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Laboratorio materiali

materials science

01PQKPQ Cusco Sun City: an experimental territory on the site of the Alejandro Velasco Astete Airport

Simonetta Pagliolico

Politecnico di Torino

3rd lesson_ introductory notes on sustainnability

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“development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (Brundtland Report, 1987)

The three main pillars of sustainable development include Economic growth, Environmental protection and social Equality: the triple-E-rule

Report of the World Commission on

Environment and Development:

http://conspect.nl/pdf/Our_Common_Fu

ture-Brundtland_Report_1987.pdf

Sustainable development

Environmental protection

Economic growth

Social Equality

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

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"... cultural diversity is as necessary for humankind as biodiversity is for nature”

and it becomes:

“ one of the roots of development understood not simply in terms of economic growth, but also as a means to achieve a more satisfactory intellectual, emotional, moral and spiritual existence".

Art 1 and 3, The Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity, UNESCO, 2001

The fourth pillar of sustainable development: cultural diversity

sustainability

environmental economic

cultural diversity

social

FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONCEPT

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it is implicit in the definition that it should be transferred to future generations the capital that we ourselves have inherited

and

the polluted Gulf of the Mexico? the global warming?

the hole in the ozone?

a new way to address the issue:

WE HAVE BORROWED FROM FUTURE NATURAL CAPITAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES THAT WE HAVE TO RETURN WITH AN

INTEREST RATE

FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONCEPT

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resources are managed for the benefit of the Earth and future generations and not only for profit maximization

FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONCEPT

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ANTHROPOCENTRIC POINT OF VIEW

further evolution of the concept of sustainability: transition from an

FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONCEPT

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Jan Brueghel the Elder. Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. 1615. Oil on copper. Royal Collection, UK

Adam and Eve … they are so small!

to an ECOCENTRIC VISION

FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONCEPT

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is a measure of human demand on the Earth's ecosystems. It is a standardized measure of demand for natural capital that may be contrasted with the planet's ecological capacity to regenerate. It represents the amount of biologically productive land and sea area necessary to supply the a human population consumes, and to assimilate associated waste. Using this assessment, it is possible to estimate how much of the Earth (or how many planet Earths) it would take to support humanity if everybody followed a given lifestyle.

IN ONLY 30 YEARS THE ECOLOGICAL WEIGHT OF MAN ON THE PLANET HAS INCREASED BY 30%

1970

2000

average ecological footprint of the inhabitants of the earth should not exceed 1.8 hectares per person, while today it is already 2.2 hectare (9.5 for USA, 4.5 for Germany, 4.2 for Italy, 1.5 for China, 0.8 for India and 0.3 for Eritrea)

ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT

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I am below italian average, I’m vegetarian, I buy local food, I don’t use car, I use energy saving features, I have water saving features and habits in my home, I recycle waste… but if everyone lived the same lifestyle of mine we would require the regenerative capacity of 1.47 planets each year !!!

http://myfootprint.org/en/your_goods_and_services_footprint/

ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT

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WHAT CAN WE DO TO REDUCE OUR ECOLOGICAL FOOT PRINT?

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ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT

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SUSTAINABILITY IN THE BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

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THE FUNDAMENTAL BENCHMARKS OF

SUSTAINABILITY: “WHAT ARE WE USING?”

“HOW WELL ARE WE USING IT?”

ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING

CONSTRUCTION

SUSTAINABILITY IN THE BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

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1. Search for a harmonious and sustainable land use, urban environment and

building intervention 2. Protect the historical identity of the city and promote the maintenance of

historical characters and typologies linked to the tradition of the buildings 3. Contribute with actions and measures to the energy saving and use of

renewable sources 4. Design building which ensure a safe and healthy 5. Search and apply sustainable building technologies in terms of

environmental, economic, and social life 6. Use certified quality materials and eco-friendly 7. Designing differentiated solutions to meet the different requirements of

quality of living 8. Ensuring aspects of "safety" 'and "security" of the building 9. Apply the automation for the development of a new quality of living 10. Promote vocational training, participatory planning and taking informed

about the decisions in construction

SUSTAINABILITY IN THE BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

10 GUIDELINES

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a sustainable building should be: "capable of maintaining constant its performance over time with a reduced consumption of energy and materials.“ The sustainability of a building involves:

ENVIRONMENT ENERGY EFFICIENCY THE CONSUMPTION OF WATER THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF THE OCCUPANTS THE DURABILITY THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE COSTS AND BENEFITS

SUSTAINABILITY IN THE BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

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THE ASPECTS OF GREEN

It could be helpful to categorize the aspects of green in 2 categories:

Resource management

Environmental impact

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perpetual (solar, wind, tidal energy)

renewable (timber, soil, grasses, etc.)

non-renewable (oil, coal, aluminum, etc.).

