Upload
others
View
3
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 1
LHCb : what to do with the first
month of data taking
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 2
Premessa
LHCb plans to set up a detailedstrategy for the detector and trigger startup over the coming years.My report summarizes the current ideas being discussed with some detector and trigger experts and must be taken as a starting point
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 3
Outline
• detector and trigger general structure
• subsystems and calibration requirements
• trigger description and startup• a first look at physics
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 4
LHCb detector
p
~ 200 mrad~ 300 mrad(horizontal)
10 mradp
Inner acceptance 10 mrad from conical beryllium beam pipe
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 5
LHCb vertex region
VErtex LOcator around the interaction region, verticesreconstruction
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 6
LHCb tracking
Tracking system and dipole magnet: to measure angles and momenta (together with VeLo)
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 7
LHCb P-ID
Two RICH detectors for charged hadron identification
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 8
LHCb calorimeters
e
h
Calorimeter system to identify electrons,hadrons and neutralsand used in the L0 trigger
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 9
LHCb muon detection
µ
Muon system to identify muons and used in L0 trigger
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 10
Trigger strategy 40 MHz
HLT:Final state
reconstruction
LevelLevel--0:0:ppTT of of
µµ, e, h, , e, h, γγ
Level-1:Impact parameterRough pT: σ(p)/p~ 20%
•Level-0 : Use large B mass signaturehardware system with fixed latency (4µs)
•Level-1 : use B mass and lifetime signatureSoftware analysis on reduced data from only few detectors. Run on a PC farm in common with HLT(~ 1800 CPU total)
•High Level Trigger (HLT):Software.The complete event is reconstructed with almost final accuracySelection of interesting physics decays
CalorimeterMuon system
Pile-up system
1MHzVErtex LOcatorTrigger TrackerLevel 0 objects
(Muon)40kHz
Full detectorinformation
200Hz
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 11
VertexLocator- Silicon detector - 21 stations with
alternated R-φ segmentation
- sensitive area starts at 8mm from the beam
- retractable to 3cm during refill (the two halves open along the horizontal axis)
- used in L1 trigger: initiate tracking to compute IP and Pt
2 Pile-Up layers (only r sensors)to veto multiple interactions at L0
Interaction pointσz=5.3cm
~ 1m
~10cm
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 12
Top view of the VeLo system
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 13
VeLo structure: R-φ sensors
• angular coverage of each half disc = 182o
• total # channel ~170.000 • analogue readout
Pitch 40-103µm
Stereo angle 10 ° -20 °y
xy
x45° sector
φ: R:
Pitch 35-97µm
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 14
VeLo alignment figures
- Silicon strips are positioned on disc halves with <5µm- relative position of disc halves, within a half VeLo,
surveyed before installation at σ(x), σ(y)~ 5µm, σ(z)~ 20µm precision in air and at room temperature.to be checked on beam with tracks since vacuum and cooling may affect itGoal is an hardware alignment of σ(x), σ(y)~ 20µm for L1 trigger to work
- since VeLo retracts at each machine refill the two parts are re-positioned with a precision of<~100µm , this can be checked with a few seconds of data taking thanks to small overlapping surfaces
- final transverse software alignment precision for event reconstruction ~ 5µm
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 15
VeLo test beam activity before installationA complete Half VeLo module should be tested on 120 Gev beam
- measure, and physically correct, misalignment among half discs
- full test of vertex reconstruction capability (target placed in front of the velo to simulate interactions),including software
- this is very important for its own survival: at LHC startup beam position can be estimated by VeLoitself reconstructing primary vertices at its retracted position before getting close to it(VeLo can also determine the beam position before collisions with beam-gas interactions)
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 16
Tracking system
• 1 station upstream the magnet and 3 downstream
• dipolar magnet: Bl=4Tm(*)• each station is composed
