1

lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;dfj]zL egf{ gLlt

sfof{Gjog cj:yfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg

Dhurba [Date] [Course title]

g]kfn ;/sf/

;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno

zf;sLo ;'wf/sf nflu ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] tof/L cfof]hgf (PREPARE)

-;+o'Qm /fi6 « ;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] ;xof]udf ;+rflnt cfof]hgf_

k';, @)&!

(l8;]Da/ @)!$)

2

lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;dfj]zL egf{ gLlt sfof{Gjog

cj:yfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg

cWoogstf{M

hgk|zf;g s]Gb|Lo ljefu

lqe'jg ljZjljBfno

k|:t'tM

g]kfn ;/sf/

;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno

zf;sLo ;'wf/sf nflu ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] tof/L cfof]hgf

-o'Pg8LkLsf] ;xof]udf ;~rflnt_

@)&! -@)!$_

3

I

cfef/

xfdL zf;sLo ;'wf/sf nflu ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] tof/L cfof]hgf, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno /

o'=Pg=8L=kL= k|lt ulx/f] cfef/ JoQm ug{ rfxG5f}F lsgeg] pk/f]Qm ;+:yfsf] cfly{s nufgL lagf

of] cWoog sfo{ ;kmn x'g] lyPg . ljz]if u/L To; cfof]hgfsf /fli6«o ;Nnfxsf/, 8f=lbg]z kGt

Ho" / ;fj{hlgs ;'wf/ lj1 >L w'|j g]kfn Ho", >L gf/fo0f >]i7, / >L lbks s]=;L=Ho"k|lt xflb{s

s[t1tf k|s6 ug{ rfxG5f}F . ljz]if u/L pxfFx¿n] k|Zg lgdf{0f ubf{, ;"rgf ;ª\sng / tof/

ul/Psf] k|f/lDes k|ltj]bgdf k|ltlqmof lbP/ k'¥ofpg' ePsf] of]ubfg clj:d/0fLo /x]sf] 5 . o;

sfo{sf nflu To; cfof]hgfsf] tkm{af6 ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' ePsf cGo sd{rf/Lx¿k|lt klg cfef/

JoQm ug{ rfxG5fF} .

o; sfo{sf nflu cGtjf{tf{ lbg'x'g] nf]s;]jf cfof]usf k"j{ ;b:ox¿ ;fy} ljleGg sfof{nosf

k|d'v Ho"x¿ / cfˆgf] cd"No ljrf/ JoQm ug{' x'g] ;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/L pQ/bftfx¿k|lt ;fb/ cfef/

JoQm ub{5f}F . pxfF+x¿sf] ljrf/ / ;"rgf k|fKt gePsf] eP of] cWoog k"/f x'g] lyPg . o;

k|ltj]bgnfO{ vFlbnf] agfpg nf]s ;]jf cfof]udf ePsf] k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg dflysf] 5nkmndf

efu lng' eO{ cfˆgf] ljrf/ JoQm u/L ;xof]u ug{'ePsf ;Dk"0f{ dxfg'efjk|lt ulx/f] cfef/ JoQm

ub{5f}F . o;sf cltl/Qm o; sfo{sf] nflu nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf @)^$ b]lvsf jflif{s k|ltj]bgx¿

pknAw u/fO{ ;"rgf ;+sng sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf]n] nf]s ;]jf cfof]uk|lt klg cfef/ JoQm

ub{5fF} .

o; xfd|f] cWoog ;d"xdf hgk|zf;g s]Gb|Lo ljefusf] tkm{af6 of]ubfg ug{'x'g] / n]vfsf] sfo{

;Dkfbg ug{'x'g] ;x–k|zf;s tyf >L /fh's'df/ >]i7 / ;x–k|zf;s >L ef]nfgfy If]qL Ho"k|lt

cfef/ JoQm ug{ rfxG5fF} .

o;}u/L ljleGg lhNnfdf uO{ ;"rgf ;ª\sng sfo{df ;xof]u ug{' x'g] O{= k|ljg afa' 9sfn, >L

k'nlst d08n, >L ;'jf; zdf{, >L jf;'b]j dNn, >LdtL l;h{gf kxf/L nufotk|lt klg xflb{s

cfef/ JoQm ub{5fF} . o;sf ;fy} cGtjf{tf{nfO{ 6fOk u/L ;xof]u ug{'x'g] >L >Ls[i0f kf}8]n

Ho"k|lt cfef/ JoQm ub{5fF} .

k|f=8f=6]sgfy 9sfn, cWoog 6f]nL g]tf

8f=g/]Gb|/fh kf}8]n, cWoog 6f]nL ;b:o

hgk|zf;g s]Gb|Lo ljefu

lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, hdn

II

sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z

;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu lglZrt sf]6f ;ª\Vof, e]befjlj?4sf] Ifltk"lt{,

;sf/fTds pkfo, ;sf/fTds lje]b tyf ljk/Lt lje]bh:tf pkfox¿ ckgfpFb} cfPsf] kfOG5 .

cjwf/0ffut¿kdf ;dfj]zL l;4fGtn] ;dfhdf /x]sf gful/snfO{ d"n ¿kdf Gofo lbnfpg] /

Gofosf] cg'e"lt x'g] aftfj/0fsf] tof/ u/L ;a} txsf gful/ssf] ;xeflutf /fHosf x/]s txdf

;'lglZrt ug{' / u/fpg' xf] . ;fdfGotof ;fdflhs ;dfj]zL eGgfn] ;dfhdf ljBdfg

lje]bx¿sf] cGTo u/L ;fdflhs Gofo :yfkgf u/fpg' xf] . ;fdflhs PsTjsf] efjgf l;h{gf

u/fpg] dfWod klg xf] . ;dfj]zL l;4fGt ;dfhdf /x]sf /Lltl/jfh, hft–hflt tyf pgLx¿sf

kl/rofTds kIfx¿nfO{ ;jn agfpg] k|lqmof klg xf] . o;sf] cnfjf ;dfj]zLtf eg]sf] csf]{

cy{df ;fdflhs k'FhL xf] . ;dfhdf /x]sf ;DaGwx¿nfO{ a9fjf lbg] / dha't agfpg] kIfdf

k[i7kf]if0f ub{5 .

;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf vf;u/L tLgj6f dfGotfdf cfwfl/t /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . klxnf], ;fdflhs

clwsf/, ;]jf–;'ljwf tyf cj;/x¿sf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f / ;dfgtfdf cfwfl/t 5 . bf];|f],

ljleGg ;fdflhs kl/j]z ePsf hghflt tyf efiff eflifsfx¿ cfˆgf] k|e'Tj a9fpg ;Fw} ;ª \3if{

ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . t];|f], sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t eO{ PsLs[t ;dfhsf] :yfkgf u/fpg' xf] . k|:t't

cWoog ljif]ztM pk/f]Qm tLgj6} dfGotfdf cfwfl/t eO{ ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf

g]kfnL gful/snfO{ ;dfg cj;/, Gofof]lrt ljt/0f, ju{x¿ aLrsf] ;ª\3if{ tyf sfo{ ;Dkfbg

pknlAw xfl;n u/]/ PsLs[t ;dfh l;h{gftkm{ cu|;/tfsf] cfwf/df to ul/Psf] 5 .

g]kfndf ;dfj]zL gLlt sfof{Gjog ug{–u/fpg vf;u/L g]kfndf k|hftGqsf] k'gM pbokZrft\

k|of;x¿ ul/Psf] kfOG5 . oL k|of;x¿sf] sf/0faf6 g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& tyf

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# df ;dfj]zL l;4fGt cg'zf/ ;dfhdf /x]sf k5f}6]kg, u/LaL,

clzIff, a]/f]huf/, ;dfhdf ljBdfg s'l/lt, s';+:sf/, s'k|rngx¿nfO{ x6fO Goflos tyf

;xeflutf d"ns ;dfhsf] kl/sNkgf tyf Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;} tYonfO{ dgg ub}{

g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;dfj]zL l;4fGt NofOPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . o; Joj:yfcg';f/ hDdf

vfnL ePsf kbsf] %% k|ltzt v'Nnf / $% k|ltzt ;dfj]zLsf] nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] 5 . $%

k|ltztnfO{ ;o dfgL ## k|ltzt dlxnf, @& k|ltzt hghflt, @@ k|ltzt dw];L, ( k|ltzt

blnt, % k|ltzt km/s Ifdtf ePsf / $ k|ltzt kb lk5l8Psf] If]qnfO{ ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 .

pQm k|fjwfgnfO{ lj=;+= @)^$.@)^% ;fn b]lv sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] 5 . clxn];Dd sl/a ;ft

xhf/ hgfn] o;af6 cj;/ kfO;s]sf] tYofª\s 5 . o; cy{df s] ;dfhdf cj;/ gkfPsf

hgtfn] cj;/ kfP < s] o; Joj:yfn] gful/ssf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf Gofo / ;xeflutsf]

;'lglZrt u/fof] < s] sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t ;dfh :yfkgf ug{df d2t u¥of] < h:tf

dxTjk"0f{ k|Zgdf cfwfl/t eO{ of] cWoog ul/of] . o; cWoogdf p2]Zox¿ b]xfoadf]lhd /x]sf

5g\ .

III

o; cWoogsf] d'Vo p2]Zo lghfdtL ;]jf P]g @)$( -bf];|f] ;+zf]wg_n] cjnDag u/]sf] ;dfj]zL

egf{ gLltsf] sfof{Gjog ljifodf ;"rgf ;ª\sng u/L jf:tljs Jojxf/df NofPsf] egf{ k|lqmof,

lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;+/rgfh:tf kIfx¿sf] ljin]if0f ug{' /x]sf] 5 .o; cWoogn] lghfdtL ;]jfdf

;dfj]zL gLltsf] sfof{Gjogn] kf/]sf] k|efjsf] ljifodf cWoog ug]{5 . cGo p2]Zox¿

b]xfoadf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ .

o;/L lghfdtL ;]jfdf v'Nnf tyf ;dfj]zL egf{ k|lqmofaf6 k|j]z ug{ ;kmn ePsf

lghfdtL ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lsf] ;dfj]zL egf{ gLltsf] ;Gbe{df pgLx¿sf] ljrf/ ;ª\sng

u/L] ljZn]if0f ul/g]5 .

lghfdtL ;]jfsf] :f+/rgfdf ;dfj]zL egf{ gLltn] kf/]sf] k|efjsf] ljZn]if0f ul/g]5 .

nf]s;]jf cfof]un] ;dfj]zL egf{ gLltsf] sfof{Gjog kIfdf v]n]sf] e"ldsf] ljZn]if0f

ul/g]5 .

v'Nnf tyf ;dfj]zL egf{ k|lqmofaf6 ;kmn ePsf sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ If]qdf

ul//x]sf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] ljZn]if0f ul/g]5 .

cGTodf ;dfj]zL egf{ gLltnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg /0fgLlt tyf gLlt ;'emfp ul/g]5 .

pk/f]Qm p2]Zo xfl;n ug{sf] nflu o; cWoogdf ;Gbe{ u|Gysf] k'g/fjnf]sg / :ynut cWoog

ul/Psf] 5 . ;Gbe{ ;fdlu|sf] k'g/fjnf]sgcGtu{t ljleGg cWoog k|ltj]bgx¿, n]vsx¿åf/f

n]lvPsf n]vx¿, ;dfhzf:q s]Gb|Lo ljefuåf/f ul/Psf cWoog k|ltj]bgx¿ cWoog ul/Psf] 5

. log} cWoog k|ltj]bgx¿df cfwfl/t eO{ k|ZgfjnLx¿ tof/ ul/of] . ltg} k|ZgfjnLnfO{ b]zsf

;ftj6f lhNnfx¿- wg'iff, wgs'6f, uf]vf{, b}n]v, wgu9L, c5fd / sf7df8fF}_df uO{ tYofª\s

;ª\sng u/L ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . :yntut cWoogsf nflu 5gf]6 ePsf lhNnfdf !$ hgf

u0fsx¿åf/f @@& j6f k|ZgfjnL e/fO{ / @* hgf sfof{no k|d'v;Fu cGtjf{tf{ lnO{ cWoognfO{

dha't ug]{ sfo{ ul/Psf] 5 .

glthfx¿

g]kfndf ;dfj]zL l;4fGt sfof{Gjogsf] nflu sfg'gL ;+/rgf tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . h;df g]kfnsf]

cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#, cfjlws of]hgfx¿ -cf7f}F of]hgfb]lv xfn;Ddsf of]hgfx¿_, :yfgLo

:jzf;g P]g, !(((, lghfdtL ;]jf P]g @)$( -bf];|f] ;+zf]wg_, g]kfn k'ln; lgodfjnL, dlxnf

cfof]u, blnt cfof]u OToflb sfg'gL tyf ;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf] tof/ tyf :yfkgf ul/Psf] kfOof] .

lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bf];|f] ;+zf]wgkZrft\ / o;sf] k|fjwfgcg';f/ lghfdtL ;ª\u7gsf]

:j?kdf qmdzM kl/jt{g x'Fb} cfPsf] kfOof] . lj=;+= @)^$.@)^% df g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf !!

k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf /x]sf dlxnfsf] ;ª\Vof a9]/ sl/a !% k|ltztdf k'u]sf] kfOof] . o;}u/L

sl/a *% k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf ePsf] a|fDx0f If]qLsf] ;ª\Vof 36]/ sl/a ^) k|ltztsf]

IV

xf/fxf/Ldf em/]sf] kfOof] . o;}u/L cGo hghflt, dw];L ;d'bfo tyf blntsf] ;ª\Vof pNn]Vo

a9]sf] kfOof] .

;dfj]zL egf{ gLltsf] sfof{Gjog nf]s;]jf cfof]udf b/vf:t btf{ u/fPsf] lnª\u, hghflt, wd{,

z}lIfs of]Uotf, z}lIfs ;+sfo, dft[efiff, pd]/, ljsf; If]qsf] cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .

lnª\usf] cfwf/df x]bf{ cf=j= @)^$.)^% df dlxnfsf] b/vf:t ;ª\Vof #(

k|ltztaf6 cf=j=@)^(.)&) df $& k|ltzt a9]sf] kfOof] . hDdf sl/a ;f9] rf}w nfv

b/vf:tdWo] dlxnfsf] b/vf:t sl/a ;f9] 5 nfv /x]sf] b]lvof] . dlxnfsf] tkm{af6 b/vf:t lbg]

b/ a9]sf] kfOof] . o;}u/L hfthfltsf] cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ubf{ a|fDx0f PSn}sf] b/vf:t b/ sl/a

%) k|ltzt /x]sf] afFsL If]qLnufot c¿ hghfltsf] /x]sf] b]lvof] . oBlk ;fIf/tf b/ klg

a|fDx0f, If]qL, g]jf/ ;d'bfosf] al9 /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . o;/L a|fDx0f klxnf], If]qL bf];|f], g]jf/

t];|f], du/ rf}yf], yf¿ kfFRff}F :yfgdf /x]sf b]lvPsf] 5 .o;}u/L /fO{, blnt, ofbj, tfdfª, 7s'/L

OToflb /x]sf] b]lvof] . wd{sf] cfwf/df b/vf:t b/nfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ klxnf] :yfgdf lxGb'-(#

k|ltzt_, af}4-$ k|ltzt_, O;fO-! k|ltzt_ tyf cGo-@ k|ltzt_ /x]sf] b]lvof] . Zf}lIfs

of]Uotfsf] cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ubf{ Go"gtd cfjZos of]UotfeGbf cltl/Qm of]Uotf ePsf %$

k|ltzt cfj]bs /x]sf] ;d]t kfOof] . Zf}lIfs ;ª\sfosf] cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;aeGbf al9

cfj]bs lzIff ;ª\sfo-@* k|ltzt_, dfgljsL-@@ k|ltzt_, Joj:yfkg-@! k|ltzt_, lrlsT;f-

(k|ltzt_, lj1fg-%k|ltzt_ tyf cGosf] -!% k|ltzt_ /x]sf] b]lvof] . dft[efiffsf] cfwf/df x]bf{

g]kfnL efiff-&# k|ltzt_, d}ynL -!! k|ltzt_ /x]sf] b]lvof] . cGo efiffx¿sf] ! jf @ k|ltztsf]

xf/fxf/L /x]sf] b]lvof] . pd]/sf] cfwf/df x]bf{ ;aeGbf al9 b/vf:t @! b]lv @% jif{ pd]/

;d"xsf] /x]sf] 5 . ljsf; If]qsf] cfwf/df b/vf:t b/nfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;aeGbf al9

dWodf~rn-$@ k|ltzt_ /x]sf] b]lvof] . o;}u/L k"jf{~rn / klZrdf~rnsf] !*.!* k|ltzt /x]sf]

/ dWo klZrdf~rn !# k|ltzt / ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ( k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .b/vf:t lbg] t/

lnlvt k/LIffdf cg'kl:yt x'g] b/ klg cTolws /x]sf] kfOof] . h:t} v'Nnfdf &% k|ltzt

cfj]bsx¿ pkl:yt x'g] u/]sf] kfOof] eg] ;dfj]zLtkm{sf] dlxnf sl/a %$ k|ltzt, cf=h= $&

k|ltzt, dw];L $# k|ltzt, blnt %! k|ltzt, ckfª\u ^% k|ltzt / lk5l8Psf] If]q %^ k|ltzt

lnlvt k/LIffdf pkl:yt ePsf] kfOof] . o;/L x]bf{ hDdf ;ª\Vofsf] sl/a %) k|ltzt

cfj]bsx¿ lnlvt k/LIffdf ;fd]n ePsf] b]lvof] .

;dfj]zL gLltsf] sfof{Gjogsf] ;Gbe{df nf]s;]jf cfof]uåf/f ul/Psf] l;kmfl/;sf] b/nfO{

ljZn]if0f ubf{ lj1fkg sl/a !( xhf/ kbnfO{ ul/P klg sl/j ;f9] ;q xhf/ kbdf dfq

l;kmfl/; ePsf] kfOof] . afFsL kbdf of t b/vf:t g} kg{ g;s]sf] of t b/vf:t k/] klg

pko'Qm pDd]bjf/ ;kmn x'g g;s]sf] kfOof] . o;/L l;kmfl/; x'g g;s]sf kbdf clwsf+z

;dfj]zLtkm{sf /x]sf] ;d]t kfOof] . pbfx/0fsf] nflu l;kmfl/; x'g g;s]sf $%* kbdWo]

cf=j=@)^% df *% k|ltzt, @)^^ df %^ k|ltzt, @)^& df &) k|ltzt, @)^* df @)

k|ltzt, @)^( df &) k|ltzt ;dfj]zLtkm{sf /x]sf] kfOof] . o;}u/L v'Nnftkm{ klg @)^% df

!% k|ltzt, @)^^ df $$ k|ltzt, @)^& df #) k|ltzt, @)^* df *) k|ltzt / @)^( df

V

#) k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ . o;/L b/vf:t k/]/ l;kmfl/; x'g g;s]sf cyjf b/vf:t g} gk/]sf

kbx¿df ;/sf/L jlsn, n]vf ;d"x, :jf:Yo, s[lif OToflb /x]sf b]lvof] .

lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;dfj]zL gLltsf] sfof{Gjogn] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ g]kfnL ;dfhsf] n}lËs, If]qLo

Pj+ hftLo :j?k ;/x g} ljljwtfsf] emNsf] k|bfg ug]{tkm{ cu|;/ u/fPsf] kfOof] . ;dfhsf]

jgf]6cg';f/sf] lghfdtL ;]jf agfpg] p2]Zon] cjnDag ul/Psf] of] gLlt ;f/e"t¿kdf 7Ls

b]lvof] .

nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] ;dfj]zL egf{ k|lqmof clxn]sf] ;Gbe{;Dd cfOk'Ubfsf] cj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ ;a}nfO{

;d]6\g] lsl;dn] agfOPsf] ;dfj]zL 5 .;jn kIfdf eGbf ;a} ju{sf] ;xeflutf a9\b} uO/x]sf] 5

. b'j{n kIf ljZn]if0f u/L x]bf{ ;zQmLs/0f / ;IfdLs/0flagfsf] ;dfj]zLs/0fn] st} g]kfnsf]

lghfdtL ;]jf sdhf]/ x'g] t x}g eGg] k|Zg p7]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .o;/L sfof{Gjog ubf{ ;zQmLs/0f

/ ;IfdLs/0fsf sfo{qmdx¿ klg ;Fu} Nofpg'kg]{ cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 .

cWoog ul/Psf ;ft lhNnfsf @@& hgf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] ljrf/df nf]s;]jf cfof]usf]

kf7\oqmd pQm ;ª\Vofsf] &$ k|ltztn] ;fGble{s 5 eg]sf 5g\ eg] @^ k|ltztn] c;fGble{s

/x]sf] atfPsf 5g\ . ;fGble{s 5 eGg]x¿sf] ljrf/df o;n] ;a} If]qnfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 . ljz]if1tf

xfl;n u/]sf] ljifonfO{ k|fyldstf lbPsf] 5 . of] kf7\oqmdn] of]Uo dfG5] g} 5gf]6 x'g] u/]sf 5g\

. nf];]cfn] lnlvt k/LIffsf nflu tof/ ul/Psf] kf7\oqmd ;a} tf]lsPsf] ;fdfGo of]Uotf

k'u]sfx¿nfO{ eGbf klg ;]jf k|j]z ug{ rfxg]sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ljifoj:t'sf] 1fgsf] cfwf/df

kf7\oqmd 7ls 5 eGg]h:tf ts{ cufl8 ;fl/Psf] kfOof] . c;fGble{s 5 eGg]x¿sf] ljrf/df

o;n] sfof{nodf cfjZos kg]{ 1fg ;LknfO{ ;d]6\g ;s]sf] 5}g eGg] ts{ u/]sf] kfOof] .

hft hfltsf] cfwf/df cWoog ul/Psf ;ft lhNnfsf @@& hgf lghfdtL sd{rf/LdWo] $*

k|ltzt a|fDx0f, !$ k|ltzt If]qL, cf7 k|ltzt hghflt, 5 k|ltzt g]jf/, rf/÷rf/ k|ltzt /fO

/ ofbj, b'O{÷b'O{ k|ltzt dw];L / yf¿ /x]sf 5g\ . o;}u/L Ps÷Ps k|ltztdf zfxL, d08n,

du/, lnDa", lul/, u'?ª, wfg's OToflb /x]sf 5g\ . o;}u/L Ps k|ltzteGbf sd 7s'/L, /f]sfo,

/fhk't, ;'9L, ;xgL, dxtf], e'h]n, l;+x, rdf/, rf}w/L tyf t]nL /x]sf] kfOof] . k|foM ;a} ;kmn

pDd]bjf/x¿ kxf8Lof, k9}of, u|fdL0f kl/j]zdf x's]{sf, ;/sf/L :s'ndf cWoog u/]sf JolQmx¿

;kmn ePsf 5g\ -kf}8]n, @)!$_ . o;sf] sf/0fx¿ vf]tNbf w]/} lzlIft x'g'-(^ k|ltzt_, g]kfnL

dft[efiff -() k|ltzt_, a9L a]/f]huf/-(@ k|ltzt_, lghfdtL ;]jfdf tna dfgsf] kSsf x'g'-(^

k|ltzt_, lghL If]qsf] ljsf; gx'g'-*! k|ltzt_ nufotsf sf/0f lhDd]jf/ b]lvPsf] 5 .

;dfj]zLleq klg ;aeGbf a9L g]jf/, rf}w/L, sfo:yh:tf ;d'bfosf] ar{:j /x]sf] kfOof] . oL

;d'bfo cGosf] t'ngfdf a9L ;kmn x'g'df pgLx¿ cfly{s, ;fdflhs x}l;ot pRr ePsf]n],

lzIff tyf nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k/LIff tyf kf7\oqmdk|lt a9L hfgsf/ ePsf] kfOPsf] sf/0fn]

pgLx¿ ;kmn x'g ;s]sf x'g\ . ;dfj]zLleq g} ;kmn x'g] dlxnfsf] ;fdflhs x}l;ot pRr

/x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . ;dfj]zL gLltsf] sfof{Googsf] k|f/lDes cj:yfnfO{ ljrf/ ubf{o;n] g]kfnL

gful/snfO{ Gofo lb+b} hfg] cj:yfsf] cf+sng ug{ ;lsG5 .

VI

;dfj]zL gLlt lj=;+= @)^$.)^% b]lv nfu" ePkZrft\ j[lQ ljsf; ** k|ltztn] l56f] ePsf] 5

eg]sf 5g\ eg] !@ k|ltztn] l9nf] ePsf] 5 egL atfPsf 5g\ . l56f] ePsf] eGg]x¿sf] ts{ 5

hf] ;dfj]zLdf k/]sf] 5 p;n] a9L df}sf kfO/x]sf] 5 . o;af6 gLlt–lgdf{0f txdf pgLx¿sf]

kx'Fr k'u]sf] atfPsf 5g\ eg] ;dfj]zL gLltsf] sf/0fn] sd{rf/L j[Qdf l9nf] j[lQ ljsf;

ePsfx¿df g}/fZo a9]sf] ts{ u/]sf] klg kfOof] .

lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfo{;Dkfbgsf] :t/sf] d"Nofª\sg ubf{ ;dfj]zLtkm{sf] eGbf v'Nnftkm{sf

sd{rf/Lsf] a9L sfo{ ;Dkfbg /x]sf] kfOof] . lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnLcg';f/ sfo{ ;Dkfbg

d'VotM tLg k|sf/sf kfOof] . h;dfnIo tf]lsPsf / gtf]lsPsf / JolQmut Ifdtfsf sfo{x¿

/x]sf 5g\ . rfvnfUbf] s'/f s] kQf nfUof] eg] JolQmut Ifdtfsf] t'ngfdf nIo tf]lsPsf eGbf

gtf]lsPsf sfo{x¿sf] ;Dkfbg :t/ sd /x]sf] kfOof] . v'Nnfsf] t'ngfdf ;dfj]zLsf]

sfo{;Dkfbg sd x'g'df sd{rf/LnfO{ ;]jf k|j]zkZrft\ tflnd glbPsf] / JolQmut Ifdtfdf sfo{

ug'{kg]{ jftfj/0fsf] sf/0fn] o;f] x'g uPsf] b]lvof] . vf; u/L h'g sfo{sf] sfd ug]{ tf}/tl/sf

k|i6 5 cyfjf h;sf] k"0f{ lgb]{lzsf tof/ ul/Psf] 5 To:tf sfo{x¿sf] ;Dkfbgdf vf;} km/s

5}g t/ h'g sfo{x¿df ts{ le8fpg kg]{ / vt/f df]Ng kg]{ xf] To:tf sfddf ;dfj]zLsf]

;Dkfbg :t/ ;ª\u7gsf] rfxgfadf]lhd x'g g;s]sf] kfOof] . o; sf/0fn] ubf{ sfd ug{;Sg]x¿

klg pTk|]l/t x'g g;s]sf] ;d]t kfOof] .

lgisif{

o; cWoogaf6 lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( -bf];|f] ;+zf]wg_sf] k|fjwfgadf]lhd sfof{Gjog

nf]s;]jf cfof]udfkm{t sd{rf/Lsf] egf{ xF'b} cfPsf] 5 . nf]s;]jf cfof]un] ;~rfng u/]sf

k/LIffx¿df pNn]Vo cfj]bg lbg]x¿ kfOP t/ klg lnlvt k/LIffdf ;lDdlnt gx'g] ;ª\Vof sl/a

%) k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf g} /x]sf] b]lvof] . cem sltko kbdf cfj]bg lbg]sf JolQm g} ge]l6Psf]

kfOof] . dlxnfnufot cGo ;d"xx¿sf] klg b/vf:t lbg] b/x¿ a9]sf] t/ ;kmn x'g]df ;Lldt

;d"xx¿ /x]sf] kfOof] . o;sf] cy{ hf] ;d'bfosf nflu ;dfj]zL gLlt NofOPsf] xf] ;f] ;d'bfosf]

ckjfbafx]s tflTjs ;xeflutf x'g g;s]sf] b]lvof] . nf]s;]jf cfof]un] u/]sf] sfddf

clwsf+zsf] ljZjf; /x]sf] / cf:yf /x]sf] b]lvof] . oBlk o;sf ;'wf/sf kIf;d]t /x]sf] b]lvof] .

sd{rf/L 5gf]6 k|lqmofdf ;kmn x'gsf sf/0fx¿df kfl/jfl/s cled'vLs/0f, s8f ldlxg]t, /fd|f]

z}lIfs of]Uotfh:tf sf/0fx¿ d'Vo /x]sf] b]lvP . ;du|df gful/sn] s]xL xb;Dd Gofosf]

cg'e"lt u/]sf] / ;xeflutfsf] :t/ ;d]t a9]sf] b]lvof] . sfo{;Dkfbgsf] :t/df x]bf{ ;dfj]zLaf6

lgo'lQm kfPsf eGbf l;dfGt ¿kdf v'Nnfaf6 lgo'Qm ePsfsf] sfo{;Dkfbg :t/ a9L ePsf]

b]lvof] . sfo{x¿ h;sf] sfo{ ljj/0f k|i6 ePsf] 5 To;df tflTjs cGt/ b]lvPg t/ nIo

gtf]lsPsf c;+/lrt sfo{x¿df v'Nnf tkm{af6 lgo'Qmsf] ;Dkfbg :t/ a9L /x]sf] t/ ltlgx¿

pTk|]l/t x'g ;s]sf] eGg] lglZrt ug{ ;lsPg . ;du|df lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;dfj]zL gLltsf]

sf/0fn] ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g ePsf] t/ k|j[lQdf vf;} cGt/ ePsf] kfOPg .

VII

;'emfjx¿

ljlzi6 1fg, ;Lk / Ifdtf ePsf] :yfoL k|j[lQsf /fHosf] sf]ifaf6 tna ;'ljwf kfpg] u}/;}lgs,

u}/ /fhgLlts, Jofj;flos ;d"xnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jf elgG5 . lghfdtL ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ;]jf

k|efxnfO{ cem ;zQm / lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ cem ;dfj]zL agfpFb} n}hfg nf]s;]jf cfof]unfO{

cem lgikIf / k|efjsf/L agfpg'k5{ . To; sfo{sf nflu ;dfj]zLs/0f, ;zQmLs/0f ;d]tnfO{

;dfj]zL gLlt;Fu} cª\ufn]/ ;'Gb/, zfGt Gofok"0f{ / ;dtfd"ns lghfdtL ;]jfsf] lgdf{0f ug{

;lsG5 . o; sfo{sf nflu b]xfosf ;'emfjx¿ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;dfj]z ePsf ;d'bfox¿ / pQm ;d'bfosf] gfddf ;kmn ePsf

;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf /fhgLlts k[i7e"ldnfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ ;fdflhs cfwf/nfO{ dfq

cfwf/ agfO{ ;dfj]zL gLlt nfu" ug'{eGbf ;dfj]zL leqsf] ;dfj]zL rl/q ljsf; ug{

h?/L b]lvPsf] 5 . t;y{ cfly{s, ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts cj:yfsf] ljin]if0f ubf{ dfgj

;"rsfª\s, ul/aLsf] uxgtf ljZn]if0fsf] ;"rsfª\s, n}lËs ljsf;sf] ;"rsfª\s tof/ u/L

nfu" ug{ pko'Qm b]lvG5 . o;sf] cltl/Qm cGo k|f]S;L ;"rsx¿-h;/L 5fqj[lQsf] nflu

5gf]6 ubf{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] ckgfPsf] 5_ To;}u/L ckgfpg klg ;lsG5 . o;/L ;"rsx¿

JfgfpFbf klxnf] txdf ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf /fhgLlts ¿kdf k5fl8 k/]sf] ;d'bfonfO{

k|fyldstf lbg], bf];|f] k|fyldstfdf ;fdflhs / cfly{s ¿kdf k5fl8 k/]sf] ;d'bfonfO{,

t];|f] k|fyldstfdf cfly{s / /fhlglts ¿kdf k5fl8 k/]sf] / rf}yf] k|fyldstfdf

;fdflhs / /fhgLlts ¿kdf k5fl8 k/]sf] ;d'bfonfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'kb{5 .

nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k/LIffdf of]Uo x'gsf] nflu pDd]bjf/sf] z}lIfs of]Uotf;Fu hf]l8Psf]

x'gfn] x/]s txsf hgtfn] k9\g] cj;/jf6 jlGrt x'g gx'g] cj:yfsf] cfjZos 5 .

:d/0fLo kIf s] 5 eg] ;dfj]zL gLlt nfu" ePkZrft\ klg nlIft ;d'bfosf] cfj]bg ug{

cfjZos kg]{ Go'gtd of]Uotf klg gk'u]sf] cj:yf ljBdfg 5 . t;y{ g]kfn ;/sf/n]

cleofgsf] ¿kdf k9\gnfO{ hgr]tgf / lzIffdf hf]8 lbg cToGt h?/L b]lvPsf] 5 .x}g

eg] nlIft ;d'bfosf] gfddf ;/sf/af6 ljt/0f ul/Psf] df}sfdf cGo ;d'bfo jf ;f]xL

;d'bfosf ;De|fGtx¿n] kmfObf lng] lglZrt b]lvG5 . o;/L ;dfj]zL gLlt;Fu}

;zQmLs/0f / ;IfdLs/0fdf hf]8 lbg cfjZos 5 .

Kfm/s Ifdtf ePsfsf] xsdf o;sf] k'gM kl/efiff ul/g' lgtfGt cfjZos ePsf] b]lvPsf]

5 . ;fdfGo ckfª\u ePsfn] ;dfj]zL gLltsf] b'?kof]u ePsf k|z:t pbfx/0fx¿

e]l6Psf 5g\ . dlxnfsf] ;Gbe{df klg dlxnfx¿ leqsf] klg dlxnfnfO{ ;dfj]zL egf{

gLltsf] cj;/ lbg cfjZos 5 . h;df dfly pNn]v ul/Psf rf/j6f k|fyldstfx¿sf]

cfwf/df ;"rsx¿ to ug{ h?/L b]lvPsf] 5 .

sd{rf/L egf{ ug{' eg]sf] cjZo klg sfof{nosf] sfo{ ldtJooL tyf k|efjsf/L tl/sfn]

ug{ g} xf] . o;sf] nflu sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] :t/ j[l4 ug{ h?/L b]lvPsf] 5 .

sfo{;Dkfbg :t/ j[l4 ug{sf] lgldQ ;'? lgo'lQm x'Fbfsf] avtdf sfo{ ljj/0f / p;n]

VIII

ug{'kg]{ sfdcg';f/ tflnd k|bfg ul/g'kb{5 . clxn] cj:yfdf JolQmut Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df

sfo{ ug]{afx]s ;+:yfut tl/sfaf6 sfo{ ;Dkfbg / ;ª\u7gsf] p2]Zo xfl;n ePsf]

kfOsf] 5}g . sfo{;Dkfbgsf] nflu sd{rf/Ln] ug]{ sfo{ ljj/0f / ;f]sf] dfkg ug]{

;"rsfª\s tof/ ul/g' cfjZos 5 . olb ;f]xL ;"rsfª\ssf] cfwf/df nIo k|fKt ePdf

af gePdf x'g] kmfObf a]kmfObfsf] km]xl/:t tof/ u/L nfu" ul/g'kb{5 lsgeg] ;+:yfdf

sfo{ ug]{ / sfo{ gug]{ aLr km/s cjZo x'g' kb{5 .

g]kfn ;/sf/n] lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ u/]sf] nufgLsf] k|ltkmn s] xf] eGg] s'/f klg s/

ltg]{nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg h?/L 5 . s]xL nufgL ul/G5 eg] To;sf] cfly{s k|ltkmnsf]

lx;faul/g'kb{5 . sd{rf/Lsf] ;dfh cg';f/sf] hLjgofkg ug]{ tna klg lbg] sfd klg

lng] l;4fGt nfu" ug{ h?/L b]lvPsf] 5 . o;n] sfo{;Dkfbgdf j[l4 x'g] ck]Iff lnOPsf]

5 .

nf]s;]jf cfof]un] sdfPsf] lgikIftf sfod /fvL /fVg'kb{5 . o;df nf]s;]jf cfof]usf]

k/LIff k|0ffnL vf;u/L zfvf clws[t;Ddsf] 7Ls ePsf] t/ pk–;lrj / ;x–;lrjsf]

kf7\oqmd / k/LIf0fsf nflu agfOPsf ljlwx¿df k'gd"{Nofª\sg ug{ kg]{ cj:yf b]lvPsf]

5 . o;sf nflu k|:tfj n]vg, n]v n]vg, k|:t'lt lbg], sfg'gcg';f/ eof]÷ePg egL

cf}lrTotf k|:t't ug]{, ;d;fdlos d'2fx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug]{h:tf uxg tl/sfaf6 k/LIf0f

ug{ ;s] pQd x'g] b]lvG5 .