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

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RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Source: OECD, based on SERI (2006), MOSUS MFA database, Sustainable Europe Research Institute, Vienna,

http://www.materialflows.net;Giljum, et al.

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A resource management hierarchy

perpetual (solar, wind, tidal energy) renewable (timber, soil, grasses, etc.) nonrenewable (oil, coal, aluminum, etc.).

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

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RESOURCE MANAGEMENT_ Reduce

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RESOURCE MANAGEMENT_ waste hierarchy

Prevention can be done by a combination of several strategies. Especially mentioned is the

development of clean technologies, eco-labels, environmental management systems, information,

training and awareness raising and incentives, voluntary agreements, public and corporate procurement

or promotion of reuse and/or repair. Prevention programs include appropriate measures to promote high

quality recycling by separate collections of waste. A focus is put on paper, metal, plastic and glass and

on C&D.

Reduce the amount of products means that fewer resources are consumed (including the fuel and

energy required to manufacture, package and ship those goods), and fewer resources are required to

recycle, or dispose of, what we discard. Reducing what we consume reduces the amount of garbage

that litters the land and occupies space in community landfills. It also cuts down on the amount of

transportation that is required to have our goods delivered to our communities, and for our recyclables to

be shipped elsewhere to be transformed.

Re-use is defined as any operation by that products or product components which are not waste are

used again. The “preparing for re-use” includes checking, cleaning or repairing recovery operations of

products or product components in order to re-use them without further pre-processing.

Recycling is any recovery operation by which waste materials are reprocessed into products,

materials or substances whether for the original or other purposes. Recycling includes composting

(reprocessing of organic material). It neither includes Energy Recovery nor the reprocessing into

materials to be used as fuels or for backfilling.

Recovery comprises any operation of which the principal result is waste serving a useful purpose by

replacing other materials that would otherwise have been used to fulfil a particular function, or waste

being prepared to fulfil that function, in the plant or “in the wider economy”. Using a variety of processes,

we can transform waste into energy. For example, MSW incinerators, by capturing and combusting

gases emitted by the decomposition of organic materials in a landfill to produce electricity.

Disposal means any operation that is not recovery, e.g. deposit into or on to land (e.g. landfill, etc.),

permanent storage (e.g. emplacement of containers in a mine, etc.), incineration etc.

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Reduce

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Reuse

http://www.adweek.com/files/imagecache/node-blog/blogs/wobo.jpg

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Recycling_downcycling

When a product is recycled into something of greater quality than its original form, it is called

‘upcycling’. Conversely, when a product is recycled into something of lower quality than its original form,

it is called ‘downcycling’. A plastic bottle that is recycled into a fleece sweater would be an example of

upcycling, while that same plastic bottle mixed with other plastics to make a lower quality plastic would

be an example of downcycling.

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Recycling_downcycling

the materials go down in quality over time, they are downcycled to a point

where it is no longer economically or chemically feasible to transform them,

products made from recycled materials can have harmful additives and

toxins. When plastics are melted together, chemical or mineral additives

may be used to recoup the clarity and strength of the original plastic

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Recycling_upcycling

?

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Recycling

• asphalt waste was used for the production of new asphalt

• broken asphalt can be bonded with cement and used in place of sand or cement sub-bases

• old asphalt materials are crushed for recycling as asphalt aggregate, mixed with sand and binder. The binder can be either cement or a liquid in the form of a bituminous emulsion; a combination of cement and a liquid binder are used as well

• only a limited proportion of asphalt can be reused in highly pervious road surface, as the composition of these mixtures is highly critical.