of 4 layers : x,+5o,-5o,x• TT: silicon technology • T1-T3 mixed technology
(according to occupancy)Inner Tracker: silicon
strips Outer Tracker: straw
tubes
(*) installed&switched on successfully
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 17
Tracking system: TT Station
• four layers: distance between 2 layers 30cm
• total silicon area 4x2m2
• 183µm pitch• Build with sensors each 9.6x9.4cm2 bonded to formstrips 10cm–40cm long
• 143,000 FE channels• used in L1
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 18
Tracking system: T1-T3
IT
• silicon sensor: area 11x8cm2
• strip pitch 198µm• Max occupancy 1,5% • 130,000 channels
OT
45 0
• Two straw tubes (5mm Ø) layers staggered by5.25mm for nodead space
• 56,000 channels
• Resolution ~ 200µm withdrift-time measurement
• Occupancy max < 7%
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 19
Trackers alignmentSilicon trackers
• strips positioned with ~5µm• positioning precision of detector boxes at survey~1mm • relative precision needed at L1 for VeLo-TT ~<200µm,
to be done with first tracks• final software alignment aims at about 10µm for
complete event reconstruction
Straw tubes• installation precision at survey ~1mm• working without drift time information at the beginning (σ∼400µm),more ghosts but pattern recognition with reasonable efficiency possible.Found tracks used for alignment and r-t calibration
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 20
RICH system
CF4 gas
Beam pipe
300 mrad
120 mrad
Flat mirror
Spherical mirror
Photodetectorhousing
2 Rich with 3 Cherenkov radiators
Need of PID in large p range 3-100 GeV
RICH1 RICH2
P threshold (GeV) Aerogel C4F10 CF4
π 0.62.0
2.6 4.4K 9.3 15.6
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 21
RICH mirrors alignment(1)
• RICH system is used in the offline analysis (its use in HLT is under development)
• Rich1 has 4 spherical+ 16 flat mirror segments• Rich2 has 58 spherical and 40 flat mirror segments
Mirror tilts can affect the resolution on the Cherenkov angle
Software corrections are possible with a precision of0.1 mrad provided a mechanical precision of 1 mrad is obtained during mounting (attainable with laser alignment). This limits the fraction of photons whichcannot be attributed unambiguously to one mirror (for which no correction possible) avoiding the deterioration of PID performance. Alignment is much more criticalfor Rich2
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 22
RICH mirrors alignment(2)
Need for a working tracking, ~1k well reconstructed tracks/mirror needed,<~100Kevents
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 23
Calorimeter system(1)
ScintillatingPadDetector&PreShower :
two 15 mm scintillating pad layers + 2.5X0 lead in between
Electromagnetic calorimeter: “shashlik” 2mm lead + 4mm scintillator , 25Xo
σ(E)/E=10%/√E+ 1.5%Hadronic calorimeter.:
iron-scintillator plates , 5.6 λΙ
σ(E)/E=80%/√E+ 10%
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 24
Calorimeter system(2)
5952 ch
1468 ch
SPD : multiplicity, e/γ separationPreShower: e/h separationECAL: e, γ (E,Et) measurement }
HCAL: hadrons (E,Et)
12 cm26 cm
6 cm
4 cm 13 cm
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 25
Calorimeter calibration
• Ecal modules pre-equalized with cosmics• Hcal modules pre-equalized with 137Ce• a sub-sample is energy-calibrated on test-
beam, calibration transported on the whole detector with momentum well reconstructed tracks
• PM gain stability monitored with pulsed LED ( checked with photodiodes). This serves also as signal time synchronization
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 26
Muon system(1)
• 5 Stations + 4 iron filters
• 1380 chambers:1368 MWPC + 12 GEM => 435m2
• trigger imposes high efficiency/station since 5 stations/5 are required(>99%) 4 (2 in M1) gas gap ORed (each gap has ε >~95%),
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 27
Muon system (2)
• Large (10x8x7 m3) system
• 120K FE channelsORed to form26k logical channelssent to L0/DAQ
• Up to max 48 physicalchannels make up a logical channel
• Granularity: Min 6.3x31.3 mm2 (M2R1) Max 250x310 mm2(M5R4)
One quadrant of Station 2
A high precision space alignment is not needed for the muon system but……
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 28
Muon system time alignment(1).... an accurate time alignment is mandatory to ensure
high L0 muon trigger efficiency
MWPC time spectrum of one physical channel (OR of 2 gaps) with cosmics.