;dfj]zL egf{ gLltnfO{ sfod /fVb} hfg pko'St b]lvG5 . egf{b]lv lgj[lQ;Dd ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{

nfu" ug{'eGbf ;dfj]zL gLltnfO{ egf{sf] Pp6f v'8\lsnf] sf] ¿kdf dffq cj;/ lbP/ cGo

l;dfGts[t ePsf ;d'bfonfO{ cj;/ lbP/ o;sf] bfo/f km/flsnf] agfpb} n}hfg pko'St b]lvG5

. cGo j[lQ ljsf;sf cj;/df of]Uotf / Ifdtfsf cfwf/df ul/g'kb{5 .

IX

ljifo ;"rL

cfef/

sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z

cWofo Ps M kl/rofTds k|:t'lt tyf cWoog ljlw !

!=! kl/ro !

!=@ ;d:ofsf] klxrfg @

!=# cWoogsf p2]Zo #

!=$ cWoogsf] pknlAw $

!=% cWoogsf] If]q tyf cWoog ljlw $

!=^ cWoogsf] ;+/rgf ^

cWofo b'O{ M g]kfndf ;dfj]zL zf;g k4ltM ljutb]lv jt{dfg;Dd &

@=! k[i7e"ld &

@=@ ;dfj]zL egf{ gLlt (

@=# ;dfj]zLsf] nflu sfg'gL Joj:yf (

@=$ cfjlws of]hgfdf ;dfj]zL gLlt !)

@=% cWoog k|ltj]bgx¿df ;dfj]zL gLltsf] ;dLIff !!

@=& ;dfj]zL egf{ gLlt / lj1fkg !#

@=* ;dfj]zL egf{ gLlt / b/vf:t !$

@=( b/vf:t / lnlvt k/LIffdf ;+nUgtf !&

@=!) ;dfj]zL egf{ gLlt / lnlvt k/LIff !&

@=!! ;dfj]zL egf{ gLlt / kf7\oqmd !*

@=!@ ;dfj]zL egf{ gLlt / l;kmfl/; !*

cWofo tLg M g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;dfj]zL egf{ gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] ;ldIff M ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g k|j[lQ pxL < !(

#=! lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;dfj]zL egf{ gLltsf] sfof{Gjog !(

#=@ ;dfj]zL egf{ gLltsf] sfof{Gjogdf nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] e"ldsf @!

#=@=! Efgf{ k|lqmof @!

#=@=@ nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] e"ldsfsf] k|efjsfl/tf @@

X

#=@=# sd{rf/L 5gf]6 ljlwx¿sf] k|efjsfl/tf @#

#=@=$ nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] kf7\oqmdsf] ;fGble{stf @$

#=# ;dfj]zL egf{ gLlt / hflt tyf hghfltsf] k|ltlglwTjsf] cj:yf @%

#=$ ;dfj]zL egf{ gLlt / dlxnf #)

#=% ;dfj]zL egf{ gLlt / km/s Ifdtf ePsf #)

#=^ ;dfj]zL egf{ gLlt / Gofo #)

#=& ;dfj]zL egf{ gLlt / cfly{s kIf 32

#=* ;dfj]zL egf{ gLlt / j[lQ ljsf;32

#=( ;dfj]zL egf{ gLlt / sfo{ ;Dkfbg33

cWofo rf/

;f/f+;, lgisif{ / ;'emfjx¿

$=! ;f/f+;38

$=@ cWoogaf6 k|fKt glthfx?39

$=# lgisif {43

$=$ ;'emfjx¿44

XI

tflnsfsf] ;"rL

tflnsf g+= @=! lghfdtL ;]jfdf dlxnf / k'?ifsf] k|ltlglwTjsf] cj:yf @&

tflnsf g+= #=! ;fd'bflos :s'nsf pDd]bjf/ ;kmn x'gfsf sf/0fx¿ $^

tflnsf g+= #=@ lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg :t/ %%

lrqx?

lrq g+=@=! kb ;ª\Vof @&

lrq g+= @=@ v'Nnf / ;dfj]zLtkm{sf] lj1flkt kb ;ª\Vof @&

lrq g+ @=# ;dfj]zL ;d"xtkm{sf] kb;ª\Vof @*

lrq g+= @=$ dlxnf k'?ifsf] b/vf:t ljj/0f @*

lrq g+= @=% hghfltsf] b/vf:t ;ª\Vof @(

lrq g+= @=^ wfld{s cfwf/df b/vf:t @(

lrq g+ @=& z}lIfs of]Uotf #)

lrq g+= @=* z}lIfs ;ª\sfo / b/vf:t ljj/0f #)

lrq g+= @=( dft[efiff / b/vf:t ljj/0f #!

lrq g+= @=!) pd]/cg';f/sf] b/vf:t #@

lrq g+= @=!! ljsf; If]q / b/vf:t #@

lrq g+= @=!@ cf}ift cfj]bg ;ª\Vof ##

lrq g+= @=!# v'Nnf tyf ;dfj]zLsf] cf}ift b/vf:t k|ltkb ##

lrq g+= @=!$ b/vf:t / lnlvt k/LIffdf ;+nUgtf #$

lrq g+= @=!% ;dfj]zL tyf v'Nnftkm{sf l;kmfl/; x'g g;s]sf kbx¿ #%

lrq g+= #=! nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k|efjsfl/tf $)

lrq g+= #=@ sd{rf/L 5gf}6sf ljlwx¿sf] k|efjsfl/t $!

lrq g+= #=# kf7\oqmdsf] ;fGble{stf $#

lrq g=+ #=$lghfdtL ;]jfdf hfthfltsf] k|ltlglwTjsf] cj:yf $$

lrq g+= #=% nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] 5gf}6 klqmofaf6 Gofo ePsf] cg'e"lt %)

lrq g+= #=^ ;dfj]zL egf{ gLlt / cfly{s kIf %@

lrq g+= #=& ;dfj]zL egf{ gLlt / j[lQ ljsf; %#

XII

dfldnf !

s'g} vf; hflt ljz]if ;kmn x'g'sf] sf/0f s] xf] <

dfldnf cWoog @

k9fOdf dfq cf/If0f b]pm

dfldnf cWoog @

;dfj]lztfsf] c;/

cWofo Ps

kl/rofTds k|:t'lt tyf cWoog ljlw

!=! kl/ro

;dfj]zLtfsf] d'2f ljZjdf g} clt dxTjsf ;fy jx; 5nkmn ul/+b} cfPsf] ;+j]bgzLn d'2f

xf] . ;dfhdf ePsf x/tx / tKsfsf dflg;nfO{ /fHosf ;+oGqdf s;/L;xeflutf tyf

;fdflhs Gofo lbnfpg ;lsG5 eg]/ vf]h cg';Gwfg x'Fb} cfPsf] ljifo xf] . o;} l;nl;nfdf

;dfj]lztfsf] d'2f g]kfndf klg ljutb]lv rlncfPsf] d'2f xf] . o; d'2fn] cem;Dd klg k'0f{

?k kfpg ;s]sf] b]lv+b}g . o; ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf k]lrnf cfofdx¿ ljutb]lv jt{dfg;Dd

;do;fk]If kl/jt{g xF'b} cfPsf] kfOG5 . ;g\ !(() sf] bzs cufl8 o;nfO{ e"–If]qsf]

cfwf/df x]l/+b} cfPsf] lyof] eg] clxn] cfP/ o;nfO{ hfthfltnufot /f]huf/L tyf dfgl;s

cj:yfh:tf cGo cfwf/df x]l/g] u/]sf] kfOG5 .

cjwf/0fut¿kdf ;dfj]zL l;4fGt ;xeflutfTds k4lt xf] h;n] k5fl8 k/]sf

hg;d'bfonfO{ /fHosf] d"n k|jfxdf NofO{ ljsf;df ;Fu} cu|;/ ug]{÷u/fpg] ub{5 . csf]{

cy{df ;dfj]lztf eGgfn] ;dfhdf ;fdflhs Gofosf] :yfkgf u/fpg' xf] . ;g\ !(^).&) sf]

bzsdf k|mfG;df of] ;dfj]lztfn] dfgl;s tyf zf/Ll/s ¿kdf c;Qm ePsf, cfTdxTof ug{

cu|;/, j[4, afn clwsf/ xgg ul/Psf tyf nfu" cf}ifwsf] s'ntdf km;]sf o'jf–o'jtLnfO{

nlIft ul/Psf] lyof] (Silver, 1994). ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsdf cfP/ o; zAbn] a]/f]huf/

tyf ;fdflhs cl:y/tfsf] sf/0fn]] ubf{ kl/jf/sf] :yfloTj gePsf], ;fdflhs alxis/0fdf

k/]sf, ;fdflhs Pstfdf vnn ePsf d'2fdf s]lGb|t ePsf] kfOG5 (Haan, 1998) . ;g\

!(() sf] bzsdf cfP/ o;n] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ¿kdf k5fl8 k/]sf ul/a, c;dfg

Gofo k|0ffnLh:tf kIfdf hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 (Kabeer, 2000) .

;fdfGotof ;fdflhs ;dfj]zL eGgfn] ;+:yfut ;fdflhs cj/f]wx¿ h;n] ju{, hfthflt,

If]q tyf lnª\usf cfwf/df ul/Psf lje]bx¿nfO{ cGTo ug{ bzf{pF5 . o; cy{df ;dfj]lztf

Ps /0fgLlt xf] h;n] ljsf; k|lqmofdf k5fl8 k/]sf tyf kfl/Psf ;d'bfonfO{ /fHosf] ;]jf /

;'ljwfdf kxF'r k'¥ofpg] tyf df}sf k|bfg ug]{ sfo{ ub{5 . o; kx'Fr tyf df}sfn] nlIft

;d'bfon] ;lqmo ;xeflutf hgfpg] / cfˆgf] n's]sf] Ifdtf ljsf; u/L cfTdan a9fpg] /

lg0f{o lng ;Sg] kIfnfO{ lglb{i6 ub{5 .

;fdflhs ;dfj]lztfn] ljBdfg c;dfgtfsf] cj:yfnfO{ x6fpg' xf] . o;sf] d'Vo p2]Zo

;fdflhs PsTj l;h{gf ug{' /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] dtna of] xf]Og ls ;dfhdf /x]sf ;d"x¿sf]

kl/ro csf]{ ;d"xdf ldnfg u/]/ ;fdflhs Ps¿ktf sfod ug'{ . o;y{ k|To]s ;d"xn] cfˆgf]

klxrfg sfod ub}{ ;dfhdf ldn]/ ;fdflhs efOrf/fdf /lx/xg' g} ;fdflhs ;dfj]lztf xf] .

;fdflhs ;dfj]lztfsf nflu ;fdflhs ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ;dfgsf] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t eO{

ul/g'kb{5 . o;n] ljj]w/xLt gLltsf] cjnDag u/]/ sfof{Gjogdf n}hfg] kIfnfO{ jsfnt

u/]sf] x'G5 .

2

;fdflhs ;dfj]lztfn] ;dfhdf ljBdfg /Lltl/jfh, hfthflt tyf pgLx¿sf kl/rofTds

kIfx¿nfO{ sdhf]/ agfO csf]{ zlQmzfnL ;d"xdf ljno u/fpg] kIfdf jsfnt ub}{g t/

o;n] ax'ntfdf cfwfl/t dfgjLo ;Eotfdf hf]8 lbPsf] x'G5 . ;a} kIfx¿n] Ps csf{sf]

/Lltl/jfh / ;+:sf/nfO{ ;Ddfg ug]{ k/Dk/fnfO{ hf]8 lbG5 .

;fdflhs ;dfj]lztf csf]{ cy{df ;fdflhs k'FhL klg xf] . Psfk;df ;fdflhs ;DaGwx¿

a9fpg] / cfk;L ;xof]u clej[l4 ug'{xf] . olb cfk;L ;DaGw Ps csf{]pk/ ;Ddfg gx'g]

/fHon] To;nfO{ a]jf:tf u/]sf] cj:yfdf ;fdflhs ;dfj]lztf c;Dej x'G5 . a[xt\ cy{df

;fdflhs ;dfj]lztfn] :jtGqtf / cfk;L ;xof]udf cfwfl/t ax';f+:s[lts ePsf /fli6«o

tyf cGt/f{li6«o hgtf cfk;df PsLs[t x'g' g} xf] .

df]8nx¿ M;fdflhs ;dfj]lztfnfO{ JofVof ug]{ ;Gbe{df tLg lsl;dsf df]8nx¿ k|:t't

ul/Psf 5g\ (Wilson, 2006) . klxnf] df]8n ;fdflhs clwsf/, Gofof]lrt ljt/0f /

;dfgtfdf cfwfl/t 5 . of] cjwf/0ff pbf/ k|hftflGqs tyf k|hftflGqs ;dfhjfbdf

ljZjf; ug]{ bfz{lgsn] /fHosf] gLlt lgdf{0f ug{ k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ . of] cjwf/0ff cg';f/,

lglZrt lqmofzLn ;d"xn] /fHo lgoGq0f ub{5 / glthf ;dfj]zL xF'b}g . c;dfj]lztf 36fpg

/fHon] zlQmzfnL ;d"xaf6 ;DklQ / ;|f]t ;fwg vf];L jlxis[t u/]sf] ;d"xnfO{ k'gM ljt/0f

ul/g'kb{5 .

bf];|f] df]8ncg';f/ ljleGg ;fdflhs kl/j]z ePsf hghflt tyf efiffx¿n] cfˆgf] k|e'Tj

a9fpg ;wF} ;ª\3if{ ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . To:tf] ;ª\3if{ cfw'lgs ;dfhsf] Ps cleGg ljz]iftf

xf] . o:tf] ;ª\3if{n] JolQm tyf ;d"x ;dflxt x'g] tyf c;dflxt x'g] ub{5 . xfg]{ ;d"xn]

cfˆg} lsl;dsf k|yf tyf k|rng ljsf; u/]/ :yfloTj k|fKt ub}{ tNnf] ;d"xdf :yfloTj k|fKt

u/]sf] x'G5 . ljrf/sx¿sf] ljrf/df of] df]8n JolQmut :jtGqtf / v'Nnf ahf/ k|lt:kwf{n]

hGdfPsf] xf] . o;af6 JolQm tyf v'Nnf ahf/sf] c;kmntfsf] ¿kdf glhtf NofpFb5 .

t];|f] df]8nrflxF PsLs[t ;dfhsf] l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 . of] df]8n ;dfhsf] sfo{;Dkfbgdf

cfwfl/t 5 . o; df]8nn] /fHo / >d ahf/sf] PsLs[t x'g'kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5 . /fHo /

>dahf/ PsLs[t gxF'bf ;fdflhs c;dfj]lztfsf] hGd x'G5 . o; df]8nsf] ts{ 5 sL ;dfh

/ JolQmsf] ;DaGw /fHo c;kmn ePsf] cj:yfdf 6'lqmg k'Ub5 . ha gful/s l;dfGts[t x'g

k'Ub5, pgLx? cfwf/e"t ;fdflhs tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/af6 jl~rt

x'ghfG5 (Alexander, 1985) . To;}n] o:tf] cj:yfdf /fHon] hgtfnfO{ cfwf/e"t¿kdf

lhpg] / ;ª\3 ;+:yfdf /f]huf/L lbg] clwsf/ k|bfg ul/g'kb{5 . To;sf/0f /f]huf/, jf:f:yfg,

:jf:Yo pkrf/, lzIffh:tf gful/s clwsf/ k|bfg ul/g' pko'Qm x'G5 .

;du|df ;fdflhs ;dfj]lztfn] u/LaLsf] b'Zrqm tf]8]/ cj;/df ;dfg kx'Fr / Goflos

;dfhsf] l;h{gf ug{' g} o;sf] p2]Zo xf] .

!=@ ;d:ofsf] klxrfg

g]kfndf ;dfj]lztfsf] cjwf/0ffdf w]/} ljjfb, ax; tyf 5nkmn xF'b} cfPsf] ljifo xf] .

o;df /fhgLlts ljsf; qmd;Fu} hg cfsf+Iff tyf cGt/f{li6«o kl/j]zn] cem a9L dxTj

3

kfpFb} cfPsf] 5 . ;dfj]lztfsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|hftGqsf] k'gM pbokZrft\ g]kfn

clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& / cf7f}+, gjf}+ tyf b;f}+ of]hgfdf o;sf] Joj:yf u/L nfu" u/]sf]

b]lvPsf] 5 . tt\kZrft\ klg bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ng / kl5sf of]hgfx¿n] ;dfj]lztfsf] nflu

emg\ dxTjsf ;fy cufl8 a9fPsf] kfOG5 . tyfkL ;dfj]zL cfly{s j[l4 / ;dfg ;fdflhs

ljsf;, ;a} hfthflt tyf hghfltsf] ;dfg ;xeflutf / k|ltlglwTj, ;fdflhs Pstf /

;a} ;d"xsf] klxrfgsf] ;Gbe{df dxTjk"0f{ d'2f aGb} cfPsf] b]lvG5 (Tamang, 2014) .

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# n] ;dfgtfsf] xssf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 t/ dlxnf, blnt,

cflbjf;L hghflt, dw];L jf ls;fg, dhb'/ jf cfly{s, ;fdflhs jf ;f+:s[lts b[li6n]

lk5l8Psf ju{ jf afns, j[4 tyf ckfª\u jf zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s ¿kn] czQm JolQmsf

;+/If0f, ;zQmLs/0f jf ljsf;sf nflu sfg'gåf/f ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 egL pNn]v

u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] cnfjf ;dfg sfdsf nflu dlxnf / k'?ifsf aLr kfl/>lds tyf ;fdflhs

;'/Iffdf e]befj ul/g] 5}g ;d]t pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .

pk/f]Qm ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfcg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ bf]];|f] ;+zf]wg u/L

cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o; P]gadf]lhd hDdf vfnL ePsf] kbdWo] %% k|ltzt v'Nnf

k|ltof]lutf / $% k|ltzt kb cf/If/0fsf] nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] 5 . o; $% k|ltzt kbnfO{ ;o

k|ltzt dfgL ## k|ltzt kb dlxnfnfO{, @& k|ltzt kbhghfltnfO{, @@ k|ltzt kb

dw]l;nfO{, ( k|ltzt kbblntnfO{, % k|ltzt kbkm/s Ifdtf ePsfnfO{ / $ k|ltzt

kblk5l8Psf If]qnfO{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . pk/f]Qm Joj:yfcg';f/ nf]s;]jf cfof]un] lj=;+=

@)^% ;fnb]lv k/LIff ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . clxn];Dd cf/If0ftkm{ sl/a&))) hgfn]

cj;/ kfO;s]sf 5g\ . o; cy{df o; cf/If0f gLltsf] k|efj d"Nofª\sg ug{;lsg] ePsf] 5

.

o; cj:yfdf lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] ;dfj]zL gLlt s;/L sfof{Gjog ePsf] 5 < o; gLltsf]

;dfhdf s:tf] k|efj k/]sf] 5 < s] of] gLltn] ;+ljwfgdf eg] d'tfljssf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s

tyf /fhgLlts ¿kdf k5fl8 k/]sf] hgtfn] cj;/ k|fKt ug{;s]sf] 5 < h:tf cg'Ql/t k|Zg

cWoogsf ljifoj:t' /x]sf 5g\ .

!=# cWoogsf p2]Zox¿

o; cWoogsf] d'Vo p2]Zo lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( -bf];|f] ;+zf]wg_n] cjnDag u/]sf]

;dfj]zL egf{ gLltsf] sfof{Gjog ljifodf ;"rgf ;ª\sng u/L jf:tljs Jojxf/df NofPsf]

egf{ k|lqmof, lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;+/rgfh:tf kIfx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug{' /x]sf] 5 . o; cWoogn]

lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;dfj]zL gLltsf] sfof{Gjogn] kf/]sf] k|efjsf] ljifodf cWoog ug]{5 . cGo

p2]Zox¿ b]xfoadf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ .

o;/L lghfdtL ;]jfdf v'Nnf tyf ;dfj]zL egf{ k|lqmofaf6 k|j]z ug{ ;kmn ePsf

lghfdtL ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lsf] ;dfj]zL egf{ gLltsf] ;Gbe{df pgLx¿sf] ljrf/ ;+sng

u/L] ljZn]if0f ul/g]5 .

lghfdtL ;]jfsf] :f+/rgfdf ;dfj]zL egf{ gLltn] kf/]sf] k|efjsf] ljZn]if0f ul/g]5 .

4

nf]s;]jf cfof]un] ;dfj]zL egf{ gLltsf] sfof{Gjog kIfdf v]n]sf] e"ldsf] ljZn]if0f

ul/g]5 .

v'Nnf tyf ;dfj]zL egf{ k|lqmofaf6 ;kmn ePsf sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ If]qdf

ul//x]sf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] ljZn]if0f ul/g]5 .

cGTodf ;dfj]zL egf{ gLltnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg /0fgLlt tyf gLlt ;'emfp ul/g]5

.

!=$ cWoogsf] pknlAw

o; cWoogn] lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;dfj]zLtf nfu'" ePkl5 o;sf] k|efjsf] af/]df lj:t[t

ljj]rgf ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] ljZn]if0faf6 ;+ljwfgdf n]lvPadf]lhdsf nlIft ju{sf]

;xeflutf eP÷gePsf] / Gofo kfpg ;s]÷g;s]sf] lgSof]{n u/]/ gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u

ub{5 .

!=% cWoogsf] If]q tyf cWoog ljlw

o; cWoogdf b]xfoadf]lhdsf /0fgLlt tyf ljlw k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . o;df ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf]

;ª\sng u/L cWoog / :ynut cWoog b'j} ul/Psf] 5 . o; cWoognfO{ ljj/0ffTds tyf

ljin]if0ffTds cWoogsf] 9fFrfdf cfwfl/t /xL cg';Gwfg ul/Psf] 5 . :ynut cWoogsf]

nflu ;ftj6f lhNnfnfO{ 5gf]6 ul/Psf] 5 .

!=%=! ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf] cWoog

o;cGtu{t ;dfj]zL egf{ gLltsf nflu rflnPsf sbdx¿ / tt\ ;dodf ul/Psf cWoog

k|ltj]bg n]v /rgfx¿nfO{ ;ª\sng u/L ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 h'g ljZn]if0fsf] cfwf/df

;dfj]zL gLltsf d'2fx¿ klxrfg u/L ;f] d'2fnfO{ :ynut cWoogdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

;dfj]lztfsf] ;Gbe{df 5}6f}+ of]hgf-!(*)–*%_b]lv clxn];Ddsf cfjlws of]hgfsf] ljZn]if0f

ul/of] . cem o; cWoognfO{ vlbnf]¿kdf k|:t't ug{ k~rfot sfn -!(^)–!(()_ ;Ddsf]

cjlwdf eP u/]sf k|of; / o;sf] k|efjsf] ;d]t ljZn]if0f ul/of] . o; sfo{sf]

cnfjf Susan Hagen(2007), David N. Gellner (2007), Ishtiaq

Jamil / Rameshowr Dangal (2009), Ganeshman Gurung(2007) ;fy} ;dfhzf:q

s]Gb|Lo ljefuåf/f ul/Psf] cWoog k|ltj]bgnfO{ cfwf/df lnO{ ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . o;

cg';Gwfg sfo{sf] nflu d'Vo ¿kdf nf]s;]jf cfof]un] ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] k/LIff k|0ffnL /

gLltut Joj:yfsf] ljj]rgf ul/Psf] 5 . o;}u/L cWoogn] lghfdtL sd{rf/L 5gf]6 ug{

k|sflzt u/]sf] kf7\oqmdsf] ;d]t ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .

nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6 ;dfj]zL egf{ gLltaf6 lj=;+= @)^% ;fnb]lv lj=;+=@)&) ;Dd 5gf]6

ePsf pDd]bjf/x¿sf] uxg ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . h;af6 cfPsf] glthfnfO{ tflnsfdf

k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . @)^% ;fnnfO{ g} cfwf/ dfGg'sf] sf/0f g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;f]xL

;fnb]lv nf]s;]jf cfof]un] ;dfj]zL egf{ gLlt sfof{Gjog ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

5

!=%=@ cWoogsf] 9fFrf

k|:t't cWoog ljj/0ffTds tyf ljZn]if0ffTds 9fFrfdf cfwfl/t 5 . o; cy{df ljj/0ffTds

xf] ls h;df ljutb]lv jt{dfg;Ddsf gLltut Joj:yf / ltlgx¿sf k|efjnfO{ pNn]v

ul/Psf] 5 . o;af6 ;dfj]zL zf;g k4ltsf] emns lbPsf] 5 . of] cWoog o; cy{df

ljZn]if0ffTds 9fFrfdf cfwfl/t 5 h;n] ;dfj]zL egf{ gLltsf] sfof{Gjogsf] qmddf

cfOk/]sf tTjx¿sf] k|efjsf] d"Nofª\sg ul/Psf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;dfj]zL egf{ gLlt

sfof{Gjogdf k|efj kfg]{ tTjx¿sf] c;/nfO{ ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .

!=%=# hg;ª\Vof tyf gd'gf 5gf}6

nf]s;]jf cfof]un] @)^% b]lv @)&) ;Dd lj1fkg u/]sf kbx¿ sl/a !( xhf/ /x]sf 5g\ .

tL kbx¿ /fhkq cg+lst tyf /fhkqf+lst b'j} /x]sf 5g\ . o; cWoogdf ;ftj6f lhNnfsf

@@& hgf sd{rf/L;Fu ;+/lrt k|ZgfjnL tof/ u/L tYofª\s ;ª\sng ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf

cltl/Qm @* hgf ;f]xL ;f]xL sfof{nosf sfof{no k|d'vx¿;Fu ;dfj]zL egf{ gLltsf]

;Gbe{df cGtjf{tf{ lnO{ ;+/lrt k|ZgfjnLaf6 cfPsf] tflnsf;Fu} ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .

!=%=$ tYofª\ssf] ;|f]t

o; cWoogsf] nflu p2]Zocg';f/ b]xfoadf]lhd k|fylds tyf låtLo tYofª\s k|of]u ul/Psf]

5 .

!=%=% låtLo tYofª\s

låtLo tYofªssf] ¿kdf nf]s;]jf cfof]usf jflif{s k|ltj]bgx¿ lnOPsf] 5 . h;df @)^%

b]lv @)&) ;Ddsf jflif{s k|ltj]bgx¿ kb{5g\ . o;sf] cltl/Qm nf]s;]jf cfof]usf ;Dk"0f{

cf}krfl/stfx¿ kf/ ul/;s]kl5 k/LIffdf ;kmn pDd]bjf/n] nf]s;]jf cfof]un] tof/ u/]sf]

kmd{ eg'{kb{5 . pQm kmd{sf] cfwf/ el/Psf tYofª\sx¿ cfjZostfcg';f/ $&! hgfsf]

tYofª\s ;ª\sng ul/Psf] 5 . o; kmd{af6 ;kmn pDd]bjf/sf] v'Nnf tyf ;dfj]zL

k|lt:kwf{sf] k|s[lt yfxf nfu]sf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm o;jf6 lnª\u, If]q, hfthflt, lzIff,

k];f-afa'–cfdfsf] ;d]t_ /f]huf/sf] cj:yf h:tf kIfx¿sf] kQf nufpg ;lsof] . o:tf]

k|s[ltsf] tYofªsnfO{ cltg} ljZjfl;nf] dflgPsf] 5 lsgsL obL ;kmn pDd]bjf/n] unt

;"rgf lbPsf] cj:yfdf p;nfO{ sf/afxL rnfpg ;lsg] sfg'gL Joj:yf 5 . of] tYofª\snfO{

pk/f]Qm PsfOsf] cfwf/df SPSS k|f]u|fdsf] ;xfotf lnO{ ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .

!=%=^ k|fylds tYofª\s

o; cWoogdf k|fylds tYofª\s k|ZgfjnL ljlw / cGtjf{tf{ ljlw åf/f ;ª\sng ul/Psf] 5 .

k|ZgfjnLx¿ wgs'6f, hgsk'/, uf]vf{, b}n]v, wgu9L / c5fd lhNnfsf ;/sf/L

sfof{nox¿df tL;÷tL;j6fsf b/n] ljt/0f u/L ;ª\sng ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm

sf7df8fF}sf] cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu / :jf:Yo ;]jf ljefuaf6 tL;÷tL;j6fs} b/df ;+sng

6

ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L pk/f]Qm lhNnfdf sfof{no k|d'vx¿nfO{ rf/÷rf/hgfsf] b/df ;d]t

cGtjf{tf{ lnOPsf] 5 . o;df hDdf @@& hgf sd{rf/L / @* hgf sfof{no k|d'vx¿ /x]sf

5g\ .

!=%=& tYofª\s ;ª\sngsf nflu pkof]u ul/Psf cf}hf/x¿

o; cWoogsf tYofª\s ;ª\sngsf] nflu k|ZgfjnL / cGtjf{tf{ tyf :ynut cjnf]sg

ul/Psf] 5 .

k|ZgfjnLM ljsNkx¿df ;:ldt ul/Psf k|ZgfjnL tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . pk/f]Qm k|ZgfjnLdf

pQ/bftfsf] ;fdfGo ;"rgfh:t} lnª\u, pd]/, lzIff, kb jfa'–cfdfsf] k];f, cfly{s

cj:yfh:tf kIfx¿sf] ;"rgf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 eg] bf];|f] v08df lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;+nUg

x'gsf sf/0fx¿, kf7\oqmdsf] pko'Qmtf, sd{rf/Lsf] ;xeflutf, o; k4ltn] NofPsf] Goflos

cj:yf, sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] cj:yf, cf/If0fsf] pko'Qmtf / ;'emfjx¿ ;dfj]z

ul/Psf] 5 . pk/f]QM k|Zgx¿nfO{ Likert Scale df cfwfl/t /x]sf 5g\ .

cGtjf{tf{ McGtjf{tf{sf] nflu csf]{ v'Nnf k|Zgx¿ tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . h;df;+/lrt k|ZgfjnLdf

h:t} o;df klg c;/ ug]{ tTjx¿ kZgdf ;dfj]; ul/Psf] 5 . cGtjf{tf{ dfly pNn]lvt

lhNnfx¿sf ;/sf/L sfof{nosf sDtLdf rf/hgf sfof{no k|d'vx¿;Fu lnOPsf] 5 . hDdf

@$ hgf sfof{no k|d'v / sf7df8fF}af6 rf/hgf lj1;Fu cGtjf{tf{ lnOPsf] 5 . h;cGtu{t

nf]s;]jf cfof]usf k"j{ ;b:o / k|f1x¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

:ynut cjnf]sg M o; cWoogsf] bf}/fgdf dfly pNn]lvt lhNnf tyf ljefux¿df

k|ZgfjnLdf pNn]lvt /f;Lx¿sf] cfwf/df @$ j6f sfof{nox¿df :ynut cjnf]sg ul/Psf]

5 .

!=^ cWoogsf] ;+/rgf

o; k|ltj]bg rf/ efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . klxnf] cWofodf kl/rofTds k|:t'lt tyf

cWoog ljlw pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . h;df ;dfj]lztfsf] ;}4flGts ljj]rgfsf] ;fy} cWoogsf]

d'2fx¿ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm cWoog ljlw;d]t pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

o;}u/L bf];|f] cWofodf ;dfj]zL zf;gk4ltsf] g]kfndf ljutb]lv jt{dfg;Ddsf]

P]ltxfl;stf k|:t't u/L lghfdtL ;]jfdf lj=;+= @)^% ;fnb]lv lj=;+= @)&) ;Ddsf]

tYofª\snfO{ ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . o;jf6 lgl:sPsf d'2fx¿sf] cfwf/df k|ZgfjnL agfOPsf]

5 h;sf] cfwf/df cfPsf tYofª\snfO{ t];|f] cWofodf ljZn]if0f k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . pk/f]Qm

d'2fx¿ Hf:t} lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;dfj]zLtfsf] l:ylt / gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfnfO{ j}1flgs

ljlwcg';f/ ljZn]if0f k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . clGtd cWofodf lgisif{ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

7

cWofo b'O{

g]kfndf ;dfj]zL zf;g k4lt M ljutb]lv jt{dfg;Dd

@=! k[i7e"ld

;+;f/df w]/} h;f] åGåx¿ kl/rosf] vf]hLdf ePsf 5g\ (Brown, 2001; Harff and Gurr,

2004; Harris and Reilly, 1998; Kegley Jr., 2009; Wimmer, 2013Quoted from

Lawoti, 2014) . g]kfndf klg åGb kl/rosf] nflu ePsf] ts{ ul/G5 (Lawoti, 2014) .

;dfj]lztfsf] cfly{s j[l4 tyf ljsf;sf] nflu cfjZos kIf xf] . olb b]zsf] ;|f]t /

;fwgx¿ s'g} lglZrt ju{df hfG5 / pkof]u x'G5 eg] Tof] b]zsf] ;du| ljsf; x'g ;Sb}g .

olb s]jn ;fgf] ;d"xsf] ;|f]t / ;fwgdf kx'Fr x'G5 eg] pgLx¿n] ;du| b]z ljsf;sf]

pQ/bfloTj lng'kg]{ x'G5 t/ o;/L lnOFbf ;du| hgtfsf] ljsf; ;Dej b]lv+b}g . o:tf]

cj:yfdf b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf; l:y/ x'g] cljsl;ttkm{ ws]lng] x'G5 . hxfF ;dfh cflYf{s

tyf /fhgLlts ¿kdf ;dfj]zL 5 ToxfF k|To]s JolQmsf] ;xeflutfdf j[l4 eO{ b]z pGglttkm{

pGd'v x'G5 ( Acemoglu and Robinson, 2012) . h'g ;dfhdf ;dfj]lztfsf] cfwf/df

Jojxf/ ul/+b}g ToxfF lg/Gt/ u/LaL;Fu h'lw/xg'kb{5 . b]zsf] sd{rf/LtGq h;n] hg:t/df

pgLx¿sf] efiff, ;+:sf/, hLjgk4lt, OR5f, cfjZostfh:tf kIfx¿ hfGb}g cyjf a'‰b}g

To;n] pQm ;dfhsf] ljsf;df cj/f]w NofO{ ;du| b]zsf] ljsf;df afws aGb5 (Esman,

1997) . csf]{ kIfdf olb ;+:yfx¿df hlt w]/} ;d"xx¿ eof] Tolt g} sfo{;Dkfbg :t/ a9\b5

/ h;sf] sf/0faf6 ;du|tfdf b]zsf] ljsf; tyf pGglt x'gdf d2t k'Ub5 (Page, 2008) .