Case study 1_RECICLYNG ASPHALT

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Recycling

Several recycling technologies have been implementing in recycling asphalt materials: • Cold recycling, water and stabilizing agent, such as cement, foamed bitumen and emulsified bitumen are added

recycled asphalt • Heat generation results in a rearrangement of the original physical properties and chemical compositions of the

bitumen asphalt aggregate • Minnesota process the old asphalt is heated at above normal temperature (180 ◦C) to restructure the old

materials asphalt aggregate • Parallel drum process is undertaking preheating in a separate dryer and heater drum asphalt aggregate

• Elongated drum process includes drying and heating of the aggregate, adding asphalt aggregate, followed by

adding filler and bitumen, and finally, mixing of all components asphalt aggregate • Microwave asphalt recycling system includes de-ironing and crushing the asphalt rubble asphalt aggregate

• Finfalt process can produce the recycled asphalt immediately prior to dosage by a mobile plant treating the

materials asphalt aggregate • Surface regeneration refers to all techniques where asphalt in the road is heated to a depth of several centimeters

below the surface and is subsequently processed again in situ asphalt aggregate.

Case study 1_RECICLYNG ASPHALT

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Recycling

• Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste constitutes a major portion of total solid waste production in the world, and most of it is used in land fills.

• Research by concrete engineers has clearly suggested the possibility of appropriately treating and reusing such waste as aggregate in new concrete, especially in lower level applications.

Case study 2_C&D CONCRETE

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Recycling

Recycled concrete aggregate could be produced from:

(a) recycled precast elements and cubes after testing,

(b) demolished concrete buildings.

In the former case, the aggregate could be relatively clean, with only the cement paste adhering to it, in the latter case the aggregate could be contaminated with salts, bricks and tiles, sand and dust, timber, plastics, cardboard and paper, and metals.

It has been shown that contaminated aggregate after separation from other waste, and sieving, can be used as a substitute for natural coarse aggregates in concrete.

As with natural aggregate, the quality of recycled aggregates, in terms of size distribution, absorption, abrasion, etc. also needs to be assessed before using the aggregate.

Case study 2_C&D CONCRETE

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Recover

capturing and combusting gases emitted by the

decomposition of organic materials in a landfill. combusting wastes. The Maishima waste treatment center in Osaka, designed by Friedensreich Hundertwasser, transform waste into energy by combusting wastes and uses heat for power generation.

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Resource management_LCA

supply of raw materials: minerals and stones extraction, dredging, excavation derived from gas and oil drilling, pumping and pipeline transport, cellulose-based materials: the collection may involve the consumption of non-renewable fuels

transport of raw materials to the manufacturing

industries involve the use of means such as train, truck, ship consuming non-renewable fuels

manufacturing processes of materials and building components: primary processing, secondary processing and product manufacturing may involve the consumption of non-renewable fuels

Distribution: involves the use of means such as train, truck, ship consuming non-renewable fuels

Put in work: may involve the consumption of non-renewable fuels

Usage stage and maintenance: may involve the consumption of non-renewable fuels

End of life and disposal: may involve the consumption of non-renewable fuels

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Environmental

concern

Connections to construction materials

Global Climate Change Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from energy use, non-fossil fuel emissions from

material manufacture (e.g. Cement production, iron and steel processing),

transportation of materials, landfill gases

Fossil fuel depletion Electricity and direct fossil fuel usage (e.g., power and heating requirements)

Stratospheric ozone

depletion

Emissions of CFCs, HCFCs, halons, nitrous oxide (e.g., cooling requirements, cleaning

methods, use of fluorine compounds, aluminum and steel production)

Air pollution Fossil fuel combustion, mining, material processing, manufacturing processes,

transport, construction and demolition

Smog Fossil fuel combustion, mining, material processing, manufacturing processes,

transport, construction and demolition

Acidification Sulfur and NOx emissions from fossil fuel combustion, smelting, acid leaching, acide

mine drainage and cleaning

Eutrophication Manufacturing effluents, nutrients from nonpoint source runoff, fertilizers, waste disposal

Habitat alteration Land appropriate for mining, excavating, and harvesting materials. Growing of

biomaterials, manufacturing, waste disposal

Loss of biodiversity Resource extraction, water usage, acid deposition, thermal pollution

Water resource depletion Water usage and effluent discharges of processing and manufacturing

Ecological toxicity Solid waste and emissions from mining and manifacturing, use, maintenance and

disposal of construction materials

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND CONNECTION TO BUILDINGS

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A long-term fluctuactions in

temperature, precipitation, wind, and

other aspects on the Earth’s climate

have a potential impact to many

aspects of life on the planet: rising

sea levels, melting glaciers, more

violent storms, loss of biodiversity,

reduced food supplies, and displaced

population.