25 ns
If not well centered significant losses arepossible
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 29
Muon system time alignment(2)
Muon electronics is designed to providesynchronization tools:
ASD chip(Carioca)
DIALOG(*) chip
FE board
SYNC chip
ODE boardThe SYNC chip accumulates hits from the FE - in BX bins (25ns) - inside the BX with a 1.5ns resolution TDCWith SYNC histogramming facilities the total signal shift can
be determined as M*25ns+K*1.5ns- M is corrected on the SYNC itself while K is corrected
with an adjustable delay present on the DIALOG chip
(*) DIALOG performs the logic OR to form logical channels
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 30
Muon system time alignment(3)Coarse alignment: hits in 16BX around the beginning of a full bunch crossing sequence whose timing is given by the accelerator (16 entries/LHC orbit)
16 cycles
BX identifiedResidual misalignment
BX number
Before FTO correction
BCn+2 BCn+3 BCn+2 BCn+3
Phasemeasurement(25 ns gate)
On-chip histogram
BCcycle
FTO determinationand correctionvia front-end
ProgrammableDelays
(DIALOG chip)
FT alignment
Statistics in ~1h
Statistics in <~1hFine alignment
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 31
Muon system time alignment(4)• no muon trigger needed (all hits are usable)• no DAQ needed, histogram analysis through ECS• alignment possible at the physical channel level (masking facility in DIALOG chip). In principle, in fact, each FE channel must be independently centered in 25ns. Cosmics test shows, however, that FE channels inside a logical channel are in time within < 5 ns
Peak position for 16 FE chforming 1 logical channel
5 ns25 ns
It might be not true for logical channels formed by signals coming from different chambers
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 32
Muon system time alignment(5)
After L0 has started (even with reduced efficiency)refinement can be done with offline analysis requiring channels with a muon hit (TDC information in DAQ)
All hits
Muon hitsMC
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 33
L0Trigger
Calo Muon•Select local maxima in ECAL and HCAL towers•Use SPD and PS to separate e/γ/h
µ
>90% π/K decay
Nominal threshold
HCAL clusters
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 34
L0 Trigger(2)
HCa
ldom
inat
es
Muo
n do
min
ates
ECal
dom
inat
es
ZB ZA
RB
RA
ZPV
2 silicon R-stations
Possible cut:retain >98% of single and reject ~60% of multipleGain of 30-40% of single bb-events at optimal luminosity
PileUp veto (to reject multiple interactions) L0 result.
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 35
L1 Trigger - track reconstruction in VELOVELO sensor design optimized for fast track finding:
B’s move predominantly along beam-line impact parameter in RZ-view
Velo 2D reconstructionPrimary vertex search
1. Straight line search in R-Z view, forward and backward tracks~ 58 (+ ~30 backward) tracks
1. Vertexing, σZ ~ 60 µm, σX,Y ~ 25 µm2. Select tracks with high impact parameter, 0.15 to 3 mm
about 8.5 per event3. Full space tracking for those tracks4. Extrapolate 3-D VELO-tracks to TT, use fringe field for P
estimation dp/p=20-40% , ε(B-tracks)=94%
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 36
L1 Trigger–match large IP with L0 candidates
Match with high Pt L0 calo and muon tracksStudy ongoing to include muon information
Signal/background separation by
Pt and impact parameter
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 37
HLT Trigger• Confirm Level-1 decision
– Complete Velo 3D tracking– Primary vertex search– Select from the 3D Velo the large IP tracks , measure accurately the momentum, confirm the decision (same variable)
• Extend Velo tracks across the magnet →σ(p)/p ~ 0.6 %
• Gain a factor 2-3 withoutsignificant loss
• Fraction of CPU time budget
Input95% confirmed
• Physics selection (including lepton–ID but not Rich ,yet)It has been checked for a few representative channels that a loose exclusive selection brings the rates down to 10-20 Hz per channel
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 38
Trigger startup(1)Assumptions:• the subsystems are commissioned prior to data taking with the