/fhgLlts cfofddf klg hlt w]/} /fhgLlts ;xeflutf eof] h;n] ;dfj]lztfnfO{ a9fjf

lbG5 (Hachhethu, 2014) .

zf;g k4ltsf] d"Nofª\sg ubf{ o;sf] P]ltxfl;stf, /fhgLlts rl/q tyf ;fdflhs cfly{s

kIfaf6 ug{;lsG5 . dx]Gb| nfjtL -@)!$_ sf] ljrf/df g]kfnsf] b'O{ ltxfO hg;ª\Vof h'g

blnt, cflbjf;L, dw];L / d'l:nd ;f+:s[lts, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts tyf cfly{sh:tf

kIfx¿sf] cfwf/df l;dfGts[t x'Fb} cfPsf] / pgLx¿sf] /fHo ;+oGqdf ;xeflutf x'g g;s]sf]

b]lvG5 . pxfFsf] ts{cg';f/ olb b]zsf] dlxnfsf] hg;ª\VofnfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{xf] eg] of]

l;dfGts[t / c;dfj];L rl/q a9]/ *% k|ltzt k'Ub5 . g]kfnsf] cfw'lgs zf;g ;Qf

;'?jft ePb]lv g]kfndf pNn]lvt ju{x¿nfO{ l;dfGts[t ul/+b} cfPsf] ts{ ul/+b} cfPsf]

5 (Bhattachan, 1997; Lawoti, 2005; Neupane, 2000) . k[YjLgf/fo0f zf;n] g]kfnnfO{

PsLs/0f ubf{ tfufwf/L1 / dtjfnLnfO{ ;Fu} k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5 . pgn] ;Ifd JolQmnfO{

o'4sf] g]t[Tj ug{ lbPsf] ;d]t b]lvPsf] 5 . o'4 ug{ tof/Lsf] qmddf lj;] gurL{h:tf ;fdfGo

k];f c+ufn]sf JolQm;Fu;d]t ctL{ tyf ;'emfj lnPsf] Oltxf;df k|i6 pNn]v u/]sf lyP .

lbJo pkb]zdf g]kfn ;a}sf] ;femf km"naf/L ePsf] pNn]v u/]sf lyP . o:tf sfo{ ubf{

tfufwf/LnfO{ a9L k|>o lbPsf] ts{ ug]{x¿ 5g\ eg] csf{tkm{ ;dfj]zL kIfnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf]

8

ts{ ug]{x¿ klg 5g\ . jf:tjdf kl5Nnf k':tfn] sfdsf] dxTjnfO{ klxrfg ug{ g;s]/

hGdsf cfwf/df lhDdf lb+b} hfg'sf sf/0fn] g]kfndf zf;g ;~rfngdf ;dfj]; gePsf

;d"xx¿ l;dfGts[t x'Fb} uPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] hGdsf] cfwf/df hftsf]

jlu{s[t ubf{ sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ dxTj glbg' g} c;dfj]zL ePsf] dfGg ;lsG5 .

Zff;s ju{sf] cfGtl/s snx / cfˆgf] /St ;DaGwnfO{ zf;g ;Qfdf k'¥ofpg] unt

kl/kf6Lsf] sf/0fn] g]kfndf hxfgLof /f0ffzf;gsf] pbokZrft\ cem c;dfj]zL k|j[lQ

Jojxf/df ?kfGt/0f ePsf] b]lvG5 . /f0ff zf;gdf kl/jf/jfbsf] xfjL x'g', pgLx¿sf]

dxTjfsf+Iff a9\g' tTsfnLg ;dfh sdhf]/ x'g'h:tf sf/0fn] o; kl/kfl6nfO{ a9fjf lbPsf]

b]lvG5 . o; sfo{df kxfl8of lxGb' ;De|fGt ju{sf] e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 (Bhattachan, 1997;

Lawoti, 2005; Neupane, 2000 quoted in Lawoti, 2014) . ;De|fGt ju{afx]s ;a} lxGb'

kl/jf/ ;f+:s[lts tyf ;fdflhs ¿kdf k5fl8 gk/]sf]] kfOG5 (Lawoti, 2014) . o;

sfo{nfO{ hª\uaxfb'/n] ;g\ !*%$ NofPsf] d'n'sL P]gn] klg b]zdf ljj]wsf] kIfnfO{ cem

a9fPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . k'gM /fhf dx]Gb|sf] kfnfdf d'n'sL P]gnfO{ k'gM ;+zf]wg u/L

sfof{Gjogdf NofOof] . o;n] g]kfndf 5'jf5"t tyf ;fdflhs ljj]wnfO{ cGTo ug{ dxTjk"0f{

sbd rfNof] t/ o;n] ;fdflhs lje]b ug]{nfO{ sfg'gL bfo/fdf Nofpg g;Sbf o;sf]

k|efjsfl/tf cem sd eof] . oxL P]gsf] sdhf]/LnfO{ ;RofO{ ;g\ !((@ df olb s;}n]

5'jf5"tnfO{ ;fj{hlgs 7fpFdf dfGotf lbof] cyjf Jojxf/df Nofof] eg] p;nfO{ Ps jif{ b08

jf ?= #))) hl/jfgf ug{;lsg] Joj:yf ul/of] . o;}u/L z]/axfb'/ b]pjfsf] kfnfdf sdn/L

k|yfsf] cGTo egL 3f]if0ff t ul/of] t/ plrt Joj:yfkg gx'Fbf To;sf] glthf pNn]Vo

x'g;s]g . o;}sf]] lg/Gt/tfsf ;fy xlnof k|yf klg cGTo ul/of] o;sf] klg sdn/Lsf] h:t}

x'g uof] .

/f0ff zf;gsfndf g]kfndf ;ª\sng ePsf] /fh:j /f0ffx¿sf] cfˆgf] JolQmut cfDbfgL h:tf]

u/L kmh'n vr{ ub}{ cfP . pQm ;+slnt /fh:j cfln;fg b/af/x¿ agfpg k|of]u eof] .

o:tf] /fh:jaf6 pBf]u wGbf :yfkgf ug{ / ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] ;xL k|of]u x'g g;s]sf]

sf/0faf6 hgtfsf] cfo;|f]t a9\g ;s]g . o;y{ o:tf] k|j[lQaf6 b]zsf] cfly{s cj:yf lalu|P/

uof] . o; sfo{af6 ;De|fGtafx]s s;}sf] klg /fli6«o 9's'6Laf6 h'g ljt/0f x'g'kg]{ xf] ;f]

gePsfn] hgtf cem a9L l;dfGts[t xF'b} uP (Bhattarai, 2003) . cem g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs

Jofkf/sf] cj:yfnfO{ lgofNbf klxnf g]kfn xF'b} ltAat;Dd Jofkf/xF'b} cfPsf]df clxn]

g]kfnsf] Jofkf/ ef/t;Fu a9Ldfqfdf x'g] u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf]] j:t' pTkfbg ug]{ / lgof{t ug]{

sfd k|foM ;':t 5 . g]kfndf j:t' Jofkf/ d"ntM j}b]lzs cfoftdf e/ k/]sfn] k'FhL lgdf{0f

sfo{ x'g;s]sf] b]lv+b}g . o; cj:yfaf6 hf] ;d'bfo l;dfGts[t ePsf] 5 Tof] ;d'bfodf emg\

c;/ ePsf] dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 (Bhattarai, 2003) .

s[lif pkhnfO{ x]bf{ e":jfldTj x'g]vfg]sf] kf;df 5 . g]kfndf h;n] ubf{ x'g]vfg]n] hldgaf6

x'g] pTkfbsTj lng ;s]sf] 5}gg\ . x'Fbf vfg];Fu hldg Go"g dfqfdf 5 . o;sf/0f hldgaf6

x'g] pTkfbsTj a9\g ;s]sf] cj:yf b]lv+b}g . o;y{ klg l;dfGts[t ;d'bfo a9L l;dfGts[t

x'Fb} uPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

9

g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts ljsf; qmdnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] /f0ff zf;g cufl8 s]xL dfqfdf ;xeflutf

ePsf] b]lvG5 lsgls h'g 7fpFnfO{ g]kfndf PsLs/0f ul/Psf] xf] ;f]xL 7fpFsf] zf;snfO{

lhDdf nufPsf] kfOG5 . /f0ff zf;gdf h'g ;xeflutfsf] :t/ slQ klg lyPg . k~rfotsf]

sfndf ;Lldt dfqfdf /fhgLlts ;xeflutf lyof] lsgeg] o;df /fhgLlts bnx¿

k|ltaGwsf] cj:yfdf lyP t/ klg hgjuL{osf] ;b:otfsf] cfwf/df lgjf{rg x'g] ub{Yof] . o;

sfndf /fhfsf] clwsf/ k|r'/ dfqfdf lyof] . k|hftGqsf] k'gM pbo ePkl5 /fhgLlts bn

dfly k|ltaGw km's'jf eof] / /fhgLlts If]qdf hg ;xeflutf a9]/ uof] t/ klg o;} cjlwdf

dfcf]jfbLsf] hgo'4 ;'?eof] . kl/0ffd :j?k dfcf]jfbLsf] o'4n] /fhtGqsf] pGd"ng ug]{

jftfj/0f tof/ eof] / cGo ;ft bnsf] ;xeflutfdf /fhtGqsf] klg cGTo eof] . oL

/fhgLlts bnx¿sf] 7DofO{ rflxFg]kfndf /fhtGqsf] sf/0fn] ;dfj]zL x'g g;Sg' d"n sf/0f

xf] eg]sf] kfOG5 (Hachhethu, 2014).

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg !(^@ hf/L ul/of] . o; ;+ljwfgn] g]kfnnfO{ lxGb' /fi6« 3f]if0ff u¥of] .

o;af6 u}/ lxGb' ;d'bfonfO{ lje]b u¥of] eGg] ts{ k]; ePsf] kfOG5 . o; k~rfot sfndf

g]kfndf df6f] ;'xfpFbf] egL k|rf/ ul/of] t/ g]kfndf hfthfltnfO{ Ps¿ktfdf kl/jt{g u/L

hghflt tyf cGo ;d'bfosf] kl/ro nf]k u/fpg vf]lhPsf] eGg] ljåfg\x¿sf] ts{ 5 . g]kfn

clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& n] ;dfgtfsf] clwsf/ :yfkgf u¥of] / eGof] hfthflt, lnª\u,

wd{, j0f{ / If]qsf cfwf/df lje]b ug{ kfOg] 5}g . o;}sf] lg/Gt/tf :j?k g]kfnsf] cGtl/d

;+ljwfgn] klg of] clwsf/nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] b]lvG5 .

@=@ ;dfj]zL egf{ gLlt

g]kfndf k|hftGqsf] k'gM pbokZrft\ ;du|df ;dfj]zL gLlt cjnDag u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;n]

;dtf, ;dfgtf, ;xeflutf, ax'n ;dfhdf cfwfl/t ;dfj]zL /fhgLlts cfly{s k|0ffnLnfO{

hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . o;}sf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)$&, gjf}+, b;f}+ / cGo lqjifL{o

of]hgfx¿, :yfgLo :jzf;g P]g, !(((, /fli6«o blnt cfof]u, @))@, g]kfnsf] cGtl/d

;+ljwfg @))^, /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]u, @))^, lghfdtL ;]jf P]g-bf];|f] ;+zf]wg_, g]kfn k'ln;

lgodfjnL -afx|f}+ ;+zf]wg, @))&_, g]kfn ;z:q k|x/L lgodfjnL-rf}yf] ;+zf]wg, @))&_

OToflb sfg'gL ;+/rgf ;dfj]zL gLltsf] nflu tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .

@=# ;dfj]zLsf] nflu sfg'gL Joj:yf

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] g]kfnnfO{ Ps ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s,

ax';f+:s[lts ljz]iftfo'Qm, ;dfg cfsf+Iff ePsf] :jtGq, cv08 /fi6«sf] ¿kdf kl/eflift

u/]sf] 5 . o;} ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !# df ;dfgtfsf] xssf] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] 5 . sfg'gsf] k|of]u

ubf{ wd{, j0f{, lnª\u, hfthflt, pTklQ, efiff jf j}rfl/s cf:yf s'g} s'/fsf] cfwf/df e]befj

gx'g] egL ;dfgtfsf] xssf] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] 5 t/ dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw];L

jf ls;fg, dhb'/ jf cfly{s, ;fdflhs jf ;f+:s[lts b[li6n] lk5l8Psf ju{ jf afns, j[4

tyf ckfª\u jf zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s ¿kn] czQm JolQmsf ;+/If0f, ;zQmLs/0f jf ljsf;sf

nflu sfg'gåf/f ljz]if Joj:yf ug{;lsg] Joj:yf u/]sf] x'gfn] hf] pNn]lvt ju{nfO{ ;dfj]z

u/L /fHodf Gofo :yfkgf ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o; ;+ljwfgn] 5'jf5"th:tf s'/LltnfO{ klg

10

sfg'gåf/f b08gLo egL pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . o;} u/L ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @! df ;fdflhs Gofosf]

xssf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 h;cg;f/ cfly{s, ;fdflhs jf z}lIfs b[li6n] kl5 k/]sf dlxnf,

blnt, cflbjf;L, hghflt, dw]];L ;d'bfo, pTkLl8t ju{, u/La ls;fg / dhb'/nfO{

;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf cfwf/df /fHosf ;+/rgfdf ;xefuL u/fpg] Joj:yf u/]sf]

5 . o;} qmddf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^# sf] pkwf/f $ df /fhgLlts bnx¿n]

pDd]bjf/ rog ubf{ ;dfj]zL l;4fGtnfO{ Wofg lbO{ dlxnf, blnt, pTkLl8t hflt tyf

cflbjf;L hghflt, lk5l8Psf If]q, dw];Lnufotsf cGo ju{nfO{ ;d]t k|ltlglwTj u/fpg]

Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . dlxnfsf] xsdf Ps ltxfO{ If]qdf clgjfo{ k|ltlglwTj u/fpg'kg]{ sfg'gL

Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;} sfg'gL Joj:yfcg';f/ lgjf{rg P]gn] dw];LnfO{ sl/a #! k|ltzt,

blnt !#, pTkLl8t tyf hghfltnfO{ #* k|ltzt, lk5l8Psf] If]qnfO{ $ k|ltzt / cGonfO{

sl/a #) k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf x'g] Joj:yf ldnfO{ g]kfndf b'O{ k6s;Dd ;+ljwfg ;efsf]

lgjf{rg ePsf] 5 . kl/0ffd :j?k ;+ljwfg;efdf a9L ;dfj]zL rl/qsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . o;}u/L

:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, !((( n] klg ;dfj]zL gLlt cjnDag u/]sf] 5 . h;cg';f/

k|To]s :yfgLo lgsfodf sDtLdf Ps÷Ps blnt / dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g'kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf]

5 . h;cg';f/ lj=;+= @)%^ df Psk6s :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg ePsf] 5 .

;+j}wflgs Joj:yfadf]lhd lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( bf];|f] k6s ;+zf]wg u/L vfnL ePsf

kbx¿sf] $% k|ltzt kbx¿ ;dfj]zL l;4fGtdf k"lt{ ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . h;cg';f/

dlxnf-## k|ltzt_, cflbjf;L hghflt -@& k|ltzt_, dw];L -@@ k|ltzt_, blnt-(k|ltzt_,

km/s Ifdtf ePsf -%k|ltzt_ / lk5l8Psf] If]qnfO{ $ k|ltzt 5'6\ofOPsf] 5 . o;}u/L g]kfn

k|x/L / g]kfn ;z:q k|x/L andf klg km/s Ifdtf ePsfafx]s pNn]lvt ;d"xx¿nfO{ qmdzM

@),#@,@*,!%,% k|ltzt l;6x¿ 5'6\ofOPsf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] ;+zf]wgkZrft\ nf]s

;]jf cfof]un] lj=;+= @)^% b]lv pk/f]Qm Joj:yfcg';f/ lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ egf{ ub}{

cfPsf] 5 .

@=$ cfjlws of]hgfdf ;dfj]zL gLlt

k|hftGqsf] k'Mg pbokZrft\ lgjf{lrt ;/sf/n] u/LaL lgjf/0fsf] p2]Zo lnO{ cf7f}+ of]hgf-

!((@–!((&_ Nofof] . o; of]hgfdf ;dfhdf ePsf unt k|rng / plTk8gx¿nfO{ x6fO{

;fdflhs, cfly{s cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] p2]Zosf ;fy ;dfj]zL l;4fGtnfO{ cª\uLsf/

u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;}u/L gjf}+ of]hgf -!((&–@))@_n] klxnf]k6s cflbjf;L, hghfltsf]

;Gbe{df cnUu} cWofo /fvL o; ;dfj]zL gLltnfO{ cem a9L k|fyldstf lbPsf] b]lvG5 . o;

of]hgfdf a]lhª ;Dd]ngdf k|lta4tf hgfPadf]lhd dlxnf / ljsf; ;Gbe{df ;d]t 5'§}

cWofo /fv]/ dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f, d"nk|jfx, ;dfgtf / ;dtfh:tf kIfdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .

klxnf]k6s ;fj{hlgs If]qdf dlxnf ;xeflutf @) k|ltzt x'g'kg]{ k|fjwfg cufl8 ;f/]sf] 5 .

o:t} kIfsf] lg/Gt/tf ;fy} b;f}+ of]hgf -@))@–@))&_n] u/LaL lgjf/0f / dfgj ljsf;sf]

;"rsfª\ssf] cfwf/df sdhf]/ kIfnfO{ ljsf;sf] d"n k|jfxdf NofO{ ;dtf ;dfh ljsf; ug]{

sfo{df hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . o; of]hgf cjlwdf dlxnf cfof]u, blnt cfof]u, hghflt

k|lti7fgnufot cGo ;+:yfx¿ v8f eP . lqjifL{o cGtl/d of]hgf -@))&–@)!)_n] åGå,

u/LaL / c;dfj]zLnfO{ cGt/ ;DalGwt ePsf] hgfPsf] 5 . åGå / u/LaLsf] sf/0fn]

11

;dfhdf ePsf sdhf]/ kIfnfO{ cem a9L l;dfGts[t ub}{ hfG5 egL ;d:ofsf] klxrfg u/L

sfo{qmd NofPsf] 5 . o; of]hgfsf] cjlwdf ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf

Nofpg ;lsPsf] 5 . csf]{ lqjifL{o of]hgf-@)!)–@)!#_n] cl3Nnf] of]hgfn] cufl8 NofPsf

sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] 5 . t]x|f+} of]hgf-@)!#–@)!^_sf] cfwf/kqn] klg ;dfj]zL

l;4fGt / dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ k|d'v k|fyldstfdf /fv]sf] 5 . tyflk pk/f]Qm

k|of;sf] afah't p2]Zocg'?ksf] k|ult xfl;n ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . o;df ljBdfg ;fdflhs

jgf]6, c1fgtf, sfof{Gjog :t/df tbf?stf gx'g'h:tf k|d'v sf/0fx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .

@=% cWoog k|ltj]bgx¿df ;dfj]zL gLltsf] ;dLIff

u+ufbQ cj:yL / /ljGb| clwsf/L-@)!@_df u/]sf] cWoogn] l;dfGts[t tyf k"0f{¿kn] ;]jf–

;'ljwfdf ljd'v /x]sf cflbjf;L hghflt, dw];L tyf dlxnfnfO{ ;sf/fTdx lje]bsf] gLltaf6

kmfObf x'g g;s]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . o:tf] x'g'df z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿df u'0f:t/ Ps} lsl;dsf] gx'g'

xf] . hf] pDd]bjf/ ;x/sf z}lIfs ;+:yfdf cWoog ub{5g\ h'g nf]s;]jf cfof]usf]

kf7\oqmd;Fu d]n vfG5 pgLx¿n] g} l;6 ;'/lIft ug{ ;Sb5g\ c¿x¿n] k|lt:kwf{df efu

lng'afx]s c¿ x'Fb}g . ;du|df z}lIfs k|0ffnL, nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] kf7\oqmd / ;ª\u7gsf]

cfjZostfdf km/s /x]sf] pgLx¿n] kQf nufPsf 5g\ .

Zofds'df/ k'/sf]6L, uf]ljGb kl/of/, ls/0f e08f/L / uLtf ;f]j-@))(, k]= #%_ sf]

cWoogcg';f/ g]kfnsf] zf;g k|0ffnLdf, gLlt lg0f{o ug]{ txdf, u}/;/sf/L txdf, ;d'bfodf

cfwfl/t ;ª\u7gdf / /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] g]tfdf blnt ;d'bfo l;dfGts[t x'g'df If]qLsf]

babaf x'g'n] xf] . pbfx/0fsf] nflu g]kfnL ;]gfdf If]qLsf] babaf 5, z}lIfs ;+:yf,

lghfdtL;]jf / Gofo ;]jfdf afx'gsf] babaf 5 , g]kfn k'ln;, ;z:q k|x/L an, k//fi6«

;]jf, /fhgLlts bnx¿df afx'g, If]qLsf] ;+o'Qm babaf 5 . pgLx¿sf]blntnfO{ x]g]{ ;f]r g}

o;sf] d"n sf/0f xf] .

/fli6«o Goflos k|lti7fg-@)!#, k]=#_ Gofo If]qdf ;dfj]zLtf lnª\u, hflt, hghflt tyf cGo

;d"xsf] cfwf/df c;Gt'lnt /x]sf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu dlxnf h;sf] s'n hg;ª\Vof %!=%

k|ltzt 5, p;sf] k|ltlglwTj s]jn !#=( k|ltzt 5 . a|fDx0f, If]qLsf] s]jn #@=! Kf|ltzt

hg;ª\Vof ePsf]df o; ;d'bfosf] k|ltlglwTj &&=^ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L #^ k|ltzt

hg;ª\Vof ePsf] hghfltsf] s]jn !$=% k|ltzt 5 . sl/a @& k|ltzt hg;ª\Vof ePsf]

blnt / cToGt l;dfGts[t ePsf] ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf s]jn ^=* k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . u}/

lxGb' ;d'bfosf] kfFr k|ltzteGbf sd ;xeflutf /x]sf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfsf] c;Gt'lnt

;xeflutf x'g'sf] k5fl8 sfg'g ljifosf] cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{df ePsf] c;Gt'ng g} k|d'v

sf/0f xf] lsgsL ;g\ @))* df g]kfn n SofDk;df cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{dWo] *#=$ k|ltzt

afx'g÷If]qL, !$=^ k|ltzt hghflt, blnt / cGo ;d"x sl/aPs k|ltzt /x]sf] kfOof] .

h;dWo] dlxnf s]jn @#=( k|ltzt ljBfyL{ /x]sf] b]lvof] . o;y{ sfg'g ljifosf] cWoog ug]{

ljBfyL{ pNn]lvt ;d'xx¿df sd / a9L x'gfsf] sf/0fn] Goflos ;]jf / sfg'g Joj;flodf

c;Gt'ng cyjf sd / a9L eO{ c;/ u/]sf] kfOof] .

12

of]u]Gb| a= u'?ª, eLd/fh ;'jfn, dLtf k|wfg, d'Qmf tfdfª -@)!$, k]= &%_n] lghfdtL ;]jfdf

ljleGg hfthfltsf] k|ltlglwTjaf/] u/]sf] lj:t[t cWoogn] /fhk't, sfo:y / t/fO{ a|fDx0fsf]

lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;a}eGbf w]/} k|ltlglwTj -hg;ª\Vofsf] cfwf/df_ /x]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 . rf}yf]

w]/} k|ltlglwTj x'g]df kxf8] afx'g /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;a}eGbf w]/} k|ltlglwTj ePsf] /fhk't -l;+x, rf}w/L_sf] hDdf hg;ª\Vof eg]

yf]/} 5 . s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] )=!%* k|ltzt dfq cf]u6\g] /fhk't ;d'bfosf] c+; eg] )=**(

k|ltzt 5 . cyf{t\ hg;ª\Vofsf] t'ngfdf ;f9] % u'0ffeGbf a9L k|ltlglwTj 5 . lghfdtL

;]jfdf /x]sf] sfo:y-s0f{, nfn, dlNns, >Ljf:tjnufot_sf] hg;ª\Vofsf] t'ngfdf $=$

u'0ff w]/} k|ltlglwTj 5 . To:t} t/fO{ a|fDx0f-emf, ld>f, ltjf/Lnufot_sf] #=# u'0ff / kxf8]

a|fDx0fsf] #=@ u'0ff 5 . o; cWoogdf ;d]l6Psf (& hfthfltdWo] @) hfthfltsf] cfˆgf]

hg;ª\VofeGbf w]/} cg'kftdf lghfdtL ;]jfdf k|ltlglwTj 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm ;'9L, a+ufnL,

d]r], kx/L, ls;fg, ysfnL, b'/f tyf cGosf] hg;ª\Vofsf] t'ngfdf a9L k|ltlglwTj 5 .

o;} cWoogcg';f/ hg;ª\Vofsf] t'ngfdf sd k|ltlglwTj ePsf hfthfltx¿df du/, yf¿,

tfdfª, sfdL, d';ndfg, /fO{, u'?ª / lnDa" kb{5g\ .

Olitofs hldn / /fd]Zj/ b+ufn-@))(, k]= @)!_sf cg';f/ ;g\ @))) b]lv @))# ;Ddsf]

cjlwnfO{ lnP/ ul/Psf] cWoogdf g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf pkNnf] hflt eg]/ lrlgg]

a|fDx0f, If]qLsf] afx'Notf /x]sf] 5 . oBlk pgLx¿sf] ;xeflutfsf] dfqf &^ k|ltztaf6 %#

k|ltztdf 36]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . hasL pgLx¿sf] hg;ª\Vof s]jn #@ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . o:t}

blnt / cGo hghfltsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] t'ngfdf cToGt sd k|ltlglwTj ePsf] 5 . cem

gLlt–lgdf{0f txdf afx'g, If]qL / g]jf/ ;d'bfosf] afx'Notf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

j]g]6 -@))%_sf cg';f/ g]kfndf k|hftGqsf] k'gM pbokl5 v'Nnf ¿kdf jfs\ :jtGqtf eP

klg k/Dk/fut¿kdf cu|0fL /x]sf] lxGb' a|fDx0f, If]qL g} g]kfndf a9L k|efjzfnL /x]sf] 5 .

o;kl5 ;x/ s]lGb|t lzlIft g]jf/sf] k|e'Tj /x]sf] 5 .

g/]Gb|/fh kf}8]n-@)!$, k]= @^(_cg';f/ g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf a|fDx0f, If]qL ;d'bfo hf]

lzlIft a9L hfgsf/ 5 To;sf] k|ltlglwTj /x]sf] 5 . hals pgLx¿sf cleefjs ;fdfGo

lzlIft /x]sf 5g\ . hf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf ePsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf 5f]/fx¿ ;fdfGotof oxL

k];fnfO{ bf]x¥ofPsf] kfOPg t/ pgLx¿sf>LdtL tyf dlxnf gft]bf/x¿n] cf/lIft l;6x¿

;'/lIft u/]sf] kfOof] . ;du|df kxfl8of k9}of afx'g ;fdfGo s[lif k];f ePsf] cleefjs

;fdfGo ;fIf/ / ;/sf/L :s'ndf cWoog u/]sf] pDd]bjf/n] nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k/LIff pQL0f{

u/]sf] b]lvof] .

@=^ lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;dfj]lztfsf] jt{dfg l:ylt

nf]s;]jf cfof]un] lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( -bf];|f] ;+zf]wg_sf] k|fjwfgnfO{ lj=;+= @)^%

;fnb]lv sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfdf b]zsf] hghfltsf] agf]6adf]lhdsf]

tl:a/ b]lvg'kb{5 eGg] dfGotfcg';f/ g]kfndf ;dfj]zL egf{ gLlt c+ufn]sf] 5 . o;sf]

cfwf/df b]xfoadf]lhdsf] l:ylt b]lvPsf] 5 . tYofª\scg';f/ Gf]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf

lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] ;ª\Vof ptf/ r9fjsf] cj:yfdf b]lvPsf] 5 . of] ;ª\Vof ;dfj]zL egf{

13

gLlt nfu" ePkl5 dlxnfsf] ;ª\Vof s]jn !! k|ltztdf /x]sf] ;ª\Vof a9]/ cf=j= @)^(.&)

df sl/a !% k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf k'u]sf] 5 . hasL of] ;+Vof Tof] ;doeGbf cufl8 s]jn

&.* k|ltztdf sfod lyof] . o;}u/L k'?if sd{rf/Lsf] ;ª\Vof sl/a *( k|ltztaf6 36]/ *%

k|ltztdf k'u]sf] 5 . dlxnf sd{rf/Lsf] ;ª\Vof a9\g'sf] sf/0f lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;dfj]zL egf{

gLltadf]lhd sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm x'g' xf] . csf]{tkm{, k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u @)$* n]

sd{rf/Lsf] ;ª\Vof 36fpFb} n}hfg] ;'emfj lbPkl5 sd{rf/Lsf] ;ª\Vof sl/a Ps nfvaf6 c;L

xhf/sf] ;ª\Vofdf NofOPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

Tfflnsf g+= @=! lghfdtL ;]jfdf dlxnf / k'?ifsf] k|ltlglwTjsf] cj:yf

qm=;= cf=j= dlxnf k'?if hDdf

;ª\Vof k|ltzt ;ª\Vof k|ltzt ;ª\Vof k|ltzt

! @)^$÷)^% *&&$ !!=)( &)#^* **=(! &(!$@ !))

@ @)^%÷)^^ *&!# !!=(^ ^$!@% **=)$ &@*#* !))

# @)^^÷)^& (&$( !# ^%@@% *& &$(&$ !))

$ @)^&÷)^* !)&&# !#=*$ ^&)&% *^=!^ &&*$* !))

% @)^*÷)^( !!^&( !$=^& ^&(@* *%=## &(^)& !))

^ @)^(÷)&) !@@^# !%=# ^&*$% *$=& *)!)* !))

hDdf ^!(%! !@.(# $)@%^^ *&.)& $^$%!& !))

;|f]tM lghfdtL lstfavfgf, @)&!

h;sf] sf/0faf6 klg dlxnf sd{rf/Lsf] k|ltzt;d]t a9\g uPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . ljBdfg

cj:yfdf sd{rf/Lsf] agf]6nfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ sl/a @@ k|ltzt clws[t txsf sd{rf/L

/x]sf 5g\ eg] ;xfos :t/sf sd{rf/Lx¿ sl/a %@ k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ . o;}u/L sfof{no

;xfos txsf sd{rf/L sl/a @^ k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ . ;xfos :t/sf sd{rf/LnfO{ sfo{s'zn

gePsf] egL lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ clws[t d"ns agfpg] k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]usf]

l;kmfl/;adf]lhd ;xfos :t/sf sd{rf/Lsf] ;ª\Vof 36fpFb} n}hfg] /0fgLltsf ;fy cufl8

a9]sf] b]lvG5 .

ljljw hghfltsf] cfwf/df lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ jt{dfg lghfdtL ;]jfdf a|fDx0f

sl/a %& k|ltzt, t/fO{sf a|fDx0f If]qL sl/a # k|ltzt, kxf8sf If]qL sl/a !% k|ltzt,

hghflt !% k|ltzt, blnt sl/a% k|ltzt, t/fO{sf] dWod ju{ sl/a * k|ltzt / cGo

sl/a ! k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 -Paudel, 2014, p264_.

@=& ;dfj]zL egf{ gLlt / lj1fkg

lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(-bf];|f] ;+zf]wg_sf] k|fjwfgadf]lhd ;dfj]zL egf{ gLltnfO{

sfof{Gjog ug{sf] nflu lj1fkg clgjfo{ ;t{ xf] . lj1fkg gul/sg ;DalGwt kIfx¿n]

hfgsf/L kfpg ;Sb}gg\ . ;f]xL P]gsf] k|fjwfgcg';f/ lj1fkg v'Nnf, cfGtl/s k|lt:kwf{,

sfo{Ifdtfsf] d"Nofª\sgåf/f x'g] a9'jf, sfo{ ;Dkfbg tyf cg'ejsf] d"Nofª\sgaf6 x'g]

;dfof]hg / ;dfj]zL gLltcg';f/ x'g] ub{5 . nf]s;]jf cfof]un] lj1fkg ubf{ uf]/vfkqsf]

a'waf/sf] cª\s, nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] cfˆg} a'n]l6g, nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] j]j k]haf6 lj1fkg

u/L b/vf:t cfXjfg ug]{ u/]sf] kfOof] .

14

lj=;+=@)^% ;fnb]lv sl/a 5

xhf/sf] ;ª\Vofdf lj1fkg

ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . oL

lj1fkgdWo] @)^% df !&

k|ltzt, @)^^ df !! k|ltzt,

@)^& df !& k|ltzt, @)^*

df !% k|ltzt / @)^( df

@) k|ltzt lj1fkg ePsf]

kfOG5 . oL lj1fkgaf6 sl/a

!( xhf/ kbx¿ k"lt{ ul/Psf]

b]lvPsf] 5 . lj=;+ @)^% ;fndf sl/a rf/ xhf/, @)^^ df sl/a b'O{ xhf/, @)^& df

sl/a kfFr xhf/, @)^* df sl/a rf/ xhf/, @)^( df klg sl/a rf/ xhf/ / @)&) df

sl/j kfFr xhf/ kbsf] k"lt{ ePsf] b]lvof] .

;dfj]zL egf{ gLltadf]lhd v'Nnf / ;dfj]zL u/L b'O{ ju{df lj1fkg xF'b} cfPsf] kfOof] .

klxnf] jif{ @)^% df @( k|ltzt / &! k|ltztsf] cg'kftdf /x]]sf]df @)&) ;fndf df $%

k|ltzt / %% k|ltztsf] cg'kftdf sfod /x]sf] kfOof] . o;/L o; cg'kft ;'?df sfod x'g

g;Sg'df kb ;ª\Vofsf] ljefhgdf cndn x'g' /x]sf] 5 . oBlk tYofª\saf6 of] k|:6 b]lvPsf]

5 sL k|ltztsf] dfldnf Ps jif{kl5 csf]{ / csf]{ jif{kl5 csf]{df qmdzM ldnfg x'Fb} uPsf]

b]lvPsf] 5 .

lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(-bf];|f] ;+zf]wg_ k|fjwfgcg';f/ ;dfj]zL egf{ gLlt pQm P]gn]

jlu{s[t u/]sf ju{x¿nfO{

5'6\ofOPsf] $%

k|ltztnfO{ !)) dfgL

kb ;ª\Vof lgwf{/0f u/]sf]

kfOof] . o; cy{df ljut

kfFr jif{ tYofª\snfO{

ljZn]if0f ubf{ dlxnfnfO{

#$ k|ltzt, cflbjf;L

hghfltnfO{ @^ k|ltzt,

dw];LnfO{ @@ k|ltzt,

blnt nfO{ !) k|ltzt, km/s Ifdtf ePsfnfO{ % k|ltzt / lk5l8Psf] If]qnfO{ # k|ltzt kb

;ª\Vof ljefhg u/]sf] kfOof] .

@=* ;dfj]zL egf{ gLlt / b/vf:t

;dfj]zL egf{ gLltsf] sfof{Gjogsf] ;Gbe{df b/vf:t cfXjfg / cfj]bg btf{ ug]{ k|lqmof

dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ xf] . hlt w]/} b/vf:t btf{ u/L ;DefJo pDd]b/jf/nfO{ Nofpg ;lsof] Tolt g}

w]/} /fd|f] pDd]bjf/ 5gf]6 ug{;lsg] cfwf/ tof/ x'ghfG5 . o; b/vf:tsf]

4013

1864

45253665 3592

5078

2064÷065 2065÷066 2066÷067 2067÷068 2068÷069 2069÷070

kb ;+Vof

lrq g+ @=!