Global Climate Change -- Earth Science Communications Team at NASA's Jet

Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology (data from NOAA)

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND CONNECTION TO BUILDINGS

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The IP

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(http://w

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND CONNECTION TO BUILDINGS

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is a relative measure of how much heat a greenhouse gas traps in the atmosphere. It compares the amount of heat

trapped by a certain mass of the gas in question to the amount of heat trapped by a similar mass of carbon dioxide.

GWP is calculated over a specific time interval, commonly 20, 100 or 500 years and is expressed as a factor of

carbon dioxide: GWP (CO2) = 1.

substance GWP [kgCO2-ekv/kg] possible occurence

CO2 1 Processes based on fossil fuels, cement and lime production, waste treatment (incineration)

Cloromethane 16 Plastics, syntetic rubbers, insulation foams

Dichloromethane 15 Paints, insulation foams

Hydrochlorofluorocarbons Insulation foams

- HCFC22 1700

- HCFC 141b 630

- HCFC 142b 2000

Hydrofluorocarbons Insulation foams

- HFC 134a 1300

- HFC 152a 140

- HFC 245 950

- HFC 365 890

GHG related to the production, use and waste management of building materials

Berge B., The ecology of building materials, 2nd ed., Elsevier, Architectural Press, Oxford, 2009.

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substance GWP [kgCO2-ekv/kg] Possible occurrence

CH4 21 Animal materials (ruminants), steel and concrete production (coal mining), waste treatment (landfills, incineration)

NOx 310 Plant materials (artificial fertilizer), waste treatment (incineration)

Pentane 11 Insulation foams

Sulfur exafluoride 23900 Double glazing

Perfluorocarbons PFCs Aluminium production

- perfluoromethane 6500

- perfluoroethane 9200

GHG related to the production, use and waste management of building materials

Berge B., The ecology of building materials, 2nd ed., Elsevier, Architectural Press, Oxford, 2009.

CO2 emissions that are related to building material production

The term “embodied carbon” is defined as “embodied CO2 ”

emitted at all stages of a product’s manufacturing process, from

the extraction of raw materials through the distribution process,

to the final product provided to the consumer. It is noted that

“embodied CO2 ” can be referred to in two ways: CO2 only and

CO2 equivalent which includes CO2 and other greenhouse gases

(GHGs).

embodied carbon

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is the sum of all the energy needed to manufacture a good including raw

material extraction, transport, manufacture, assembly, installation, dis-

assembly, deconstruction and/or decomposition. It may or may not

include the feedstock energy (heat of combustion of raw material).

precautions when comparing embodied energy

analysis results

different methodologies produce different

understandings of the scale and scope of

application and the type of energy embodied.

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Material Energy MJ per kg Carbon kg CO2 per kg Density kg /m3

Aggregate 0.083 0.0048 2240

Concrete (1:1.5:3) 1.11 0.159 2400

Bricks (common) 3 0.24 1700

Concrete block (Medium density) 0.67 0.073 1450

Aerated block 3.5 0.3 750

Limestone block 0.85 2180

Marble 2 0.116 2500

Cement mortar (1:3) 1.33 0.208

Steel (general, av. recycled content) 20.1 1.37 7800

Stainless steel 56.7 6.15 7850

Timber (general, excludes sequestration) 10 0.72 480 - 720

Glue laminated timber 12 0.87

Cellulose insulation (loose fill) 0.94 – 3.3 43

Cork insulation 26.00* 160

Glass fibre insulation (glass wool) 28 1.35 12

Flax insulation 39.5 1.7 30

Rockwool (slab) 16.8 1.05 24

Expanded Polystyrene insulation 88.6 2.55 15 – 30

Polyurethane insulation (rigid foam) 101.5 3.48 30

Wool (recycled) insulation 20.9 25

Straw bale 0.91 100 – 110

Mineral fibre roofing tile 37 2.7 1850

Slate 0.1 – 1.0 0.006 – 0.058 1600

Clay tile 6.5 0.45 1900

Aluminium (general & incl 33% recycled) 155 8.24 2700

Bitumen (general) 51 0.38 - 0.43

Medium-density fibreboard 11 0.72 680 – 760

Plywood 15 1.07 540 - 700

Plasterboard 6.75 0.38 800

Gypsum plaster 1.8 0.12 1120

Glass 15 0.85 2500

PVC (general) 77.2 2.41 1380

Vinyl flooring 65.64 2.92 1200

Selected data from the Inventory of Carbon and Energy ('ICE') prepared by the University of Bath (UK) http://www.canadianarchitect.com

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BUILDING MATERIALS

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according to Webster’s dictionary, materials can be defined as substances of which something is composed or made any object or finished good that has mass and takes up space cannot be realized without making use of materials

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

materials used for the

construction of buildings and

infrastructures

BUILDING MATERIALS

MATERIALS

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STRUCTURE

“[…] any assemblage of materials which is intended to sustain loads” everything is a structure, buildings, bridges, machinery, aeroplanes,

ships, plants and animals …

BUILDING MATERIALS

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different scales:

chemical bonds

atomic and molecular structure

microstructure

macrostructure

IS THERE ANY DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MATERIAL AND STRUCTURE?

