) creatures:

055.011 Therein is fruit and date-palms, producing spathes (enclosing dates);

055.012 Also corn, with (its) leaves and stalk for fodder, and sweet-smelling plants.

055.013 Then which of the favours of your Lord will ye deny?

055.014 He created man from sounding clay like unto pottery,

055.015 And He created Jinns from fire free of smoke:


055.017 (He is) Lord of the two Easts and Lord of the two Wests:


055.019 He has let free the two bodies of flowing water, meeting together:

055.020 Between them is a Barrier which they do not transgress:


055.022 Out of them come Pearls and Coral:


055.024 And His are the Ships sailing smoothly through the seas, lofty as mountains:


055.026 All that is on earth will perish:

055.027 But will abide (for ever) the Face of thy Lord,- full of Majesty, Bounty and Honour.


055.029 Of Him seeks (its need) every creature in the heavens and on earth: every day in (new)

Splendour doth He (shine)!


055.031 Soon shall We settle your affairs, O both ye worlds!


055.033 O ye assembly of Jinns and men! If it be ye can pass beyond the zones of the heavens and the

earth, pass ye! not without authority shall ye be able to pass!


055.035 On you will be sent (O ye evil ones twain!) a flame of fire (to burn) and a smoke (to choke):

no defence will ye have:


055.037 When the sky is rent asunder, and it becomes red like ointment:


055.039 On that Day no question will be asked of man or Jinn as to his sin.


055.041 (For) the sinners will be known by their marks: and they will be seized by their forelocks and

their feet.


055.043 This is the Hell which the Sinners deny:

055.044 In its midst and in the midst of boiling hot water will they wander round!

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055.046 But for such as fear the time when they will stand before (the Judgment Seat of) their Lord,

there will be two Gardens-

055.047 Then which of the favours of your Lord will ye deny?-

055.048 Containing all kinds (of trees and delights);-


055.050 In them (each) will be two Springs flowing (free);


055.052 In them will be Fruits of every kind, two and two.


055.054 They will recline on Carpets, whose inner linings will be of rich brocade: the Fruit of the

Gardens will be near (and easy of reach).


055.056 In them will be (Maidens), chaste, restraining their glances, whom no man or Jinn before them

has touched;


055.058 Like unto Rubies and coral.


055.060 Is there any Reward for Good - other than Good?


055.062 And besides these two, there are two other Gardens,-


055.064 Dark-green in colour (from plentiful watering).


055.066 In them (each) will be two Springs pouring forth water in continuous abundance:


055.068 In them will be Fruits, and dates and pomegranates:


055.070 In them will be fair (Companions), good, beautiful;-


055.072 Companions restrained (as to their glances), in (goodly) pavilions;-


055.074 Whom no man or Jinn before them has touched;-


055.076 Reclining on green Cushions and rich Carpets of beauty.


055.078 Blessed be the name of thy Lord, full of Majesty, Bounty and Honour.

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LEXICAL RELATIONS AND RELATED MEANINGS IN SURAH AR- RAHMAN …