29 3141 40 46 45

71 6959 60 54 55

2064÷065 2065÷066 2066÷067 2067÷068 2068÷069 2069÷070

v"Nnf / ;dfj]zL tkm{sf] lj1flkt kb;+Vof

;dfj]zL k|ltzt v'Nnf k|ltzt

lrq g+ @=@

15

ljZn]if0f cf=j=@)^$.)^% b]lv cf=j= @)^(.)&) ;Dd nf]s;]jf cfof]udf btf{ ePsf

b/vf:tnfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . To;}n] ;dfj]zL egf{ gLltadf]lhd k|To]s kIfaf6 b/vf:t

btf{ eP ePgg\ o;n] o; k|lqmofdf dxTjk"0f{ cy{ /fVb5 . b]xfosf cg'R5]bdf lnª\u,

hghflt, wd{, pd]/, ljsf; If]q, cWoog ;ª\sfoh:tf cfwf/x¿df ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .

s_ lnª\usf] cfwf/df b/vf:t ;ª\Vofsf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ cf=j=@)^$.)^% df dlxnfsf] #( /

k'?ifsf] ^! k|ltztsf] cg'kftdf b/vf:t kb}{ cfPsf]df pQm cg'kft tyf cGt/ sd x'Fb}

cf=j=@)^(.&) df dlxnf $& / k'?if %# k|ltztdf cfPsf] kfOof] . o; tYofª\saf6 of] k|:6

x'g cfpF5 sL dlxnfsf] b/vf:tsf] b/ qmdzM a9\b} uPsf] kfOG5 . o;sf sf/0fx¿df

dlxnfsf] ;fIf/tf b/ a9\b} uPsf], dlxnfsf] ;Ifdtfsf] cj:yfdf j[l4 ePsf], dlxnf cfkm}Fn]

hflu/ vfg k5{ eGg] dfGotfdf ljsf; ePsfh:tf sf/0fx¿ lhDd]jf/ b]lvPsf 5g\ . o;sf]

cy{ of] xf]Og sL k'?ifx¿ sdhf]/ eP/ o;f] x'g uPsf] sbflk xf]Og . o;/L dlxnfsf]

b/vf:t btf{ u/fpg] sfo{df ;aeGbf lhDd]jf/ sf/0f ;dfj]zL egf{ gLltsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ g}

ePsf] dfGg ;lsG5 .

v_ hghfltsf] cfwf/df b/vf:tsf] btf{ u/]sf] cfwf/df ;dfj]zL egf{ gLltsf] sfof{Gjog

kIfnfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ sl/a b'O{ bh{g hfthflt tyf hghfltn] b/vf:t btf{ u/fPsf] kfOof]

. ;aeGbf a9L b/vf:t a|fDx0f If]qL ;d'bfoaf6 btf{ ePsf] kfOof] . ljut kfFr jif{sf]

tYofª\snfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ a|fDx0f ;d'bfo PSn}n] sl/a %) k|ltzt btf{ u/fPsf] / cGo

;d'bfoaf6 sl/a %) k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf btf{ ePsf] kfOof] . o:t} cGo hfthfltdf If]qL,

g]jf/, du/, /fO{, yf¿x¿ qmdzM /x]sf] b]lvof] . hasL g]kfndf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnosf]

cf+s8fdf %( a6f hghflt / cGo a|fDx0f, If]qL, blnth:tf hfthflt /x]sf 5g\ . o;/L

b/vf:t btf{ ug]{ qmddf a|fDx0f If]qLafx]s cGo ;d'bfoaf6 pgLx¿sf] hg;ª\Vofsf]

cg'kftdf b/vf:t g} sd kg{ uPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .cGo ;d'bfoaf6 b/vf:t g} gkg{'df ljljw

sf/0fx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . h:t} ;fIf/tf b/ sd x'g' -cj:yL / clwsf/L, @)!@_, pgLx¿nfO{

nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6 ;/sf/L gf]s/L kfOG5 eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L gx'g', nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6

hflu/ vfg sl7g 5 eGg] cjwf/0ff JofKt x'g', g]kfnsf] ;fdflhs agf]6 / pgLx¿sf] ;+:sf/

o;sf lhDd]jf/ sf/0fx¿ b]lvPsf 5g\ -/fli6«o Goflos k|lti7fg, @)!#_ .

Wffld{s cf:yfsf cfwf/ ljut kfFr cf=j=sf] b/vf:t b/nfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ (# k|ltzt

cfj]bs lxGb' /x]sf 5g\ . o;kl5 af}4 $ k|ltzt, O;fO{ / d'l:nd !.! k|ltzt / cGo sl/a

@ k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ . x'g t g]kfn wd{ lg/k]If d'n's eP klg g]kfndf lxGb'x¿sf] afx'Notf

/x]sf] 5 t/ klg cGo wdf{jnDaLx¿n] cfˆgf] hg;ª \Vofsf] cg'kftdf cfj]bg btf{ u/]sf]

kfOPg .

u_ Zf}lIfs of]Uotf / b/vf:tsf] b/nfO{ x]bf{ ;DalGwt ;]jf ;d"xsf nflu cfof]un]

tf]lsPadf]lhd b/vf:t lbg]x¿eGbf cltl/Qm z}lIfs of]Uotf ePsfn] b/vf:t lbg] u/]sf]

kfOof] .h;dWo] Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf ePsfx¿ dfq $^ k|ltzt /x]sf] kfOof] eg] o;sf

cltl/Qm z}lIfs of]Uotf ePsf %$ k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvof] . o;sf k5fl8sf sf/0fx¿df k9\b}

hfg] / ;fgf] txsf] lghfdtL sd{rf/L eP klg hflu/ vfg] dg;fo b]lvG5 eg] csf]{tkm{

16

z}lIfs k|df0fkq eP klg pQm k|df0fkqcg';f/sf] hflu/ tyf cGo sfo{x¿ kfpg g;s]sf]

cj:yfnfO{ bzf{pF5 .

3_ z}lIfs ;ª\sfosf] cfwf/df b/vf:t ljt/0f kIfnfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;aeGbf a9L b/vf:t

lzIff ;ª\sfoaf6 @* k|ltzt k/]sf] 5 eg] o;kl5 dfgljls / Joj:yfkg ;ª\sfo tkm{af6

qmdzM @@ / @! k|ltzt b/vf:t k/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;}u/L lrlsT;fdf ( k|ltzt, lj1fgdf %

k|ltzt, OlGhlgol/ªdf # k|ltzt b/vf:t k/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . b/vf:t lbg] cGo

;ª\sfox¿df sfg'g-@ k|ltzt_, s[lif-@ k|ltzt_ / cGo -% k|ltzt_ /x]sf 5g\ eg] ;+:s[t /

jgdf gu0o dfqfdf b/vf:t k/]sf 5g\ . o;/L b/vf:tsf] b/nfO{ ;ª\sfo cg';f/ ljZn]if0f

ubf{ w]/} hgzlQm pTkfbg ePsf / tb\g';f/ cfjZostf ePsf] cfwf/df b/vf:t k/]sf]

b]lvPsf] 5.

ª _ dft[efiff / b/vf:t ;ª\VofnfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;a}eGbf a9L&# k|ltzt b/vf:t g]kfnL

dft[efiff ePsfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . bf];|f] pRr b/vf:tb/ ePsfx¿ d}ynL efiff ePsfx¿ 5g\

h;sf] cfotg !! k|ltzt /x]sf 5 . o;}u/L cGo !* j6f dft[efiffx¿ sl/a ! af @

k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf /x]sf 5g\ . o;cy{df g]kfndf sl/a !@^.@& j6f dft[efiff af]lng]

ul/P klg hDdf @).@@ j6f dft[efiff af]lng] ul/Psf ;d'bfox¿ nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] kxF'rdf

/x]sf b]lvPsf] 5 . g]kfnL efiffsf] pNn]Vo pkl:ylt /xg'df g]kfnL efiff dft[efiff

ePsfx¿sf] hg;ª\Vof g} pNn]Vo /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;sf ;Defljt sf/0fdf of t afFsL /x]sf

;d'bfosf pDd]bjf/ g} 5}gg\ of t pgLx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L g} 5}g .

r_ pDd]bjf/sf] pd]/ / b/vf:tsf] b/nfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;aeGbf a9L pDd]bjf/ @! jif{b]lv

@% jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf $) k|ltzt pDd]bjf/sf] b/vf:t k/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . To;kl5 @^ b]lv

#) jif{ ;d"xsf @% k|ltzt pDd]bjf/n] cfj]bg u/]sf] kfOof] . o;kl5 #! b]lv #% jif{

;d"xsf !& k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ . :d/0f/xf];\ lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;]jf k|j]zsf nflu !* jif{ /

pd]/sf] xb #% jif{ tf]lsPsf] 5 t/ lghfdtL ;]jfdf axfn /x]sf sd{rf/LnfO{ pd]/sf] xb

nfUb}g . #% jif{eGbf dflysf k'?if sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf pgLx¿ ;]jf/t /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 t/

dlxnfsf] xsdf eg] pgLx¿n] $) jif{sf] pd]/;Dd cfj]bg lbg ;Sg] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

5_ ljsf; If]qut txdf b/vf:t b/nfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;aeGbf a9L dWodf~rnaf6 $@

k|ltzt cfj]bg k/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . o;}u/L k"jf{~rn / klZrdf~rnaf6 a/fa/ !*.!*

k|ltzt b/vf:tk/]sf] kfOG5 . o;}u/L dWo klZrdf~rn / ;'b"/ klZrdf~rnaf6 qmdzM !#

/ ( k|ltztdf b/vf:t k/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . dWodf~rn b]zsf] /fhwfgL ePsf] / ;aeGbf

a9L hg;ª\Vof klg o;} If]qdf /x]sf 5g\ . o;sf] cltl/QmcGo If]qaf6 klg o;} If]qdf a;fO{+

;/fO klg x'g] u/]sf] 5 . b/vf:tsf] b/nfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ k"j{af6 klZrdtkm{sf] b/vf:t b/

qmdzM 36\bf] cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 . o; tYosf] k5fl8 ;DalGwt If]qsf] hg;ª\Vof, ;fIf/tf

b/, z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿sf] pkl:ylth:tf sf/0f /x]sf 5g\ .

h_ cf};t cfj]bg b/nfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ clws[t txsf kbx¿df k|ltkb $&# hgfsf] cfj]bg

k/]sf] b]lvof] eg] gf=;'= kbsf] k|ltkb @&( hgf pDd]bjf/ /x]sf] kfOof] . o;}u/L vl/bf/

kbsf] nflu k|ltkb !&@ hgfsf] cfj]bg k/]sf] kfOof] . o; tYofª\saf6 of] k|:6 x'g hfG5 sL

clws[t txdf a9L k|lt:kwf{ x'g] u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

17

b/vf:t cfj]bg / ;dfj]zLtfnfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ v'Nnfdf cfj]bg lbg]sf] cf}ift b/ pRr

/x]sf] 5 . ;dfj]lztfsf] xsdf eg] dlxnfdf !!$ k|ltkb, cflbjf;L hghfltdf &% b/vf:t

k|ltkb, dw];Ldf &@ b/vf:t k|ltkb, blntdf #* b/vf:t k|ltkb, km/s Ifdtf ePsf] xsdf

@^ b/vf:t k|ltkb / lk5l8Psf] If]qdf ^) b/vf:t k|ltkb /x]sf] kfOof] .

@=( b/vf:t / lnlvt k/LIffdf ;+nUgtf

pDd]bjf/x¿n] b/vf:t lbg] t/ k/LIffdf cg'kl:yt x'g] k|j[lQ k|d'v¿kdf b]lvPsf] 5

. cf=j=@)^$.)^% b]lv @)^(.)&) ;Dd k|fKt tYofª\snfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;a} ;]jf ;d"xdf

u/]/ &% k|ltzt pDd]bjf/x¿ lnlvt k/LIffdf pkl:yt x'g] u/]sf] kfOof] . ;dfj]zLtkm{sf]

tYofª\s ljZn]if0f ubf{ dlxnfdf %#=^ k|ltzt, cflbjf;L hghfltdf $^=^ k|ltzt,

dw];Ltkm{ $#=@ k|ltzt, blnttkm{ %)=* k|ltzt, km/s Ifdtf ePsf]tkm{ ^$=( k|ltzt /

lk5l8Psf] If]qtkm{ %%=% k|ltzt pDd]bjf/ lnlvt k/LIffdf ;lDdlnt x'g] u/]sf] kfOof] .

o;/L pNn]Vo dfqfdf k/LIff cfj]bg lbg] / lnlvt k/LIffdf cg'kl:yt x'g] s'/fn] ubf{ o;sf]

cfsif{0fk|lt k|Zg pAhfPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . v'Nnftkm{ a9L pDd]bjf/ lnlvt k/LIffdf ;+nUg

ePsf] b]lvof] eg] ;dfj]zLtkm{sf sl/a %) k|ltzt pDd]bjf/ dfq lnlvt k/LIffdf ;+nUg

ePsf] kfOof] .

@=!) ;dfj]zL egf{ gLlt / lnlvt k/LIff

nf]s;]jf cfof]un] o; cfof]udf btf{ ePsf cfj]bsx¿ dWo]af6 ;aeGbf pko'Qm pDd]bjf/

5gf]6 ug{sf nflu ;alGwt kb / ;f]cg';f/sf] kf7\oqmddf cfwfl/t eO{ lnlvt k/LIff

;~rfng ub{5 . lnlvt k/LIff ;~rfng ug{sf] nflu ljifo lj1af6 k|Zgx¿ tof/ ug]{ /

kl/dfh{g ug]{ sfo{ ub{5 . ljifo lj1af6 k|Zgx¿ agfpg nufpFbf sf]8 g+= sf] cfwf/df

agfpg nufpg] / l;naGbL u/L a'emfpg nufpg] ub{5 . o;}u/L Tof] sf]8 g+= Ps zfvfaf6

csf]{ zfvfsf] sd{rf/Ln] klg yfx kfpg g;Sg] / Pp6f lj1n] csf]{ lj1sf] kQf] g} gkfpg]

;+/rgf tof/ u/]sf] 5 . ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿df Ps¿ktf Nofpg lj1dfkm{t g} kl/dfh{g ug{

nufOg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . Pp6} kbsf] nflu klg leGg leGg k|Zg ;]6x¿ tof/ u/L k/LIffyL{n]

klg rf]g{ g;lsg] u/L lnlvt k/LIff ;~rfng u/]sf] b]lvG5 . lnlvt k/LIff ;DkGg

ePkZrft\ k/LIff s]Gb|af6 l;naGbL u/fO{ nf]s;]jf cfof]usf sfof{nodf sfkLx¿ NofOG5 .

pQm sfkLdf cWoIf / ;lrjn] leGbfleGb} sf]8 g+= /fvL sfkLx¿nfO{ hfFRg lj1x¿nfO{

k7fOG5 . To;/L cfPsf] cª\sx¿ sf]8 efiffdf clGtd glthf tof/kZrft\ dfq sf]8 g+=

le8fO JolQmsf] glthf of]Uotfqmdsf] cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs ul/G5 .

To;kl5 cGtjf{tf{ lnOG5 . cGtjf{tf{sf] nflu klg nf]s;]jf cfof]u tof/ u/]sf] /f]i6/df gfd

;+nUg ul/Psf lj1x¿nfO{ lgdGq0ff u/L of]UoeGbf of]Uo JolQmsf] 5gf]6 ul/G5 . pk/f]Qm

k|lqmofaf6 of] k|:6 x'G5 ls nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6 s;}nfO{ klg sfvf / kfvf nufO{ kIfkft

k"0f{ Jojxf/ u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5}g . nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] sfo{k|ltsf] d"Nofª\sg lje]bk"0f{ 5}g eGg]

hgljZjf; /x]sf] 5 -hgk|zf;g s]Gb|Lo ljefu, @))*_ .

18

@=!! ;dfj]zL egf{ gLlt / kf7\oqmd

nf]s;]jf cfof]un] ljleGg kbx¿sf] lnlvt kl/Iff tof/ ug{sf] nflu $%( j6f kf7\oqmd

tof/ u/L ;DalGwt pDd]bjf/nfO{ k'l:tsf tyf j]j k]haf6 hfFr x'g'eGbf sDtLdf # dlxgf

cufj} hfgsf/L u/fPsf] 5 . kf7\oqmd tof/ ubf{ sfdsf] k|lqmlt, ;d;fdlos ljifoj:t',

pDd]bjf/n] cWoog u/]sf] ljifo / cª\u|]hL efiff / sDKo'6/sf] lzIffsf] hfgsf/Lh:tf

cfofdx¿df cfwfl/t eO{ tof/ u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ hf] ;'s} JolQm cfˆgf]

ljifocg';f/ ldNbf] kbdf / z}lIfs of]Uotfcg';f/ k|lt:kwf{ u/L lghfdltL sd{rf/L x'g;Sg]

Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;sf cfnf]rsx¿ sf]xL s;}nfO{ ljz]if u/L g]kfnL efifLx¿nfO{ nf]s;]jf

cfof]usf] kf7\oqmd cg's"n /x]sf] ts{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . clxn] nf]s;]jf cfof]un] cª\u|]hL

dfWodaf6 klg k/LIff lbg ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . nf]s;]jf cfof]un] ;do ;Gbe{cg';f/

kf7\oqmdnfO{ kl/dfh{g ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

@=!@ ;dfj]zL egf{ gLlt / l;kmfl/;

nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k/LIff k|0ffnLaf6 cf=j=@)^% b]lv cf=j= @)&) ;Dd v'Nnf / ;dfj]zL

l;4fGtcg';f/ hDdf !&^%( hgf pDd]bjf/ ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . h;dWo] ;dfj]zL tkm{dfq

%#%& hgf /x]sf 5g\ . v'Nnf tyf ;dfj]zLdf lnlvt k/LIffaf6 ;kmn ePsf t/

cGtjf{tf{df ;kmn x'g g;s]sf pbfx/0fx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . b'j}tkm{ u/]/ lnlvt k/LIffdf g} $%*

kbx¿ ;kmn x'g g;s]sf] b]lvof] .

oL $%* kbdWo] cf=j= @)^% df ;dfj]zLtkm{ *% k|ltzt / v'Nnftkm{ !% k|ltzt /x]sf]

b]lvof] . o;}u/L cf=j=@)^^ df ;dfj]zLtkm{ %^ k|ltzt / v'Nnftkm{ $$ k|ltzt,

cf=j=@)^& df ;dfj]zLdf &) k|ltzt / v'Nnftkm{ #) k|ltzt, cf=j=@)^* df ;dfj]zLtkm{

@) k|ltzt / v'Nnftkm{ *) k|ltzt / cf=j= @)^( df ;dfj]zLtkm{ &) k|ltzt / v'Nnftkm{

#) k|ltzt /x]sf] kfOof] . oL kfFrj6f cf=j=df @)^* afx]s ;a}df ;dfj]zLtkm{ a9Ldfqfdf

l;kmfl/; x'g g;s]sf] kfOof] eg] cf=j= @)^* df v'Nnftkm{sf a9L pDd]bjf/ ;kmn x'g

g;s]sf] kfOof] .

o;} qmddf lnlvt k/LIffdf ;kmn ePsf t/ l;kmfl/; x'g g;s]sf kbx¿df kfFrj6}

cf=j=df u/]/ hDdf @&* kbx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . o;/L x]bf{ hDdf @&* kbsf] sl/a #) k|ltzt

;dfj]zLtkm{sf l;kmfl/; x'g /x]sf] kfOof] eg] v'Nnftkm{ sl/a&) k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvof] .

o;/L ;kmn x'g g;s]sf kbx¿df ;/sf/L jlsn, n]vf ;d"x, Ol~hlgol/ª, :jf:y ;]jf /

s[lif /x]sf 5g\ . pk/f]Qm ;dfj]zLtkm{ dlxnf, cflbjf;L hghflt, blnt, dw];L ;a}

pk;d"xsf pDd]bjf/ /x]sf] kfOof] .

19

cWofo tLg

g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;dfj]zL egf{ gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] ;dLIff M

;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g k|j[lQ pxL <

o; cWofodf ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf] sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfdf ljZn]if0f ug]{, nf]s;]jf cfof]un]

v]n]sf] ;dfj]zL egf{ gLlt sfof{Gjogdf v]n]sf] e"ldsf / ;dfj]zL egf{ gLltaf6 5gf]6

ePsf / v'Nnftkm{af6 5gf]6 ePsf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbgh:tf kIfx¿df

ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .

#=! lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;dfj]zL egf{ gLltsf] sfof{Gjog

g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;dfj]zL egf{ gLlt sfof{Gjog ug{ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( nfO{ bf];|f]

;+zf]wg u/L dlxnf, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw];L, lk5l8Psf] If]q, km/s Ifdtf ePsfh:tf

cfwf/df juL{s/0f u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] 5 . o; cjwf/0ffnfO{ cf=j=@)^$.)^% b]lv

sfof{Gjogdf NofO;s]sf] 5 . o;sf] lj:t[t ljZn]if0f bf];|f] cWofodf ul/;lsPsf] 5 . o;

cjlwdf ;dfj]zL egf{ gLlt sfof{Gjogdf NofPkZrft\ sltn] o;n] k"0f{ ;dfj]zL u¥of] egL

ts{ ub{5g\ eg] sltkon] of]Uotf k|0ffnLdf c;/ k'¥ofof] / sltkon] o;n] cf+lzs ¿kdf

dfq ;Daf]wg u/]sf] ts{ u/]sf 5g\ . o;sf] cnfjf of] k4lt g} 7Ls 5}g eGg]x¿ klg sd

5}gg\ .

o; ;dfj]zL egf{ lgLlt sfof{Gjog NofPkZrft\ o;n] k"0f{ ;dfj]zL ePsf] ts{

ug]{x¿sf] wf/0ffdf g]kfnsf] jt{dfg kl/k|]Iodf lghfdtL ;]jfdf cjnDag ul/Psf]

;dfj]zL egf{ k|lqmof ;do;fk]If, Gofk"0f{, k|ultjfbL / ;/fxgLo 5 . jf:tjdf

u'0f:t/ / kl/0ffdsf] lx;fan] x]bf{ v'Nnf / ljz'4 of]Uotf k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t egf{

k|lqmofnfO{ /fd|f] dfGg ;lsG5 t/ of] k|0ffnL ToxfF pko'Qm a9L x'G5, hxfF hgtf ;a}

;'lzlIft, ljsl;t / ;"rgfdf k"0f{ kxF'r ePsf] x'G5g\ . xfd|f] h:tf] cljsl;t b]z

hxfF ;Lldt hgtf dfq b]zsf] ljsf; / zf;g k|0ffnLsf] d"nwf/df /x]sf tyf

;"rgfdf kxF'r eP]sf] x'gfn] ToxfF clwstd hgtf cem klg ljsf;sf b[li6sf]0fn]

lgs} k5fl8 k/]sf 5g\ . ;a}nfO{ cj;/ k|bfg u/]/ ;dtfsf] b[li6n] ;a}nfO{ Psrf]6L

d"nwf/df k'Ug] cj;/ o; ;dfj]zL egf{ gLltn] lbPsf] 5 . To;sf/0f klg o; egf{

gLltnfO{ pko'Qm dfGg ;lsG5 . o;sf] cnfjf o; egf{ k|lqmofn] b]zdf Pp6f

o'ufGtsf/L kl/jt{g Nofpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf af]s]sf] x'gfn] Pp6f lglZrt

;dofjlw;Dd o;nfO{ hf/L cfjZos 5 .

g]kfn Ps ljljw hflt, If]q, wd{, ju{nufotsf ljljwtfn] el/k"0f{ 5 . oxL

ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkgsf] p2]Zosf ;fy ;'? ul/Psf] ;dfj]zL egf{ ;'? ul/Psf] xf] .

20

;sf/fTds lje]bsf] dfWodaf6 JolQmnfO{ ;zQmLs/0f ub}{ egf{ x'gsf] nflu of]Uo

agfOPsf] v08df g t /fHosf] d"nwf/df cfpgsf] nflu cj;/ gkfPsf] u'gf;f]

cfpFYof] gt a|fDx0f k'?ifn] /fHon] lje]b u/]sf] cfefif kfpFYof] . o; tYonfO{

cfTd;ft\ u/]/ lzIff, :jf:Yo tyf ljkGg ju{ klxrfg u/]/ dfq ;sf/fTds

lje]bdfkm{t ;dfj]lztf vf]lhof] eg] ;dfj]zL egf{ gLlt ;kmn x'g;Sg] b]lvG5 .

of] Joj:yf cf+lzs ¿kdf 7Ls 5 lsgls o;n] lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;a} ju{, j0f{, If]q,

lnª\usf] k|ltlglwTj x'g kfpg] cj;/nfO{ s]xL xb;Dd ;+:yfut ug]{ k|of; u/]sf] 5

t/ o; k|lqmofaf6 s]jn ;xl/of ;De|fGt ju{sf]dfq kx'Fr k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . lk5l8Psf

blnt, ckfª\u dlxnf cflbn] ;dfj]zL egf{ k|lqmofsf] sfg'gL tyf gLltut

Joj:yfaf6 kmfObf k|fKt ug{;s]sf] kfOsf] 5}g . To;}n] of] k|lqmofn] s]jn

cf}krfl/stfnfO{ dfq hf]8 lbg'eGbf Jojxfl/s ¿kdf lk5l8Psf, cNk;ª\Vos dlxnf

cflbjf;L, blnt, k5fl8 kfl/Psfx¿nfO{ o; gLltaf6 kof{Kt kmfObf lng ;Sg]

jftfj/0f tof/ ug{ h?/L b]lvPsf] 5 .

of] k|0ffnL klxnf]k6snfO{ pQm ju{nfO{ ;]jf k|j]z u/fpg] ;Gbe{df 7Ls eP klg ;]jf

k|j]z eO;s]sf ju{nfO{ eg] pQm ;dfj]zL gLltsf] e¥ofª r9\b} cj;/ lnO/xg] /

sf]xLn] cj;/ g} gkfpg] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . ctM o; ;dfj]zL egf{

gLlt;Fu} ;zQmLs/0f / ;Ifdtfdf ;jnLs/0f ub}{ sfof{Gjogdf hfg ;s] o;n]

;dfhdf ;sf/fTds k|efj kfg{;Sg] b]lvG5 .

clxn]sf] of] ;dfj]zL egf{ k|lqmof Tolt pko'Qm 5}g lsgeg] cf/If0fsf] gfdaf6

;]jfdf k|j]z u/]sfx¿ / v'nf k|lt:kwf{af6 leq k|j]z u/]sfx¿n] ug]{ / u/]sf]

sfdaf6 cfPsf] sfo{ k|ltkmnsf] t'ngf ubf{ ;Lldt k|lt:kwf{ eGbf v'Nnf k|lt:kwf{af6

5gf]6 ePsfsf] k|ltkmn /fd|f] b]lvPsf] 5 . olb cf/If0f lbPdf Ps JolQmnfO{

Psk6s dfq} cf/If0f lbg' pko'Qm x'G5 .

sf]xL cGtjf{tf{ lbg]x¿ of] ;dfj]zL k|lqmof 7Ls 5}g eGGf]x¿ ts{ ub{5g\ lsgeg]

;dfj]zL ;d"x -dlxnf, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw];L OToflb_ pkNnf]txsf of]Uo JolQmn]

dfq ;'ljwf kfPsf] x'gfn] o;sf] kmfObf nlIft ;d"x;Dd k'Ug ;s]sf] b]lvPsf] 5}g /

cfly{s, ;fdflhs ¿kn] k5fl8 k/]sf] ;d'bfon] o; cf/If0fsf] df}sfsf] pkof]u ug{

;s]sf] b]lvPsf] 5}g .

;f/f+;df lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;dfj]zL egf{ gLltsf] sfof{Gjogn] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ g]kfnL

;dfhsf] n}lª\us, If]qLo Pj+ hftLo :j?k ;/x g} ljljwtfsf] emNsf] k|bfg ug]{tkm{ cu|;/

u/fPsf] 5 . ;dfhsf] agf]6cg';f/sf] lghfdtL ;]jf agfpg] p2]Zon] cjnDag ul/Psf] of]

gLlt ;f/e"t¿kdf 7Ls ePsf] dflgPsf] 5 . ;fy} of] gLltsf] sfof{Gjogn] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{

;a} lnª\u, ju{ / hfthfltsf] ckgTjsf] efjgf hufpg] e"ldsf lgjf{xf u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;

k4ltsf] pNn]lvt ju{, ;d'bfo / If]qsf kx'Fr ePsf tL ju{, ;d'bfo / If]qsf JolQmnfO{

;xh cj;/ lbPsf] 5 . o; k4ltn] jf:tljs ¿kdf cfly{s, ;fdflhs ¿kn] kl5 k/]sf ju{,

;d'bfo, If]q tyf cGo ;dfj]zL k|lqmofdf gk/]sf ljkGg ju{nfO{ cj;/ k|bfg ug{ eg] ;s]sf]

b]lv+b}g . pbfx/0fsf] nflu dlxnfsf] gfddf lghfdtL ;]jfdf kx'Fr ePs} ju{sf dlxnfx¿dfq

21

kmfObf kfpg ;s]sf 5g\ . hghflt, dw];L, blnt, lk5l8Psf] If]qsf] gfdaf6 tL If]qsf

cfly{s, ;fdflhs / z}lIfs kx'Fr ePsfnfO{ dfq cj;/ lbPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . t;y{ ;dfj]zL

egf{ gLlt sfod /fVb} nlIft ju{;Dd k'Ugsf] nflu ;IfdLs/0f / ;zQmLs/0f ub}{ n}hfg kg]{

cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 .

#=@ ;dfj]zL egf{ gLltsf] sfof{Gjogdf nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] e"ldsf

#=@=! Efgf{ k|lqmof

nf]s;]jf cfof]un] sd{rf/Lsf] egf{ ug]{ qmddf sfg'gn] tf]s]adf]lhdsf] k|lqmof cjnDag

u/]sf] 5 . o;n] cfˆgf] ;do tflnsf ;fj{hlgs u/]sf ] 5 . ;j} vfnL kbx¿sf] ;ª\sng /

k|ltzt lgwf{/0fh:tf sfo{x¿ sfo{ tflnsfcg';f/ g} ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . ;a}nfO{ ;"rgf k|jfx ug{

;a} lj1fkgsf] nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] a'n]l6g, uf]/vfkq / j]j k]haf6 ;fj{hlgs ug]{ u/]sf] 5 .

o; k|lqmofnfO{ d"Nofª\sg ub}{ pQ/bftfx¿sf] cjwf/0ffdf nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] ;dfj]zL egf{

gLlt dof{lbt, ;'wf/f]Gd'v, ;fk]If¿kdf 7Ls / s]xL xb;Dd q'l6 /x]sf] atfPsf 5g\ .

nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] egf{ k|lqmof lglZrt¿kdf lgikIf / dof{lbt eP klg o;nfO{

;do;fk]If cem a9L j}1flgs, snª\s / q'l6/xLt / cem a9L dof{lbt agfpFb}

n}hfg'kb{5 . lj1fkgsf] ;Gbe{df s'/f ubf{ lj1fkg cem j}1flgs / k|rf/d'vL

x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 . nf]s;]jfcfof]usf] lj1fkg cem 6L=eL=, /]l8of], OG6/g]6 kqklqsfh:tf

x/]s dfWodaf6 / ;a} of]Uo gful/snfO{ ;"rgf kxF'r x'g]u/L k|rfl/t ul/of]

eg] k|lt:kwf{ cem s8f / Tolt g} /fd|f] x'g] b]lvG5 .

cGtjf{tf{ lbg]x¿sf] ljrf/df jf:tjdf ;dfj]zL egf{ k|lqmof ;'wf/f]Gd'v 5 t/

k|zf;lgs If]qsf kbsf kf7\oqmd cToGt hl6n agfOPsf] 5 eg] ;dfg tna vfg]

k|fljlws tkm{sf sltko kbdf %) j6f j:t'ut kZgsf] dfq hjfkm lbg'kg]{ l:ylt

klg 5 . glthf k|flKtdf cem} ! jif{;Dd s'g'{kg]{ l:ylt 5 . k/LIff cem} df]km;n;Dd

ljs]lGb|t x'g g;s]sf] x'gfn] b/vf:t ;ª\sngsfo{ cgnfOg k|0ffnLdfkm{t t'?Gt nfu"

ug{;s] cem a9L kl/IffYfL{ a9\g ;Sg] ;Defjgf b]lvPsf] 5 .

nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] egf{ k|lqmof clxn]sf] ;Gbe{;Dd cfOk'Ubfsf] cj:yfnfO{ x]bf{

;a}nfO{ ;d]6\g] lsl;dn] agfOPsf] ;dfj]zL 5, ;jn kIfdfeGbf ;a} ju{sf]

;xeflutf a9\b} u}/x]sf] 5 eg] b'j{n kIfnfO{ x]bf{ ;zQmLs/0f / ;IfdLs/0flagfsf]

;dfj]zLs/0fn] st} g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jf sdhf]/ x'g] t x}g eGg] k|Zg p7]sf]

b]lvG5 .

nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] egf{ k|lqmof ;fk]If¿kdf l7s} 5 . ;do ;dodf k/LIff k|0ffnLnfO{

cfw'lgsLs/0f ub}{ cfPsf] ;d]t kfOPaf6 o;sf] ljZj;gLotf ;d]t xfl;n u/]sf] 5 .

csf]{tkm{ 3f]lift jflif{s sfo{tflnsfnfO{ cjnDag u/L k"jf{g'dfg of]Uo;d]t agfPsf]

5 . h;sf] ;fgf] pbfx/0fsf] /f=k= låtLo k|yd >]l0fsf] lj1fkg x/]s jif{ c;f]h

dlxgfsf] clGtd a'waf/ k|sfzg ub{} cfPsf] 5 .;jnkIfsf] s'/f ubf{ of]Uotf

Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df egf{ tyf 5gf]6 ug]{ sfo{sf] lg/Gt/tf g} k|d'v /x]sf] 5 eg] b'j{n

22

kIfsf] xsdf ljifout k|Zgkq hfFr ug]{ k2ltnfO{ cem Jojl:yt, j}1flgs /

ljZj;gLo x'g g;s]sf] s'/f xfdL ;a} aLr phfu/ /x]sf] 5 .

nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] egf{ k|lqmof q'l6k"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . s'g kbn] s:tf] e"ldsfsf] ck]Iff

ub{5 eGg] ljifodf cWoog g} gu/L zfvf clws[t, pk;lrj / ;x;lrj :t/sf

k|Zgkq, 5gf]6 ljlw, d"Nofª\sg ljlw km/s km/s x'g'kg]{df k|foM Ps} ljlw ckgfPsf]

5 . zfvf clws[tnfO{ ;f]lwg] k|Zg ;x–;lrjnfO{ ;f]lwPsf 5g\ . 5gf]6 k|0ffnLdf

/x]sf] q'l6sf/0fn] xfnsf ;lrj, ;x–;lrj, pk–;lrjx¿sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg 36\bf] 5 .

;du|df nf]s;]jf cfof]un] ;DalGwt kIfx¿nfO{ Wofgdf /flv egf{ k|lqmofdf ePsf

sdL sdhf]/Lx¿nfO{ ;Rofpg cfjZos b]lvG5 .

;du|df nf]s;]jf cfof]un] ;dfj]zL egf{ gLltnfO{ sfg'gsf] kl/lwdf /xL ;a}nfO{ kbcg';f/sf]

kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f u/L ;do tflnsfcg';f/ lj1fkg ug]{, k/LIff ;~rfng ug]{ / glthf

k|sf;g ug]{ sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm cfGtl/s Joj:yfkg klg cfˆg} lsl;dsf]

k|0ffnL ljsf; u/]sf] 5 . h;sf] sf/0fn] egf{ gLlt sfof{Gjogdf nf]s;]jfcfof]usf e"ldsf

lgikIftf / dof{lbt b]lvPsf] 5 t/ klg ;do;fk]If / sfo{cg'?ksf] of]Uo JolQm rog / ;f]

sfo{sf] nflu k|lta4 pDd]bjf/ 5gf]6df nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] e"ldsf yk ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf 5

.

#=@=@ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] e"ldsfsf] k|efjsfl/tf

nf]s;]jf cfof]un] ub}{ cfPsf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] nflu lgikIf 5 jf 5}g egL k|Zg ul/Psf]df

;dfj]zLtkm{sf (# k|ltzt sd{rf/Lx¿n] / v'Nnftkm{sf (% k|ltzt lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln]

nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg u/]sf] cj:yf lgikIf ePsf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . o;}u/L

nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k|lti7fsf] d"Nofª\sgsf nflu ;f]lwPsf] csf]{ k|Zgsf] hjfkmdf klg

nf]s;]jf cfof]u :jR5 5 eGg]x¿dWo] (! k|ltzt ;dfj]zLtkm{sf /x]sf 5g\ eg] ** k|ltzt

v'Nnftkm{ sd{rf/L /x]sf 5g\ . o; dfg]df nf]s;]jf cfof]un] cfˆgf] e"ldsfnfO{ lgikIf /

:jR5 5jL agfpg ;s]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

o;}u/L nf]s;]jf cfof]un] ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfdsf/afxLaf6 o;sf ;/f]sf/x¿n] cg'e"t u/]sf

k|efjsfl/tfsf] ;Gbe{df l;dfGt ¿kdf ;dfj]zLx¿n] v'Nnfsf] t'ngfdf a9L k|efjsfl/tf

/x]sf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . o;df *# k|ltzt ;dfj]zLtkm{sf sd{rf/Ln] nf]s;]jf cfof]u

k|efjsf/L /x]sf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ eg] v'Nnftkm{sf *@ k|ltzt sd{rf/Ln] o; s'/fnfO{ k'li6

u/]sf 5g\ . o;df pNn]Vo s'/f s] 5 eg] sl/a !&.!* k|ltzt lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] of]

nf]s;]jf cfof]u k|efjsf/L 5}g egL pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . nf]s;]jf cfof]un] l;dfGt ¿kdf

eP klg cfˆgf] sfdsf/afxL ubf{ ;'wf/ ug{'kg]{ s'/f o; tYofª \saf6 k|:6 x'g hfG5 .