LHC beam ( noise, missing channels etc)• one circulating beam cannot be easily used since earlier beam is
most likely in the wrong direction but it can be helpful for VeLo• something can be done with beam-gas interactions when the two
beams circulate (alignment of the tracking elements). • we have assumed we will use the first collisions
LHC scenario: L~1032cm-2s-1
75 ns bunch spacingE beam=6 TeV~ 5-6 MHz with>=1 collisions
5
2
Ncoll/BX
R(MHz)
0 1 2 3 4 5
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 39
The transfer line with the right direction (TI2) will be installed in 2007
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 40
Trigger startup(2)
• Muon system time is aligned as described • VeLo system is retracted • Calo system is operational• Set-up an interaction trigger with
minimum energy released in HCAL and/ormultiplicity in SPD. (SPD can be used also to selectparticularly “clean” events)
Take minimum bias data O(106) and check of:- m.b. rate- measure beam position with VeLo retracted- check correct functioning of L0 triggers - measure Pt distributions at L0, rates.vs.Pt cut- when VeLo closed, pile-up veto efficiency can be checked - take data also with magnet off to perform relative of tracking elements : aim at an alignment sufficient to let L1 work
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 41
Trigger startup(3)
L1 switched on• check IP distributions• check capability to match high Pt tracks• check L1 and HLT rates
A large fraction of the data processing during this startup phase could be done by the L1/HLT CPU farm at the pit, assuming the ~full CPU power is available at t0
Finally, as soon as we have a reasonable trigger, we can start taking useful data and first signal to look for is obviously J/ψ µµ
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 42
Look for J/ψ µµ
J/ψ is selected with a dedicated dimuon trigger
We can have a ~70Hz of J/ψ signal after L0&L1&HLT(*) with B/S~2-3
2 VeLo tracks coming from a common vertex and connected to 2 L0muon candidates (Pt1+Pt2)>1.3GeV no IP cuts, Minv window around J/ψ mass
(*) J/ψ HLT
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 43
J/ψ µµ• If we are lucky a J/ψ µµ sample of ~3x107 could be
gathered in 2 weeks running with a J/ψ µµ trigger
• With it we can do a more precise tracks momentumcalibration using J/ψ mass and vertex
Once the detector is well aligned and calibrated we may start to look at physics:− σ(J/ψ−prompt)/σ(mb) - a lot of b’s J/ψ X
Pythia gives: J/ψ (b)/ J/ψ−prompt ~ 5% (CDF ∼20%, probably effect of cuts)
~1.5Mevts b J/ψ + X
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 44
J/ψ µµ
• Dimuon Trigger: Pt > 1.5 GeV per µ• ~2 million psi• ~80% prompt
~20% B
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 45
b J/ψ µµStatistics of some interesting B decay channels assumingnominal detector performance Channel J/ψ ident Full ev.rec.
B0 J/ψ(µµ)Ks0(ππ)
BRvis=1.9x10-515Kevts 5Kevts
B0 J/ψ(µµ)K*0 (πK)BRvis=5.9x10-5
45Kevts 14Kevts
B+ J/ψ(µµ)K+
BRvis=6.8x10-552Kevts 37Kevts
B+ c J/ψ(µµ)π+
BRvis <=6.8x10-4<=1Kevts <=500evt
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 46
B0 J/ψ(µµ)K*0 (πK)• Control process, no CP violation• B oscillation could be seen (with some tagging
efficiency, maybe only µ)
Stat.err. only, nominal tagging,
no Bg (B/S=0.37)
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 47
B+ J/ψ(µµ)K+
• Tagging check• Lifetime check (no IP bias in this
sample) B+
c J/ψ(µµ)π+
•Very clean peak at 6.4 GeV•Never observed
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 48
Conclusions
• A detailed startup procedure will be established in the coming years
• Trigger startup, sub-detectors calib. & align.(even if not final) feasible in the first month of data provided a lot of work is done before, also on test-beams
• Part of this work can be done without offline analysis, while the rest implies data taking and full reconstruction
• Some “not really physics results but showing our capability of doing physics can be achieved”
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 49
Backup
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 50
Trigger: possible improvement
• There is an on-going study to increase to ~ 2kHz the events rate to DAQ.