BUILDING MATERIALS

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CATEGORIES

metals Ceramic materials Polymeric materials

crystalline crystalline/amorphous crystalline/amorphous

opaque transparent/opaque transparent

strong and ductile brittle ductile/brittle

Composite materials

MATERIALS

RECENT ADVANCES IN MATERIALS AND FUTURE TRENDS

Smart materials: they have the ability to sense external environmental stimuli and

respond to them by changing their properties, structure, or functions.

Nanomaterials: are those materials that have a characteristic length scale smaller

than 100 nm (1 nm = 10-9 m).

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principal properties of metals, polymeric and ceramic materials.

properties metals ceramics polymers

Density (g/cm3) 2-16 2-17 1-2

Melting point variable high (1400°C) low

Hardness mean high low

Workability good poor good

Strength (MPa) tensile 2500 400 120

compression 2500 2500 350

Thermal conductivity

mean mean-low low

Electrical properties

conducting non- conducting

non- conducting

Chemical resistance

low-mean excellent generally good

MATERIALS

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GREEN BUILDING MATERIALS

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“what are the green building materials?”

the response is not “black“ or “ ” but a

"shade of - or of "

GREEN BUILDING MATERIALS

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checklist Maximum score Maximum score affected by the choice of materials

Sustainable Sites (SS) 24 2

Water Efficiency (WE) 11 0

Energy and Atmosphere (EA) 33 19

Materials and Resources (MR) 13 13

Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) 19 4

Innovation in Design (ID) 6 3

Regional Priority (RP) 4 0

Total score 110 41

LEED for Schools rating system

GREEN BUILDING MATERIALS

BUILDING MATERIALS SELECTION

Certifications are awarded according to the following scale:

Certified 40–49 points

Silver 50–59 points

Gold 60–79 points

Platinum 80 points and above

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BUILDING MATERIALS SELECTION

Maximum score

Maximum score affected by the choice of materials

Sustainable Sites (24 possible pts)

Indoor Environmental Quality

(19 possible pts)

Energy &

Atmosphere (33

possible pts)

Materials &

Resources (13

possible pts)

Innovation in Design

(6 possible pts)

Water Efficiency (11 possible pts) Regional priority

(4 possible pts)

CHECKLIST

GREEN BUILDING MATERIALS

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GREEN BUILDING MATERIALS

The main environmental impacts of new buildings – such as office buildings or dwellings – are related to the use stage although other stages are not negligible.

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GREEN BUILDING MATERIALS

Environmental impact and resources management

health, toxicity/IAQ

Performance

It could be helpful to categorize the aspects of green in

3 categories:

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• IEQ INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

• IAQ INDOOR AIR QUALITY

Building materials play a major role in determining the IAQ (Indoor Air Quality) due to their large surface areas and permanent exposure to indoor air.

TOXICITY/IAQ

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• THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES (TLVS) of a chemical substance is a level to which it is believed a worker can be exposed day after day for a working lifetime without adverse health effects. Strictly speaking, TLV is a reserved term of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). However, it is sometimes loosely used to refer to other similar concepts used in occupational health and toxicology. TLVs, along with biological exposure indices (BEIs), are published annually by the ACGIH. The TLV is an estimate based on the known toxicity in humans or animals of a given chemical substance, and the reliability and accuracy of the latest sampling and analytical methods. It is not a static definition since new research can often modify the risk assessment of substances and new laboratory or instrumental analysis methods can improve analytical detection limits.

TOXICITY

GREEN BUILDING MATERIALS

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The variety of chemical substances present in modern building products, household products and furnishings, provides potential for chemical reactions in the material, on the material surface and in the gas phase. It is an ‘‘indoor chemistry’’.

BUILDING MATERIALS MAY RELEASE A WIDE VARIETY OF POLLUTANTS, ESPECIALLY, THE VOC, WHICH COULD CAUSE HEALTH PROBLEMS.