;du|df nf]s;]jf cfof]u k|efjsf/L ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 .

23

#=@=# sd{rf/L 5gf]6 ljlwx¿sf] k|efjsfl/tf

nf]s;]jf cfof]un] ljBdfg P]g, sfg'gadf]lhd sd{rf/L 5gf]6 ubf{ lnlvt k/LIff ;~rfng

ug]{, cGtjf{tf{ lng], cfOSo" k/LIf0f ug]{ / k|of]ufTds k/LIff ;~rfng u/L of]Uotf ;"rL

k|sfzg u/L kbcg';f/sf] of]Uotf qmddf /x]sf pDd]bjf/nfO{ 5gf]6 ug]{ ub{5 .

s_ lnlvt k/LIffM nf]s;]jf cfof]un] k|To]s ;]jf, ;d"xcg';f/ k[ys\ kf7\oqmd agfP/

k|sflzt ;do tflnsfcg';f/ lnlvt k/LIff ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 . pQ/bftfx¿sf] ljrf/df

;/b/ (& k|ltztn] lnlvt k/LIff k|efjsf/L /x]sf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . ;dfj]zLtkm{sf

sd{rf/Ln] ($ k|ltzt k|efjsf/L /x]sf] eg]sf 5g\ eg] v'Nnftkm{sf (* k|ltzt

sd{rf/Lx¿n] k|efjsf/L ePsf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . lnlvt k/LIff k|efjsf/L x'g'sf] k5fl8

tf]lsPsf] ;dodf k/LIff x'g] u/]sf] 5 . k|To]s ljifosf] k|To]s v08sf] 5'§} pQ/k'l:tsf x'g]

h;sf] sf/0faf6 lgikIf x'gdf ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 . lnlvt k/LIffdf ;a} lsl;dsf k|Zgx¿

;dfj]z ePsf] PsLs[t k/LIff x'gfn] ;a}nfO{ ;dfg b]lvG5 . lnlvt k/LIffdf ;a} ljifonfO{

;d]6\g vf]lhPsf] 5 . k|of]ufTds ;LknfO{ s]xL xb;Dd :jLsfl/Psf] 5 . PlR5s ljifo

;dfj]z 5 . sfd;Fu ;DalGwt ljifoj:t'nfO{ klg :yfg lbOPsf] 5 . o;/L lgikIftfdf hf]8

lbPsf] x'gfn] lnlvt k/LIffsf] ljZj;lgotf pRr 5 . o;sf] cnfjf ;d;fdlos ljifo

j:t'cg';f/ kf7\oqmd kl/dfh{g ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o; lnlvt k/LIff k|0ffnLn] ;a} ljwfsf

ljBfyL{sf pkof]uL x'g] u/L ljlzi6 P]lR5s ljifox¿ ;df]j]z u/]sf] 5 . pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f

klg ;du|df lgikIf 5 .

cGtjf{tf{ lbg]x¿n] o; lnlvt k/LIff k|0ffnLsf sdhf]/L kIfx¿ klg cf}+NofOPsf 5g\ .

pgLx¿sf] ljrf/df lnlvt k/LIffn] dfq of]Uotfsf] k/LIff xF'b}g . nf]s;]jf cfof]un] ;~rfng

u/]sf] lnlvt k/LIff 3f]Sg ;Sg] JolQmx¿sf nflu ;xh 5 .o;df ljifoj:t' 5l/Psf 5g\

.lnlvt k/LIff kf; ug]{ / gug]{ aLrsf] b"/Lsf] xb hfgsf/L 5}g . Nff]s;]jf cfof]un] lnlvt

k/LIffdf k/LIffyL{n] k|fKt u/]sf] k|fKtfª\s ;fj{hlgs ub}{g. lnlvt k/LIffsf] tof/Ldf nfdf]

;do vr{g'kg]{ afWotf /x]sf] 5 .lnlvt k/LIffsf] dfWod g]kfnL efiffdfq ePsf]n] g]kfnL

efiff dft[ efiff ePsfx¿nfO{ ;xh 5 g]kfnL dft[efiff gePsfx¿sf nflu eflifs sl7gfO

5 . sfo{nodf ul/g] sfd / nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] kf7\oqmd aLr tfnd]n 5}g .lnlvt k/LIffsf]

nflu tof/ ul/g] k|Zgx¿ cj}1flgs lgdf{0f ePsf 5g\ .cfhef]nL pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0fsf]

a}wtfdfg} k|Zg p7fOPsf] dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 . cflv/ h] eP klg nf]s;]jf cfof]un] ;~rfng

ug]{ u/]sf] lnlvt k/LIffdf ljZj;gLotf / lgikIftf ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 .

v_ cGtjf{tf{M nf]s;]jf cfof]un] ;~rfng u/]sf] cGtjf{tf{sf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] ;Gbe{df

;dfj]zLaf6 5gf]6 ePsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] cg'ejdf ($ k|ltztnfO{ k|efjsfl/tf ePsf]

kfOPsf] 5 . o;}u/L v'Nnftkm{af6 5gf]6 ePsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] cg'ejdf klg (# k|ltztnfO{

k|efjsf/L ePsf] / ;du|df (# k|ltzt k|efjsf/L ePsf] kfOof] . cGtjf{tf{sf] k|lqmof /

cª\s k|bfg tl/sf ;s];Dd lgikIf xf];\ eGg] tl/sfaf6 o;nfO{ l8hfOg ul/Psf] 5 .

s;}k|lt klg kIfkft x'g g;sf];\ eGg] lsl;dsf] th{'df ul/Psf] 5 . gftf ;DaGw ePsf

JolQm cGtjf{tf{df a:g gkfpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . gftfjfb / lqmkfjfb dfgjLo :jefj xf]

. o:fnfO{ lgld6\ofGg ug{ ;lsGg Go'gLs/0f ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

24

cGtjf{tf{sf] qmddf To:tf] wfFwnL ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5}g t/ cf/lIft ;d"xdf kg{sf] nflu

gSsnL sfuhft agfpg]sf] k|rng a9\bf] kfOof] . h:t} ckfª\usf] xsdf ;fdfGo ckfª\utf

ePsf JolQmn] klg l;kmfl/; lnO{ pDd]bjf/ x'g], lk5l8Psf] If]qdf slxNo} ga;]sf] t/

gful/stf ;f]xL :yfgaf6 lnPsf] sf/0fn] p;n] sfg'g k|bQ cj;/ lnPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

pNn]lvt ljifox¿ ;dfj]zL egf{ gLltsf] dd{ ljk/Lt /x]sf] b]lvof] .

oBlk cGtjf{tf{df kx'Fr / jr{:j ePsf JolQmx¿sf] eg;'gsf] cfwf/df ljz]; u/L ;x–

;lrjsf] xsdf d"Nofª\sgstf{n] klg leqL¿kdf rnv]n ug]{ u/]sf] eGg] cGtjf{tf{sf] qmddf

cfPsf] 5 . pkNnf] kbdf cGtjf{tf{sf] qmddf ;Lldt JolQmx¿ x'g] / pDd]bjf/n] kxF'r

k'¥ofpg ;Sg] / ;f]xL d'tfljs x'g]h:tf cj:yf b]lvPsf] 5 . ;du|df nf]s;]jf cfof]un] lng]

cGtjf{tf{sf] ;Gbe{df h:tf ;'s} s'/f ul/P klg cGtjf{tf{ lgikIf / wfwnL/lxt kfOPsf] 5 .

u_ cfO{ So" M nf]s;]jf cfof]un] ;~rfng ug]{ cfOSo" k/LIffsf] klg ;du|df k|efjsfl/tf g}

kfOPsf] 5 . ;dfj]zL tyf v'Nnf b'j} ;d"xsf (@ k|ltzt pQ/bftfn] k|efjsf/L ePsf]

pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . o;sf k|Zgx¿ h;n] /fd|f];Fu lbdfv lvofpg ;S5 p;}n] pQ/ lbg

;Sg] u/L ljsNk rog ug{ ;Sg] / lbdfvsf] kl/l:ylt;Fu h'Wg ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] hfFr ub{5 .

3_ k|of]ufTds k/LIff M nf]s;]jf cfof]un] tf]lsPsf] ljifox¿df k|of]ufTds k/LIff;d]t

;~rfng u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] ;Gbe{df pQ/bftfx¿n] cf};tdf (# k|efjsf/L

ePsf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . h;dWo] ;dfj]lztftkm{sf ($ k|ltzt / v'Nnftkm{sf (# k|ltzt

/x]sf 5g\ .

#=@=$ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] kf7\oqmdsf] ;fGble{stf

nf]s;]jf cfof]un] pko'Qm pDd]bjf/ 5gf]6sf] nflu ;]jf, ;d"xcg';f/ kf7\oqmdsf] lgwf{/0f

u/]sf] 5 . kf7\qmdcg';f/ lj1x¿nfO{ kl/rfng u/L k|Zg lgdf{0f ug]{ / k/LIf0f ug]{ u/]sf] 5

.

nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] kf7\oqmdsf] ;fGble{stfsf] ;Gbe{df ;f]lwPsf] k|Zgsf] hjfkmdf cf}iftdf

&$ k|ltztn] ;fGble{s /x]sf] pNn]v u/] eg] @^ k|ltztn] c;fGble{s /x]sf] pNn]v u/]sf

5g\ . ;dfj]zL / v'Nnf k|lt:klw{x¿sf] ljrf/df v'Nnftkm{sf &@ k|ltzt sd{rf/Ln] ;fGble{s

/x]sf] atfPsf 5g\ / @* k|ltztn] c;fGble{s /x]sf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . o;}u/L

;dfj]zLtkm{sf *! k|ltzt sd{rf/Ln] ;fGble{s /x]sf] atfPsf 5g\ eg] !( k|ltztn]

c;fGble{s /x]sf] atfPsf 5g\ .

nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] kf7\oqmd ;fGble{s x'g'sf] k5fl8sf sf/0fx¿df o;n] ;a} If]qnfO{

;d]6]sf] 5 . ljz]if1tf xfl;n u/]sf] ljifonfO{ k|fyldstf lbPsf] 5 . of] kf7\oqmdn] of]Uo

dfG5] g} 5gf]6 x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] lnlvt k/LIffsf nflu tof/ ul/Psf]

kf7\oqmd ;a} ;fdfGo of]Uotf k'u]sfx¿nfO{ eGbf klg ;]jf k|j]z ug{ rfxg] / cfjZos kg]{

ljifoj:t'sf] 1fg ePsfx¿nfO{ kf7\oqmd 7Ls ePsf] kfOof] .

25

nf]s;]jf cfof]un] tof/ kf/]sf] kf7\oqmd ;a} ;fdfGo of]Uotf k'u]sfnfO{ pko'Qm g} 5 t/

o;df x'g] tLj| k|lt:kwf{n] ;fdfGo of]UotfeGbf a9Lldlxg]tL, nugzLn, k|oTgzLn e/kbf]{

k':tsx¿ cWoog ug]{ ljleGg ljifosf lj1x¿;Fu ;Nnfx ;'emfj kfpg]x¿sf] nflu a9L

pkof]uL b]lvof] .

kf7\oqmd tyf k/LIff k|0ffnL lghfdtL ;]jfsf] k|j]z k/LIff / kf7\oqmd g]kfnL efiff d}qL 5 .

Kff7\oqmd k':ts / k|Zgkqx¿df kxf8L If]qsf hfthflt, wd{, ;+:s[lt, /xg;xg, e]ife'iffsf

af/]df w]/}h;f] pNn]v ul/Psf 5g\ . dw];L, hghflt, yf¿, /fhj+zLnufotsf hfltsf af/]df

yf]/} dfq pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 . nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k/LIff g]kfnL dft[efiffx¿sf nflu

;'ljwfhgs ePsf] ts{ u/]sf] kfOof] .

lghfdtL ;]jfdf w]/} ;]jf, ;d"x, pk;d"x / >]0fLsf kb /x]sf] xF'bf ;a} tx / kbsf

kf7\oqmdnfO{ j}1flgs÷cj}1flgs jf pko'Qm cg'ko'Qm 5 eGg] eGbf klg ;dofg's"n

cBfjlws ug{ h?/L 5 t/ cfof]usf] kf7oqmd÷d"Nofª\sg zfvf :jo+sf] Ifdtf ljsf; h?/L

5 . kl5Nnf ;dodf cfˆg} ;]jf, ;d"xsf ;DalGwt P]g, lgod sfo{ k|s[lt ga'e]msfx¿ g}

l;kmfl/; x'g yfn]sfn] k/LIffdf ;kmnePsf sd{rf/LnfO{ sfd ug{ c;lhnf] k/]sf] dx;';

u/]sf] a'lemof] .

clwsf+z pQ/bftfsf] ljrf/df nf]s;]jfcfof]usf] kf7\oqmd ;do cg's"n ePsf] kfOof] eg]

s]xL pQ/bftfx¿sf] ljrf/df o;n] sfd / kf7\oqmd aLr tfnd]n x''g g;s]sf] ts{ u/]sf]

kfOof] .

#=# ;dfj]zL egf{ gLlt / hflt tyf hghfltsf] k|ltlglwTjsf] cj:yf

g]kfndf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnosf cg';f/ %( j6f hghflt /x]sf 5g\ . hgu0fgf @)^*

sf cg';f/ !@% j6f hghflt /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . k|ltlglwTjd"ns sd{rf/Lsf] l;4fGtcg';f/

;du| hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6cg';f/ lghfdtL ;]jf klg x'g'kb{5 eGg] dfGotf /x]sf] 5 . cWoog

ul/Psf ;ft lhNnfsf @@& hgf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] hfthfltsf] cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ubf{

$* k|ltzt a|fDx0f, !$ k|ltzt If]qL, cf7 k|ltzt hghflt3, 5 k|ltzt g]jf/, rf/÷rf/

k|ltzt /fO{ / ofbj, b'O{÷b'O{ k|ltzt dw];L / yf¿ /x]sf 5g\ .o;}u/L Ps÷Ps k|ltztdf

zfxL, d08n, du/, lnDa", lul/, u'?ª, wfg's OToflb /x]sf 5g\ . o;}u/L Ps k|ltzteGbf

sd 7s'/L, /f]sfo, /fhk't, ;'9L, ;xgL, dxtf], e'h]n, l;+x, rdf/, rf}w/L tyf t]nL /x]sf]

kfOof] .

jf:tjdf ;du| lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ a|fDx0f sl/a %% k|ltzt, If]qL !$ k|ltzt,

afx'g If]qL t/fO{ sl/a # k|ltzt, hghflt sl/a !% k|ltzt, blnt % k|ltzt t/fO{sf *

k|ltzt /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 -kf}8]n, @)!$_ . o;/L t'ngfTds ¿kdf o; cWoognfO{ ljZn]if0f

ubf{ ldNbf]h'Nbf] b]lvPsf] 5 . o; tYofª\sn] lsg s'g} lglZrt ;d'bfosf] p;sf] hg;ª\Vofsf]

cfsf/ eGbf a9L jf sd ePsf] xf] To;;DaGwL vf]hL ug{ dxTjk"0f{ kIf /x]sf] 5 .

s'g} vf; hft ljz]ifsf] a9L cfj]bg kg'{ / ;kmn x'gfsf] sf/0fx¿df w]/} lzlIft x'gfn] /

g]kfnL efiff dft[efiff ePsf] x'gfn] atfPsf 5g\ . (@ k|ltzt ;dfj]zLtkm{sf pQ/bftfx¿ /

26

(& k|ltzt v'Nnftkm{sf pQ/bftfx¿n]] lzlIft a9L x'gfn] a9L cfj]bg lbPsf] / ;kmn x'g

;s]sf] atfPsf 5g\ . o;}u/L (^ k|ltzt ;dfj]zLtkm{sf pQ/bftfx¿ / ** k|ltzt

v'Nnftkm{sf pQ/bftfx¿n] g]kfnL efiff dft[efiff ePsf] sf/0fn] nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k/LIffdf

a9L cfj]bg lbg] / ;kmn ePsf] ts{ u/]sf 5g\ . o;} qmddf nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] kxF'r -%$

k|ltzt_, gftfjfb lqmkfjfb -@* k|ltzt_ / /fHon] lje]b u/]sf] -#! k|ltzt_ h:tf sf/0fx¿

klg s]xL xb;Dd lhDd]jf/ ePsf] cf}+NofPsf 5g\ .

s'g} vf; ;d'bfo, ufpFsf pDd]bjf/, sfo{/t sd{rf/L, s[lif k];f ePsf, lghL :s'nsfeGbf

a9L o;sf] k5fl8 kxf8L kl/j];df /f]huf/sf] cGo ljsNk gePsf]n] klg nf]s;]jfk|lt

cfslif{t 5g\eg] lzlIft a|fDx0fsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf hflu/ vfg'k5{ eGg] ;f]rsf] ljsf; ePsf]

kfOG5 t;y{ k/LIffdf a9L pQL{0f ePsf] kfOG5 . o;} qmddf cGo ;d'bfosf] kf7\oqmdcg';f/

ldlxg]t / k9fOsf] :t/ gk'u]sf] klg x'g;S5 -cGtjf{tf{, @)!$_ .

;j{k|yd a|fDx0f / If]qLnfO{ Pp6} af:s]6df xfNg' xF'b}g . a9L k|ltzt If}qL eP klg g]kfndf

If}qLx¿sf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf xfnsf lbgdf sd k|ltzt 5 . a|fDx0fsf] k|ltlglwTj w]/} pRr

&% k|ltzteGbf a9L 5 . a|fDx0fx¿ a9L nugzLn k"vf{b]lv g} k9\g], n]Vg] sfddf nfUg] /

nfu]sf 5g\ . To:t} a|fDx0fx¿ b'Mv si6, x08/ vfP/ klg k9\g ;s]sf] kfOof] . pRrkbx¿df

w]/} a|fDx0f ePsfn] tnsfnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{, /fd|f] 7fpFdf kb:yfkg x'g] / cfocfh{g u/L

cfly{s l:ylt /fd|f] agfPsfn] g} pgLx¿ cu| k+ltdf /x]sf] dx;'; ug{;lsG5 -cGtjf{tf{,

@)!$_ .

pQ/bftfx¿n] ufpFsf pDd]bjf/x¿ a9L ;kmn x'g'sf] k5fl8sf sf/0f;d]t cf}+NofPsf 5g\ .

pQ/bftfx¿n] ;a}eGbf a9L lhDd]jf/ sf/0fdf kfl/jfl/s cled'vLs/0f -(% k|ltzt_ /

a]/f]huf/-(@ k|ltzt_ cf}+NofPsf 5g\ . o;dWo] ;dfj]zL (^ k|ltzt / v'Nnftkm{sf

(%k|ltztn] kfl/jfl/s cled'vLs/0fnfO{ lhDd]jf/ 7x¥ofPsf 5g\ . o;}u/L a]/f]huf/nfO{ klg

;dfj]zLtkm{sf ($ k|ltzt / v'Nnftkm{sf (@ k|ltztn] bf];|f] dxTjk"0f{ sf/0f pNn]v u/]sf

5g\ .

tflnsf g+= #=! ;fd'bflos :s'nsf pDd]bjf/ ;kmn x'gfsf sf/0fx¿

s'g} vf;

;d'bfosf]

a9L cfj]bg

kgf{sf]

sf/0fx¿

sf/0fx¿ ;dfj]zL v'Nnf hDdf

c=w]/} lzlIft x'gfn] (@ (& (^

cf=Gf]kfnL dft[efiff ePsfx¿nfO{ ;xh ePsf] x'gfn] (^ ** ()

O= Nff]s;]jf cfof]u glhs ePsf]n] ^) %@ %$

O{= Gfftfjfb s[kfjfbsf] sf/0fn] $^ @# @*

P= /fHon] g} lje]b u/]sf] x'gfn] $( @^ #!

ufpFsf

pDd]bjf/

a9L ;kmn

x'gfsf]

sf/0fx¿

c= u|fdL0f ;+:sf/ &) &$ &#

cf= ;xl/of ;+:sf/ && ^% ^*

O= kfl/jfl/s cled'vLs/0f (^ (% (%

O{= a9L lzlIft &( *% *$

p= a9L kxF'r ^* ^^ ^&

pm= Af9L a]/f]huf/ ($ (! (@

27

P= Nff]s;]jf cfof]usf] k/LIffafx]s ljsNk gePsf] &) ** *#

P}= Gf]kfnL efiffn] ;xh agfPsf] &( *# *@

lghfdtL

;]jfdf

sfo{/t

sd{rf/L g}

;kmn x'gfsf

sf/0fx¿

c= Nff]s;]jf cfof]usf] k|0ffnL;DaGwL cg'ejL ePsf] x'gfn] (^ (& (&

cf= Nff]s;]jf cfof]un] ;~rfng ug]{ k/LIff;DaGwL cg'ejL ePsf]

x'gfn]

($ (^ (^

O= lghfdtL ;]jfdf a9L sl/o/ If]q ePsf]n] ($ (^ (^

O{= lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ g} afWofTds ¿kdf 5gf}6 ug'{kgf{sf] sf/0fn] (^ *( ()

p= lghfdtL ;]jfdf /xFbf v]/L ;dfhn] x]g]{ b[li6sf]0f g} km/s 5 .

o;df a9L ;Ddfg tyf kfj/ pkef]u ug{ kfOg] x'gfn] .

** && &(

pm= ;dfhdf ljBdfg OHhtsf] sf/0fn] () &( *@

s[lif k];fsf

pDd]bjf/

;kmn x'gfsf

sf/0fx¿

c= s[lif k]zfdf cToGt sl&g lhjg ofkg ug{ kgf{n] &^ *% *@

cf= u|fld0f kl/j]zn] ws]nL/x]sf] x'gfn] *@ *% *$

O= nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] kl/Iffsf] nflueGbf cGo k];fdf nfUgnfO{

lgj]zsf] nflu cfjZos ;|f]t ;fwg gePsf] x'gfn]

(! *( ()

O{= of] g} JolQmut Ifdtf b]vfpg] pRrtd ljsNk ePsf] x'gfn] (^ *( (!

p= lghfdtL ;]jfdf a9L hflu/sf] ;'/Iff ePsf] x'gfn] !)) ($ (^

pm= g]kfndf lghfdtL ;]jf;lxt ;/sf/L ;]jfafx]s cGo ;+:yfut

cfwf/ lbg] c¿ lghL If]q gePsf] x'gfn]

^( *$ *!

lghL eGbf

;/sf/L

:s'nsf

pDd]bjf/

;kmn x'gfsf

sf/0fx¿

c= lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;Gbe{df a9L cle?lrsf] sf/0fn] () () ()

cf= lghfdtL ;]jf;DaGwL a9L ?lr ePsf] x'gfn] (^ (! (@

O= a9Lldlxg]tL ePsf x'gfn] (@ (^ (%

O{=lghfdtL ;]jfdfafx]s e/kbf]{ ljsNk gePsf] x'gfn] *^ () *(

p= lghfdtL ;]jfdf a9L cfly{s nfe x'g] x'gfn] %! #^ #(

pm= hfgsf/Llagfg} ufpFn] hLjgn] ldlxg]t ug{ l;sfPsf] x'gfn] && &^ &^

P= lghfdtL ;]jfdf ePsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf]hLjg k4ltn] a9L cfsif{0f

u/]sf] x'gfn]

(@ *& **

hDdf ;ª\Vof %$ !&# @@&

;|f]tM :ynut cWoog, @)!$

o;}u/L u|fdL0f ;+:sf/-&# k|ltzt_, ;x/Lof ;+:sf/-^* k|ltzt_, lzlIft-*$ k|ltzt_, kxF'r-

^& k|ltzt_, nf]s;]jf cfof]u ljsNk /xLt-*# k|ltzt_ / g]kfnL efiff-*@ k|ltzt_ /x]sf]

atfPsf 5g\ .

nf]s;]jf cfof]un] lng] k/LIffdf lghfdtL ;]jfleq ePsf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿ g} a9L ;kmn

ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . o;f] x'g'df klxnf] sf/0fdf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿ nf]s;]jf cfof]usf]

k|0ffnLdf cg'ejL ePsf] x'gfn] atfPsf 5g\ . ;dfj]zLtkm{sf (^ k|ltzt, v'Nnftkm{sf (&

k|ltzt / cf}ift (& k|ltzt pQ/bftfn] pk/f]Qm sf/0f /x]sf] atfPsf 5g\ . o;}u/L bf];|f]

sf/0fdf pgLx¿ nf]s;]jf cfof]un] ;~rfng ug]{ k/LIffsf] nflu klg cg'ejL ePsf] atfPsf

5g\ . ;dfj]zLtkm{sf ($ k|ltzt, v'Nnftkm{sf (^ k|ltzt / cf}iftdf (^ k|ltzt

pQ/bftfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . t];|f] sf/0fdf lghfdtL ;]jf g} pgLx¿sf] sl/o/ ePsf] x'gfn]

;kmn ePsf 5g\ . h;df ;dfj]zL ($ k|ltzt / v'Nnftkm{sf (^ k|ltzt pQ/bftfn]

atfPsf 5g\ . o:t} cGo sf/0fdf lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ g} afWofTds ¿kdf 5gf]6 ug{'kgf{sf]

sf/0f-() k|ltzt_, ;dfhn] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ x]g]{ lb|i6Lsf]0f-&( k|ltzt_ / OHHt-

*@k|ltzt_ /x]sf] cf}+NofPsf 5g\ .

28

csf]{ 3tnfUbf] s'/f s] 5 eg] nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k/LIffdf ;kmn x'g]x¿ clwsf+zsf

cleefjsx¿ s[lif k];fdf ;+nUg /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . h;sf sf/0fn] pgLx¿sf afn

aRrfx¿nfO{ lghfdtL ;]jfn] cfsif{0f u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . pQ/bftfsfcg';f/ lghfdtL

;]jfdf a9L hflu/sf] ;'/Iff x'g' k|d'v sf/0f /x]sf] 5 . ;dfj]zLtkm{sf zt k|ltzt /

v'Nnftkm{sf ($ k|ltzt sd{rf/Ln] pQm sf/0f atfPsf 5g\ . o;}u/L bf];|f] sf/0fdf nf]s;]jf

cfof]usf] k/LIffdf pQL0f{ ug'{ g} JolQmut Ifdtf b]vfpg] pQd ljsNk /x]sf] atfPsf 5g\ .

t];|f] sf/0fdf cGo Jofkf/ Joj;fodf nfUgsf nflu nufgL ug]{ ;|f]t / ;fwg gePsf]

atfPsf 5g\ . rf}yf] sf/0fdf u|fdL0f kl/j]zn] afn aRRffnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jfdf nfUgnfO{

3r]6L/x]sf]] ;d]t kfOof] . o:t} s[lif k];fdf nfUbfsf] sl7gfO / lghL If]qsf] ljsf; gePsf]

sf/0fn] ubf{ lghfdtL ;]jf pRrtd ljsNk ePsf] kfOof] .

;fdflhs ¿kn] o; ju{n] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ dof{lbt¿kdf lnPsf] kfOG5 . z}lIfs¿kn] of]

;d'bfo Hofbf lzlIft 5 . of] ;d'bfosf] vf;u/L s[lif If]qdf ;Lldt 5 . s[lifafx]s cGo

/f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ gePsf] . of] ;d'bfodf s8f ldlxg]t ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf, cWoog/t

cj:yfdf ePsf] cfˆgf] cfTdan, kfl/jfl/s JolQmaf6 lbOg] k[i7e"ld, cGo cj;/sf] sdL,

dWod:t/sf] kl/jf/ ePsf]n] Jofkf/ Jofj;fodf nufgL ug{ g;Sg] cj:yf, lzlIft ePsfn]

j}b]lzs /f]hufl/df hfg'eGbf nf]s;]jfsf] k/LIffnfO{ tof/L ug{lt/ nfUg' pko'Qm b]Vg'h:tf

sf/0fx¿n] nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k/LIffdf cfj]bg lbg] / ;kmn ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 -cGtjf{tf{,

@)!$_ .

dfldnf !

s'g} vf; hflt ljz]if ;kmn x'g'sf] sf/0f s] xf] <

k|fljlws If]qdf dw];L a9L x'g], la|l6z÷ef/tLo ;]gfdf u'?ª, du/nufotsf] jr{:j

/xg]h:tf ljifo oyft{ x'g\ . To;} u/L ;flxlTos, k|zf;lgs ljifodf If]qL, afx'gsf] s]xL

k|efj a9L b]lvG5 .

efiffut ¿kdf / lzIffdf clwst/ kxF'rsf lx;fan] ;fdfGo elgPtf klg, eP klg

jf:tjdf o;f] gePsf]n] s0ff{nL / ;''b"/ klZrd / b'u{d t/fO{ / kxf8sf slyt elgPsf

pkNnf hfltsf JolQmsf nflu klg nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k/LIff pko'Qm x'g ;s]sf] kfOPg .

s]xL jif{ klxnfsf] l:ylt x]g]{ xf] eg] lzIffdf pkNnf] hfltsf] a9L kxF'r tyf ;ª\Vof

ePsf]n] nf]s;]jf cfof]unufot lzIffsf w]/} h;f] If]qdf pkNnf] ju{sf] a9L ;xeflutf

lyof] t/ jt{dfgnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] /fHon] lnPsf] ;dfj]zLs/0f gLlt / ;a}sf] nflu lzIffn]

ubf{ s]xL jif{df ;dtfd"ns ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f x'G5 .

sfg'gL¿kdf ;dfj]zL k|lqmofnfO{ j}wflgstf k|bfg ul/Psf] eP klg k|frLg sfnb]lv g}

ljkGg lk58f ju{x¿ k5fl8 kb}{ cfPsfn] pgLx¿n] kfpg'kg]{ plrt lzIffsf] ljsf; x'g

g;s]sfn] / a|fXd0f ljleGg ljifosf] 1fg, ;Lk xfl;n ug'{h:tf sf/0fn] klg pgLx¿

lzIff If]q tyf lghfdtL ;]jfdf cufl8 a9]sf] b]lvG5 .

hftLo lx;fan] pkNnf] jf tNnf] eGg'eGbf klg g]kfnL ju{>dcg';f/ k/fk"j{sfnb]lv g}

ljz]if¿kdf ub}{ cfPsf] jf ;+nUg ePsf] sfo{cg';f/ g} gofF k':tfn] klg cfˆgf] k];f

Joj;fo cjnDag u/]sf] sf/0f o:tf] ePsf] b]lvG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu kxf8L a|fDx0f /

t/fO{sf ofbj, s0f{, l;+xh:tf hflt ljutb]lv g} cWoog cWofokgdf nfu]sf] x'gfn]

ltgLx¿sf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf ks8 sfod 5 eg] zf/Ll/s an / ;'u7gdf Wofg lbg] ;d"x

29

jf hfltx¿sf] afx'Notf ;]gf tyf k|x/L ;]jfdf a9L kfpg ;lsG5 . To;} u/L ysfnL,

g]jf/x¿ a9L dfqfdf Jofkf/ Joj;fodf ;+nUg /x]sf 5g\ .

;|f]tM :ynut cWoog, @)!$

cem csf]{ dxTj k"0f{ kIf s] 5 eg] lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;kmn x'g]x¿dWo] clwsf+z lghL

:s'ndf cWofkg u/]sf] geO{ ;fd'bflos :s'ndf cWoog u/]sf JolQmx¿ ;kmn ePsf] kfOof]

. o;sf] k|d'v sf/0fdf a9Lldlxg]tL x'g'-(% k|ltzt_, lghfdtL ;]jftkm{sf] cfsif{0f -(@

k|ltzt_, cle?lr -() k|ltzt_, ufpFn] hLjgk4lt -** k|ltzt_ h:tf sf/0fx¿ cf}+NofPsf

5g\ .

Nff]s;]jf cfof]usf] ;+/rgf kxf8d'vL 5 . cfof]usf kfFrj6} sfof{nox¿ kxf8L If]qdf dfq

5g\ . k/LIff s]Gb| / cfj]bg kmf/fd;d]t ;DalGwt sfof{nodf a'emfpg'kg]{ x'Fbf tyf df};dsf

sf/0fn] klg oftfoftdf ;d:of b]lvg] ePsfn] w]/} h;f] pDd]bjf/n] k/LIffdf ;dfj]z x'g

g;s]sf] cj:yf b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf] z}lIfs 8f6fnfO{ s]nfP/ x]bf{ klg a|fDx0f, If]qLx¿sf]

;ª\Vof g} lzlIft ePsf] / cfly{s ;DkGgtfsf lx;fadf klg pgLx¿ g} cufl8 ePsf] b]lvG5

. l;dfGts[t ju{x¿ k5fl8 kgf{sf] sf/0f klg cfly{s ljkGgtf, lzIffsf] cefj / eflifs

sl7gfO{ g} xf] -cGtjf{tf{, @)!$_ .

elgG5 h;sf] h] df nufgL 5 To;sf] k|ltkmn;d]t p;n] g} xfl;n ub{5 . ljutsf]

k"vf{x¿b]lv cWoog cWofkgdf ;d0o latfPsf kxf8L kl/j]zsf a|fXd0f, If]qLx¿sf] cfhsf]

lbgrof{;d]t cWoogdf g} ;+nUg /x]sf] kfOG5 . h;sf] kmn:j?k nf]s;]jf cfof]uh:tf

;+:yfx¿n] lng] k/LIffdf ;d]t ltgLx¿s} jr{:j /x]sf] kfOG5 . h;/L z]kf{x¿ lxdfn r9]

h'g pgLx¿sf] k'vf{n] dfu{bz{g u/]sf] af6f] lyof] . To;/L g} kxf8L kl/j]zsf a|fDx0f If]qLx¿

cWoogsf] dfWodn] nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k/LIffdf ;fd]n eO{ ;kmntf xfl;n u/]sf kfOof] -

cGtjf{tf{, @)!$_.

/fHon] cfly{s, ;fdflhs ¿kdf k5fl8 k/]sf ju{nfO{ cf/If0f gLlt NofPsf] eP klg To;sf]

klxrfgsf] ;"rs ljsf; u/L nfu" gul/Psf] sf/0f cf/lIft ju{sf pkNnf] txdf /x]sf

JolQmn] g} cj;/ lnPsf 5g\ . ljBdfg cj:yfdf g} ;dfj]zL gLltn] ;ª\VofTds

;dfj]zLs/0f afx]s s]xL glthf k|fKt x'g] b]lvGg . HfghfltcGtu{tsf g]jf/, sfo:y,

rf}w/Lh:tf hfltx¿sf] a;f]af; d'Vou/L ;x/L If]qdf g} ePsf] / pgLx¿sf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf

a9L ;kmn b]lvG5g\ . ;x/L kl/j]z tyf cfly{s¿kdf ;DkGg ePsf oL hghfltcGtu{tsf

JolQmn] ;"rgfsf] xsdf klg cufl8 ePsf / nf]s;]jfn] lbg] tof/L sIff klg ;x/Ld'vL dfq}

ePsf sf/0fn] logLx¿ ;kmn ePsf b]lvG5g\ .

dflyNnf] txsf ;d'bfo a9L k9]n]v]sf x'gfn] pgLx¿ ;kmn ePsf] kfOG5 . ;fy} pgLx¿

cfly{s, ;fdflhs x}l;ot pRr ePsfn] lzIff tyf nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k/LIff tyf

kf7\oqmdk|lt a9L hfgsf/ ePsf] kfOG5 . To;} sf/0fn] pgLx¿ ;kmn x'g ;s]sf x'g\ .