• 200Hz as baseline strategy + ~2kHz of events with a muon with high impact parameter
• On muon ”highway” triggered events b content ~ 50%• Gain a sample of unbiased b (the companion of triggering b->µ)
– useful for systematic study– Inclusion of b decay not easy to trigger on– Inclusion of b decay not of interest now but maybe in the
future…
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 51
VELO
0
200
400
600
800
1000
−0.05 −0.04 −0.03 −0.02 −0.01 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05Primary vertex resolution in x, y [mm]
Num
ber
of e
vent
s
Mean = 0.4 ± 0.1 µmσ1 = 7.8 ± 0.2 µmσ2 = 18 µm (26.5%)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
−0.5 −0.4 −0.3 −0.2 −0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Mean = 8.3 ± 0.8 µmσ1 = 43.9 ± 1.6 µm
Primary vertex resolution in z [mm]
Num
ber
of e
vent
s
σ2 = 124 µm (21.8%)
Primary vertex resolution in bb events:⊥ and || to the beams
σz=44µmσx-y=8µm
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
IP r
esol
utio
n [m
m]
1000
b)
1/pT [GeV/c]−10 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
σIP=14µ+35µ/pT
Impact parameter resolution vs 1/PT
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 52
Vertex Locator
0
200
400
600
800
1000
−0.05 −0.04 −0.03 −0.02 −0.01 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05Primary vertex resolution in x, y [mm]
Num
ber
of e
vent
s
Mean = 0.4 ± 0.1 µmσ1 = 7.8 ± 0.2 µmσ2 = 18 µm (26.5%)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
−0.5 −0.4 −0.3 −0.2 −0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Mean = 8.3 ± 0.8 µmσ1 = 43.9 ± 1.6 µm
Primary vertex resolution in z [mm]
Num
ber
of e
vent
s
σ2 = 124 µm (21.8%)
Primary vertex resolution in bb events:⊥ and || to the beams
σz=44µmσx-y=8µm
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
IP r
esol
utio
n [m
m]
1000
b)
1/pT [GeV/c]−10 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
σIP=14µ+35µ/pTImpact parameter resolution vs 1/PT
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 53
Track finding strategy
VELO seeds
Long track (forward)
Long track (matched)
T seeds
Upstream track
Downstream track
T track
VELO track
Long tracks ⇒ highest quality for physics (good IP & p resolution)Downstream tracks ⇒ needed for efficient KS finding (good p resolution)Upstream tracks ⇒ lower p, worse p resolution, but useful for RICH1 pattern recognition
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 54
Tracking performance
pT,cut [GeV/c]
Gho
st ra
te
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3p [GeV/c]
Effic
ienc
y
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Ghost rate < 4% Pt>0.5GeV
Eff=94%
P>10GeV
δp/p = 0.35% – 0.55%
Momentum resolution
Ghost rate
Track finding efficiency
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 55
Rich Particle IdentificationBs->KK decay
Pion misidentification
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 20 40 60 80 100
Kaon identification
Momentum (GeV/c)
Effic
ienc
y
<ε (K->K)> = 88%<ε (π->K)> = 3%
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 56
KS reconstruction
DD ε=54%
LL ε=75%
LU ε=61%
Ks decays •inside Velo(25%) (LL+LU)•between Velo TT(50%)(DD)•behind TT (25%)
Only first 2 cases reconstructed
Low momentum track swept out by the magnet: (U type track) poor p resolution
When both tracks are reconstructed the selection is reasonably efficient
CSN1, 16 Novembre 2004 Roberta Santacesaria, INFN Roma1 57
Tag εTag (%)
w (%)
εeff(%)
Muon 11 35 1.0Electron 5 36 0.4Kaon 17 31 2.4Vertex Charge
24 40 1.0
Frag. kaon(Bs)
18 33 2.1
Frag π (B) 0.7~4.7Combined B0 (decay
dependent:Combined Bs trigger + select.)
~6
Flavour tagging
sources for wrong tags:Bd-Bd mixing (opposite side)b → c → l (lepton tag) conversions…
effective efficiency:εeff = εtag (1-2wtag )2