Indoor air contains many highly reactive molecules and radicals such as ozone (O3), nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydroxyl radicals (OH) and sulfur dioxide (SO2), that are either introduced from the outside air or generated directly indoors by human activities (gas cookers, UV lighting, etc.).

VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (VOCs)

GREEN BUILDING MATERIALS

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(VOCs) are a group of organic chemical compounds that have a high vapor pressure at room temperature due to a low boiling point (from about -50 °C to about 260°C), which causes large numbers of molecules to evaporate

from the liquid or solid form of the compound and enter the surrounding air.

An example is formaldehyde, with a boiling point of –19 °C, slowly exiting paint and getting into the air.

VOCs are numerous, varied, and ubiquitous. They include both man-made and naturally occurring chemical compounds.

VOCs are typically not acutely toxic, but instead have compounding long-term health effects. Because the concentrations are usually low and the symptoms slow to develop.

Major sources that contribute to the indoor pollution are human activities, building product emissions, and infiltration of the outdoor air. For new or renovated buildings, the primary emission of VOCs (e.g., solvents) from building products generally dominates for a period of up to some months.

Ageing of building products, by chemical (e.g., ozone, moisture) or physical (e.g., heat, weariness, UV-light decomposition) may result in secondary emissions (from building products), which contribute to the pollution indoors, in some cases continuously (Wolkoff, 1999).

VOCs

GREEN BUILDING MATERIALS

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Wolkoff, P., How to measure and evaluate volatile organic compound emissions from building products. A

perspective. The Science of the Total Environment 227, 197–213, 1999.

GREEN BUILDING MATERIALS

VOCs

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PERFORMANCES

Energy efficiency

Durability

Installation method

Maintenance materials and processes

The ability of the product to be recycled or

reused at the end of the usefull life

GREEN BUILDING MATERIALS

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Security

Wellness

Usability

Appearance

Integrability

Management

Environmental Protection

NEEDS

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Sound Absorption

Mechanical Resistance

Waterproofing

Workability

Finishing Control

Manteinability

Cleanability

Interstitial And Surface Condensation Control

Thermal Insulation

Fire Reaction

Fire Resistance

REQUIREMENTS

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Durability

Health Controltoxicity

Environmental Impact Control

PERFORMANCES_CHEMICAL

GREEN BUILDING MATERIALS

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PHYSICAL Acoustic insulation Waterproofing Thermal inertia Transmittance

HYGROTHERMIC Mass condensation Surface condensation vapour and gas permeability

MECHANICAL Resistance Hearthquake resistance Typhoon resistance

FIRE REACTION

Fire reaction Fire resistance

BIOLOGICAL

Asepticity Toxicity Cleanability

PERFORMANCES_PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL

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stratification: each layer is capable of performing certain functions

additional costs of processing and problems in the reuse or disposal

PERFORMANCES_STRATIFICATION AND COMPOSITES

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which is the best material?

1. Cost

2. Technical performance

3. Aestetics

3. Sustainbility

5. ………………

COMPETITION AMONG MATERIALS

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which is the best structural form?

the choise of the structural form is narrower even if there is space for the fantasy in the details

COMPETITION AMONG GEOMETRICAL FORMS

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which is the best type of working, which type of stress?

compressive or tensile?

arch

bridge

suspended

bridge

COMPETITION AMONG STRUCTURE

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plants and the animals have developed in many various forms and materials, but equally efficient

the ability of a material to satisfy the needs and requirements, ensuring safety, durability, and sustainbility depends on the list of its technical and

functional performance

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1. Gordon, J.E., Structures, or why things don’t fall down, Da Capo Press, London,1978.

2. Wolkoff, P., How to measure and evaluate volatile organic compound emissions from

building products. A perspective. The Science of the Total Environment 227, 197–213,

1999.

3. Sartori I., Hestnes, A.G., Energy use in the life cycle of conventional and low-energy

buildings: A review article, Energy and Buildings 39, 249–257, 2007.

4. Berge B., The ecology of building materials, 2nd ed., Elsevier, Architectural Press,

Oxford, 2009.

5. Calkins M., Materials for sustainable sites, Jhon Wiley & Sons, Inc., New Jersey,

2009.

6. Spiegel R., Meadows, D., Green building materials, 3rd ed., Jhon Wiley & Sons, Inc.,

New Jersey, 2012.

REFERENCES