30

#=$ ;dfj]zL egf{ gLlt / dlxnf

;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf] sfof{Gjogsf] qmddf clwsf+z dlxnf hf] ;kmn x'g;s]sf 5g\ pgLx¿

sd{rf/Lsf >LdtL, 5f]/Lx¿, cyjf cfkmGtx¿ Gf} ;kmn ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . o;sf k5fl8sf

sf/0fdf 3/fo;L jftfj/0f, k9\g] ;+:s[lt, cfTdlge{/ aGg rfxg] rfxgf, ;"rgfdf klg

kx'Frh:tf OToflb sf/0fx¿ /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿sf] kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0f klg nf]s;]jfd'vL x'G5 .

pgLx¿n] cfˆgf >LdtL, 5f]/L, a'xf/LnfO{ klg o; ;]jfdf nfUg clek|]l/t ug]{ / cfˆgf]

cg'ejsf] cfwf/df kf7\oqmd tyf k/LIff ;fdu|Lx¿ ;dodf g} / ;xh¿kdf pknAw

u/fpg;Sg] ePsf]n] / dlxnfx¿ cf/If0fcGtu{tdf ;d]t kg]{ ePsf] sf/0fn] klg sd{rfl/sf

>LdtL jf 5f]/L, a'xf/L g} clwsf+z ;kmn ePsf] b]lvG5g\ .

sd{rf/L :jo+ cfk"m nf]s;]jf pQL0f{ u/]sf] x'gfn] s;/L tof/L ug]{, s] k9\bf pko'Qm x'G5

k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ s;/L n]Vg] pQ/x¿ s;/L s07 ug]{ h:tf ljleGg gLlt lgb]{zg / d2t

kfpg] x'gfn] ;DalGwt JolQm a9L ;kmn x'g] ub{5 .

cGo sf/0fdf of] t'ngfTds ¿kdf ;'/lIft k];f x'g'sf ;fy} hf]lvd cToGt} Go'g 5 . dflg;

:jflejs ¿kdf hf]lvdo'Qm / c;'/lIft If]qdf k|j]z ug{ rfxFb}g .

csf]{tkm{ k/LIffdf ;kmntf xfl;n ug{ cfTdan / ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf] ;xh pknAwtf cfjZos

kb{5 . oL b'j} cfTdansf nflu k|]/0ff / ;fdu|Lsf] ;xh pknAwtf x'g] ePsfn] g}

pQm;d"xsf dlxnfx¿ c¿sf] t'ngfdf ;kmn x'g ;s]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

#=% ;dfj]zL egf{ gLlt / km/s Ifdtf ePsf

;dfj]zLtkm{sf] ;aeGbf a9L b'?kof]u km/s Ifdtf ePsftkm{ ePsf] b]lvof] . h:t} b]a|] xftsf]

sfG5L cf}+nf afª\uf] x'g], afNosfndf xft efFlrPsf], kfj/jfnf r:df nufpg]x¿ e6fe6

lrlsT;ssf] l;kmfl/; agfP/ jf:tljs km/s IfdtfnfO{ sfg'gL clwsf/ lbOPsf] cj;/sf]

b'?kof]u ePsf] kfOof] . nf]s;]jf cfof]un] of] b]Vbfb]Vb} s]xL ug{ ;ls/x]sf] 5}g .

#=^ ;dfj]zL egf{ gLlt / Gofo

;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ kIf eg]sf] ;fdflhs Gofo :yfkgf ug'{ xf] . b]zsf

hgtfn] /fli6«o :yfO{ ;/sf/df /x]/ jf g/x]/ Gofosf] cg'e"lt ug{ ;Sb5g\ . g]kfn ;/sf/n]

lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;a} tx / tKsfsf hgtfsf] ;xeflutfdf ;fdflhs Gofo :yfkgf ug{

vf]h]sf] 5 . Gofo eg]sf] cg'e"lt xf] . b]vfP/ dfq Gofo ;Dkfbg x'g ;Sb}g . o; cWoogdf

pQ/bftfx¿nfO{ tkfO{+n] nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] 5gf]6 k|lqmofaf6 s:tf] Gofo cg'e"t ug{'ePsf]

5 egL ;f]lwPsf] lyof] .

hjfkm lbPsf @@& hgfdWo] cf};tdf *# k|ltztn] Gofo ePsf] atfPsf 5g\ . h';df !&

k|ltzt pQ/bftfn] Gofo gePsf] atfPsf 5g\ . ;dfj]zL / v'Nnftkm{sf pQ/bftfx¿dWo]

;dfj]zLtkm{sf pQ/bftfx¿n] t'ngfTds ¿kdf a9L Gofo ePsf] atfPsf 5g\ . o;df

31

;dfj]zLtkm{sf (! k|ltzt / v'Nnftkm{sf *) k|ltzt /x]sf] kfOof] . Gofosf] cg'e"lt

gx'g]x¿dWo] v'Nnftkm{sf @) k|ltzt / ;dfj]zLtkm{sf ( k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ .

lglZrt¿kdf of] k|lqmofn] g]kfnLnfO{ Gofo lbPsf] 5 . cr]n of] k|lqmof nfu"

ePkZrft\ a9LeGbf a9L jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf tyf lk5l8Psf ju{x¿ lghfdtL

;]jfdf k|j]z kfPsf 5g\ . cflv/ Ifdtf ;a}leq plQs} x'G5, Ifdtfsf] k|:km'6g /

ljsf; ug]{ cj;/ / jftfj/0f s;n] kfpF5 eGg] km/s dfq xf] . t;y{ cj;/ /

jftfj/0f lbg ;Sof] eg] h;n] klg /fd|f] ug{;Sg] ;Defjgf x'G5 . ToxL cj;/ /

jftfj/0f kfP/ clwstd lk58f ju{ lghfdtL ;]jf / b]zsf] d"nwf/df k|j]z ug]{

df}sf kfO/x]sfn] -sDtLdf ;dfj]zL dfWodåf/f_ of] k|lqmofn] g]kfnLnfO{ Gofo lbPsf]

5 -cGtjf{tf{, @)!$_.

cGtjf{tf{ lbg]x¿ o;n] cf+lzs ¿kdf Gofo lbPsf] cg'e"lt u/]sf 5g\ lsgeg]

lglZrt hft, ju{, lnª\u / If]q k/Dk/fb]lv g} k5fl8 kl/Psf] 5 / Ifltk"lt{ :j?k

cf/If0fsf xsbf/ 5g\ t/ To:tf ju{sf klg ;De|fGt JolQm;Fusf] k|lt:kwf{af6 km]l/

ToxL ju{sf k5fl8 k/]sf ju{ kLl8t 5g\ . h:t} x'Dnf, h'Dnfsf If]qL, a|fDx0f

sf7df8f}Fsf hghflt -g]jf/_;Fu k|lt:kwf{ uO{ ;s] cfjZos /xFb}gg\ . ef}uf]lns

¿kdf, ;fdflhs ¿kdf cfly{s, ;f+:s[lts ¿kdf lk5l8Psf dlxnf, cflbjf;L

hghflt, blntn] ;dfj]zLsf] kmn rfVg kfPsf 5}gg\ .

sd{rf/L tGqdf k|j]z ug{ gkfPsf s]xL ju{x¿sf] ;xeflutf eof] . lghfdtL ;]jfdf

pgLx¿sf] ckgTjsf] ljsf; ePsf] t kfOG5 t/ ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ o;n]

c:jLsf/ ub{5 . t}klg lglZrt ;do;Ddsf] nflu k5fl8 k/]sf] ju{nfO{ ;zQmLs/0f

ub}{ ;dfj]zL ug'{ pko'Qm g} x'g] x'Fbf Gofo lbPsf] klg b]lvG5 .

c¿n] o; k|lqmofn] ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnLnfO{ Gofo glbPsf] ts{ u/]sf 5g\ lsgsL o;

k|lqmofaf6 lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;'ljwf lnO/x]sf JolQm / clwsf+z ¿kdf kx'Frjfnf,

wgf8\o, ;'ljwf ;DkGg kl/jf/s} JolQmn] ;dfj]zLsf] gfddf sfg'gk|bQ ;'ljwf

lnO/x]sf 5g\ . h:tf] dw];Lsf] xsdf s'/f ug]{ xf] eg] lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;a}eGbf a9L

/fhk't, a|fDx0f / sfo:x¿sf] k|ltlglwTj /x]sf] b]lvG5 t/ pgLx¿ Dfw];sf kx'Frjfnf

/ wgf8\o kl/jf/cGtu{t kb{5g\ eg] afFsL dw];Lx¿n] klg t lghfdtL ;]jfsf]

cj;/af6 jl~rt ePsf 5g\ . To:t} cfly{s ¿kn] ljkGg, kx'Fr gePsf / b"/b/fhdf

a:g] a|fXd0f, If]qL, hghflt, blnt, lk58f ju{, dlxnf klg jl~rt /x]sf 5g\ eg] of]

k|lqmof s;/L Gofof]lrt x'g;S5 .

of] k|lqmofn] s]xL g]kfnL hf] lzIff r]tgf tyf cj;/df kx'Fr /fVg ;Ifd 5g\ cf/If0f

leqsf To:tf ;d"xn] kmfObf kfO/x]sf 5g\ . oBlk hf] uPklg d]/} hflt uPsf] 5 hf]

uPklg dlxnf g} uPsf] eGg;Ddsf] ckgTj dx;'; x'G5 t/ klg hf] lzIff, r]tgf

tyf cj;/df kx'Fr g/fVg] lk5l8Psf ju{sf g]kfnL x'g\ tLgLx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ Gofo

ePsf] kQf] kfPsf 5}gg\ . ;du|df of] k|lqmofn] g]kfnLnfO{ ;wF} / cgGtsfn;Dd Gofo

lbg ;Sb}g o;nfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{k5{ . u'0f:t/;Fu ;Demf}tf gug]{ / jf:tljs

lk5l8Psf ju{sf] klxrfg u/L hfg' /fd|f] x'G5 .

32

o; ;dfj]zL egf{ k|lqmofn] Gofo lbg] k|of; u/]sf] 5 . ;dfj]zL k|lqmofsf] d'Vo Wo]o

;a} kIfjf6 kl5 k/]sf JolQm tyf ;d'bfox¿nfO{ lghfdtL ;]jfdf kx'Fr / cj;/

lbg] xf] t/ Jojxfl/s ¿kdf tL ;d'bfo tyf JolQmx¿n] ;|f]t tyf ;fwg /

u'0f:tl/otfnO{ sfodf ug{;s]sf] b]lvPsf] 5}g . o;af6 Gofo k|fKt ug{sf nflu

lglZrt If]q tyf ;d'bfonfO{ hf]8 lbO{ pgLx¿ d}qL jftfj/0f tof/ul/of] eg] Gofo

k|fKt x'g ;Sb5 .

#=& ;dfj]zL egf{ gLlt / cfly{s kIf

lghfdtL ;ª\u7gn] ;]jf k|jfx ubf{ / ug{ nufpFbf cfly{s kIf;Fu hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . o;

cWoogdf cfly{s kIf eGgfn] lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] k|fKt ug]{ tna / cGo ;'ljwfnfO{ hgfpF5

. o;sf] cltl/Qm hflu/ vfPkZrft\ hLjg:t/df k/]sf] k|efj / hflu/sf] ;'/IffnfO{ hgfpg

vf]lhPsf] 5 .

cWoogdf ;dfj]z ePsf @@& hgf pQ/bftfx¿n] lbPsf] pQ/cg'lf/ ;a}eGbf w]/} ()

k|ltztn] lghfdtL ;]jfdf tnaeQf lglZrt ePsf] atfPsf 5g\ . ;dfj]zLtkm{sf (@

k|ltzt / v'Nnftkm{sf () k|ltzt pQ/bftfx¿n] tna eQf lglZrt ePsf] atfPsf 5g\ .

o;}u/L bf];|f] kIfdf lghfdtL ;]jfdf hflu/ vfP/ &) k|ltzt sd{rf/Lx¿n] hLjg:t/ ;'wfg{

;lsPsf] s'/f;d]t pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ h;dWo] ;dfj]zLtkm{sf &^ k|ltzt / v'Nnftkm{sf ^(

k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ . sl/a %) k|ltzt sd{rf/Ln] lghfdtL ;]jfdf cGo ;'ljwfx¿ ePsf] /

sfd u/] klg gu/] klg tna lglZrt ePsf] atfPsf 5g\ . sl/a Ps rf}yfO sd{rf/Ln]

;du|df a9L cfly{s nfe /x]sf] / tna a9L ePsf] ;d]t atfPsf 5g\ .

#=* ;dfj]zL egf{ gLlt / j[lQ ljsf;

j[lQ ljsf; eGgfn] hflu/ vfPkZrft\ pkNnf] txdf a9'jf x'g] / gofF–gofF r'gf}tLnfO{ ;fdgf

ug{ ;Ifd x'g] eGg] s'/fnfO{ hgfpFb5 . o;sf] cnjf o;n] gofF pmhf{ tyf lIflthLo tkm{sf]

lhDd]jf/L axg ug]{;Sg] eGg] a'emfpFb5 .

o; cWoogdf k|Zg ;f]lwPsf @@& hgf pQ/bftfx¿dWo] ** k|ltztn] lghfdtL ;]jfdf j[lQ

ljsf; l56f] x'g] atfP eg] !@ k|ltztn] l9nf] x'g] atfPsf 5g\ . oLdWo] ;dfj]zLtkm{sf ()

k|ltztn] l56f] / !) k|ltztn] l9nf] x'g] atfP eg] v'Nnftkm{sf *& k|ltztn] j[lQ ljsf;

l56f] / !# k|ltztn] l9nf] x'g] ljrf/ JoQm u/] .

;dfj]zL egf{ gLltsf] sf/0f lghfdtL ;]jfdf j[lQ ljsf;df c;/ k/]sf] atfPsf

5g\ . o;sf] sf/0fn] Ifdtfjfg\ / sfo{s'zn / sd{7 sd{rf/L k5fl8 k/]sf]

cg'ej u/]sf] kfOof] . af:tjdf j[lQ ljsf;nfO{ JolQmsf] sfo{;Dkfbg / ;du|df

;ª\u7gn] k|fKt u/]sf] pknlAw;Fu t'ngf u/]/ cj;/ k|bfg ug{ cfjZos 5 h'g s'/f

g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf ePsf] kfOPg .

clxn]sf] k4ltn] ljz]ifu/L dlxnfnfO{ ;dfj]zL egf{ gLltn] ;fy lbPsf] 5 t/ xfn

;ª\Vof yf]/} eP/ l56f]l56f] a9'jf ePsf] b]lvP klg kl5 kl5 ;ª\Vof a9L ePkZrft\

33

;dfj]zL eP/ klg l5§} a9'jf x'g] ;Defjgf b]lv+b}g . pbfx/0fsf] nflu klxn] Gofo

;]jf ;/sf/L jlsn ;d"x sfg'g ;d"xdf $–% jif{ k'Ug] lalQs} a9'jf ePsf lyP eg]

xfn a9'jfsf] nflu !@–!$ jif{ nfUg] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5.

;dfj]zL egf{ gLltsf] sf/0fn] sd{rf/L j[Qdf g}/fZo a9]sf] ts{ klg ul/Psf] 5 .

o;n] ubf{ of]Uon] sfd gug]{ k|j[lQ klg b]lvG5 . ;dfj]zL egf{ k|lqmofdf dfq ;Lldt

x'g'kg]{df sfddf ;dfj]zL j[lQdf ;dfj]zL, ;a} cj;/df cyf{t\ egf{b]lv lgj[lQ;Dd

;dfj]zL gLlt cjnDjg u/]sf]n] o:tf] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g uPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

sfd 7u]/ k9\g] / sfd gePsf 7fpFdf dfq ;?jf ePsf / To; 7fpFdf cfˆgf] ;do

cfˆg} JolQmut j[lQ ljsf;df nufpg]n] 58 \s] k|j]zaf6 a9L ;kmn ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5

t/ pgLx¿n] g]t[Tj u/]sf] ;ª\u7gsf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] :t/ eg] v:sbf] cg'ej ePsf]

kfOG5 -cGtjf{tf{, @)!$_ .

;du|df lghfdtL ;]jfdf j[lQ ljsf;sf] cj;/ cGo If]qsf] eGbf t'ngfTds ¿kdf

s]xL ;f3'/f] b]lvG5 . To;df klg v'Nnftkm{sf] eGbf ;dfj]zLtkm{af6 lgo'Qm ePsf

sd{rf/Ln] Psk6s kfPsf] ;dfj]zL cj;/ ;w}Fel/ pkef]u ug{ kfO/xg] ePsfn] o;}

ePsfn] o;} e¥ofª r9\b} r9\b} dfly uPsf] b]lvG5 .

;du|df lghfdtL ;]jfdf j[lQljsf;sf] cj:yf /fd|f] 5}g eGg]x¿sf] klg sd 5}gg\ . zfvf

clws[tdf ;]jf k|j]z u/]sf] JolQmn] cGo s'g} Ps txsf] k/LIffdf ;kmn geP;Dd pm

ljlzi6 >]0fL;Dd k'Ug] ;Defjgf cToGt Go'g b]lvG5 . Psk6s ;]jf k|j]z ul/;s]kl5 ;]jf

g6'6\bf;Dd kl9/xg'kg]{ k/LIff lbO/xg'kg]{ t/ To; sd{rf/Ln] PslrQ eP/ ;ª\u7gsf] sfd

slxn] ug]{ eGg]h:tf k|Zgx¿ plAhPsf 5g\ .

#=( ;dfj]zL egf{ gLlt / sfo{ ;Dkfbg

lghfdtL ;ª\u7gsf] u7g ug{'sf] k|d'v p2]Zo g} tf]lsPsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{' / u'0f:t/Lo

;]jf k|jfx ug{' xf] . zflAbs cy{df sfo{ ;Dkfbgn] tf]lsPsf] sfo{ ;DkGg ug{' xf] .

sfo{;Dkfbgn] ;ª\u7gsf] p2]ZonfO{ Jojxf/df ?kfGt/0f ug]{ cf}hf/sf] ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 .

o;n] ;ª\u7gsf] p@]Zo sd{rf/LaLr k|:6 kfg'{ klg xf] tfsL pgLx¿n] ;lx / ;xh tl/sfn]

sfd ;DkGg ug{ ;s'g\ . sfo{;Dkfbgn] sd{rf/LnfO{ ank"j{s lgoGq0f ug]{ geO{ ;xdlt /

;xsfo{df hf]8 lbG5 . e/t /fh uf}td -@)!@_ sf] ts{ 5 olb ;ª\u7gsf] p2]ZonfO{

;ª\u7gsf] OsfO / sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ljj/0f;Fu hf]l8Psf] cj:yfdf ;ª\u7gn] ;lx tl/sfaf6

p2]Zo xfl;n ub{5 . o;/L ul/Psf] sfo{nfO{ u'0ffTds tyf ;ª\VofTds tl/sfn] d"Nofª\sg

ul/g'kb{5 .

sfo{;Dkfbg :t/sf] d"Nofª'sg ug{sf] lgldQ lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL @)%) sf] lgod &*

sf] pklgod ! n] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;n] d'Votof nIo tf]lsPsf sfo{ -kl/df0f, nfut,

;do / u'0f:t/_, nIo gtf]lsPsf sfo{-kl/df0f, nfut, ;do / u'0f:t/_, JolQmut Ifdtfx¿

–gLlt ljZn]if0f ug]{ Ifdtf, 5nkmn tyf jftf{ug]{ Ifdtf, ljj]ssf] k|of]u ug]{ Ifdtf, g]t[Tj /

;ª\u7gfTds Ifdtf, ;~rf/sf] Ifdtf, sfo{ jxg ug{;Sg] Ifdtf, Odfgbfl/tf h:tf

34

kIfx¿nfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . o; cWoogn] log} ljifoj:t'nfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ cWoog ubf{

b]xfosf] glthf k|fKt ePsf] 5 .nIo tf]lsPsf sfo{ ;DkfbgM cWoogaf6 k|fKt

tYofª\scg';f/ NfIo tf]lsPsf sfo{x¿ klg sl/a &) k|ltzteGbf a9L ;Dkfbg u/]sf]

kfOPg . nIo tf]lsPsf sfo{x¿sf] kl/0ffd, nfut, ;do

Tfflnsf g+= #=@ lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg :t/

sfo{x¿ ;dfj]zL v'Nnf hDdf

nIo

tf]lsPsf

sfo{x¿

c= nIo tf]lsPsf sfdsf] lgldQ hDdf ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfdsf]

kl/0ffd

70 80 77

cf= nIo tf]lsPsf sfdsf] lgldQ hDdf ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfdsf]

nfut

69 75 73

O= nIo tf]lsPsf sfdsf] lgldQ hDdf nufOPsf] ;do 69 72 71 O{= nIo tf]lsPsf sfdsf] lgldQ hDdf ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfdsf]

u'0f:t/

70 71 70

nIo

gtf]lsPsf

sfo{x¿

p= nIo gtf]lsPsf sfdsf] lgldQ hDdf ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfdsf]

kl/00fd

61 66 65

pm= nIo gtf]lsPsf sfdsf] lgldQ hDdf ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfdsf]

nfut

59 64 63

P= nIo gtf]lsPsf sfdsf] lgldQ hDdf nufOPsf] ;do 59 60 60 P}= nIo gtf]lsPsf sfdsf] lgldQ hDdf ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfdsf]

u0f:t/

57 66 64

JolQmut

Ifdtf;Fu

hf]l8Psf

sfo{x¿

cf]= gLlt ljZn]if0f ug]{ Ifdtf 72 83 79 cf}= 5nkmn tyf jftf{ ug]{ Ifdtf 74 86 83 c+= ljj]s k|of]u, lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtf / d"Nofª\sg 74 84 82 cM g]t[Tj / ;ª\u7gfTds Ifdtf 74 86 83 cc= k];fut ;+j]bgzLntf -Odfgbfl/tf tyf uf]klgotf_ 76 85 83 ccf= ljifo j:t'sf] 1fg / ;Lk 76 88 85 cO= cGt/ j}olQms :jefj / ;~rf/ ;Lk 76 86 83 cO{= sfo{ rfk axg ug]{ Ifdtf 74 85 82 cp= ;dodf 7Ls lsl;daf6 sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sg kmf/d eg]{ 70 80 78

cpm= l;h{gzLntf / cu|;/tf 74 84 82 cP= ;xof]uLnfO{ ljsl;t ug]{ Ifdtf 76 76 76 cP]= ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] k|efjsf/L pkof]u ug]{ 70 80 78 cP}= sfo{sf] ;ª\u7g ug{;Sg] Ifdtf 76 83 81 ccf]= uf]klgotf /fVg ;Sg] Ifdtf 82 83 82 ccf}= lgb]{zgcg';f/ sfo{ ug{;Sg] Ifdtf 80 84 83 cc+= pkl:ylt, ;dosf] kfngf / cg'zf;g 74 84 82 ccM pRr g}ltstf 72 84 81 cfc= sfddf ?lr / pT;fx 74 82 80 cfcf= uNtL gbf]x¥pg] k|j[lQ 68 72 71

hDdf ;ª\Vof 54 173 227

Gff]6M cWoogdf Go'g / pQd :s]ndf /flvPsf] xf] . dflysf] 6]andf pQd :s]nsf] k|ltzt dfq /flvPsf] 5.

:f|f]tM :ynut cWoog, @)!$

35

/ u'0f:t/df ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;aeGbf a9L && k|ltzt dfq ;Dkfbg u/]sf] kfOof] . h;dWo]

;dfj]zLtkm{sf] &) k|ltzt / v'Nnftkm{sf] *) k|ltzt /x]sf] kfOof] . o;}u/L nfut, ;do /

u'0f:t/sf] b[li6sf]0faf6 klg sl/a p:t} kl/df0fdf glthf b]lvPsf] 5 . nIo gtf]lsPsf] sfo{

;DkfbgM t'ngfTds ¿kdf nIo gtf]lsPsf sfo{x¿sf] ;Dkfbg nIo tf]lsPsf sfo{x¿sf]

t'ngfdf sd /x]sf] kfOof] . h;df nIo gtf]lsPsf] sfdsf] kl/df0f cf}iftdf ^% k|ltzt

;Dkfbg u/]sf] kfOof] . o; sfo{sf] nflu ;dfj]zLtkm{sf ^! Kf|ltzt / v'Nnftkm{sf ^^

k|ltzt sd{rf/Lx¿ /x]sf] b]lvof] . o;}u/L nIo gtf]lsPsf] sfdsf] nfut-^# k|ltzt_, ;do-

^) k|ltzt_, u'0f:t/-^$ k|ltzt_ sd{rf/Lx¿ /x]sf] kfOof] . oL ;a} PsfOx¿df

;dfj]zLtkm{sf] eGbf v'Nnftkm{sf] pRr /x]sf] b]lvof] .

JolQmut Ifdtf;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{x¿ nIo tf]lsPsf] / nIo gtf]lsPsf] sfo{x¿sf] t'ngfdf

;fk]If¿kdf /fd|f] cj:yfsf] glthf kfOof] . h:t} gLlt ljZn]if0f ug]{ Ifdtf-&( k|ltzt_,

5nkmn tyf jftf{ ug]{ Ifdt-*# k|ltzt_, ljj]s k|of]u, lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtf-*@ k|ltzt_,

k];fut ;+j]bgzLntf-*# k|ltzt_, ;~rf/ ;Lk-*# k|ltzt_ sd{rf/Lx¿ ePsf] b]lvof] . oL

;a} ;"rsfª\sdf ;dfj]zLtkm{sf] eGbf v'Nnftkm{sf sd{rf/L l;dfGt¿kdf /fd|f] b]lvPsf 5g\

.

t/ pk/f]Qm glthfnfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ nIo tf]lsPsf sfo{ / nIo gtf]lsPsf sfo{ ug{

JolQmut Ifdtf geO{ ug{ ;ls+b}g . JolQmut Ifdtf / sfo{;Dkfbgdf ;DaGw /x]klg

glthfn] s] b]vfof] eg] JolQmut Ifdtfdf cAan t/ tf]lsPsf sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ sd;n

/x]sf] b]lvof] .

cGtjf{tf{sf] qmddf ;dfj]zL jf v'Nnf k|0ffnLdfkm{t lgo'Qm x'g] sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{;Dkfbgdf

lgtfGt km/s k5{, s'g} km/s kb}{g / cf+lzs ;To xf] eGg] ts{ u/]sf] kfOof] . sfo{;Dkfbgdf

km/s k5{ eGg]x¿sf] ts{ 5 sL s'g} j}1flgs dfkb08lagf xr'jf cfwf/df NofOPsf] ;dfj]zL

gLltn] s'g} g s'g}¿kdf of]Uotf k|0ffnLnfO{ xfgL k'¥ofPsf] 5 .

klxnf] ts{, ;]jf k|j]zkZrft\ plrt tflndsf] Joj:yf ;j{;'ne x'g g;s]sf]

cj:yfdf sfo{ ;Dkfbg sdhf]/ x'g' . of] ts{ ;lx xf] lsg eg] t'ngfTds ¿kdf

sdhf]/ ju{ aLr k|lt:kwf{dWo]sf cln /fd|f] pDd]bf/ ;kmn x'g] ePsfn] v'nf

k|lt:kwf{df pQL0f{ ePsf] pDd]bjf/eGbf :jefljs ¿kdf sfo{;Dkfbgdf sdhf]/L

kfOG5 .

bf];|f] ts{, lghfdtL ;]jf of]Uotf k|0ffnL / ;dfj]zL k|lqmof ljk/Lt w|'j x'g . To;}n]

:jefljs 5 . of]Uotf k|0ffnLdf ul/Psf] ;+Demf}tf xf] h;n] ubf{ sdhf]/ glthf lbG5

.

t];|f] ts{, t'ngfTds ¿kdf x]bf{ s]xL sdhf]/ b]lvG5 . To;}n] ;zQmLs/0f;lxtsf]

;dfj]zLs/0f gLlt cjnDag ub}{ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;s]sf] v08df pQm cf/f]kaf6 d'Qm

x'g ;lsG5 .

36

rf}yf] ts{, v'Nnf tkm{af6 k|foM u/L lghfdtL sd{rf/Lnufot lghfdtL;Fu a9L

hfgsf/L ePsf] pDd]bjf/ cfpg] u5{ h;n] ubf{ lghfdtL ;]jf s] xf], sfd ug]{

k|lqmof, To;sf] Jojxfl/s k|Zgsf] af/]df a9L hfgsf/L ePsf]n], sfd ug{ ;xh

ePsf] cg'ej ul/Psf] 5 t/ ;dfj]zLs/0faf6 cfPsf blnt, hghflt dw];L,

lk5l8Psf] If]qsf pDd]bjf/sf] Tolt Jojxfl/s kIf s] ug]{, s;/L ug]{ eGg] s'/fsf]

sd hfgsf/L ePsf] x'Fbf t'ngfTds ¿kdf sfddf bIftf sd cg'ej ulPsf] 5 .

dfldnf cWoog @

k9fOdf dfq cf/If0f b]pm

s]bf/gfy sf]O/fnf-@)!$_n] lzIfs ;]jf cfof]uaf6 lnOPsf] lzIfs 5gf]6 k|lqmofnfO{ ljifoj:t' agfO ;dfj]zL

l;4fGtn] ubf{ b]lvPsf d'2fx¿nfO{ ljj]rgf ug{'ePsf] 5 . lzIfs ;]jf cfof]un] !^ jif{kl5 cyf{t\ @)^( k';

!( ut] l/Qm !#,)%( lzIfs kbsf] :yfoL kbk"lt{sf nflu dfWolds, lgDgdfWolds / k|fylds txsf] v'Nnf

k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffsf nflu @)&) h]7df lnlvt k/LIff lnPsf] 5 . @)&! c;f/ d;fGt;Dd lnlvt /

df}lvs cGtjf{tf{af6 5gf]6 ePsf !@,&$# lzIfsnfO{ ;DalGwt lhNnf lzIff sfo{nonfO{ lgo'lQmsf nflu

kqfrf/ ul/;s]sf] 5 . o; k|ltof]lutfdf efu lngsf] nflu $,*!,&&% hgfn] k/LIff kmd{ e/]sf lyP . tLdWo]

$,!#,@^( hgf lnlvt k/LIffdf ;xefuL ePsf lyP . !# xhf/ %( lzIfssf] l/Qm kbdWo] v'Nnftkm{ &@%*

hgf lyP eg] ;dfj]zLtkm{ %*)! hgf sfg'gadf]lhd 5'6\fOPsf] lyof] t/ oL b'j}dWo] #!^ :yfg b'j} tkm{af6

36]sf] cj:yf 5 . tLg} txdf u/]/ b'u{d, kxf8L / lxdfnL lhNnfdf 5a6f lj1fkgdf s'g} b/vf:t g} k/]g .

tLg txs} v'Nnf / ;dfj]zLtkm{sf !!^ j6f lj1fkgdf Pshgf klg #% cª\s NofP/ pQL0f{ ePgg\ .

lzIfssf nflu v'Nnf / ;dfj]zL b'j}df pQL0f{ x'gsf nflu #% cª\s clgjfo{ 5 . v'Nnftkm{ sf7df8fF}nufot

;'ud If]qsf k/LIffyL{n] *% b]lv ()cª\s NofPsf 5g\ t/ ;dfj]zLtkm{sf clwsf+zn] #% cª\s / s]xLn] $)

b]lv $% cª\s k|fKt u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . v'Nnftkm{ lnlvtd} ()cª\s k|fKt ubf{;d]t lzIfs ;]jfdf k|j]z ug]{

df}sf kfPsf 5}gg\ eg] ;dj]zLtkm{ lnlvt / df}lvs k/LIffdf $% b]lv $* cª\s NofPsf k|lt:kwf{df sdhf]/

b]lvPsf JolQm ljBfno lzIffdf lzIfs aGg ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . o;/L lzIff h:tf] If]qdf ljifo j:t'df bVvn

ePsf JolQm ahf/df k|fKt x'FbfxF'b} ;dfj]zLsf gfddf lzIfs agfO{ k7fpFbf pgLx¿n] k9fPsf ljBfyL{sf]

cj:yf s:tf] x'G5 of] ljifo ;f]rgLo 5 . o;af6 eljiosf s0f{wf/x¿sf] lzIff kfpg] clwsf/ ;d]t s'l07t

x'g] lghL ljBfno;Fu ;fd'bflos ljBfnon] k|lt:kwf{ ug{ c;Ifd x'g hfg] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf x'g uPsf] 5 .

clxn]sf] cj:yfdf ;fd'bflos ljBfnodf k9\g] eg]sf s]xL ckjfbnfO{ 5f]8]/ lgDg, dWod ju{sf hgtf g} x'g\

t;y{ /fHoaf6 lnOPsf] gLltn] k'gM ul/a ju{nfO{ g} bL3{sfnLg c;/ k'¥ofPsf] b]lvG5 . o;/L lzIfs k];fnfO{

g} ;dfj]zL agfpg'eGbf ul/a tyf lgDg ju{ / cGo l;dfGts[t ePsf hgtfnfO{ / pgLx¿sf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{

u'0f:t/Lo lzIff clgjfo{ u/fO{ pgLx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 u/fpg ;s] k|lt:kwL{ eO{ hLjgofkgdf ;xh x'g

hfg] b]lvG5 .

kfFrf}Fts{, cf/If0fn] ubf{ Ifdtf ePsfx¿ kfvf nufP/ jf:tjdf c;Ifdx¿sf] k|j]z

ePsf] 5 . o;sf] k|ToIf k|efj sfo{;Dkfbgdf kb{5 . o;} t ;/sf/L sd{rf/L abgfd

ePsf] cj:yfdf hgtfnfO{ l56f] 5l/tf] ;]jf lbg' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] t/

sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg k|efjsf/L gePdf hgtfn] To;sf] cg'e"lt ug{ kfpFb}gg\ .

hflu/ vfgsf nflu hflt, efiff, lnª\u jf pTklQsf] gfddf cf/If0f cfjZos 5}g .

tyflk o:tf] cf/If0f ljz'¢ hflt, efiff, lnª\u hflt, efiff, lnª\u jf pTklQsf]

cfwf/df dfq ;Lldt geO{ cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df Jojl:yt ug{

;lsPdf b]zn] Pp6f ;Ifd bIf hgzlQm kfpg] / b]zsf] ;du| ljsf;df 6]jf k'Ug]

s'/fdf ;fob s;}sf] b'O{dt 5}g . ha;Dd j}1flgs tj/n] cf/If0f Jojl:yt ug{

;ls+b}g ta;Dd ;dfhdf /x]sf] ljljw ljj]wx¿ lg/fs/0f ug{ ;St}g .

37

;dfj]zL egf{ gLltn] sfo{;Dkfbg :t/df vf;} km/s kfb}{g eGg]x¿sf] ts{ 5 ;dfj]zL ;'?

ePsf] w]/} ;do ePsf] 5}g To;f] x'Fbf pkNnf] txdf ;dfj]zL JolQm k'lu;s]sf] jf k'Ug]

cj:yf 5}g . a|fDx0f, If]qL g} pkNnf] txdf ePsf] sfo{;Dkfbgdf gDa/ lbg]x¿ pgLx¿ g}

ePsf] tyf ;dfj]zLsf] lj/f]w pgLx¿af6} ePsf]n] sfo{;Dkfbgdf pgLx¿n] ;dfj]zLnfO{ sd

gDa/ lbP/ sfo{;Dkfbg sdhf]/ ePsf] ts{ ul/Psf] 5 .

bf];|f] ts{, v'nf eGbf ;dfj]zLsf] sfo{;Dkfbg sdhf]/ b]lvPsf] 5}g . s'g} 7fpFdf

;dfj]zLn] /fd|f] u/]sf] 5 eg] s'g} 7fpFdf v'Nnfn]] sfdsf] k|s[lt / cg'ejcg';f/ x'G5

. ;dfj]zLaf6 pQL0f{ u/] klg p;sf] sfo{ Ifdtfdf sdL cfpg ;Sb}g lsg eg]

cfof]usf] pQL0f{cª\s NofP/} ;dfj]zL klg pQL0f{ u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} ljZljBfnosf]

k/LIff pQL0f{ ug{ ;dfj]zL x'g' kb{}{g of]Uotf / Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df pQL0f{ u/]/ x'G5 .

dfldnf cWoog @

;dfj]lztfsf] c;/

g]kfnsf ;/sf/L hflu/dWo] g]kfn /fi6« a}Ísf] hflu/ jaL cfsif{s dflgG5 . ;dfj]zL gLltadf]lhd @)^(

;fndf a}Ín] @) hgf l;6df cfj]bg dfUof] . ;dfj]zL gLltadf]lhd v'Nnfdf !) l;6 5'6\ofOof] eg] blntsf]

nflu @, dw];L @, cflbjf;L hghflt @, dlxnf # / ckfª\utf nflu ! l;6 ljefhg ul/of] . a}Ísf] clGd

glthfdWo] cflbjf;L hghfltsf] ln:6df k|tLIff ;"rLdf /x]sf ;d]t u/]/ rf/hgfsf] gfd lgl:sof] h;df

ah|rfo{, lzNksf/, k|wfg / dxh{g lyP . lsgsL oL ;a}hgf g]jf/ ;d'bfosf lyP . o;}u/L dw];L l;6df klg

lqkf7L, zfx / rf}w/L lyP . oL ;a} t/fO{sf pRr ju{sf] ¿kdf lrlgG5g\ . o; glthfaf6 of] k|:6 b]lvPsf] 5

sL hghflt tyf dw];L ju{sf] gfddf g]jf/ -h'g g]kfnnsf] ljsf; ;"rsfª\sdf Ps g+= hfltsf] ¿kdf

:yflkt 5_ / dw];sf pRr ju{-s]xL ckjfbnfO{ 5f]8]/_ df}sf kfO/x]sf] b]lvG5(www.setopati.com) .

t];|f] ts{ 5 s]xL ¿kdf km/s b]lvP klg vf;} cGt/ b]lv+b}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf

sdhf]/nfO{ tflnd, uf]i7Lnufot s'/fx¿ pknAw u/fP sfo{;Dkfbgdf k|efjsfl/tf

Nofpg ;lsG5 .

rf}yf] ts{ 5 sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf s]xL km/s gkfOP kgL ;dfj]zL tkm{af6 lgo'Qm

sd{rf/L cfkm" sdhf]/ g} 5' eGg] dx;'; u/]sf] cfkm"nfO{ v'nfaf6 cfPsf ;dfg cfkm}F

g7fg]sf] kfOof] of] dfgjLo sf/0f klg xf]nf of] ;dfj]zLdf dfq xf]Og cfGtl/sdf klg

5 .

cflv/ ;dfj]zL jf v'Nnf b'O{j6} af6f]af6 lgo'Qm x'g] sd{rf/Lx¿ Pp6} ju{ leq kb{5g\ . of]

5gf]6sf] k|lqmof dfq xf] . 5gf]6kZrft\ sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{;Dkfbg :t/df a9f]Q/L Nofpg

sd{rf/Lsf] ljsf;n] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 . t;y{ sfo{;Dkfbg :t/df k|efjsfl/tf

Nofpg] ;Gbe{df 5gf]6 eGbf ljsf;sf] r/0fn] a9L :yfg cf]u6\g] ePsf]n] sd{rf/L ljsf;df

s'g} klg ;+:yfn] ljz]if Wofg lbP/ tflnd, cled'vLs/0fh:tf sfo{x¿ ;DalGwt sfof{non]

ug{;s]df sfo{;Dkfbg /fd|f] x'g] b]lvPsf] 5 . sfo{ ;Dkfbfg :t/sf] s'/f ubf{ v'Nnfsf]

t'ngfdf a9'jfaf6 cfPsf sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ :t/ s]xL xb;Dd /fd|f] ePsf] kfOG5 . h;sf]

d'Vo sf/0f g} sd{rf/L ljsf;df ePsf] nufgL lhDd]jf/ sf/0f b]lvPsf] 5 .

38

cWofo rf/

;f/f+z, lgisif{ / ;'emfjx¿

$=! ;f/f+z

;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf] d'2f ;g\ !(&) sf] bzs b]lv ;dfhdf sdhf]/ cj:yfdf /x]sf

gful/snfO{ d"n k|jfx tyf ;Ddfg hgs hLjgofkg ug{ u/fpgsf nflu NofOPsf] cjwf/0ff

xf] t/ of] d'2f ;dfhdf :yflkt u/fpg TotL ;xh / ;lhnf] 5}g t/ o;sf nflu lg/Gt/

cWoog cg';Gwfg tyf k|of]u x'Fb} cfPsf] kfOG5 . cWoogx¿n] lglZrt sf]6f ;ª\Vof,

e]befjlj?4sf] Ifltk"lt{, ;sf/fTds pkfo, ;sf/fTds lje]b tyf ljkl/ts lje]bh:tf

pkfox¿ ;'emfpFb} cfPsf] kfOG5 .

cjwf/0ffut¿kdf ;dfj]zL l;4fGtn] ;dfhdf /x]sf gful/snfO{ d"n¿kdf Gofo lbnfpg] /

Gofosf] cg'e"lt x'g] jftfj/0fsf] tof/ u/L ;a} txsf gful/ssf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug{' /

u/fpg' xf] . ;fdfGotof ;fdflhs ;dfj]zL eGgfn] ;dfhdf ljBdfg ljj]wx¿ h:t} lzIff,

:jf:Yo, cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf /fhgLlts x/]s lx;fadf kl5 k/]sf jf k5fl8 kfl/Psf

gful/ssf] ;zQmLs/0f / d"n k|jfxLs/0f k|lqmofnfO{ hgfpFb5 . o; cy{df of] /0fgLlt klg

xf] h;n] ;dfhdf Gofo / ;xeflutf :yfkgf u/fpFb5 . ;fdflhs ;dfj]lztfn] ;dfhdf

ljBdfg c;dfgtfnfO{ x6fpg' xf] . h;af6 ;fdflhs PsTjsf] efjgf l;h{gf u/fpg] dfWod

klg xf] . ;dfj]zL l;4fGt ;dfhdf /x]sf /Lltl/jfh, hfthflt tyf pgLx¿sf kl/rofTds

kIfnfO{ ;jn agfpg] k|lqmof klg xf] . o;sf] cnfjf ;dfj]lztf eg]sf] csf]{ cy{df

;fdflhs k'FhL xf] . ;dfhdf /x]sf ;DaGwx¿nfO{ a9fjf lbg] / dha't agfpg] kIfdf

k[i7kf]if0f ub{5 .

;dfj]zL l;4fGtnfO{ JofVof ug]{ ;Gbe{df tLgj6f df]8]nx¿ cufl8 ;fl/Psf] 5 . klxnf]

df]8]n ;fdflhs clwsf/, ;]jf–;'ljwf tyf cj;/x¿sf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f / ;dfgtfdf

cfwfl/t 5 . bf];|f] df]8n ljleGg ;fdflhs kl/j]z ePsf hghflt tyf efiff–eflifsfx¿

cfˆgf] k|e'Tj a9fpg ;w}F ;ª \3if{ ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . t];|f] df]8]n sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t eO{

PsLs[t ;dfhsf] :yfkgf u/fpg' xf] . k|:t't cWoog ljif]ztM pNn]lvt tLgj6} df]8]nx¿sf]

dfGotfdf cfwfl/t eO{ ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf g]kfnL gful/snfO{ ;dfg

cj;/, Gofof]lrt ljt/0f, ljljw ju{x¿ aLrsf] ;ª\3if{ tyf sfo{ ;Dkfbg pknlAw xfl;n

u/]/ PsLs[t ;dfh l;h{gftkm{ cu|;/tfsf] cfwf/df to ul/Psf] 5 .

g]kfndf ;dfj]zL l;4fGtnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ u/fpg vf;u/L g]kfndf k|hftGqsf] k'gM

pbokZrft\ k|of;x¿ ul/Psf] kfOG5 . oL k|of;x¿sf] sf/0faf6 g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg,

@)$& tyf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# df ;dfj]zL l;4fGtcg';f/ ;dfhdf /x]sf

k5f}6]kg, u/LaL, clzIff, a]/f]huf/, ;dfhdf ljBdfg s'/Llt, s';+:sf/, s'k|rngnfO{ x6fO

Goflos tyf ;xeflutf d"ns ;dfhsf] kl/sNkgf tyf Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;} tYonfO{

39

dWogh/ /fvL g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;dfj]zL egf{ gLlt NofOPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . o;

Joj:yfcg';f/ hDdf vfnL ePsf kbx¿sf] %% k|ltzt v'Nnf / $% k|ltzt kbx¿

;dfj]zLsf] nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] 5 . $% k|ltztnfO{ ;o dfgL ## k|ltzt dlxnf, @& k|ltzt

hghflt, @@ k|ltzt dw];L, ( k|ltzt blnt, % k|ltzt km/s Ifdtf ePsf / $ k|ltzt

kbx¿ lk5l8Psf] If]qnfO{ ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . pQm k|fjwfgnfO{ lj=;+=

@)^$.@)^% ;fnb]lv sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] 5 . clxn];Dd sl/a ;ft xHff/ hgfn] o;af6

cj;/ kfO;s]sf] tYofª\s 5 . o; cy{df s] ;dfhdf cj;/ gkfPsf hgtfn] cj;/ kfP <

s] o; Joj:yfn] gful/ssf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf Gofo / ;xeflutsf] ;'lglZrt u/fof] < s] sfo{

;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t ;dfh :yfkgf ug{df d2t u¥of] < h:tf dxTjk"0f{ k|Zgdf cfwfl/t eO{

of] cWoog ul/of] . o; cWoogdf p2]Zox¿ b]xfoadf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ .

o;/L lghfdtL ;]jfdf v'Nnf tyf ;dfj]zL egf{ k|lqmofaf6 k|j]z ug{ ;kmn ePsf

lghfdtL ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lsf] ;dfj]zL egf{ gLltsf] ;Gbe{df pgLx¿sf] ljrf/

;ª\sng u/L] ljZn]if0f ul/g]5 .

lghfdtL ;]jfsf] :f+/rgfdf o;n] kf/]sf] k|efjsf] ljZn]if0f ul/g]5 .

nf]s;]jf cfof]un] ;dfj]zL egf{ gLltsf] sfof{Gjog kIfdf v]n]sf] e"ldsf] ljZn]if0f

ul/g]5 .

v'Nnf tyf ;dfj]zL egf{ k|lqmofaf6 ;kmn ePsf sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ If]qdf

ul//x]sf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] ljZn]if0f ul/g]5 .

cGTodf ;dfj]zL egf{gLltnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg /0fgLlt tyf gLlt ;'emfp ul/g]5 .

pk/f]Qm p2]Zo xfl;n ug{sf] nflu o; cWoogdf ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf] k'g/fjnf]sg / :ynut

cWoog ul/Psf] 5 . ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf] k'g/fjnf]sgdf ljleGg cWoog k|ltj]bg, n]vsx¿åf/f

n]lvPsf n]vx?¿ ;dfhzf:q s]Gb|Lo ljefuåf/f ul/Psf cWoog k|ltj]bgx¿ cWoog

ul/Psf] 5 . log} cWoog k|ltj]bgx¿df cfwfl/t eO{ k|ZgfjnLx¿ Tfof/ ul/of] . ltg}

k|ZgfjnLnfO{ b]zsf ;ftj6f lhNnfx¿ -wg'iff, wgs'6f, uf]vf{, b}n]v, wgu9L, c5fd /

sf7df8fF}_df uO{ tYofª\s ;ª\sng u/L ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . :yntut cWoogsf nflu

5gf]6 ePsf lhNnfdf !$ hgf u0fsx¿åf/f @@& a6f k|ZgfjnL e/fO{ / @* hgf sfof{no

k|d'v;Fu cGtjf{tf{ lnO{ cWoognfO{ k'li6 ul/Psf] 5 .

$=@ cWoogaf6 k|fKt glthfx?

g]kfndf ;dfj]zL egf{ gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] nflu sfg'gL ;+/rgf tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . h;df

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#, cfjlws of]hgfx¿ -cf7f}+ of]hgfb]lv xfn;Ddsf

of]hgfx¿_, :yfgLo :jzf;g P]g, !(((, lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, g]kfn k'ln; lgodfjnL, dlxnf

cfof]u, blnt cfof]u OToflb sfg'gL tyf ;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf] tof/ tyf :yfkgf ul/Psf]

kfOof] .

40

lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] ;+zf]wgkZrft\ / o;sf] k|fjwfgcg';f/ lghfdtL ;ª\u7gsf] :j?kdf

qmdzM kl/jt{g xF'b} cfPsf] kfOof] . lj=;+= @)^$.@)^% df !! k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf /x]sf

dlxnfsf] ;ª\Vof a9]/ sl/a !% k|ltztdf k'u]sf] kfOof] . o;}u/L sl/a *% k|ltztsf]

xf/fxf/Ldf ePsf] a|fDx0f If]qL lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;ª\Vof 36]/ sl/a ^) k|ltztsf]

xf/fxf/Ldf em/]sf] kfOof] . o;}u/L cGo hghflt, dw];L ;d'bfo tyf blnt lghfdtL

sd{rf/Lsf] ;ª\Vof a9]sf] kfOof] .

cf=j=@)^$ b]lv @)&) ;Ddsf nf]s;]jf cfof]un] u/]sf ;dfj]zL egf{ gLltdf cfwfl/t eO{

ul/Psf lj1fkg / kb ;ª\VofnfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ sl/a 5 xhf/sf] ;ª\Vofdf lj1fkg ul/Psf]

/ sl/a !( xhf/ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] kbk"lt{ u/]sf] b]lvof] . h;dWo] ;dfj]zLtkm{ To;sf]

$% k|ltzt kbx¿ k"lt{ ePsf] kfOof] . cf=j= @)^$.)^% df ;dfj]zLsf] @( k|ltzt /x]sf]

qmdzM a9\b} uP/ $% k|ltzt;Dd k'u]sf] b]lvof] . nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] ljut 5 jif{sf]

tYofª\snfO{ lnP/ ljZn]if0f ubf{ dlxnf #$ k|ltzt, cflbjf;L hghflt @^ k|ltzt, dw];L

@@ k|ltzt, blnt !) k|ltzt, km/s Ifdtf ePsf % k|ltzt / lk5l8Psf] If]qsf nflu #

k|ltzt ePsf] kfOof] .

;dfj]zL egf{ gLltsf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu nf]s;]jf cfof]udf b/vf:t btf{ u/fPsf] lnª\u,

hghflt, wd{, z}lIfs of]Uotf, z}lIfs ;ª\sfo, dft[efiff, pd]/, ljsf; If]qsf] cfwf/df

ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . lnª\usf] cfwf/df x]bf{ cf=j= @)^$.)^% df dlxnfsf] b/vf:t ;ª\Vof

#( k|ltztaf6 a9]/ cf=j=@)^(.)&) df $& k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . hDdf sl/a ;f9] rf}w nfv

b/vf:tdWo] dlxnfsf] b/vf:t sl/a ;f9] 5 nfv /x]sf] kfOof] . dlxnfn] b/vf:t lbg] b/

a9]sf] kfOof] .

o;}u/L hfthfltsf] cfwf/df pk/f]Qm b/vf:t b/nfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ a|fDx0f P]Sn}sf] b/vf:t

b/ sl/a %) k|ltzt /x]sf] afFsL If]qLnufot c¿ hghfltsf] /x]sf] b]lvof] . oBlk ;fIf/tf

b/ klg a|fDx0f, If]qL, g]jf/ ;d'bfosf] a9L /x]sf] 5 . o;/L b/vf:t lbg]x¿dWo] a|fDx0f

klxnf], If]qL bf];|f], g]jf/ t];|f], du/ rf}yf], yf¿ kfFRff}F :yfgdf /x]sf 5g\ . o;}u/L /fO{, blnt,

ofbj, tfdfª, 7s'/L OToflb /x]sf] ;d]t kfOof] .

wd{sf] cfwf/df b/vf:t b/nfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ klxnf] :yfgdf lxGb'-(# k|ltzt_, af}4-$

k|ltzt_, O;fO-! Kf|ltzt_ tyf cGo-@ k|ltzt dfuL{x¿ /x]sf] b]lvof] . Zf}lIfs of]Uotfsf]

cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ubf{ Go"gtd cfjZos of]UotfeGbf cltl/Qm of]Uotf ePsf %$ k|ltzt

cfj]bs /x]sf] ;d]t kfOof] . Zf}lIfs ;ª\sfosf] cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;aeGbf a9L cfj]bs

lbg]x¿ lzIff ;ª\sfo-@* k|ltzt_, dfgljsL-@@ k|ltzt_, Joj:yfkg-@! k|ltzt_, lrlsT;f-

(k|ltzt_, lj1fg-%k|ltzt_ tyf cGosf] -!% k|ltzt_ /x]sf] b]lvof] . dft[efiffsf] cfwf/df

b/vf:t b/nfO{ x]bf{ g]kfnL efiff-&# k|ltzt_, d}ynL-!! k|ltzt_ /x]sf] b]lvof] . cGo

efiffx¿sf] ! jf @ k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/L /x]sf] b]lvof] . pd]/sf] cfwf/df x]bf{ ;aeGbf a9L

b/vf:t @! b]lv @% jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf] /x]sf] 5 . ljsf; If]qsf] cfwf/df b/vf:t b/nfO{

ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;aeGbf a9L dWodf~rn-$@ k|ltzt_ /x]sf] b]lvof] . o;}u/L k"jf{~rn /

klZrdf~rnsf] !*.!* k|ltzt /x]sf] / dWo klZrdf~rn !# k|ltzt / ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn (

k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .

41

b/vf:t lbg] t/ lnlvt k/LIffdf cg'kl:yt x'g] b/ cTolws /x]sf] kfOof] . h:t} v'Nnfdf &%

k|ltzt cfj]bsx¿ pkl:Yft x'g] u/]sf] kfOof] eg] o;}u/L ;dfj]zLtkm{sf] dlxnf sl/a %$

k|ltzt, cf=h= $& k|ltzt, dw];L $# k|ltzt, blnt %! Kf|ltzt, ckfª\u ^% k|ltzt /

lk5l8Psf] If]q %^ k|ltzt lnlvt k/LIffdf pkl:yt ePsf] kfOof] . o;/L x]bf{ hDdf b/vf:t

;ª\Vofsf] sl/a %) k|ltzt cfj]bsx¿ lnlvt k/LIffdf ;fd]n ePsf] b]lvof] .

;dfj]zL egf{ gLlt / l;kml/;sf] b/nfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ lj1fkg sl/a !( xhf/ kbnfO{ ul/P

klg sl/a ;f9] ;q xhf/ kbdf dfq l;kmfl/; ePsf] kfOof] . afFsL kbdf of t b/vf:t g}

gk/]sf] of t b/vf:t k/] klg pDd]bjf/ ;kmn x'g g;s]sf] kfOof] . o;/L l;kmfl/; x'g

g;s]sf kbx¿df clwsf+z ;dfj]zLtkm{sf /x]sf] kfOof] . pbfx/0fsf] nflu l;kmfl/; x'g

g;s]sf kbdWo] cf=j=@)^% df *% k|ltzt, @)^^ df %^ k|ltzt, @)^& df &) k|ltzt,

@)^* df @) k|ltzt, @)^( df &) k|ltzt ;dfj]zLtkm{sf /x]sf] kfOof] . o;}u/L v'Nnftkm{

klg @)^% df !% k|ltzt, @)^^ df $$ k|ltzt, @)^& df #) k|ltzt, @)^* df *)

k|ltzt / @)^( df #) k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ . o;/L b/vf:t k/]/ l;kmfl/; x'g g;s]sf cyjf

b/vf:t g} gk/]sf kbx¿df ;/sf/L jlsn, n]vf ;d"x, :jf:Yo, s[lif OToflb /x]sf 5g\ .

lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;dfj]zL egf{ gLltsf] sfof{Gjogn] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ g]kfnL ;dfhsf]

n}lª\us, If]qLo Pj+ hftLo :j?k ;/x g} ljljwtfsf] emNsf] k|bfg ug]{tkm{ cu|;/ u/fPsf]

kfOof] . ;dfhsf] agf]6cg';f/sf] lghfdtL ;]jf agfpg] p2]Zon] cjnDag ul/Psf] of] gLlt

;f/e"t ¿kdf 7Ls 5 . ;fy} of] gLltsf] sfof{Gjogn] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;j} lnª\u, ju{ /

hft hfltx¿sf] ckgTjsf] efjgf hufpg] e"ldsf lgjf{xf u/]sf] 5 . o; k4ltsf] pNn]lvt

ju{, ;d'bfo / If]qsf kxF'r ePsf tL ju{, ;d'bfo / If]qsf JolQmnfO{ ;xh cj;/ lbPsf] 5

. of] ;dfj]zL egf{ gLlt 7Ls 5}g eGg]x¿ klg 5g\ lsgeg] /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, cfly{s

¿kdf k5fl8 k/]sf hg;d'bfo;Dd k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g . o;sf k5fl8sf sf/0fx¿df

hghfltsf] gfddf hghfltsf ;De|fGt ;d"xn] o;sf] kmfObf kfP . dlxnfsf] gfddf

sd{rf/Ls} gft]bf/n] df}sf kfP . ckfª\usf] gfddf gfd dfq}sf] ckfª\un] o; cj;/sf]

kmfObf p7fP .

nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] ;dfj]]zL egf{ k|lqmof clxn]sf] ;Gbe{;Dd cfOk'Ubfsf] cj:yfnfO{ x]bf{

;a}nfO{ ;d]6\g] lsl;dn] agfOPsf] ;dfj]zL 5, ;jn kIfdf eGbf ;a} ju{sf] ;xeflutf a9\b}

u}/x]sf] 5 eg] b'j{n kIfnfO{ x]bf{ ;zQmLs/0f / ;IfdLs/0flagfsf] ;dfj]zLs/0fn] st}

g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jf sdhf]/ x'g] t x}g eGg] k|Zg p7]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . nf]s;]jf cfof]usf]

;dfj]zL egf{ k|lqmof q'l6k"0f{ /x]sf] 5 eGg] ts{ klg ul/Psf] 5 . h:t} s'g kbn] s:tf]

e"ldsfsf] ck]Iff ub{5 eGg] ljifodf cWoog gu/L zfvf clws[t, pk–;lrj / ;x–;lrj

:t/sf k|Zgkq, 5gf]6 ljlw, d"Nofª\sg ljlw km/s km/s x'g'kg]{df k|foM Ps} lsl;dsf] ljlw

ckgfPsf] 5 . tyflk sl/a *) k|ltzt pQ/bftfn] nf]s;]jf cfof]u k|efjsf/L /x]sf]

atfPsf 5g\ . nf]s;]jf cfof]un] sd{rf/L 5gf]6sf nflu ckgfPsf ljlwx¿ h:t} lnlvt

k/LIff, cGtjf{tf{, efiff k/LIff tyf k|of]ufTds k/LIffx¿ lgikIf tyf k|efjsf/L /x]sf]

atfPsf 5g\ . ;du|df ;a} ljlwx¿df ;dfj]zL / v'Nnftkm{sf () k|ltzteGbf a9L

pDd]bjf/x¿n] k|efjsf/L ePsf] atfPsf] kfOof] .

42

nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] kf7\oqmdsf] ;Gbe{df &$ k|ltztn] nf]s;]jf cfof]un] tof/ u/]sf]

kf7\oqmd ;fGble{s 5 eg]sf 5g\ eg] @^ k|ltztn] c;fGble{s /x]sf] atfPsf 5g\ .

;fGble{s 5 eGg]x¿sf] ts{ 5 o;n] ;a} If]qnfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 . ljz]if1tf xfl;n u/]sf]

ljifonfO{ k|fyldstf lbPsf] 5 . of] kf7\oqmdn] of]Uo dfG5] g} 5gf]6 x'g] u/]sf 5g\ .

nf]s;]jf cfof]un] lnlvt k/LIffsf nflu tof/ u/]sf] kf7\oqmd ;a} ;fdfGo of]Uotf

k'u]sfx¿nfO{ eGbf klg ;]jf k|j]z ug{ rfxg]sf nflu cfjZos kg}{ ljifoj:t'sf] 1fgsf]

cfwf/df kf7\oqmd 7Ls 5 . of] kf7\oqmd c;fGble{s 5 eGg]x¿sf] ts{ 5 o;}u/L ljBdfg

kf7\oqmddf sfo{ If]qcg';f/ kf7\oqmddf ljifo j:t' ;dfj]z gePsf]n] kf7\oqmdn]

k|lt:klw{sf] dfgl;s Ifdtf / yf]/} 1fgeGbf sfo{If]qdf hfFbf cfjZos kg]{ Jojxfl/s /

;}wflGts b'j} 1fg a9L ;d]6]sf] 5 . o;af6 Ifdtfjfg JolQmx¿ gcfpg] ;Defjgf b]lvPsf]]

5 .

:ynut cWoog ul/Psf ;ft lhNnfsf @@& hgf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] hfthfltsf]

cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ubf{ $* k|ltzt a|fDx0f, !$ k|ltzt If]qL, cf7 k|ltzt hghflt, 5

k|ltzt g]jf/, rf/÷rf/ k|ltzt /fO{ / ofbj, b'O{÷b'O{ k|ltzt dw];L / yf¿ /x]sf 5g\ .

o;}u/L Ps Ps k|ltzt df zfxL, d08n, du/, lnDa", lul/, u'?ª, wfg's OToflb /x]sf 5g\ .

o;}u/L Ps k|ltzteGbf sd 7s'/L, /f]sfo, /fhk't, ;'9L, ;xgL, dxtf], e'h]n, l;+x, rdf/,

rf}w/L tyf t]nL /x]sf] kfOof] . k|foM ;a} ;kmn pDd]bjf/x¿ kxf8Lof, k9}of, u|fdL0f

kl/j]zdf x's]{sf, ;/sf/L :s'ndf cWoog u/]sf JolQmx?¿ ;kmn ePsf 5g\ -kf}8]n, @)!$_

. o;sf] sf/0fx¿ vf]tNbf w]/} lzlIft x'g'-(^ k|ltzt_, g]kfnL dft[efiff -() k|ltzt_, a9L

a]/f]huf/-(@ k|ltzt_, lghfdtL ;]jfdf tna dfgsf] kSsf x'g'-(^ k|ltzt_, lghLIf]qsf]

ljsf; gx'g'-*! Kf|ltzt_nufotsf sf/0fx¿ lhDd]jf/ b]lvPsf] 5 .

;dfj]zL leq klg ;aeGbf a9L g]jf/, rf}w/L, sfo:yh:tf ;d'bfosf] ar{:j /x]sf] kfOof] .

oL ;d'bfo cGosf] t'ngfdf a9L ;kmn x'g'df pgLx¿ cfly{s ;fdflhs x}l;ot pRr

ePsf]n], lzIff tyf nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] kl/Iff tyf kf7\oqmdk|lt a9L hfgsf/ ePsf] kfOPsf]

sf/0fn] pgLx¿ ;kmn x'g ;s]sf x'g\ .

;dfj]zLleq g} ;kmn x'g] dlxnfx¿sf] ;fdflhs x}l;ot pRr /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . w]/} h;f]

dlxnfx¿ sd{rf/Lsf >LdtL jf 5f]/L jf a'xf/L jf gftf;DaGw /x]sf] kfOof] . o;sf]

k5fl8sf sf/0fx¿df sd{rf/L :jo+ cfk"m nf]s;]jf pQL0f{ u/]sf] x'gfn] s;/L tof/L ug]{, s]

k9\bf pko'Qm x'G5, k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ s;/L n]Vg], pQ/x¿ s;/L s07 ug]{h:tf ljleGg gLlt

lgb]{zg / d2t kfpg] x'gfn] ;DalGwt JolQm a9L ;kmn x'g] u/]sf] kfOof] .

;dfj]zL egf{ gLltcg';f/ g]kfnL gful/snfO{ Gofo lbPsf] kfOof] . h;dWo] Gofo u/]sf] 5

eGg]x¿dWo] *# k|ltzt / Gofo u/]sf] 5}g eGg]x¿ !& k|ltzt /x]sf] kfOof] . Gofo u/]sf] 5

eGg]x¿sf] ts{ 5 a9LeGbf a9L jl~rtLdf k/]sf tyf lk5l8Psf ju{x¿ lghfdtL ;]jfdf

k|j]z kfPsf 5g\ .sd{rf/L tGqdf k|j]z ug{ gkfPsf s]xL ju{x¿sf] ;xeflutf eof] .

lghfdtL ;]jfdf pgLx¿sf] ckgTjsf] ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5 . Gofo u/]sf] 5}g eGg]x¿sf] ts{

5 k|lqmofaf6 lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;'ljwf lnO/x]sf JolQm / clwsf+z ¿kdf kx'Frjfnf, wgf8\o,

43

;'ljwf ;DkGg kl/jf/s} JolQmx¿n] ;dfj]zLsf] gfddf sfg'gk|bQ ;'ljwf lnO/x]sf 5g\ .

h:tf] dw];Lsf] xsdf s'/f ug]{ xf] eg] lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;a}eGbf a9L /fhk't, a|fDx0f /

sfo:y¿sf] k|ltlglwTj /x]sf] b]lvG5 t/ pgLx¿ dw];sf kx'Frjfnf / wgf8\o kl/jf/cGtu{t

kb{5g\ eg] afFsL dw];Lx¿n] klg t lghfdtL ;]jfsf] cj;/af6 jl~rt ePsf 5g\ . To:t}

cfly{s ¿kn] ljkGg, kx'Fr gePsf / b"/b/fhdf a:g] a|fXd0f, If]qL, hghflt, blnt, lk58f

ju{, dlxnfn] klg jl~rt /x]sf 5g\ eg] of] k|lqmof s;/L Gofof]lrt x'g;S5 .

;dfj]zL egf{ gLlt nfu" ePkZrft\ j[lQ ljsf; ** k|ltzt pQ/bftfn] l56f] ePsf] 5

eg]sf 5g\ eg] !@ k|ltztn] l9nf] ePsf] 5 egL atfPsf 5g\ . l56f] ePsf] eGg]x¿sf] ts{

5 hf] ;dfj]zLdf k/]sf] 5 p;n] a9L df}sf kfO/x]sf] 5 . o;af6 gLlt lgdf{0f txdf

pgLx¿sf] kxF'r k'u]sf] atfPsf 5g\ . ;dfj]zLsf] sf/0fn] sd{rf/L j[Qdf g}/fZo a9]sf] ts{

klg u/]sf] kfOof] . o;n] ubf{ of]Uon] sfd gug]{ k|j[lQ klg b]lvG5 . ;dfj]zL egf{ k|lqmofdf

dfq ;Lldt x'g'kg]{df sfddf ;dfj]zL, j[lQdf ;dfj]zL, ;a} cj;/df cyf{t\ egf{b]lv

lgj[lQ;Dd ;dfj]zL gLlt cjnDag u/]sf]n] o:tf] x'g uPsf] xf] .

lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfo{;Dkfbgsf] :t/sf] d"Nofª\sg ubf{ ;dfj]zLtkm{sf] eGbf v'Nnftkm{sf

sd{rf/Lsf] a9L sfo{ ;Dkfbg /x]sf] kfOof] . lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnLcg';f/ sfo{

;DkfbgnfO{ d'Vot tLg k|sf/sf /x]sf] kfOof] . h;dfnIo tf]lsPsf / gtf]lsPsf /

JolQmut Ifdtfsf sfo{x¿ /x]sf 5g\ . rfvnfUbf] s'/f s] kQf nfUof] eg] JolQmut Ifdtfsf]

t'ngfdf nIo tf]lsPsf jf gtf]lsPsf sfo{x¿sf] ;Dkfbg sd ePsf] kfOof] . v'Nnfsf]

t'ngfdf ;dfj]zLsf] sfo{;Dkfbg sd x'g'df sd{rf/LnfO{ ;]jf k|j]zkZrft\ tflnd glbPsf] /

JolQmut Ifdtfdf sfo{ ug'{kg]{ jftfj/0fsf] sf/0fn] o;f] x'g uPsf] kfOof] . vf;u/L h'g

sfo{sf] sfd ug]{ tf}/tl/sf k|:6 5 To:tf sfo{x¿sf] ;Dkfbgdf vf;} km/s 5}g t/ h'g

sfo{x¿df ts{ le8fpg kg]{ / vt/f df]Ng'kg]{ xf] To:tf sfddf ;dfj]zLsf] ;Dkfbg :t/

;ª\u7gsf] rfxgfadf]lhd x'g g;s]sf] kfOof] . o; sf/0fn] ubf{ sfd ug{;Sg]x¿ klg

pTk|]l/t x'g g;s]sf] ;d]t kfOof] .

$=# lgisif{

o; cWoogaf6 lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( -bf];|f] ;+zf]wg_sf] k|fjwfgadf]lhd sfof{Gjog

nf]s;]jf cfof]udfkm{t sd{rf/Lsf] egf{ x'Fb} cfPsf] 5

. cf=j.@)^$.)^% b]lv cf=j=@)^(.)&) ;Dd nf]s;]jf cfof]un] ;~rfng u/]sf k/LIffx¿df

pNn]Vo cfj]bg lbg]x¿ kfOof] t/ klg pQm cjlwdf lnlvt k/LIffdf ;lDdlnt gx'g] ;ª\Vof

sl/a %) k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf g} /x]sf] b]lvof] . o;} cjlwdf cem sltko kbdf cfj]bg

lbg] JolQm g} ge]l6Psf] kfOof] . dlxnfnufot cGo ;d"xx¿sf] klg b/vf:t lbg] b/x¿

a9]sf] t/ ;kmn x'g]df ;Lldt ;d"xx¿ /x]sf] kfOof] . o;sf] cy{ hf] ;d'bfosf nflu

;dfj]zL egf{ gLlt NofOPsf] xf] ;f] ;d'bfosf] ckjfbafx]s tflTjs ;xeflutf x'g g;s]sf]

b]lvof] . nf]s;]jf cfof]un] u/]sf] sfddf clwsf+z sfo{x¿sf] ljZjf; tyf cf:yf /x]sf]

b]lvof] . oBlko;sf ;'wf/sf kIfx¿ ;d]t /x]sf] b]lvof] . sd{rf/L 5gf]6 k|lqmofdf ;kmn

x'gsf sf/0fx¿df kfl/jfl/s cled'vLs/0f, s8f ldlxg]t, lzlIfth:tf sf/0fx¿ d'Vo¿kdf

b]lvP . ;du|df gful/sn] s]xL xb;Dd Gofosf] cg'e"lt u/]sf] / ;xeflutfsf] :t/ a9]sf]

44

b]lvof] . sfo{;Dkfbgsf] :t/sf] ;Gbe{df ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;dfj]zLjf6 lgo'QmL kfPsf eGbf

l;dfGt ¿kdf v'Nnfaf6 lgo'Qm ePsfsf] sfo{;Dkfbg :t/ a9L ePsf] b]lvof] . sfo{x¿

h;sf] sfo{ ljj/0f k|:6 ePsf] 5 To;df vf;} cGt/ b]lvPg t/ nIo gtf]lsPsf c;+/lrt

sfo{x¿df v'Nnf tkm{af6 lgo'Qmsf] ;Dkfbg :t/ a9]sf] t/ ltgLx¿ pTk|]l/t x'g] cj:yf eg]

b]lvPg . ;du|df lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;dfj]zL egf{ gLltsf] sf/0fn] ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g ePsf]

t/ k|j[lQdf vf;} cGt/ ePsf] kfOPg .

$=$ ;'emfjx¿

ljlzi6 1fg, ;Lk / Ifdtf ePsf] :yfoL k|j[lQsf /fHosf] sf]ifaf6 tna ;'ljwf kfpg]

u}/;}lgs, u}/ /fhgLlts, Jofj;flos ;d"xnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jf elgG5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf]

;fvnfO{ hf]ufO/fVg, of]Uotf bIftf sf] sb/ ug{ /fHon] Joj:yf u/]sf] ;+j}wflgs lgsfoleq

kg]{ nf]s;]jf cfof]u cem lgikIf / k|efjsf/L agfpg'k5{ . o; sfo{sf cnfjf ;dfj]zLs/0f,

;zQmLs/0f nfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/L ;'Gb/, zfGt, Gofok"0f{ / ;dtfd"ns lghfdtL ;]jfsf] lgdf{0f

ug{ ;lsG5 . o; sfo{sf nflu b]xfosf ;'emfjx¿ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;dfj]z ePsf ;d'bfox¿ / pQm ;d'bfosf] gfddf ;kmn ePsf

;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf /fhgLlts k[i7e"ldnfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ ;fdflhs cfwf/nfO{ dfq

cfwf/ agfO{ ;dfj]zL gLlt nfu" ug'{ eGbf ;dfj]zL leqsf] ;dfj]zL rl/q ljsf; ug{

h?/L b]lvPsf] 5 . t;y{ cfly{s, ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f ubf{

dfgj ;"rsfª\s, u/LaLsf] uxgtf ljZn]if0fsf] ;"rsfª\s, n}lª\us ljsf;sf] ;"rsfª\s

tof/ u/L nfu" ug{ pko'Qm b]lvG5 . o;sf] cltl/Qm cGo k|f]S;L ;'rsx¿-h;/L

5fqj[lQsf] nflu 5gf]6 ubf{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] ckgfPsf] 5_ To;}u/L ckgfpg klg

;lsG5 .o;/L ;'rsx? JfgfpFbf klxnf] txdf ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf /fhgLlts

¿kdf k5fl8 k/]sf] ;d'bfonfO{ k|fyldst lbg], bf];|f] k|fyldstfdf ;fdflhs /

cfly{s ¿kdf k5fl8 k/]sf] ;d'bfonfO{, t];|f] k|fyldstfdf cfly{s / /fhgLlts ¿kdf

k5fl8 k/]sf] / rf}yf] k|fyldstfdf ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts ¿kdf k5fl8 k/]sf]

;d'bfonfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'kb{5 .

nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k/LIffdf of]Uo x'gsf] nflu pDd]bjf/sf] z}lIfs of]Uotf;Fu

hf]l8Psf] x'gfn] x/]s txsf hgtfn] k9\g] cj;/af6 jl~rt x'g gx'g] cj:yf

cfjZos 5 . :d/0fLo kIf s] 5 eg];dfj]zL gLlt nfu" ePkZrft\ klg nlIft

;d'bfosf] cfj]bg ug{ cfjZos kg]{ Go'gtd of]Uotf klg gk'u]sf] cj:yf ljBdfg 5 .

t;y{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] cleofgsf] ¿kdf k9\gnfO{ hgr]tgf / lzIffdf hf]8 lbg

cToGt h?/L b]lvPsf] 5 .x}g eg] nlIft ;d'bfosf] gfddf ;/sf/af6 ljt/0f ul/Psf]

df}sfdf cGo ;d'bfo jf ;f]xL ;d'bfosf ;De|fGtx¿n] kmfObf lng] lglZrt b]lvG5 .

o;/L ;dfj]zL gLlt;Fu} ;zQmLs/0f / ;IfdLs/0fdf hf]8 lbg cfjZos 5 .

Kfm/s Ifdtf ePsfsf] xsdf o;sf] k'gM kl/efiff ul/g' lgtfGt cfjZos ePsf]

b]lvPsf] 5 . ;fdfGo ckfª\u ePsfn] ;dfj]zL gLltsf] b'?kof]u ePsf k|z:t

pbfx/0fx¿ e]l6Psf 5g\ . dlxnfsf] ;Gbe{df klg dlxnfx¿ leqsf] klg dlxnfnfO{

45

;dfj]zL egf{ gLltsf] cj;/ lbg cfjZos 5 . h;df dfly pNn]v ul/Psf rf/j6f

k|fyldstfx¿sf] cfwf/df ;"rsx¿ to ug{ h?/L b]lvPsf] 5 .

sd{rf/L egf{ ug{' eg]sf] cjZo klg sfo{nosf] sfo{ ldtJooL tyf k|efjsf/L

tl/sfn] ug{ g} xf] . o;sf] nflu sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] :t/ j[l4 ug{ h?/L

b]lvPsf] 5 . sfo{;Dkfbg :t/ j[l4 ug{sf] lgldQ ;'? lgo'lQm xF'bfsf] avtdf sfo{

ljj/0f / p;n] ug{'kg]{ sfdcg';f/ tflnd k|bfg ul/g' kb{5 . clxn] cj:yfdf

JolQmut Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df sfo{ ug]{afx]s ;+:yfut tl/sfaf6 sfo{ ;Dkfbg

/ ;ª\u7gsf] p2]Zo xfl;n ePsf] kfOsf] 5}g . sfo{;Dkfbgsf] nflu sd{rf/Ln] ug]{

sfo{ ljj/0f / ;f]sf] dfkg ug]{ ;"rsfª\s tof/ ul/g' cfjZos 5 . olb ;f]xL

;"rsfª\ssf] cfwf/df nIo k|fKt ePdf jf gePdf x'g] kmfObf j]kmfObfsf] km]xl/:t

tof/ u/L nfu" ul/g' kb{5 lsgeg] ;+:yfdf sfo{ ug]{ / sfo{ gug]{ aLr km/s cjZo

x'g'kb{5 .

g]kfn ;/sf/n] lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ u/]sf] nufgLsf] k|ltkmn s] xf] eGg] s'/f klg

s/ ltg]{x¿nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg h?/L 5 . s]xL nufgL ul/G5 eg] To;sf] cfly{s

k|ltkmnsf] lx;fa ul/g'kb{5 . sd{rf/Lsf] ;dfhcg';f/sf] hLjgofkg ug]{ tna klg

lbg] sfd klg lng] l;4fGt nfu" ug{ h?/L b]lvPsf] 5 . o;n] sfo{;Dkfbgdf j[l4 x'g]

ck]Iff lnOPsf] 5 .

nf]s;]jf cfof]un] sdfPsf] lgikIftf sfod /fvL /fVg' kb{5 . o;df nf]s;]jf

cfof]usf] k/LIff k|0ffnL vf;u/L zfvf clws[t;Ddsf] 7Ls ePsf] t/ pk–;lrj /

;x–;lrjsf] kf7\oqmd / k/LIf0fsf nflu agfOPsf ljlwx¿df k'gd"{Nofª\sg ug{ kg]{

cj:yf b]lvPsf] 5 . o;sf nflu k|:tfj n]vg, n]v n]vg, k|:t'lt lbg], sfg'gcg';f/

eof] ePg egL cf}lrTotf k|:t't ug]{, ;d;fdlos d'2fx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug]{h:tf uxg

tl/sfaf6 k/LIf0f ug{ ;s] pQd x'g] b]lvG5 .

egf{b]lv lgj[lQ;Dd ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ nfu" ug{'eGbf ;dfj]zL gLltnfO{ egf{sf] Pp6f

v'8\lsnf]sf] ¿kdf dffq cj;/ lbOg'kb{5 . l;dfGts[t ePsf ;d'bfosf] bfo/f km/flsnf]

agfpb} d'nwf/df gcfP ;Ddsf] nflu ;dfj]zL egf{ gLlt sfod /fVg cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 .

cGo j[lQ ljsf;sf cj;/df of]Uotf / Ifdtfsf cfwf/df ul/+bf sfof{non] ;Dkfbg ug]{

sfo{x¿df k|efjsf/L cfpg] b]lvG5 .

46

;Gbe{ ;"rL

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Prosperity and Poverty, New York: Crown Business.

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S.(2014) Nepal Social Inclusion Survery 2012: Caste, Ethnic and Gender

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g]kfn ;/sf/ -@)^$_ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(-bf];|f] ;+;f]wg_, sf7df08f} M g]kfn sfg'g Joj:yf ;ldlt .

nf]s;]jf cfof]u -@)^%_ nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] pgGkrf;cf} aflif{s k|ltj]bg, sf7df08f} M nf]s;]jf cfof]u .

nf]s;]jf cfof]u -@)^^_ nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] krf;cf} aflif{s k|ltj]bg, sf7df08f} M nf]s;]jf cfof]u .

nf]s;]jf cfof]u -@)^&_ nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] PsfpGgf}} aflif{s k|ltj]bg, sf7df08f} M nf]s;]jf cfof]u .

nf]s;]jf cfof]u -@)^*_ nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] afpGgf} aflif{s k|ltj]bg, sf7df08f} M nf]s;]jf cfof]u .

nf]s;]jf cfof]u -@)^(_ nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] lqkGgf} aflif{s k|ltj]bg, sf7df08f} M nf]s;]jf cfof]u .

nf]s;]jf cfof]u -@)&)_ nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] rpGGff} aflif{s k|ltj]bg, sf7df08f} M nf]s;]jf cfof]u .

48

cg';"rL !

lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;dfj]zL egf{ gLlt sfof{Gjog cj:yfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg

cfb/0fLo pQ/bftf,

gd:sf/

xfdL tkfO+{nfO{ o; ;dfj]zL gLltsf] sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf;DaGwL cWoog ug{ tof/ ul/Psf] k|ZgfjnL

eg{sf] nflu ;fb/ cg'/f]w ub{5fF} . of] cg';Gwfg sfo{ hgk|Zff;g s]Gb|Lo ljefu, lqe"jg ljZjljBfno /

Zff;sLo ;'wf/sf nflu ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] tof/L cfof]hgf -k|LkLP/_, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno, g]kfn

;/sf/ ;+o'Qm¿kdf cWoog ug{ nfluPsf] xf] . o; cg';Gwfg sfo{sf] d'Vo p2]Zo lghfdtL ;]jfdf

;dfj]ZfL gLlt sfof{Gjog ePkZrft\ o;sf] k|efj kQf nufpg' /x]sf] 5 . xfdL tkfO{+n] lbPsf] pQ/

cg';Gwfg sfo{sf] cnfjf cGo k|of]hgnfO{ pkof]u ug]{ 5}gf} / uf]Ko /flvg]5 egL k|lta4tf k|s6 ub{5f+} .

To;}n] 9'Ss eO{ cfkm"nfO{ nfu]sf] ljrf/ k|:6;Fu pQ/ lbO{ ;xof]u ug{ cg'/f]w;d]t ub{5f}F . o;

cg';Gwfgsfo{sf] ;kmntf tkfO{+n] lbPsf] pQ/df lge{/ ub{5 .

tkfO{+sf] ;xof]usf] ck]Iff ub{5fF} .

hgk|zf;g s]Gb|Lo ljefu

lqe'jg ljZjljBfno

klxnf] v08

-s_ JolQmut ;"rgfx¿

!_ gfd -P]lR5s_M

@_ lnª\uM

c= k'?if cf= dlxnf

#_ pd]/-jif{df_M

$_ hflt tyf hghflt kl/roM

%_ lzIffM

lzIffsf] tx lrGx nufpg'xf];\ lzIffsf] tx lrGx nufpg'xf];\

c= P;Pn;L jf ;dsIfL O{= :gftsf]Q/ tyf

;dsIfL

cf= b; hf]8 b'O{ cyjf ;dsIfL p= ljBfjfl/lw

O= :gfts tyf ;dsIfL

^_ sfo{/t lhNnf-pko'Qm sf]i6df lrGx nufpg'xf];\_M

49

lhNnfsf] gfd lrGx lhNnfsf] gfd lrGx

c= sf7df8fF} p= s}nfnL

cf= wgs'6f pm= uf]vf{

O= wg'iff P= b}n]v

O{= c5fd

&_ tkfO{+ sfo{/t sfof{nosf] gfdM ==========================================

*_ tkfO{+ o; hflu/df egf{ x'Fbf s'g lj1fkgaf6 5flgg'ePsf] xf] <

c= ;dfj]zL cf= v'Nnf

(_olb ;dfj]zL xf] eg] s'g k|sf/sf] lj1fkgaf6 5flgPsf] xf] -s[kof pko'Qm 3]/fdf lrGx nufpg'xf];\_<

;dfj]zLsf] k|sf/ lrGx nufpg] 7fpF ;dfj]zLsf] k|sf/ lrGx nufpg] 7fpF

c= dlxnf O{= lk5l8Psf] If]q

cf= hflt . hghflt p= blnt

O= dw];L pm= km/s Ifdtf ePsf]

!)_tkfO{+ s'g txsf] sd{rf/L xf] <

Kfbsf] gfd lrGx nufpg] 7fpF Kfbsf] gfd lrGx nufpg] 7fpF

c= ;x–;lrj jf ;f] ;/x O{= gf;' jf ;f] ;/x

cf= pk–;lrj jf ;f] ;/x p= vl/bf/ jf ;f] ;/x

O= zfvf clws[t jf ;f] ;/x pm= cGo

bf];|f] v08

-v_ nf]s;]jf cfof]u-nf];]cf_

!= s] nf]s;]jf cfof]u pko'Qm pDd]bjf/ 5gf]6 ug{ lgikIf 5 <-s[kof pko'Qm sf]i7df lrGx nufpg'xf];\_

c= 5 cf= 5}g

@= nf]s;]jf cfof]u Pp6f sd{rf/L 5gf]6 ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf o;sf] k|lti7fnfO{ s;/L d"Nofª\sg ug{'x'G5 < -

s[kof pko'Qm sf]i7df lrGx nufpg'xf];\_

c= :jR5 cf= Tolt :jR5 5}g O= :jR5 5}g .

#= slt xb;Dd nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] sfo{:fDkfbg pko'Qm pDd]bjf/ 5gf]6sf] nflu k|efjsf/L ePsf]

kfpg'ePsf] 5 <-s[kof pko'Qm sf]i7df lrGx nufpg'xf];\_

lgik|efjL 5 Tolt k|efjsf/L 5}g Kf|efjsf/L clt g} k|efjsf/L

! @ # $

-Uf_ k/LIff k|0ffnL

$= nf]s;]jf cfof]uåf/f ckgfOPsf lgDg lghfdtL sd{rf/L 5gf]6 ljlwx¿sf] pko'Qmfsf] dfkg ug'{xf];\ .-

s[kof pko'Qm sf]i7df lrGx nufpg'xf];\_

50

/flzx? clt g}

sd;n

sd;n Tolt pQd

5}g

pQd clt

pQd

Yffx

5}g

lnlvt k/LIff ! @ # $ % ^

cGtjf{tf{ ! @ # $ % ^

cfOSo" ! @ # $ % ^

Effiff k/LIff ! @ # $ % ^

k|of]ufTds k/LIff ! @ # $ % ^

%= tkfO{+sf] d"Nofª\sgdf lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ sfo{cg'¿ksf] sd{rf/L 5gf]6sf] nflu nf]s;]jf

cfof]usf] kf7\oqmdsf] ;fGble{stf s:tf] 5< -s[kof pko'Qm sf]i7df lrGx nufpg'xf];\_

clt c;fGble{s c;fGble{s ;fGble{s clt ;fGble{s

! @ # $

-3_ nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k/LIffdf ;xeflutf

^= tkfO{+sf] larf/df, lnª\u, If]q, hfthflt tyf cGosf] cfwf/df nf]s;]jf cfof]un] ;~rfng ug]{ k/LIffdf

s] g]kfnLnfO{ kIfkft u/]sf] 5 <-s[kof pko'Qm sf]i7df lrGx nufpg'xf];\_

c= 5 cf= 5}g

&= tkfO{+sf] d"Nofª\sgdf, b]xfosf s'g hfthfltn] a9LeGbf a9L lj1fkg ul/Psf] kbnfO{ cfj]bg lbPsf

5g\ < -s[kof ¥ofª\s ug{'xf];\ h;df ¥ofª\s ! ;aeGbf sd / ¥ofª\s & ;aeGbf a9L _

;d'bfo ¥ofª\s

!

¥ofª\s @ ¥ofª\s

#

¥ofª\s

$

¥ofª\s

%

¥ofª\s

^

¥ofª\s

&

c= Kfxfl8 a|fDx0f If]qL ! @ # $ % ^ &

cf= Dfw];L a|fDx0f If]qL ! @ # $ % ^ &

O= Dfw];L dWod ju{ ! @ # $ % ^ &

O{= kxfl8 hghflt ! @ # $ % ^ &

p= Dfw];L hghflt ! @ # $ % ^ &

pm= Kfxfl8 blnt ! @ # $ % ^ &

P= Dfw];L blnt ! @ # $ % ^ &

&=! s'g} vf; ;d'bfosf] dfq a9L cfj]bg kgf{sf] sf/0f s] s] xf]nf <-s[kof pko'Qm sf]i7df lrGx

nufpg'xf];\_

sf/0fx¿ clt

a]l7s

l7Ss

a]l7s

Gf t 7Ls g

t a]l7s

l7Ss

l7Ss

clt g}

l7s

Yffx 5}g

c= Wf]/} lzlIft x'gfn] ! @ # $ % ^

cf= Gf]kfnL dft[efiff ePsfx¿nfO{

;xh ePsf] x'gfn]

! @ # $ % ^

O= Nff]s;]jf cfof]u glhs ePsf]n] ! @ # $ % ^

O{= Gfftfjfb s[kfjfbsf] sf/0fn] ! @ # $ % ^

P= /fHon] g} lje]b u/]sf] x'gfn] ! @ # $ % ^

51

*= ufpF / ;x/sf] t'ngfdf a9L ufpFsf pDd]bjf/x¿ ;kmn x'gfsf] sf/0f s] xf]nf < -s[kof pko'Qm

sf]i7df lrGx nufpg'xf];\_

sf/0fx¿ clt g}

a]l7s

a]l7s Gf t 7Ls g

t a]l7s

;fdfGo

7Ls

clt g}

7Ls

Yffx 5}g

c= u|fdL0f ;+:sf/ ! @ # $ % ^

cf= ;xl/of ;+:sf/ ! @ # $ % ^

O= Kffl/jfl/s cled'vLs/0f ! @ # $ % ^

O{= a9L lzlIft ! @ # $ % ^

p= a9L kxF'r ! @ # $ % ^

pm= Af9L a]/f]huf/ ! @ # $ % ^

P= Nff]s;]jf cfof]usf]

k/LIffafx]s ljsNk gePsf]

! @ # $ % ^

P}= Gf]kfnL efiffn] ;xh agfPsf] ! @ # $ % ^

(= lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/L g} nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k/LIffdf a9L ;kmn x'gfsf] sf/0fx¿ s] s]

xf]nfg\ <-s[kof pko'Qm sf]i7df lrGx nufpg'xf];\_

sf/0fx¿ k"0f{

c;xdt

;fdfGo

c;xdt

;fdfGoo

;xdt

;xdt k"0f{

;xdt

Yffx

5}g

c= Nff]s;]jf cfof]usf] k|0ffnL;DaGwL

cg'ejL ePsf] x'gfn]

! @ # $ % ^

cf= Nff]s;]jf cfof]un] ;~rfng ug]{

k/LIff;DaGwL cg'ejL ePsf] x'gfn]

! @ # $ % ^

O= lghfdtL ;]jfdf a9L sl/o/ If]q

ePsf]n]

! @ # $ % ^

O{= lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ g} afWofTds

¿kdf 5gf]6 ug'{kgf{sf] sf/0fn]

! @ # $ % ^

p= lghfdtL ;]jfdf /xFbf v]/L ;dfhn]

x]g]{ b[li6sf]0f g} km/s 5 . o;df a9L

;Ddfg tyf kfj/ pkef]u ug{ kfOg]

x'gfn] .

! @ # $ % ^

pm= cGo s]xL eP ! @ # $ % ^

!)= nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k/LIffdf h;sf] s[lif k];f ePsfx¿ g} ;kmn x'gfsf] sf/0f s] xf]nf <-s[kof

pko'Qm sf]i7df lrGx nufpg'xf];\_

sf/0fx¿ k"0f{

c;xdt

;fdfGo

c;xdt

;fdfGo

;xdt

;xdt k"0f{

;xdt

Yffx

5}g

c= s[lif k]z;fdf cToGt sl7g

hLjgofkg ug{ kgf{n]

! @ # $ % ^

cf= u|fdL0f kl/j]zn] ws]nL/x]sf] x'gfn] ! @ # $ % ^

O= nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k/LIffsf] nflu

eGbf cGo k];fdf nfUgnfO{ lgj]zsf]

nflu cfjZos ;|f]t ;fwg gePsf]

x'gfn]

! @ # $ % ^

52

O{= of] g} JolQmut Ifdtf b]vfpg]

pRrtd ljsNk ePsf] x'gfn]

! @ # $ % ^

p= lghfdtL ;]jfdf a9L hflu/sf] ;'/Iff

ePsf] x'gfn]

! @ # $ % ^

pm= g]kfndf lghfdtL ;]jf;lxt ;/sf/L

;]jf afx]s cGo ;+:yfut cfwf/ lbg]

c¿ lghL If]q gePsf] x'gfn]

! @ # $ % ^

P= cGo s]xL eP ! @ # $ % ^

!!= pDd]bjf/x¿ ;/sf/L sn]h tyf :s'ndf cWoog u/]sfx¿ lghL :s'n / sn]hdf cWoog u/]sfx¿

a9L ;kmn x'gfsf sf/0fx¿ s] s] xf]nfg\ <-s[kof pko'Qm sf]i7df lrGx nufpg'xf];\_

sf/0fx¿ k"0f{

c;xdt

;fdfGo

c;xdt

;fdfGo

;xdt

;xdt k"0f{

;xdt

Yffx

5}g

c= lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;Gbe{df a9L

cle?lrsf] sf/0fn]

! @ # $ % ^

cf= lghfdtL ;]jf ;DaGwL a9L ?lr

ePsf] x'gfn]

! @ # $ % ^

O= a9Lldlxg]tL ePsf] x'gfn] ! @ # $ % ^

O{=lghfdtL ;]jfdf afx]s e/kbf]{ ljsNk

gePsf] x'gfn]

! @ # $ % ^

p= lghfdtL ;]jfdf a9L cfly{s nfe

x'g] x'gfn]

! @ # $ % ^

pm= hfgsf/Llagfg} ufpFn] hLjgn]

ldlxg]t ug{ l;sfPsf] x'gfn]

! @ # $ % ^

P= lghfdtL ;]jfdf ePsf

sd{rf/Lx¿sf] hLjgk4ltn] a9L

cfsif{0f u/]sf] x'gfn]

! @ # $ % ^

P]= cGo s]xL eP ! @ # $ % ^

-ª_ Gofo

!@= s] g]kfnL hgtfn] nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] 5gf]6 k|lqmofaf6 Gofo ePsf] cg'e"lt u/]sf 5g\ <-s[kof

pko'Qm sf]i7df lrGx nufpg'xf];\_

c= 5 cf= 5}g

!@=! olb 5g\ eg] sf/0f lbg'xf];\ . -! eg]sf] ;aeGbf sd / $ eg]sf] ;aeGbf a9L xf] ._

sf/0fx¿ ! ;aeGbf

sd

@ # $ ;aeGbf

jl9

% yfxf

5}g

c= of] ;a}nfO{ v'Nnf 5 . ! @ # $ %

cf= o;n] ;dfj]zL gLlt cjnDag u/]sf] 5 . ! @ # $ %

O= o;df s'g} cfwf/df lje]b u/]sf] 5}g . ! @ # $ %

O{= o;sf] 5gf]6 k|lqmof lgikIf 5 . ! @ # $ %

p= lghfdtL ;]jfn] b]zsf x/]s kl/ro ePsf

hgtfsf] k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] x'g'k5{ .

! @ # $ %

pm= cGo s]xL eP

53

-r_ cfly{s kIf

!#= ;dfj]zL lgo'lQm k|s[ofnfO{ cfly{s kIf;Fu s;/L hf]8\g'x'G5 <-s[kof pko'Qm sf]i7df lrGx

nufpg'xf];\_

sf/0fx¿ k"0f{

c;xdt

;fdfGo

c;xdt

;fdfGo

;xdt

;xdt k"0f{

;xdt

Yffx

5}g

c= lghfdtL ;]jfdf tna a9L 5 . ! @ # $ % ^

cf= lghfdtL ;]jfdf tnasf] lglZrt 5

.

! @ # $ % ^

O= lghfdtL ;]jfdf cGo ;'ljwfx¿

Kfz:t 5 .

! @ # $ % ^

O{= lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfo{ ;Dkfbg u/]

klg gu/] klg hflu/ hfFb}g .

! @ # $ % ^

p= ;du|df lghfdtL ;]jfdf cfly{s

nfe a9L 5 .

! @ # $ % ^

pm= lghfdtL ;]jfdf hflu/ vfPkl5

hLjg:t/ ;'wfg{ ;lhnf] x'G5 .

! @ # $ % ^

-5_ j[lQ ljsf;

!$= ;dfj]zLaf6 lghfdtL ;]jfdf k|j]z kfPsf sd{rf/Lsf] j[lQ ljsf; s:tf] b]Vg'x'G5 <

l9nf] Gf t l56f] g t l9nf] Psbd l56f] Yffxf 5}g

! @ # $

-h_ sfo{;Dkfbg :t/

!%= lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;dfj]zL cfwf/df 5gf]6 ePsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{;Dkfbg :t/ s;/L d"Nofª\sg

ug'{x'G5 <-s[kof pko'Qm sf]i7df lrGx nufpg'xf];\_

Df"Nofª\sgsf cfwf/x¿ Go"g ;fdGo pQd clt pQd

c= nIo tf]lsPsf sfdsf] lgldQ hDdf ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfdsf] kl/0ffd ! @ # $

cf= nIo tf]lsPsf sfdsf] lgldQ hDdf ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfdsf] nfut ! @ # $

O= nIo tf]lsPsf sfdsf] lgldQ hDdf nufOPsf] ;do ! @ # $

O{= nIo tf]lsPsf sfdsf] lgldQ hDdf ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfdsf] u'0f:t/ ! @ # $

p= nIo gtf]lsPsf sfdsf] lgldQ hDdf ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfdsf] kl/0ffd ! @ # $

pm= nIo gtf]lsPsf sfdsf] lgldQ hDdf ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfdsf] nfut ! @ # $

P= nIo gtf]lsPsf sfdsf] lgldQ hDdf nufOPsf] ;do ! @ # $

P}= nIo gtf]lsPsf sfdsf] lgldQ hDdf ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfdsf] u'0f:t/ ! @ # $

cf]= gLlt ljZn]if0f ug]{ Ifdtf ! @ # $

cf}= 5nkmn tyf jftf{ ug]{ Ifdtf ! @ # $

c+= ljj]s k|of]u, lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtf / d"Nofª\sg ! @ # $

cM g]t[Tj / ;ª\u7gfTds Ifdtf ! @ # $

cc= k];fut ;+j]bgzLntf -Odfgbfl/tf tyf uf]klgotf_ ! @ # $

ccf= ljifo j:t'sf] 1fg / ;Lk ! @ # $

cO= cGt/ j}olQms :jefj / ;~rf/ ;Lk ! @ # $

54

cO{= sfo{ rfk axg ug]{ Ifdtf ! @ # $

cp= ;dodf 7Ls lsl;daf6 sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sg kmf/d eg]{ ! @ # $

cpm= l;h{gzLntf / cu|;/tf ! @ # $

cP= ;xof]uLnfO{ ljsl;t ug]{ Ifdtf ! @ # $

cP]= ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] k|efjsf/L pkof]u ug]{ ! @ # $

cP}= sfo{sf] ;ª\u7g ug{;Sg] Ifdtf ! @ # $

ccf]= uf]klgotf /fVg ;Sg] Ifdtf ! @ # $

ccf}= lgb]{zgcg';f/ sfo{ ug{;Sg] Ifdtf ! @ # $

cc+= pkl:ylt, ;dosf] kfngf / cg'zf;g ! @ # $

ccM pRr g}ltstf ! @ # $

cfc= sfddf ?lr / pT;fx ! @ # $

cfcf= uNtL gbf]xf]¥ofpg] k|j[lQ ! @ # $

!^= lghfdtL ;]jfdf v'Nnf cfwf/df 5gf]6 ePsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{;Dkfbg :t/ s;/L d"Nofª\sg

ug'{x'G5 <-s[kof pko'Qm sf]i7df lrGx nufpg'xf];\_

Df"Nofª\sgsf cfwf/x¿ Go"g ;fdGo pQd clt pQd

c= nIo tf]lsPsf sfdsf] lgldQ hDdf ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfdsf] kl/0ffd ! @ # $

cf= nIo tf]lsPsf sfdsf] lgldQ hDdf ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfdsf] nfut ! @ # $

O= nIo tf]lsPsf sfdsf] lgldQ hDdf nufOPsf] ;do ! @ # $

O{= nIo tf]lsPsf sfdsf] lgldQ hDdf ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfdsf] u'0f:t/ ! @ # $

p= nIo gtf]lsPsf sfdsf] lgldQ hDdf ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfdsf] kl/0ffd ! @ # $

pm= nIo gtf]lsPsf sfdsf] lgldQ hDdf ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfdsf] nfut ! @ # $

P= nIo gtf]lsPsf sfdsf] lgldQ hDdf nufOPsf] ;do ! @ # $

P}= nIo gtf]lsPsf sfdsf] lgldQ hDdf ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfdsf] u'0f:t/ ! @ # $

cf]= gLlt ljZn]if0f ug]{ Ifdtf ! @ # $

cf}= 5nkmn tyf jftf{ ug]{ Ifdtf ! @ # $

c+= ljj]s k|of]u, lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtf / d"Nofª\sg ! @ # $

cM g]t[Tj / ;ª\u7gfTds Ifdtf ! @ # $

cc= k];fut ;+j]bgzLntf -Odfgbfl/tf tyf uf]klgotf_ ! @ # $

ccf= ljifo j:t'sf] 1fg / ;Lk ! @ # $

cO= cGt/ j}olQms :jefj / ;~rf/ ;Lk ! @ # $

cO{= sfo{ rfk axg ug]{ Ifdtf ! @ # $

cp= ;dodf 7Ls lsl;daf6 sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sg kmf/d eg]{ ! @ # $

cpm= l;h{gzLntf / cu|;/tf ! @ # $

cP= ;xof]uLnfO{ ljsl;t ug]{ Ifdtf ! @ # $

cP]= ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] k|efjsf/L pkof]u ug]{ ! @ # $

cP}= sfo{sf] ;ª\u7g ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf ! @ # $

ccf]= uf]klgotf /fVg ;Sg] Ifdtf ! @ # $

ccf}= lgb]{zgcg';f/ sfo{ ug{;Sg] Ifdtf ! @ # $

cc+= pkl:ylt, ;dosf] kfngf / cg'zf;g ! @ # $

ccM pRr g}ltstf ! @ # $

cfc= sfddf ?lr / pT;fx ! @ # $

cfcf= uNtL gbf]xf]¥ofpg] k|j[lQ ! @ # $

;xof]usf nflu wGojfb ...

55

cGtjf{tf{

lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;dfj]zL egf{ gLlt sfof{Gjog cj:yfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg

cfb/0fLo pQ/bftf

gd:sf/

xfdLtkfO{+nfO{ o; ;dfj]zLgLltsf] sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf;DaGwL cWoogug{ tof/ ul/Psf] k|ZgfjnLeg{sf]

nflu ;fb/ cg'/f]w ub{5f+} . of] cg';Gwfgsfo{ hgk|Zff;g s]Gb|Lo ljefu, lqe'jgljZjljBfno / Zff;sLo

;'wf/sfnflu ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] tof/L cfof]hgf -k|kLP/_, ;fdfGok|zf;g dGqfno, g]kfn ;/sf/ ;+o'Qm

¿kdfcWoogug{ nfluPsf] xf] . o; cg';Gwfgsfo{sf] d'Vo p2]ZolghfdtL ;]jfdf

;dfj]ZfLgLltsfof{GjogePkZrft\ o;sf] k|efj kQf nufpg' /x]sf] 5 . xfdL tkfO{+n] lbPsf] pQ/

cg';Gwfgsfo{sf] cnfjfcGok|of]hgnfO{ pkof]u ug]{ 5}gf} / uf]Ko /flvg] 5 egL k|lta4tf k|s6 ub{5f}F .

To;}n] 9'Ss eO{ cfkm"nfO{ nfu]sf] ljrf/ k|i6;Fu pQ/ lbO{ ;xof]u ug{ cg'/f]w ;d]t ub{5fF} . o;

cg';Gwfgsfo{sf] ;kmntf tkfO{+n] lbPsf] pQ/dflge{/ ub{5 .

tkfO{+sf] ;xof]usf] ck]Iffub{5fF} .

bf];|f] v08 –cGtjf{tf{_

!= tkfO+{n] lghfdtL ;]jfdf cjnDagul/Psf] ;dfj]zL egf{ k|s[ofnfO{ s;/L d"Nofª\sg ug'{ePsf] 5 < s]

of] k|0ffnL 7Ls 5 < olb 7Ls 5 eg] lsg / s;/L <olb 5}g eg] klglsg / s;/L<

==============================================================================================================================================

===========================================================================================================================

@= s] of] k|lqmofn] g]kfnLnfO{ GofolbPsf] 5< olb lbPsf] 5 eg] s;/L< olb 5}g eg] lsg<

=================================================================================================================================

#= g]kfnL ;dfhdf of] nf]s;]jf cfof]usf slyt pkNnf] hfltnfO{ pko'Qm 5 elgG5 . tkfO{+sf] ljrf/df of]

s:tf] 5 <

=================================================================================================================================

$= tkfO{+sf] cg'ejdf nf]s;]jfcfof]usf] egf{ k|s[ofnfO{ s;/L d"Nofª\sgug'{x'G5 < nf]s;]jf cfof]uåf/f

ul/Psf] lj1fkg pko'Qm 5 5}g < o; k|lqmofsf ;jn / b'j{n kIfdfk|sf; kfl/lbg'xf];\ .

=================================================================================================================================

%= tkfO{+sf] ljrf/df nf]s;]jfcfof]u lng] lnlvt k/LIffsf /fd|f kIfx¿ / g/fd|f kIfx¿ s] x'g\ h:tf]

nfU5 <

==============================================================================================================================================

====================================================================================================================

^= tkfO{+sf] cg'ejdf nf]s;]jfcfof]un] lnlvt k/LIffsfnflutof/ ul/Psf] kf7\oqmd ;a} ;fdfGo of]Uotf

k'u]sfnfO{ pko'Qm5 < of] kf7\oqmdsf ;jn kIfx¿ s] s] x'g\ / b'j{n kIfx¿ s] s] x'g\ <pNn]v ul/lbg'xf];\

.

===============================================================================================================================

56

&= cGtjf{tf{sf] qmddf tkfO+{n] s] dfgjLo wfFwnL ePsf] cg'ej ug{' ePsf] 5 < -h:t} gftfjfb

lqmkfjfbOToflb_ olb 5 eg] s:tf] lsl;dsf] <

==============================================================================================================================================

====================================================================================================================

*= tkfO{+sf] ljrf/df lsg kxf8L kl/j]z, lzlIft, a|fDx0f If]qL g} nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k/LIffdf pQL0f{x'g

;kmnePsfxf]nfg\ <

==============================================================================================================================================

====================================================================================================================

(= ;dfj]zLtkm{ klg g]jf/, sfo:y, rf}w/L tyfcGohghflt ;d'bfosfpkNnf] txsf ;d'bfo g} ;kmnePsf]

kfOG5 . lsg xf]nf<

==============================================================================================================================================

====================================================================================================================

!)= dlxnfsf] xsdf klg sd{rf/Lsf >LdtL jf 5f]/L, a'xf/L g} clwsf+z ;kmnePsf] kfOof] . o:tf]

lsgxf]nf<

==============================================================================================================================================

====================================================================================================================

!!= v'Nnftkm{af6 lgo'lQm kfPsfsd{rf/Lsf] eGbf ;dfj]ZfLtkm{sfsd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg t'ngfTds

¿kdfsdhf]/ ePsf] ts{ u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . s] of] s'/f tkfO{+sf] ljrf/df ;fFrf] xf] <tkfO+{sf] sfof{nodf

;dfj]zLaf6 egf{ ul/Psf sd{rf/L / v'Nnftkm{af6 lgo'Qm sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg s:tf] kfpg'ePsf] 5

<t'ngfTds d"Nofª\sgul/lbg'xf];\ . s:sf] sfo{;Dkfbg /fd|f] 5 <lsg<

==============================================================================================================================================

====================================================================================================================

!@= ;du|df lghfdtL ;]jfdf j[lQ ljsf;sf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 <vf; u/L v'Nnftkm{sf] eGbf

;dfj]zLtkm{af6 lgo'Qm ePsf sd{rf/Ln] l56f]eGbf l56f] a9'jf / j[lQljsf;sf cj;/h:tf ;'ljwf kfPsf]

eGg] ts{ ul/G5 . olb o:tf] xf] eg] s;/L / lsgxf]nf<

==============================================================================================================================================

====================================================================================================================

!#= lghfdtL sd{rf/L lgo'Qm k|lqmofdf s:tf lsl;dsf afwf tyf ;d:ofx¿ 5g\ <atfOlbg'xf];\ .

==============================================================================================================================================

====================================================================================================================

!$= cGTodf, tkfO{+sf] ljrf/df s:tf lsl;dsf ;'emfjx¿ lbg'x'G5 <

=================================================================================================================================

;xof]usf nflu wGojfb ...

! Tffufwf/L eGgfn] pkNnf] hft hfltnfO{ hgfpFb5 .

57

@ dtjfnL eGgfn] ltAatn] kl/jf/;Fu ;DaGw /fVg] / blnt kl/jf/x¿nfO{ hgfpFb5 .

# hghflt dfq egL pNn]v u/]sf pQ/bftfx¿ o; tYofª\sdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . cGo hghflt h;n]

cfˆgf] y/ pNn]v u/]sf 5g \ ;f]xLcg';f/ ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .