Lich Su Nganh Dau Khi VN

Hi ng Bin son1Ch tch Ph Ch tch y vin C vn ni dung Trn ngc Cnh L Minh Hng (thng trc), Phan Th Ha nguyn ng Liu (thng trc), nguyn Hip, inh Vn sn, Ch Thanh nguyn Ha, Phan T Quang, L Vn C, Phan Minh Bch

Ban Bin TP1Trng ban Ph Trng ban y vin-th k Cc y vin L Minh Hng nguyn ng Liu (thng trc), nguyn Hip inh Vn sn ng nh Cn, V nh Chin, o Duy Ch, ng Ca, H Duy Dnh, Phm Quang D, nguyn Vn c, nguyn giao, Trn Vn giao, Vn H, nguyn ng Hi, Lng c Ho, nguyn Quang Hp , H c Hoi, Hong Vn Hoan, L Vn Hng, V Vn Knh, nguyn c Lc, nguyn Hng Ln, nguyn Tr Lin, Trng Minh, Phan Vn ngn, nguyn Xun nhm, ng Thng san, nguyn sm, H T, Ch Thanh, H s Thong, Quang Ton, Trn ngc Ton, L Vn Trng, nguyn c Tun, B Vn T, L Xun V, Trn Quc Vit o Mnh Chung, V Thnh Huyn

Th k

C Quan T VnHi Khoa hc Lch s Vit nam C vn bin son C vn bin tp gio s ng Phong Tin s Khng c Thim

1. Theo Quyt nh s 419/Q-DKVN ngy 19-2-2009 ca Tp on Du kh Vit Nam v thnh lp Hi ng Bin son v Ban Bin tp v Quyt nh s 2968/Q-DKVN ngy 27-4-2009 ca Tp on Du kh Vit Nam v b sung nhn s.

iv

Lch s nganh Dau kh Viet Nam

LI nh xut bn

gay t cui nhng nm 50 ca th k XX, xy dng v pht trin ngnh Du kh c ng ta v Ch tch H Ch Minh ch quan tm. K t khi on Thm d du la (mang s hiu on 36 du la) c thnh lp, di s lnh o ca ng, tri qua 50 nm xy dng v trng thnh, vi nhiu tn gi v hnh thc t chc khc nhau, ngnh Du kh Vit Nam lun i mi v pht trin cng vi s ln mnh ca s nghip cch mng v Nh nc ta. T sau khi t nc thng nht, nhng n lc t vn ln khng ngng ca cn b, cng nhn, vin chc ca ngnh Du kh cng s gip hp tc ca cc nc, c bit l s gip ch tnh, anh em ca Lin X, ngnh Du kh c s pht trin vt bc. Ngy 18-3-1975, dng kh thin nhin u tin c gi tr cng nghip ti ging khoan s 61 x ng C, huyn Tin Hi, tnh Thi Bnh c pht hin. Ngy 26-6-1986, X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro khai thc tn du u tin ti m Bch H t gin MSP-1 v Vit Nam bt u c tn trong danh sch cc nc khai thc, xut khu du th th gii, khng nh mt tng lai pht trin y ha hn cho ngnh cng nghip Du kh t nc. Ngy 29-4-2010, Petrovietnam sn xut tn phn m ur th 4 triu. Ngy 24-6-2010, khai thc mt khi kh th 50 t. Ngy 26-10-2010, Petrovietnam t mc khai thc tn du th th 260 triu. Ngy 6-12-2010, sn xut kWh in th 25 t Tri qua 50 nm xy dng v pht trin, ngnh Du kh Vit Nam khng ngng ln mnh v mi mt, vn ln tr thnh tp on kinh t u tu ca t nc. Nm 2010, doanh thu ton ngnh t 478,4 nghn t ng, tng ng trn 23 t USD, chim 23% GDP ca c nc; np ngn sch nh nc 128 nghn t ng, chim khong 30% tng thu ngn sch nh nc. c c nhng thnh cng y, lp lp th h nhng ngi i tm la vt qua mun vn kh khn, nm mt, nm gai, tm kim ngun vng en rng r sut na th k.

N


v

Li Nh xut bn

Nhm c kt nhng thnh tu t c trong 50 nm qua, gn gi nhng gi tr v kinh nghim ca cc th h; ng thi tng cng gio dc truyn thng cho th h tr ca ngnh, Tp on Du kh Quc gia Vit Nam phi hp vi Nh xut bn Chnh tr quc gia - S tht xut bn b sch Lch s ngnh Du kh Vit Nam (n nm 2010). Ni dung b sch bao gm 16 chng chia thnh 5 phn; trnh by nhng hot ng v t chc du kh u tin nc ta t nhng nm 60 ca th k XX, qua nhiu hnh thc t chc nh Tng cc Du m v Kh t Vit Nam, Tng cng ty Du kh Vit Nam, Tp on Du kh Quc gia Vit Nam. Cc hot ng c th ca ngnh Du kh trong tng giai on c cc tc gi nu t m, c nhiu dn chng sinh ng. Xuyn sut ni dung b sch, s quan tm, ch o, gip to iu kin ca ng v Nh nc ta i vi s pht trin ca ngnh Du kh c khc ha r nt. Cc t chc ng v cc t chc chnh tr - x hi - ngh nghip du kh cng c trnh by khi qut trong b sch. B sch c chia thnh 3 tp: Tp I gii thiu Phn th nht: Nhng hot ng v t chc du kh u tin Vit Nam; v Phn th hai: Tng cc Du m v Kh t Vit Nam (1975-1990). Tp II gii thiu Phn th ba: Tng cng ty Du kh Vit Nam (1990-2006). Tp III gii thiu Phn th t: Tp on Du kh Quc gia Vit Nam (20062010). Ngoi ra, b sch cn c phn Ph lc do Petrovietnam cung cp t liu ghi li mt s hip nh, hp ng, tha thun du kh trong nc v nc ngoi; cc chng trnh, ti nghin cu; tm lc bin bn cc k hp Hi ng X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro; cc ging khoan a cht v tm kim, thm d du kh; cng tc o to; tm tt ni dung Chin lc u tin ca ngnh Du kh; mt s nhn nh v m hnh ngnh Du kh kinh qua; c cu t chc v nhn s ch cht ca ngnh qua cc thi k, Mc d c nhiu c gng trong qu trnh su tm, bin son v bin tp, song do ti liu lu tr tht lc nhiu, c nhng thng tin chi tit, c th do thi gian c hn cha c chnh sa thng nht nn cun sch kh trnh khi cn thiu st, Nh xut bn v cc tc gi rt mong nhn c kin ng gp ca bn c b sch hon thin hn trong nhng ln xut bn sau. Xin trn trng gii thiu cun sch. Thng 7 nm 2011 NH XUT BN CHNH TR QUC GIA - S THT

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LI gII thIu

S

ut na th k xy dng v pht trin, ngnh Du kh Vit Nam tr thnh mt tp on kinh t quan trng, u tu ca nn kinh t Vit Nam v c nhng ng gp to ln cho s nghip xy dng v bo v T quc Vit Nam x hi ch ngha. c bit l trong giai on xy dng t nc, ngnh Du kh Vit Nam gp phn a t nc ta thot khi tnh trng khng hong kinh t - x hi v y nhanh tin trnh cng nghip ho, hin i ho t nc. Ti rt hoan nghnh Tp on Du kh Vit Nam t chc bin son v pht hnh b sch Lch s ngnh Du kh Vit Nam ghi li nhng du n, nhng ct mc quan trng, nhng gi tr lch s qu bu ca cc th h nhng ngi i tm la dy cng xy p. Ti hy vng b sch s l ngun t liu qu bu cho cc nh khoa hc, nh nghin cu, cho bn c mun tm hiu v nghin cu v ngnh Du kh Vit Nam, ng thi gio dc truyn thng cho cc th h tr ca ngnh Du kh Vit Nam. Chc Tp on Du kh Vit Nam hon thnh xut sc hn na nhim v ca mnh, xng ng vi nim tin v k vng m ng v nhn dn mong i.

Thn i!

Mi nguyn Tng B th Ban Chp hnh Trung ng ng Cng sn Vit nam


vii

viii


LI ta

N

m 2007, khi Tp on Du kh Vit Nam phi hp vi Nh xut bn Hi Nh vn xut bn cun Nhng ngi i tm la, tp th tc gi mong c ri y nht nh cn phi bin son c mt cng trnh ln ghi li y , chnh xc din bin ca tng s kin, khng ch theo li bin nin m cn c m t li c bi cnh, khng kh cng nh ngha ca n v chc chn khi lch s pht trin ca ngnh Du kh Vit Nam s c trnh by cn k hn, sinh ng hn, thu ht s quan tm mnh m hn t nhiu i tng bn c.

Thc hin nim mong mi , ng thi nhn thy tm quan trng ca b sch lch s trong vic gn gi nhng gi tr v kinh nghim qu bu ca cc th h ngnh Du kh dy cng xy p, cng nh gio dc truyn thng cho th h tr ca ngnh Du kh Vit Nam, Tp on Du kh Quc gia Vit Nam phi hp vi Hi Khoa hc Lch s Vit Nam v Nh xut bn Chnh tr quc gia - S tht xut bn b sch Lch s ngnh Du kh Vit Nam. B sch gm 3 tp c trnh by thnh 4 phn vi 16 chng v ph lc bao qut ton b cc hot ng lin quan ti du kh t trc Cch mng Thng Tm nm 1945 n ht nm 2010. Ni dung b sch ghi li chi tit ton cnh lch s ca ngnh Du kh Vit Nam, m t li nhng kh khn, gian kh, u tranh, vt ln, trn tr, cng nhng hoi bo, mong c v c nhng thng trm, i thay qua cc th h nhng ngi lm cng tc du kh t nhng ngy t nn mng u tin cho ti ngy hm nay. B sch khng ch l mt bin nin s kin, m cn l mt kho tng kin thc v a cht, du kh v nhiu lnh vc chuyn mn khc lin quan ti ngnh. B sch Lch s ngnh Du kh Vit Nam ra i nh mt mn qu tri n ti cc th h lm du kh cng nh nhng ngi gn b vi ngnh nhn k nim 36 nm Ngy thnh lp ngnh Du kh Vit Nam (3-9-1975 3-9-2011) v hng


ix

Li ta

ti k nim 50 nm Ngy Truyn thng ngnh Du kh Vit Nam (27-11-1961 27-11-2011). Mc d b sch lch s ny rt dy v s, nhng bn c s khng cm thy nhm chn, m ngc li b cun ht vo dng chy cc s kin du kh c trnh by sinh ng v y tm huyt ca tp th tc gi. Xin trn trng gii thiu cng bn c.

Thng 7 nm 2011

inH La THng u vin Ban Chp hnh Trung ng ng Cng sn Vit nam B th ng y Ch tch Hi ng Thnh vin Tp on Du kh Quc gia Vit nam

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M u

i khi hnh dung li chng ng 50 nm xy dng v pht trin ca ngnh Du kh Vit Nam, chng ti - nhng ngi trong ngnh v c th c nhng ngi ngoi ngnh - li mong mun c mt b sch lch s ghi li y din mo qu kh, hin ti v tng lai ca mt ngnh cng nghip, kinh t ln mnh ang gi vai tr u tu ca t nc. Ngay khi cuc khng chin chng thc dn Php ca nhn dn Vit Nam kt thc thng li v min Bc c hon ton gii phng, vi tm nhn chin lc, Ch tch H Ch Minh t mc tiu phi xy dng mt ngnh cng nghip Du kh ca t nc t tm c quc t. Bng cc cuc i thm cc m du ca Anbani, nh my lc du ca Bungari (nm 1957), m du Nheftianye Kamnhi trn bin Caxpin ca Adcbaigian (nm 1959), Ngi ngh Lin X gip Vit Nam xy dng ngnh Du kh. Nhiu hc sinh v cn b c ng v Nh nc c sang Lin X v cc nc x hi ch ngha khc hc v thc tp v tm kim, thm d, khai thc du kh v lc ha du... Theo ngh ca Vit Nam, t nm 1959 Lin X c cc chuyn gia c kinh nghim va nghin cu kho st, nh gi trin vng du kh, va o to cn b Vit Nam. Mt k hoch tng th v cng tc tm kim, thm d du kh min Bc Vit Nam c cc chuyn gia Lin X v Vit Nam xut v tng bc trin khai. Ngy 27-11-1961, on Thm d du la 36 chnh thc ra i nh du chng u ca nhng thay i, thng trm cng t nc v c th ni mi bc pht trin ca ngnh u gp phn to ra nhng bc thay i quan trng trong nn kinh t Vit Nam. Sut 14 nm hot ng (t thng 11-1961 n thng 9-1975), on Thm d du la 36, sau ny l Lin on a cht 36, kho st a cht - a vt l du

M


xi

M u

kh trn ton min Bc v tp trung thm d ng bng sng Hng, vng trng An Chu; pht hin du kh trong nhiu ging khoan, nht l pht hin m kh Tin Hi - Thi Bnh. Ti min Nam, vo nhng nm u ca thp k 1970, mt s cng ty du kh phng Ty bt u thm d du kh thm lc a Nam Vit Nam. Ch 3 thng sau ngy min Nam hon ton gii phng, B Chnh tr ra Ngh quyt s 244-NQ/TW v vic trin khai thm d du kh trn c nc v trn c s Ngh quyt s 244, ngy 3-9-1975, Chnh ph quyt nh thnh lp Tng cc Du kh Vit Nam - mt t chc thng nht v du kh cho c nc vi mc tiu: nhanh chng tm ra v khai thc nhiu du kh... nhanh chng hnh thnh mt nn cng nghip du kh hon chnh, bao gm c thm d, khai thc, vn chuyn, lc du, ha du, c kh phc v ngnh Du kh.... Trong 15 nm tip theo (t thng 9-1975 n thng 6-1990), Tng cc Du kh t tin hnh thm d du kh trn t lin v hp tc vi mt s cng ty du kh phng Ty thm d mt s l thm lc a Nam Vit Nam. Ngy 19-4-1981, mt khi kh u tin t m Tin Hi - Thi Bnh bt u c khai thc, c dn n trm tucbin kh pht in. Ngy 26-6-1986, bc t ph hp tc ton din vi Lin X v du kh cho kt qu mong i: tn du th u tin c X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro khai thc t m Bch H ti thm lc a Vit Nam, ghi danh Vit Nam vo danh sch cc nc sn xut du kh trn th gii. Du kh Vit Nam bt u gp phn quan trng vo khc phc khng hong kinh t - x hi trong hon cnh t nc b bao vy, cm vn. Ngh quyt s 15-NQ/TW (ngy 7-7-1988) ca B Chnh tr thi lung gi i mi vo hot ng du kh Vit Nam. Nhiu cng ty du kh phng Ty bt u tr li Vit Nam. ng thi vi hot ng thm d v khai thc du kh, nhng c s dch v du kh u tin c xy dng... Nn mng ca ngnh cng nghip Du kh Vit Nam c hnh thnh. Khong thi gian 16 nm sau (1990-2006), ngnh Du kh Vit Nam c nhng bt ph v m hnh t chc v hot ng, tr thnh mt t chc sn xut kinh doanh - Tng cng ty Du kh Vit Nam (Petrovietnam), tng cng hp tc quc t, thu ht nhiu cng ty du kh hng u th gii u t vo Vit Nam, gp phn ph th bao vy, cm vn ca M. Vi nhiu m mi c pht hin, sn lng du kh tng nhanh, ngnh cng nghip kh Vit Nam pht trin mnh vi ba h thng ng ng dn kh cc b Cu Long, Nam Cn Sn v Malay - Th Chu, Nh my m Ph M ra i, cc cng trnh lc ho du c xc tin, cc loi hnh cng nh cc c s dch v du kh, k c nghin cu khoa hc cng

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M u

ngh v o to ngun nhn lc c pht trin. V cn bn, ngnh Du kh Vit Nam kh hon chnh trong nhiu lnh vc v bt u trin khai hot ng du kh ra th gii (Mng C, Malaixia, Angiri). Du kh Vit Nam ng gp t mt phn t n mt phn ba ngun thu ngn sch nh nc hng nm. u nm 2006, c B Chnh tr xem xt, kt lun, Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt Chin lc pht trin ngnh Du kh Vit Nam n nm 2015 v nh hng n nm 2025, m ng cho ngnh Du kh Vit Nam bc ln tm cao mi. Theo Quyt nh s 198/2006/Q-TTg ngy 29-8-2006, Tp on Du kh Quc gia Vit Nam c thnh lp. n nay ngnh Du kh Vit Nam hon chnh ng b mi lnh vc hot ng thng qua vic Nh my lc du Dung Qut, Nh my Polypropylen i vo sn xut, cc s kin tng cng u t thm d v mua m nc ngoi (chu Phi, Nam M v M Latinh), bt u c ngun thu t du khai thc nc ngoi (Malaixia, Lin bang Nga). Bn cnh l vic Tp on Du kh Quc gia Vit Nam cn u t vo nhiu lnh vc nh sn xut in (cc nh my: in C Mau I v II, Nhn Trch I v II), x si,... Cc cng ty v n v thnh vin ca Tp on c cu li m hnh qun l, iu hnh, quyn s hu, a dng ha ngnh, ngh nhm nng cao nng lc phi hp, sn xut, dch v cng nh hiu qu u t. Cng cuc c phn ha c bn hon thnh v ang pht huy sc mnh. Tp on tip tc ng hng u trong cc t chc kinh t Vit Nam v trong ng gp ngun thu vo ngn sch nh nc. Bn cnh cc ngnh than, in c tui i pht trin trn trm nm, ngnh Du kh Vit Nam tuy mi bc vo tui nm mi nhng vic vit lch s khng phi d dng, thun li. Kh khn u tin l Hi ng Bin son, Ban Bin son v cc tc gi, cng tc vin tuy l nhng ngi trc tip tham gia vo tin trnh lch s du kh Vit Nam, song hon ton khng c nghip v v bin son lch s! Kh khn th hai l ngun ti liu. Mc d, Lu tr ca Tp on kh tt, nhng do nhiu ln thay i v t chc, tr s, khi lng ti liu s, a dng, vn cn ang trong qu trnh sp xp, ngoi ra c ln ma to, nc h Thin Quang trn ngp tr s 80 Nguyn Du ca Tng cc Du kh, lm h hi nhiu ti liu lu tr! l cha k cc nhn chng lch s cng dn dn ra i theo nm thng. Kh khn th ba l mt s thnh vin ch cht trong Hi ng Bin son, Ban Bin son, ch bin v tc gi l cn b ng chc, b cng vic chi phi, thi gian cn eo hp cho vic bin son lch s. Nhng kh khn v tr ngi ny phn no c khc phc bi s ng h, c v, ng vin, h tr nhit tnh bng cch gp , cung cp thng tin, t liu, ti liu ca cn b trong ngnh ngh hu hay ang lm vic. ng k hn c l c s t vn c th, nhit tnh,


xiii

M u

y trch nhim ca Tng Th k Hi Khoa hc Lch s Vit Nam Dng Trung Quc, c gio s ng Phong, tin s s hc Khng c Thim. Qua nhiu ln hi tho tng phn, tng chng, Ban Bin son nhn c hn 60 gp , nhn xt hoc bng vn bn, hoc bng cch b sung, sa cha ngay vo bn d tho. Ban Bin son tip thu, sa cha, b sung ngay nhng kin chnh xc, c t liu, ti liu c th km theo. Nhng ng gp m Ban Bin son cng tc gi phi tm li ti liu, thng tin gc kim chng, hoc cn phi c thi gian tng i di mi c th tm kim ngun ti liu b sung cho ln ti bn sau. Mc d c gng ht sc, nhng do tm vc ca b sch tng i s nn khng trnh khi sai st. Hi ng Bin son rt mong nhn c kin ng gp ca bn c trong v ngoi ngnh sa cha, b sung khi ti bn b sch Lch s ngnh Du kh Vit Nam. Cui cng, xin chn thnh cm n ng y, Hi ng Thnh vin, Ban Tng Gim c, cc Ban/Vn phng Tp on Du kh Quc gia Vit Nam, cc n v trong ton ngnh, cc tc gi, c vn v cng tc vin, c gio s ng Phong, cc nh s hc: Dng Trung Quc, Khng c Thim ca Hi Khoa hc Lch s Vit Nam v Nh xut bn Chnh tr quc gia - S tht to iu kin cho chng ti hon thnh nhim v a b sch ny ra mt bn c vo ng dp cc ngy l k nim c bit ca ngnh Du kh Vit Nam. H Ni, thng 7 nm 2011 Hi ng Bin son

xiv


CHNG 1Ch bin Tc gi nguyn Hip nguyn Hip, Phan Huy Quynh

CHNG 2Ch bin Ph Ch bin C vn Tc gi Phan Minh Bch Trng Minh, H c Hoi Bi c Thiu, V Bt ng Ca, inh Vn Danh, nguyn giao, nguyn ng Hi, Vn Hn, nguyn Quang Hp, nguyn Hip, Vn Lu, ngc ngn, on Thm, on Thin Tch, Trn ngc Ton, L Quang Trung, B Vn T, nguyn Vn Vnh Cng tc vin nguyn ngc Hp, nguyn Tn Kch, ng Phong, Ph L sn, nguyn Ch Thnh, Quang Ton, Trn Xanh

2


chng

1

hOt ng thM D a Cht V Du Kh VIt naM tRC nM 1945

I. DumvsnphmDuvIxhIvItnamHot ng lin quan n a cht, thm d, khai khong, ch bin v s dng ti nguyn khong sn Vit Nam c hnh thnh v pht trin t thi nguyn thu, trong nhng phm vi v trnh khc nhau, c ghi nhn qua nhiu di tch kho c v s liu. Cch y khong 6.000 nm n 5.000 nm, c dn sng trn lnh th Vit Nam c k thut ch tc v lm gm kh pht trin. Phn ln cc b lc bit trng la. Khong 4.000 nm trc cc b lc sng lu vc sng Hng bit s dng mt loi nguyn liu mi l ng v c k thut luyn kim ng thau. Thi i kim kh thi Hng Vng pht trin qua cc giai on ng, ng thau, rc r nht l vn ho ng Sn c nhng trng ng ni ting. Vo cc triu i phong kin inh, Tin L, L, Trn, Hu L n triu Nguyn, tuy nhiu nm phi chng ngoi xm, nhng vic khai thc v s dng ti nguyn vn c pht trin. Trn th gii, cch y trn 5.000 nm, ngi dn Trung ng bit khai thc bitum Hit, trn sng phrt, cch Babilon khng xa (nay l thnh ph Bta, Irc), lm va xy tng, lm ng, trt thuyn chng thm nc, c t chiu sng (nhng khng tt v khng sng lm m li nhiu khi v mi kh chu); nhng li pht huy tc dng lm cht chy dng trong chin tranh. Ngoi ra, bitum cn c dng lm thuc cha mt s bnh (chng chy mu, lm lin cc vt thng, lm du xoa bp)1.1. Daniel Yergin: Du m, tin bc v quyn lc, Nxb. Chnh tr quc gia, H Ni, 2008, tr. 41-42.


3

Phn th nht: NHNG HOT NG V T CHC DU KH...

chu u, ngi dn pht hin kh chy Salsomaggiore - Italia nm 1226, du Andt - Php nm 1498 v du t - earth balsam Ba Lan nm 1506. Cn Marco Polo ghi chp v sui du Bacu vo cui th k XIII. chu M, nm 1595, Raleigh ni v h hc n Trinidad; nm 1632, Fransiscan thm sui du Niu Oc. chu , khi khoan tm mui, ngi Trung Quc pht hin du t 1.700 nm trc y; cn ngi Mianma s dng du t rt sm v bit khai thc du bng cc ging o th cng vo cui H hc n Trinidad th k XVIII, sn lng hng nm t ti 250.000 thng (33.333 tn), nhiu hn lng du khai thc vng Ccad (Lin bang Nga), Rumani, Ba Lan, c vo thi 1. Nm 1859, i t Edwin Drake s dng k thut khoan tm mui ca Trung Quc, khoan su 21 m pht hin du Oil CreekTitusville-Pennsylvania (M), ng thi cng m u cho s ra i ca nn cng nghip du kh hin i. Sn lng nh khai thc du nm 1900 l 0,4Gin khoan thi xa ca Trung Quc

1. The Petroleum Handbook. Elsevier. 1983, tr.3, 4, 36.

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Chng 1: HOT NG THM D A CHT V DU KH...

triu thng/ngy (khong 53.000 tn/ngy), nm 1940 l 6 triu thng/ ngy (khong 0,8 triu tn/ngy), nm 1950 l 11 triu thng/ngy (khong 1,33 triu tn/ngy), nm 1960 l 22 triu thng/ ngy (khong 2,66 triu tn/ngy). Vo nhng nm 50 ca th k XIX, M, lut s George Bissell v Ging khoan du u tin trn th gii do Edwin Drake ch tch ngn hng James khoan nm 1859 ti Pennsylvania (M) Townsend cho rng t du m c th ch bin thnh du thp sng, cng tc vi J. Benjamin Silliman gio s ho hc ti Trng i hc Yale, ngi thnh cng trong vic chng ct du m thnh nhiu sn phm khc nhau. Nm 1854, tin s Abraham Gesner np n xin cp bng sng ch ca M cho vic sn xut mt cht lng hydrocarbon mi m ti t tn l du la (keosene) v c th dng thp sng v cho cc mc ch khc. Nm 1894, Gesner np n xin cp bng sng ch Phng thc mi sn xut cht lng hydrocarbongi tt l du la) v s dng cho qu trnh thp sng v cc mc ch khc. Gesner tham gia thnh lp mt nh my sn xut du la Niu Oc. Nm 1859, nh my ny sn xut c 5.000 gallon (14.000 lt) du mi ngy1. Nm 1860, trn th gii c 15 nh my lc du, n nm 1865 tng ln n 194 nh my, ch yu sn xut ra naphtha, du ho v du cn (Naphtha-xng, khng bit s dng lm g, phi i! V lc cha pht minh ra ng c t trong, ch yu l ng c hi nc)2. Ch sau khi pht minh ra ng c t trong, nht l khi xy ra Chin tranh th gii th nht (1914-1918), nhu cu xng, diesel, du m tng mnh. n gia th k XX, cng nghip ch bin du kh pht trin rt mnh, sn phm lc du v ha du chim t trng ln trn th gii, khng nh nhn loi bc vo thi i du kh.1. Daniel Yergin: Du m, tin bc v quyn lc, Nxb. Chnh tr quc gia, H Ni, 2008, tr. 35, 41, 42. 2. Theo http://www.pafko.com/history/h_petro.html


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Nm 1895, H Ni c in pht ra t Nh my n B H, lc u c 300 bng n cng sut nh1... n nm 1935, ton ng Dng c 42 nh my in, cng sut 59 MW. Nm 1939, in cho cng cng v tiu dng c nhn l 149.200.000 kWh, cho sn xut l 101.000.000 kWh2. C mt vng nng thn rng ln Vit Nam khi , nh no nh ny ch leo lt ngn n du lc, sau ny c thay th bng ngn n du ha.C mt s ti liu cho rng du ha c s dng Vit Nam vo khong gia th k XIX, nhng chc chn vo cui th k XIX c s dng nhiu. Trong cun X Bc K ngy trc, Clt Buaranh cho bit: Nm 1895 ngoi ng ph H Ni, ngi ta vn thp n du ha, c chp ti cc phu n li bc thang tro ln cc ct chm n, sng li dng ng x ng tt i3. Cn ngy 5-91899, Ton quyn ng Dng ra ngh nh mc thu tiu th du ha trn ton ng Dng l 6 phrng/100 kg4.

Ngay t nhng nm 1898-1899, t bn xng du phng Ty c mt cng Nh B v sau l cng Hi Phng. Nhng sn phm du m dng Vit Nam lc do Cng ty ng n ca H Lan (East Indie) cung cp. Shell5 l mt trong nhng hng du ln nht th gii c mt Vit Nam thi Php thuc. T nhng nm 1903-1904, Shell c xng lm thng thic loi 350 lt v 20 lt ti Nh B. Nm 1904, Cng ty Du chu (APC - Asiatic PetroleumCompany)6 n Hi Phng bn n du ho - n du Hoa K7. Ngy 4-11-1911, Royal Dutch Shell Group thnh lp Hng du Php - (CFAP Compagnie Franco-Asiatique des Ptroles); Hng c nhim v bun bn xng du ti ng Dng v pha Nam Trung Quc. Nm 1930, Shell xy tr s1. Cng ty Xng du khu vc I: 50 nm xy dng v pht trin 1956-2006, Nxb. Chnh tr quc gia, H Ni, 2006, tr.19. 2. ng Phong: Lch s kinh t Vit Nam 1945-2000. Tp I: 1945-1954, Nxb. Khoa hc x hi, H Ni, 2002, tr. 200. 3. Cng ty Xng du khu vc I: 50 nm xy dng v pht trin 1956-2006, Nxb. Chnh tr quc gia, H Ni, 2006, tr.19. 4. Dng Kinh Quc: Vit Nam nhng s kin lch s 1858-1918, Nxb. Gio dc, 2006, tr. 263. 5. Cng ty Shell (vi logo hnh v s) l cng ty ca nc Anh do Marcus Samuel cng vi ngi cha thnh lp nm 1833 nhp khu v s. Khi i thu mua v s vng bin Caxpin vo nm 1892, ngi em ca Samuel pht hin thy c th nhp du thp n (lamp oil) vng ny, nn ny ra mua sm tu cha du (tanker) vn chuyn. Nm 1897, Marcus Samuel v em l Samuel Samuel thnh lp Shell Transport and Trading Company vn chuyn v bun bn du. Sau Shell Transport and Trading Company hp nht vi Royal Dutch Petroleum Company ca H Lan (c thnh lp nm 1890 bi Jean Baptiste August Kessler, Henri Deterding v Cng ty Texaco, khai thc du H Lan v Innxia) thnh lp Royal Dutch Shell Group vo thng 2-1907. 6. Cng ty Du chu (APC - Asiatic Petroleum Company) l doanh nghip hp nht do Marcus Samuel (Shell), Henri Deterding (Royal Dutch) v nh Rothschild thnh lp thng 6-1902. 7. John Kleinein: Side Streets of History: A Dutchmans stereoscopic views of colonial Vietnam.

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ti s nh 15, i l Nrm (nay l ng L Dun, qun I, Thnh ph H Ch Minh, l tr s ca Cng ty Xng du khu vc II - Petrolimex Si Gn). min Bc, Shell c kho du Thng L (Hi Phng), c tr s H Ni (sau ny l tr s ca B Khoa hc v Cng ngh, s 39 ph Trn Hng o - H Ni) v khu kho bi t ti u ph Khm Thin, ngi dn H Ni quen gi l Nh Du.

Ton cnh S Du Thng L nm 1933

Trn khu t Nh Du, sau ny xy dng tr s ca Tng cng ty Xng du Vit Nam - Petrolimex1. Nh Du (c ngi cn gi l S Nh Du) l ni bn xng cho nhng ngi c t v bn du ha cho nhng ngi dng n thp sng. Du la c bn bun t cc cng (Nh B, Hi Phng) ln cc thnh ph v c nhng ngi bun li gnh i bn rong trn cc ng ph, cc ch qu, k c bn n Hoa K. T khi c S Nh Du, ci ng nh u tin ca ph Khm Thin c ngi dn gi l ng Nh Du. Tn ny vn tn ti cho n gn y, khi U ban nhn dn thnh ph H Ni quy nh dng ch s thay cho tn gi. Ng Nh Du c i thnh ng 1 Khm Thin. Ci tn Nh Du cn st li trn tm bin ch Trm bin p in trc ng2. V xut x chic n du Hoa K: Theo Daniel Yergin, mt dc s t Lvov (nay thuc Ucraina), vi s gip ca mt ngi th ng nc pht minh ra mt loi n t du gi r. Da trn thit k ban u ca ngi dc s v ngi th ng ng Lvov, chic n khc phc c cc vn khi v mi. Sau , mt i l bn du ti Niu Oc pht hin ra mt loi n c ng khi bng thu tinh t du la ang c sn xut ti Vin. i l Niu Oc nhp khu loi n du ny v nhanh chng chim lnh th trng. Do lin tc c ci tin, loi n xut x t Vin tr thnh c s cho hot ng kinh doanh n du ti nc M v sau c xut khu trn khp th gii3. V lch s tn n Hoa K, theo c gio s ng Phong hin cn nhiu gi thuyt. Mt s kin cho rng do cc hng du ca M khuyn mi bng cch c mua 1 thng du th tng 1 chic n. Ci tn n Hoa K bt ngun t

1. 50 nm Tng cng ty Xng du Vit Nam (1956-2006), Nxb. Chnh tr quc gia, H Ni, 2006. 2. Theo ti liu ca c gio s ng Phong. 3. Daniel Yergin: Du m, tin bc v quyn lc, Nxb. Chnh tr quc gia, H Ni, 2008, tr. 44.


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Ng Nh Du bn cnh Tng cng ty Xng du Vit Nam, nay l ng 1 Khm Thin

Hnh nh trch t cun sch K thut ca ngi An Nam

8


Chng 1: HOT NG THM D A CHT V DU KH...1. Li c kin cho rng Hoa K khng phi l M, m l tn mt ca hiu ng Jule Ferry (nay l ph Hng Trng, H Ni) chuyn lm ra loi n ny bng st ty bn, t ngi mua ly tn hiu gi tn n2.

Nm 1926, t bn Php thnh lp Cng ty Bugi ng Dng (Compagnie Indochinoise de Bougie) kinh doanh cc loi du t, sn phm ph nh xi, parafin, bougie cho my n. T nhng nm 30 ca th k XX, Cng ty Du Caltex (M) n Vit Nam, tr s t ti nh s 27-28 bn Bch ng (Si Gn), sau ny l tr s Cng ty Cung ng tu bin. Caltex c chi nhnh Thng L (Hi Phng). T nhng nm 30 ca th k XX, Cng ty Standard Oil (M) c kho Nh B, i l Bp du c dng Lin X nm 1930 Thng L (Hi Phng) v t nm 1911 bun bn du vi thng hiu ESSO (ESSO l pht m ca hai ch S v O ca t Standard Oil, v t nm 1911, trnh c quyn, chnh ph M buc Cng ty Standard Oil phi chia thnh 7 cng ty khu vc nh California Standard Oil).Caltex l mt cng ty du lin doanh gia Texaco (Texas Company) v California Standard Oil, c thnh lp nm 1936. Texaco u tin l Cng ty nhin liu Texas (Texas - Fuel Company) do Joseph S. Cullinan thnh lp Beaumont - Texas nm 1901

Tng kho xng du Nh B c xy dng t nm 1910, nhiu cng ty du u c kho y3. Cc s liu thng k di y cho thy s lng xng du c nhp vo ng Dng:1. Nguyn Cng Hoan: Nh v ghi v H Ni, Nxb. Tr, 2004, tr. 149. 2. Henry Oger: Introduction gnrale ltude de la technique du peuple Annamite, Geuthner, p. 28. Dumoutier: Essais sur les Tonkinois, Imprimerie dExtrme-Orient, 1908, pp. 74-75. 3. 50 nm Tng cng ty Xng du Vit Nam (1956-2006), Nxb. Chnh tr quc gia, H Ni, 2006.


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Nm 1932, du lc: 44.690 tn, xng: 31.210 tn, du nng: 6.900 tn; Nm 1933, du lc: 40.560 tn, xng: 27.750 tn, du nng: 5.670 tn; Nm 1934, du lc: 34.950 tn, xng: 29.540 tn, du nng: 24.500 tn1.

II. hotngtmkImDumcangIphpSau khi hon thnh c bn vic t ch thng tr Vit Nam, thc dn Php khn trng xc tin vic iu tra, thm d ti nguyn, y mnh khai thc bc lt kinh t. T nm 1888 n nm 1929, t bn Php u t mnh vo Vit Nam, khong 3,5-4,5 t phrng vng u t vo nng nghip, cy cng nghip, giao thng vn ti, bu chnh vin thng, hng khng Php thnh lp rt sm cc t chc m nhim vic nghin cu iu tra a cht thu ht nhiu nh a cht gii, ban hnh cc vn bn php lut cho vic thm d, khai thc khong sn ng Dng, ln lt thnh lp S M Nam K (nm 1868), Nha M ng Dng (nm 1884), Cng ty Than Bc K ca Php (thng 4-1888). Thng 10-1888, Tng thng Php ra sc lnh u tin v m ng Dng, trong quy nh v thu l di nhng v quyn s hu m. Nm 1898 (trn giy t l nm 1894), S a cht ng Dng c thnh lp (Gim c l M. Counillon - gio s Trng Chasseloup Laubat, nay l Trng trung hc ph thng L Qu n, Thnh ph H Ch Minh) trc thuc Nha Canh nng v Thng mi, n nm 1904 trc thuc Ban Thanh tra Cng chnh (S M). Nm 1921, Nha M c thnh lp gm S M, S a cht, mt phng th nghim v th cc vt liu khong. Nm 1928, Hi ng Nghin cu khoa hc ng Dng c thnh lp, c 40 thnh vin; trong c i din S a cht. Nm 1929, S a cht sp nhp vo Tng Thanh tra M v K ngh, nm 1933 S a cht li thuc Tng Thanh tra Cng chnh v n nm 1939 li trc thuc Tng Thanh tra M v K ngh ng Dng (t chc ny c ti thnh lp nm 1938)2. Ngoi ra, nm 1899, Ton quyn ng Dng thnh lp S a l ng Dng trc thuc Ban Tham mu qun i Php, c nhim v thnh lp v in cc bn 1. ng Phong: Lch s kinh t Vit Nam 1945-2000. Tp I: 1945-1954, Nxb. Khoa hc x hi, H Ni, 2002, tr. 65. 2. Tp on Du kh Vit Nam (Ch bin Nguyn Hip): a cht v ti nguyn du kh Vit Nam, Nxb. Khoa hc k thut, H Ni, 2007, tr. 17-18.

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a hnh ng Dng. Nhng bn ny l c s rt quan trng cho vic v cc bn a cht. Nm 1922, Vin Hi dng hc ng Dng c thnh lp. Nhng nm 1923-1927, tu De Lanessan (Php) kho st su y bin v thu thp mu y Bin ng. Nm 1930, ngi Php cho tin hnh o su, kho st a hnh cc khu vc bin nng ven b nh vnh Bc B, vnh Thi Lan, cc o v qun o: Hong Sa, Trng Sa, Ph Quc. Sau khi ra i, mc d s ngi rt t (3-7 ngi), song S a cht ng Dng nhanh chng xc tin cng tc iu tra v bn a cht cc t l 1/4.000.000 (nm 1928), 1/2.000.000 (cc nm: 1928, 1931, 1937). ng lu nht l Bn a cht ng Dng t l 1/2.000.000, do J. Fromaget cng tc vi F. Bonelli, J. Hoffet v E. Saurin lp nm 1937 (nm 1952 v nm 1971 c ti bn c b sung), th hin c kh y cu trc a cht ca ng Dng. V iu tra ti nguyn khong sn: c rt nhiu cng trnh lin quan n than v cc kim loi ng, st, km, thic, vng, bc Cc cng trnh nghin cu ca S a cht ng Dng u c cng b trong cc tp K yu (Mmoire) v Tp san (Bulletin) ca S. Nm 1914, Bo tng a cht ng Dng c xy dng v nm 1919 m ca n cng chng vo tham quan. Bo tng c 5 nghn mu , khong vt v ho thch rt c gi tr1. Cho n nay, nhng kt qu nghin cu a cht khu vc, a tng, c sinh, khong sn ng Dng vn c gi tr cho nhng nghin cu a cht sau ny. T bn Php thnh lp rt nhiu cng ty khai thc cc m than, crm v phtpht Cc hot ng khai thc m ca Php Vit Nam phn ln tp trung min Bc, ni c iu kin a cht thun li thnh to khong sn. Cc cng trnh chuyn su v a cht du kh rt t so vi a cht khu vc ni chung v khong sn rn ni ring. Tuy nhin, cc ti liu cn li cho thy cc thng tin v du kh Vit Nam v ng Dng c bit kh sm. Vo nm 1901, ngi Php tin hnh khoan mt vi ging khoan ti Nng nhng khng gp kh chy v nm 1910 khoan v o ging vng Ni Lch, Yn Bi. Ngy 23-3-1914, ti Vin Hn lm Khoa hc Php, De Launay trnh by ghi chp ca P. Durandin V s c th tn ti m du kh ng1. Tp on Du kh Vit Nam (Ch bin Nguyn Hip): a cht v ti nguyn du kh Vit Nam, Sd, tr.18. Hong Th Thn. Le Service gologique de lIndochine 1898-1953. Extrait du Bulletin de la socit des tudes indochinoises. Nouvelle srie-tome XLVIII-No 4. 1973.


11


Bo tng a cht ng Dng (nm 1914)

Dng thuc Php theo cc ch dn a danh nh Nm Du Lng Sn (nm l sui, du l du ho?)1. Vn du m Bc B v nhng vng cn li ng Dng c nu r trong bo co chung v cng nghip m, nhn cuc thanh tra cc nc thuc a vo thng 3-19222, gm nhng vng chnh nh sau: (1) B trm tch Tam ng Ho (Qung Yn, nay l Qung Ninh) cha cc va than lignit ang c khai thc v phin du dy khong 15 m, khi chng ct cho 3-8% du khong (huile minrale) bc chy d dng, c th s dng lm cht t khi trn vi lignit.Ngi Php tm thy du ng Ho vo nm 1919. Nm 1924, P.Schoen c bo co v m ny. Theo li k ca mt cng nhn lm vic y, khong nhng nm 1930-1934, ngi Php giao cho mt thu khon Vit Nam thm d, mu c ly gi i phn tch nc ngoi. Nm 1940-1941, ngi Nht Bn cng n kho st vng ny. Cch thc thm d lc bng o ging, l, ho, ko t bng tay v trc ti, rt nc bng my bm chy bng hi nc (ni supde)1. Durandin P., 1914. Sur lxistence possible de gisements ptrolifres dans lIndochine franaise daprs les indices toponymiques. CR. Acad. Sci. France, 158, pp 900-903, Paris. 2. Gouvernement gnral de lIndochine. Service des mines. La question du ptrole au Tonkin et dans le reste de lIndochine. Extrait de rapport gnral sur lindustrie minire tablit pour linspection des colonies, Mars-1922.

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Chng 1: HOT NG THM D A CHT V DU KH...v mc bng tay. Vn chuyn t thi bng xe gong, mu ly c a ra thuyn bng xe ba gc. S nhn cng khong 30 ngi (nm 1930). Php nh gi ti nguyn thy l 2.450.000 tn, chc c l 2.750.000 tn, c th c l 10.375.000 tn. Tng cng 15.575.000 tn1.

(2) Trm tch Tam tnh Tuyn Quang, trn mi lp lignit cn gp phin Vt l du ng Ho, Qung Ninh st - vi mu scla, khi chng ct cho cc du khong t l khc nhau. Hai thnh to trn rt ging nhau, nhng cc b rt hn ch, theo tnh ton s b, tr lng cc phin khng ln, do kh c th xy dng c mt nh my du nc thuc a ny. (3) Trm tch Paleozoi vng Ni Lch, hu ngn sng Hng, cch th x Yn Bi (nay l thnh ph Yn Bi) v pha Nam 3-4 km, c di vi nt n, graphit ho biu hin hydrocarbon xm nhim, to thnh mng ca b trm tch sng h Tam, dy khong 1.000 m, b un np Yn Bi dc thung lng sng Hng2. Nm 1919, Nha M ng Dng tin hnh kho st a cht, thi cng mt s cng trnh ho, h thng ngun Ngi c, Ngi Giao, c bit khoan sn pha ng Ni Lch. Ngy 12-1-1911 khoan ti su 52 m v su 35 m xuyn qua lp ct kt mu en c mi du m, nhng sau ngng ri b3. Nm 1922, theo xut ca Guidon Lavalle thuc S M, Pierre Viennot cng vi Guidon Lavalle kho st li vng Ni Lch, Ngi c, Ngi Giao, lp bn ti liu thc t t l 1/50.000 v mt ct a cht qua Ni Lch, v gi mu phn tch ti Phng th nghim ca S M, kt qu cho thy c hp cht hydrocarbon4. Ngy 1-12-1924, ti hi ngh ca Hi a cht Php, P. Viennot im qua cc nghin cu a cht ca R. Zeiller, 1893, E. Beauverie, 1911, L. Dussault, 1922, 1929 lin quan n vng Yn Bi, gm cc thnh to bin cht, cc trm tch Paleozoi1. Bo co v tnh hnh m Schiste bitumineux ng Ho - Qung Yn ca Nguyn Xun An v L Vn Bng, ngy 4-9-1958. 2. P. Viennot, 1924; E. Sarran, 1899; J. Fromaget, 1941. 3. La question du ptrole, 1922; P. Viennot, 1924. 4. Gouvernement gnral de lIndochine. Service des mines, 1922. Notes sur un prlvement dchantillons effectu dans la rgion ptrolifre de Nui Lich-province Yen Bai.


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v b Tam. Theo nhn nh ca P. Viennot, c s xut l du y, tuy nhin khng c kh nng tn ti mt m du, nhng c th y l du hiu tt cho cng tc tm kim du m x ny. (4) vng Tourane ( Nng), ngi ta thng bo v s tn ti ct kt cha du m v c xc nhn ca nh iu tra (Prospecteur) cho bit c du khong r r trong 20 nm qua, t khi lm cc nn mng cng trnh vng ny, v trong mu ct do phng th nghim tin hnh c l l hn hp ca hydrocarbon.V phng din a cht, nu s tn ti hydrocarbon l c kh nng trong b Mesozoi Nng Sn pha Ty Nam Bn kho st vng Ni Lch, Yn Bi Nng, th n li t c kh nng gn thnh ph ny, ni ngi ta ch bit ngoi bi tch hin ti l bin cht kt tinh, vic ko di ca b ny di nhng bi tch c l khong 10 km pha Nam Nng. (5) im l du vng m Th Ni (Quy Nhn) c pht hin vo nm 1920 v nm 1944, E. Saurin m t lng Hi Lc, chn pha Ty ni Eo Vc, ni b bin dc ng c du r loang ra trn b mt bn, ct lp y cc khe nt trong granit khi thu triu rt xung. Du thu c khi chng ct dung dch mu nu, nng c thuc tnh Parafin v ch s khc x

Vt l du trong vi thung lng Ni Lch, Yn Bi

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l 1,425 nhit 28oC. E. Saurin cho rng c th c s tn ti du trong trm tch vng vnh su di trm tch hin i, v khng nghi ng g n thuc Neogen, hoc c th l phn di ca T. Nm 1944, ngi Php tin hnh khoan thm d cc vng pha Ty Hi Lc, ng K Sn thuc vnh Quy Nhn n su 40 m, gp mng granit v trn l lp bn ct bin im l du m Th Ni, Quy Nhn mu xm, nhng khng pht hin ra du. Nm 1945, ngi Nht Bn cng tin hnh khoan thm mt s ging nhng cng khng pht hin g thm. n nm 1957, E. Saurin tr li nghin cu im du ny gn lng Hi Lc, bn di lp ct bin 20 cm l lp bn ct mu en, mi thi c nhng vng du loang trn lp bn sapropel phong ph nhng mng vn thc vt (to) nh l m ca du phn tn, ri rc vnh Quy Nhn. T nhng kt qu nghin cu mi ny, cng vi ti liu thm d nm 1944, nm 1964 E. Saurin li c nhn nh rng du y khng phi t trm tch Neogen hay T c, m chnh l lp bn sapropel giu mn thc vt vnh Quy Nhn to ra. Trong s khng nhiu cc nghin cu v du kh ni trn, ng lu nht l ti liu Nhng c im a cht v kh nng du m ng Dng (Considrations gologiques sur les possibilits de ptrole en Indochine) hon thnh ngy 22-4-1936 ca J. Fromaget, Gim c S a cht ng Dng (sau l vin s Vin Hn lm Khoa hc Php). J. Fromaget c nhng nhn nh tng qut rng: cho d nhng du hiu trc tip cn him (lc du hiu trc tip ca du kh l tin tm kim rt quan trng), song trin vng du m ng Dng l ln (stendent de trs grandes surfaces). Trn c s nh gi chung v cc thnh to trm tch, cc c im c a l v kin to ng Dng, J. Fromaget cho rng nhng a tng trm tch c kh nng du m nh sau: - Lot di Indosinias di v gia, trong quan trng nht l trm tch Moscovi trn di Carni, nhng i khi xung n tn y Carbon v ln n Nori. - Lot gia, Lias.


15


- Lot trn rt hn ch c tui Neogen. J. Fromaget m t chi tit cc mt ct Chang Poung - H Giang (Paleozoi), rt quan tm n trm tch bin vng ny. Tng chn l dip thch st Devon; mt ct Paleozoi Savanakhet (Lo) c tng chn l trm tch mu Neotrias, tng cha l vi Carbon-Permi, m l trm tch Devon; Campuchia ng m t cc trm tch pha ng. i vi cc thnh to Neogen, J. Fromaget m t cc trm tch h, sng hp dc thung lng sng Hng. Lc Bnh - Lng Sn, dc theo thung lng sng K Cng l ra ct kt, st kt cha bitum. Mu c phn tch Php nm 1927 cho bit c nhiu du (huile) tng ny. thung lng sng Hng, ng nhc li pht hin ca P. Viennot nm 1924 Ni Lch, ng cho rng du sinh ra t trm tch Paleozoi. c bit cc trm tch sng, h thung lng sng Hng c th lin h vi cc trm tch vng ca sng nm di chu th sng Hng s c trm tch nc l thun li cho vic hnh thnh du m, cc lp st chu th s l cc tng chn. Gi thuyt ny Bn a cht ng Dng (nm 1929) trong c chng minh ti ging khoan ti liu ca J. Fromaget vo thng 9-1934 ca S Cng chnh, Ho M, nm gn ra Ty Bc ca chu th. Khi phn tch, ngi ta thy c kh methane (58%), khng kh (35%), CO2 (7%) trong ct su 33 m c th kh t di su di chuyn ln. Song J. Fromaget cho rng ch l gi thuyt.Trong phn kt lun ca cng trnh nghin cu ny, J. Fromaget vit: Nu cc du hiu (indices) ca du kh kh him ng Dng th cc cu trc thch hp li c mt tng i ph bin trong cc lp su.

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Chng 1: HOT NG THM D A CHT V DU KH...Cc cu trc ny nm phn ra cc i un np: khu vc vm (anticlinal) Nan Hin Boum, nm ra cc b trc ni (avant-fosse) Hercyni, cc khu vc Vientian, Tchpone, Kompon Speu v thung lng Srepok, nm trong i un (ondule) bao quanh phn bng (tabulaire) ca ng Dng, phn ra cc i un np hay t gy ca c cu (difice) Indosini. Cc cu trc khc c xem nh thun li hn cho s c du, nhng li km hn v cc i un np hp v t ko di (peu tendues); cc thung lng Skamane v S Kong, hoc trn ton ng Dng l lc a cc thi k khc nhau trong tin trnh lch s a cht, chia thnh lot cc di hp, song song, nm cc cung (arcs) b chia thnh cc vng (scinds en guirlandes), v v hp nn b c lp trn mt cng nh di su bi cc hot ng to ni. S tn ti cc cu trc thun li lin quan cht ch vi s sp t thnh cc cung (dispositions en arcs), nh cc thi k a cht khc nhau, bin ln vo cc ca sng, vng, vnh, m h trong mi ng ngch (recoins) ca ng Dng, loi tr phn trung tm ng Dng do dng khi (forme massive), khng chu nhng chuyn ng nh phn ra ca n. S phn b cc tng phong ph v u th cc trm tch vn (dtritiques) i vi cc trm tch bn (vaseux) ca bin su t hay nhiu, t nht t Cambri b sp t thnh cc chui vng (disposition en guirlandes), dn n vng mt cc tn d (a hnh - reliefs) quan trng trn cc vng rng ln v kh thy s tn ti cc ng bng alluvi rng ln c to bi cc trm tch c thnh phn v ht tng t vi trm tch duyn hi hay m h. Cc tng ny k tc s n iu, tr Devon cc trm tch bin hnh nh c nhiu hn so vi trm tch lc a v lc a, chng c mu xanh hay lun phin ct kt (grseux) v phin (schisteux) vi u th ct kt (grs) so vi phin (schistes) trong cc tng bn trn v cng vi s xen k than - graphit Huroni v Cambri, antraxit Vesphali, Stephani, Permi, Notrias v Rhti, lignite Neogen v T, v cc phn xut - basalt Huroni bin i thnh amphibolit, porphyrit Urali, rhyolit v dacit Permi, Trias, basalt Tam v T. Trong cc lot ny c mt cc thu knh bin nng (nritique), ch r s dao ng ca mc nc bin, rt thun li cho s tin ho sapropel, hn na c s xen k cc lp marne v argiles dy, c th l cc lp chn cn thit bo v cc ti du. Cc trm tch khng thm ca cc lp chn l Silure, cc phin st (schistes argileux) ca Devon, cc vng khc c th n u (sommet) Trias, t Nori; i vi trm tch Lias, t Jura hay Creta, cui cng l cc tch t gi nh (hypothtiques dpts) Neogen Bc K, cc trm tch st (argileux) ca Delta. l tt c nhng g c th ni v ch kh nng du kh ng Dng. Tm li ch l nhng hy vng ln.


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Trang u v trang cui bo co ca J. Fromaget

Nh vy, ngay vo gia nhng nm 30 ca th XX, J. Fromaget c nhng nhn nh rt khoa hc, nhng cn c v phn tch a tng trm tch, mi trng thnh to cc trm tch, hot ng kin to, d on s pht trin ca cc trm tch trn vng ng Dng rng ln a ra cc nhn nh v trin vng du kh ng Dng. Ngy nay khoa hc a cht du kh c nhng tin b vt bc v phng php lun, v k thut, cng ngh, thit b hin i, nhng ni chung vn trn nhng c s nh gi trin vng du kh ng Dng m J. Fromaget cp.

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chng

2

hOt ng Du Kh VIt naM gIaI On 1945-1975

I. hotngDukhDovItnamDnchcnghatInhnh1. nhng bc khi uCch mng Thng Tm nm 1945 a Vit Nam t mt nc thuc a tr thnh mt nc c lp. Ngy 2-9-1945, nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha ra i. Mc d va phi i ph vi mu tr li thng tr ca thc dn Php, va phi chng gic i, khc phc l lt, khi phc kinh t, Chnh ph vn quan tm t chc li ngnh a cht v m. Ngy 3-10-1945, Ch tch H Ch Minh k Sc lnh sp nhp S Tng thanh tra Khong cht v K ngh thuc Ph Ton quyn ng Dng vo B Quc dn Kinh t. Trong c cu t chc ca B Quc dn Kinh t c Nha K ngh, Gim c l ng H c Lin. Ngy 1-4-1946, B Quc dn Kinh t t chc li c quan, trong Nha K ngh i thnh Nha Khong cht v K ngh, Gim c l ng Nguyn Xun Thin. Ngy 26-11-1946, Chnh ph ban hnh Sc lnh s 220-SL i tn B Quc dn Kinh t thnh B Kinh t. Sc lnh s 21-SL k ngy 14-5-1951 i tn B Kinh t thnh B Cng Thng, trong vn duy tr Nha Khong cht v K ngh. Trong 9 nm khng chin chng thc dn Php (1946-1954), tp trung mi sc lc, ca ci ca c nc vo cuc chin, Chnh ph ch o phc hi khai thc mt s m nh than Lng Cm, Qun Triu tnh Thi Nguyn, B H


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tnh Bc Giang, i Hoa tnh Ho Bnh, Khe B tnh Ngh An; thic Tnh Tc tnh Cao Bng (t thng 7-1947); ch Bc Sn, o An, tnh Bc Kn (1950-1952); antimoan m Hng, Lng Can thuc huyn Chim Ho, tnh Tuyn Quang (1946-1950); crm C nh, tnh Thanh Ho; vng Vnh Tuy (tnh H Giang), Bng Miu (Qung Nam); st Nh Xun, tnh Thanh Ha; phtpho Vnh Thnh, huyn Hu Lng, tnh Lng Sn Ngy 22-1-1950, Ch tch H Ch Minh k Sc lnh s 9-SL tuyn b: Tt c cc ngun khong cht Vit Nam u l ca Nh nc.

c bit trong chin dch in k ngy 22-1-1950 Bin Ph, mt s cha asphalt thung lng bn Si Lng, huyn Mai Sn, tnh Sn La c khai thc v chng ct thnh du chy xe vn ti. Chin thng ng Xun 1953-1954, nh cao l chin thng in Bin Ph, buc thc dn Php phi k Hip nh Ginev, rt qun v nc, lp li ho bnh trn c s tha nhn ch quyn dn tc ca ba nc ng Dng, kt thc thng li s nghip khng chin chng thc dn Php xm lc. Vit Nam tm thi b chia thnh hai min, ranh gii l v tuyn 17.

Sc lnh s 9-SL do Ch tch H Ch Minh

Du vt khai thc asphalt thung lng bn Si Lng, huyn Mai Sn, tnh Sn La nm 1952-1956, chng ct 1.000 kg asphalt c 5-10 kg du

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Chng 2: HOT NG DU KH VIT NAM...

Sau khi min Bc c hon ton gii phng, nhn dn ta bc vo giai on khi phc kinh t v ci to x hi ch ngha. Thng 9-1955, Chnh ph tch B Cng Thng thnh B Cng nghip v B Thng nghip. Ngy 28-3-1956, B Cng nghip ban hnh Ngh nh s 91/BCNQ, trong Nha Khong cht v K ngh i thnh S a cht (Gim c l ng H c Lin (1955-1957), sau l ng L Vn c (1958-1959)). Ngy 7-7-1958, B Cng nghip ban hnh Quyt nh s 1225-BCN/Q i tn S a cht thnh Cc a cht (Cc trng l ng L Vn c). Ngy 26-7-1960, Ch tch nc ban hnh Lnh s 18/LCT cng b Lut T chc Hi ng Chnh ph, theo Tng cc a cht c thnh lp v trc thuc Hi ng Chnh ph. Tng cc trng l ng Nguyn Vn ip. Nhn lc trong ngnh a cht pht trin rt nhanh, nu S a cht ch c 257 ngi (trong trnh i hc c 3 ngi, trung cp c 2 ngi, s cp c 130 ngi, cng nhn c 122 ngi), th Cc a cht c hn 5 nghn ngi (nm 1960), Tng cc a cht c 22 nghn ngi (nm 1972), vi hng nghn ngi c trnh i hc, cao ng v trung cp.Lp o to k thut a cht nm 1955: Mt ngy u thng 7-1955, Th trng B Cng Thng, gio s Trn i Ngha, khai ging lp chuyn vin a cht cha Lng (lc thuc ngoi thnh H Ni, nay thuc qun ng a). K s m H c Lin, tt nghip i hc Php, Gim c S a cht, trc tip ph trch lp hc. Lp c 104 hc vin, trong c 4 n, 81 ngi l hc sinh, cn b min Nam tp kt, 23 hc sinh, cn b min Bc. Phn ln anh ch em ang hc d cp III, c mt s ngi tt nghip cp III. Cc thy gio l k s H c Lin, dc s V Vn Chuyn (dy mn Khong vt v Tinh th hc), k s Nguyn Vn Nh (dy mn a cht thm d), ng Trn Vn Thi (dy mn a cht i cng), ng L Trng ng (dy mt s gi ting Nga). Qun l hc tp c cc ng: Trn Qu Khu, Trn Sa, Nguyn Thin Giao, Phan Minh Bch, Nguyn Mai. Ngoi vic hc lp, hc vin cn c tham quan, thc tp ti Bo tng a cht v Trng i hc Y Dc H Ni. Thy ging nhit tnh, tr hc say sa d lc cha Lng cha c in! Thi gian ca kho hc l 6 thng, nhng mi c 4 thng, mt s hc vin phi nhn nhim v ln ng cng tc, v cc chuyn gia Lin X, Trung Quc n Vit Nam. Nhng hc vin ca lp hc ny sau ny tr thnh cc chuyn gia nng ct ca ngnh a cht Vit Nam, nhiu ngi l gio s, tin s; mt s ngi gi nhng trng trch trong ngnh a cht (Trn c Lng, Trn i), trong ngnh Du kh (Trng Thin, Nguyn Giao, ng Ca) v ng u Nh nc (Trn c Lng)1.1. K yu: 50 nm Lp a cht u tin (1955-2006), H Ni, 2005.


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T ngy 5 n ngy 10-9-1960, i hi i biu ton quc ln th III ca ng Lao ng Vit Nam hp ti H Ni; i hi quyt nh ng li, ch trng xy dng ch ngha x hi min Bc v u tranh thng nht t nc. Trong Bo co chnh tr c nu: phn u thc hin mt bc cng nghip ho x hi ch ngha, xy dng bc u c s vt cht k thut ca ch ngha x hi,1. Khoa hc a cht phi ly vic thm d v nghin cu ti nguyn di t lm cng tc trng tm ca mnh, tm ra nhng khong sn cn thit cho vic pht trin cng nghip2. Nh vy, vic tm kim, thm d du kh v cc loi khong sn khc c ng v Nh nc rt quan tm. c s gip ca Lin X, Trung Quc v cc nc x hi ch ngha ng u, cng tc kho st v bn a cht, tm kim, iu tra ti nguyn khong sn c trin khai mnh m. Cc khong sn u c on thm d ring: on 9 thm d than Qung Ninh, on 20 chuyn o v bn a cht ng lu l thng 8-1958, hai nh a cht Nguyn Xun An v L Vn Bng kho st m dip thch bitum ng Ho m Php pht hin nm 1919. Nm 1958-1960, vi s gip ca chuyn gia Trung Quc Dng Thy Phong, on thm d 12 tin hnh thm d xc nh tr lng trn 4,2 triu tn, v kt lun ti y kh m c s tn ti mt khu m c quy m v trin vng3. Ni bt nht trong thi k ny l cng trnh Bn a cht min Bc Vit Nam t l 1/500.000 (1960-1963) do A.E. ovjikov ch bin. So vi cc bn a cht ca S a cht ng Dng trc y, bn ny hn hn v mc chi tit, tnh nht qun v c nhiu pht hin mi. Ngoi ra, im rt quan trng l rt nhiu nh a cht Vit Nam hc tp v trng thnh t cng trnh ny. Sau khi cng ngh chng ct du m ra i v pht trin mnh, nhiu sn phm du p ng c cc nhu cu cho pht trin kinh t, qun s, cho i sng. n gia th k XX, du m tr thnh mt ti nguyn khong sn chin lc, mt i tng cnh tranh khc lit gia cc cng ty du kh th gii, mt trong cc nguyn nhn n ra tranh chp lnh th, chin tranh gia cc nc. Cc nh lnh o cc quc gia khng th khng quan tm n nguyn nhin liu c tm chin lc ny. Cc nh lnh o Vit Nam sm c nhn quan nh vy.1. ng Cng sn Vit Nam: Vn kin ng Ton tp, Nxb. Chnh tr quc gia, H Ni, 2002, t.21, tr. 566. 2. Sd, tr. 589. 3. on thm d 12, Cc a cht B Cng nghip; Trng on: Hong Ho: Bo co ph tra a cht vng chung quanh khu m du ng Ho, huyn Honh B, tnh Qung Yn, thng 7-1960.

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Chng 2: HOT NG DU KH VIT NAM...Theo li k ca ng L Vn C - nguyn Ph Tng cc trng Tng cc Du kh: Ngay t nm 1954 ti Ginev, Thu S, ti c gp B trng B Ngoi giao Phm Vn ng v Th trng B Quc phng T Quang Bu - Trng v Ph on Chnh ph nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha ti Hi ngh Ginev ang m phn vi Chnh ph Php v Hip nh nh chin ti Vit Nam. Khi bit ti ang theo hc trng m Pari, ng ng dn d ti phi hc thm ngnh du m, lnh vc m theo ng, trong tng lai s rt cn thit trong qu trnh xy dng t nc. Tr v Pari, ti lm theo li cn dn ca ng v hc thm c chng ch tt nghip mn a cht du kh1.

Nm 1957, trong chuyn thm cc nc ng u, Ch tch H Ch Minh n thm gin khoan du Anbani v nh my lc du Bungari2.

Ch tch H Ch Minh thm gin khoan du Anbani

Trong chuyn thm Lin X ngy 23-7-1959, Ch tch H Ch Minh n thm khu cng nghip du kh Bacu (Adcbaigian). Khi trao i vi cc nh lnh o, Ngi ni: Sau khi Vit Nam khng chin thng li, Lin X ni chung v Adcbaigian ni ring phi gip Vit Nam khai thc v ch bin du kh, xy dng c nhng khu cng nghip du kh mnh nh Bacu. S kin ny th hin tm nhn xa trng rng, mong c v quyt tm xy dng ngnh Du kh Vit Nam ca Ch tch H Ch Minh. khi bay qua vng bin Caxpin, Ngi ch cho ch Phm Th Xun Phng, cn b ca s qun Vit Nam ti Lin X i cng on..., v ni: Bin du y v Chu thy khng kia l my ht du, xa xa l cu ni t t lin ra bin ly du y. Du qu lm, nc no c du l giu ln ngay3.1. Nhiu tc gi, T Duy Anh ch bin: Nhng ngi i tm la, Nxb. Hi Nh vn, 2006, t.I, tr. 425 v trch phng vn ng L Vn C ngy 3-12-2009. 2. Bng ghi hnh chuyn i ang c lu tr ti Tp on Du kh Quc gia Vit Nam. 3. Phm Th Xun Phng: Nim vui bt ng, Nhng ngi thp sng bin khi, Vng Tu, 2006, tr. 110.


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Ch tch H Ch Minh thm nh my lc du Bungari

Ngay t nhng nm 1956-1959, thc hin ch trng ca Chnh ph v cng tc o to, B Gio dc gi mt s hc sinh i Lin X v Rumani hc cc trng i hc v du kh (Trng i hc Cng nghip Du kh Mtxcva mang tn Vin s I.M. Gubkin v Trng i hc Du kh v a cht Bucart - Rumani), cng vi nhng k s c o to ngnh a cht v a vt l chung (Trng i hc a cht thm d Mtxcva - Nga - MGRI, Trng i hc Bch khoa H Ni, Trng i hc Tng hp H Ni), Trng trung cp K thut II o to cc k thut trung cp a vt l, Trng Nghip v a cht o to cc s cp a vt l. Lc lng cn b k thut ny tuy s lng t v cha c kinh nghim, nhng sau khi ra trng tham gia ngay vo cng tc iu tra, tm kim, thm d du kh min Bc Vit Nam. c s gip ca cc chuyn gia, bng s n lc t hc v c o to nng cao, sau ny nhiu ngi trong s h gi nhiu trng trch trong ngnh Du kh Vit Nam. Nm 1958, Chnh ph Vit Nam quyt nh mi Lin X gip kho st, nh gi trin vng du kh Vit Nam. Khong cui nm 1958, chuyn gia N.K. Griaznov ca Vin Nghin cu khoa hc a cht Thm d Du m ton Lin bang (VNIGNI) sang gip Vit Nam lp k hoch thm d du kh. Trn c s nghin cu, tm

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hiu ti liu ca S a cht ng Dng1, cng ng L Vn C v ng Trn Vn Tr, chuyn gia N.K. Griaznov tin hnh 2 l trnh ngn kho st thc a, trong c vng Ni Lch, tnh Yn Bi. u nm 1959, chuyn gia N.K. Griaznov trnh Cc a cht Vit Nam bn ngh v du m vi cc ni dung chnh sau: (1) T chc kim tra k tt c nhng bo qung hin c v du kh trong phm vi nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha. (2) Tin hnh nghin cu, nh gi trin vng du kh cc vng pht trin trm tch C sinh thng, Trung sinh, Tn sinh b bin Ch tch H Ch Minh thm khu cng nghip du kh Bacu (ngy 23-7-1959) cht yu nht. Trc ht nghin cu a tng tng trm tch, kin to lm c s nh gi trin vng du kh cc vng v phn vng thun li, tin hnh tm kim, thm d du kh t m hn. (3) Trc tin l nghin cu di gip ranh pha Bc vng trng H Ni, do cc trm tch Trias tng bin, duyn hi v lc a to nn. Tin hnh hng lot cc l trnh kho st vng ng Bc Vit Nam, ni c phn b u th cc trm tch C sinh thng - Trias. (4) Giao mt phn nhim v ny cho Lin on lp bn a cht t l 1/500.000 thc hin.1. B Tamara dch t ting Php sang ting Nga.


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(5) Giao cho Vin Nghin cu khoa hc a cht Thm d Du m ton Lin bang v Vin a cht ton Lin bang phn tch bitum v nghin cu xc nh cc ho thch ca cc trm tch C sinh v Trung sinh - Tn sinh. (6) Cn c vo kt qu nghin cu nm 1959, hoch nh nhng bin php tin hnh cng tc nghin cu, tm kim du kh tip theo.

Trang u Bn k hoch cng tc pht hin nhng vng c trin vng c du la (N. K. Griaznov, 1958)Theo li k ca ng L Vn C: Vo khong u nm 1959, phi on Lin X do Th trng B a cht Lin X dn u, n lm vic ti Cc a cht. V Pha Vit Nam, c ng L Trng ng, quyn Cc trng, ng L Vn C, ng Trn Vn Tr v mt s ngi khc. Trong bui lm vic, chuyn gia N.K. Griaznov trnh by bn K hoch cng tc pht hin nhng vng c trin vng du la nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha v bn ngh v du m (thng 1-1959)1.

Bn ngh (ting Nga) cc bc trin khai tm kim, thm d du kh (thng 1-1959)

Trn c s xut ca N.K. Griaznov, ngy 7-4-1959, Chnh ph Vit Nam cho php Tng cc a cht k Hp ng s 9431 vi B a cht Lin X v nghin cu a cht, nh gi trin vng du kh nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha. Hp ng trn c bt u trin khai t ngy 27-6-1959, vi vic thnh lp i kho st nghin cu a cht du kh.

1. Trch phng vn ng L Vn C ngy 3-12-2009.

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i gm chuyn gia S.K. Kitovani, k s trng a cht khu vc v du m, cn b a cht Nguyn Giao. Trong mt s l trnh ban u c s tham gia ca cc cn b a cht: Trn Vn Tr, Nguyn B Nguyn; nhng l trnh sau c thm cn b a cht Nguyn c Lc tham gia cho n khi hon thnh bo co tng kt.

ng Trn Vn Tr (bn tri), ng Nguyn Giao (bn phi) n ng S.K. Kitovani sn ga Hng C, H Ni (nm 1959)

ng Nguyn Giao hi tng li nhng ngy lm vic cng chuyn gia S.K. Kitovani: Cn b lm v a cht nh chng ti lc by gi cn him lm. Ti c giao lm i trng vi nhim v: chun b cc trang thit b k thut theo yu cu ca chuyn gia, lin h xin xe t, nhn vin giao t, bc s, bo v, lin h vi chnh quyn a phng m i s n kho st, v nhn kinh ph chi tiu cho vic thc hin cc l trnh thc a. H tr i l trnh kho st cho i chng ti c 1 bc s, 2 nhn vin giao t phc v chuyn gia, 2 cng an bo v v dn ng (1 t B Cng an, 1 t Cng an tnh lin quan), 2 li xe 2 xe com mng ca ca on xe 12 Cc Chuyn gia. Trang thit b k thut ca i chng ti rt n s gm: cc bn a hnh t l 1/100.000, ba a cht, a bn, s ghi chp, ti ng mu v ho thch, ba l a cht, giy vi leo ni, cn qun o bo h lao ng lc cha c trang b, chng ti c g mc ny nhng cng c gng n din cng p cng tt v lc y chng ti cn tr qu! Mi chuyn l trnh kho st ngn nht l mt tun, di nht l gn mt thng. Sau mi chuyn l trnh, c i c H Ni khong mt tun chun b cho chuyn l trnh tip theo. Rng r hn mt nm tri, t thng 7-1959 n thng 8-1960, i chng ti trin khai kho st thc a t v tuyn 17 tr ra, qua cc vng Ty Bc, Vit Bc, trung du, ng bng, hi o, dc theo ni cao, sui su tm cc im l vi 11 l trnh kho st a cht di khong 25.000 km, m t hn 1.000 im l


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Phn th nht: NHNG HOT NG V T CHC DU KH...a cht, pht hin mi v thu thp cc ho thch ng vt v thc vt ca cc thi i C sinh (Paleozoi), Trung sinh (Mesozoi) v Tn sinh (Kainozoi), kim tra 20 a im bo qung v du kh. Trong nhng biu hin du m ch nhn bit c cc vng nh sau: 1. Vng Ni Lch, Yn Bi: Nhng biu hin du m dng git lng quan st thy Ni Lch, nm pha Ty Nam, cch Yn Bi khong 3-4 km. Ti y l mt thung lng nh ca sui Ngi Gic (ngi Php gi Ngi Giao), pha ng Bc sn Ni Lch, ngi dn a phng pht hin c cht m nhn lng mu nu sm trong vi dm kt. im l du ny thu ht s ch ca ngi Php. Ngay t nm 1910, h bt u cng tc khoan v o cc h vng ny nghin cu. Sau nm 1910-1911, ti y khoan 2 ging khoan nng 52 m, 22 m v o hng chc h. Ging khoan t sn Ty Nam Ni Lch, cao khong 190 m, v chiu su ging khoan 35 m pht hin va ct mu en c mi du m rt mnh. Cn ging khoan khc su 22 m khng c ti liu no c lu gi. Ngoi ra, vng ni ny tri di gn 1,5 km, qua nhiu nm ngi dn a phng o mt s lng ln cc h, trong c nhiu h pht hin cht m lng c mi du m. Sau cng vic trn vng ny chm dt v cc chuyn gia c vn c mi n a ra l do l t y b bin cht v c t gy kin to dc theo sng Hng, nn kh nng thu c s lng du m y khng c ngha. Chuyn gia S.K. Kitovani v i chng ti kho st Ni Lch v thung lng Ngi Gic v Ngi c thy rng dy Ni Lch gm c cc tng ct st vi nhng lp mng dip thch st mu en xen vi nhng lp mng ct kt mu xm v xm sm. Tng trm tch di thung lng Ngi Gic l ra nhng lp mng vi b dm kt mnh mu xm sm v mu en c dng b bo mn. chn Ni Lch, dc theo b tri sui Ngi Gic, ct kt, dip thch trn Ni Lch nm chm nghch trn vi ni trn v sau l cc dip thch st v ct kt mu xm sm b phong ho. Trong cc dip thch , chng ti thu thp c ho thch tui Devon - nh vy nhng lp vi kp trong cc lp dip thch st cng c tui Devon. Cn cc trm tch dip thch st v ct kt trn dy Ni Lch c tui Trias thng - Nori, v vi Devon vng Ni Lch bin tin. t ngn sng Hng l ra tng vi - dip thch st Devon c th nm bin tin trn dip thch kt tinh v gneiss c. Ti y trm tch Devon b ph bi cc trm tch ct - st bin tin tui Tam. vi dm kt mnh tui Devon to thnh nhng mnh nh v gn kt bng calcite tinh th mu trng. Trn b mt cc tinh th calcite trong cc l hng vi bm y du m rt nh mu nu. Cng nh trong cc khe nt nh ca

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Chng 2: HOT NG DU KH VIT NAM...vi khng c calcite cng thy c vt du lng v khi nhn chm cc mnh vi xung nc thy cc vng du m ni ln mt nc. Nh vy c th kt lun rng du m trong vi ny c th nm th sinh, c ngha l du m y dch chuyn t cc tng su hn. Nhng biu hin du m trong tng trm tch dip thch - ct kt Trias dy Ni Lch cng nh cc biu hin du m dng git lng tri di theo thung lng sui Ngi Gic khong 1 km cng bt ngun nh trong trm tch Devon ni trn. 2. Vng bn Nm n, thung lng bn Si Lng, tnh Sn La: Ti vng ny biu hin du m ko di t 10-15 km gia bn Ti, bn Nm n, thung lng bn Si Lng tnh Sn La. Ti bn Nm n l ra tng dip thch st v st mu xm vi cc lp mng vi v st vi mu xm sm. Tng dip thch ny nm trn tng cui kt ht th vi chiu dy ti 10-15 m v ct kt, st mu nu . Theo v tr a tng, tng ny nm trn tng vi Carbon - Permi nn xc nh tui tng trm tch ny l Trias. Nhng lp mng vi v st vi c mi bitum mnh vi hm lng vt cht bc chy ln. Trong nhng khe nt c cha asphalt mu en. 3. du ng Ho, Qung Yn: Ngi Php tm thy du ng Ho t nm 1919. Tr lng du y qu nh, cht lng rt thp vi hm lng cht bc trung bnh khong 14%. Va du mng, khong 5 m, k thut khai thc rt phc tp. Ngoi ra, chng ti gip chuyn gia S.K. Kitovani thu thp, tham gia, phn tch 74 ti liu v a cht Vit Nam v cc nc ln cn ca cc nh a cht Php, Trung Quc, Lin X (c ti Cc a cht) lp bo co a cht hon chnh.

Thng 4-1961, Bo co Trin vng du kh nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha (1959-1961) hon thnh vi 302 trang nh my bng ting Nga, km theo cc bn v v cc mt ct a cht, ct a tng c trng cho tng vng, bn tng , c a l cho tng thi k, bn phn vng kin to a cht v c bit l bn phn vng trin vng du kh nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha t l 1/500.000. Bo co ch yu gm hai phn: a cht v du kh vi cc nhn nh sau: - Phn a cht gm cc vn a tng, kin to, tng , c a l, lch s a cht v phn vng kin to min Bc Vit Nam. - Phn du kh xem xt cc vn : cc du hiu du m trc tip v gin tip,


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c im a ho, mi trng cc b trm tch theo tng thi k, bin cht v tnh cht cha ca t , v.v.. Trn ton lnh th min Bc Vit Nam c chia thnh cc khu vc trin vng, t trin vng, khng trin vng v cc khu vc cn nghin cu tip. Trong trin vng u tin s 1 l bn trng Kho st a cht du kh Ty Bc (1959-1960) gia ni ca chu th sng Hng. Sau l khu vc ng Bc - Bc B, bao gm cc trm tch lc nguyn v lc nguyn - carbonat tui Trias (vng trng An Chu). Bn trng gia ni ca chu th sng Hng chim din tch trn 15.000 km2. Phn ln chm ny c dng hnh tam gic, m rng hng ng v pha vnh Bc B. Pha Ty Bc khp kn li bi cc thnh to Trias trn v T; v nm di l cc bin cht kt tinh ca nn l trn b mt. Trn b mt ca bn trng, cc gc b ph bi lp v cc thnh to T dy 70-100 m, ch mt s khu vc vng ra ca bn trng l ra cc tui Devon nh ni Con Voi (Kin An), tui Trias trn cc vng Ph Li, Bc Ninh, Phc Yn v Ph L, k c bin cht kt tinh ca nn vng Ninh Bnh. Tm li, trong phm vi bn trng ny, trin vng du kh c lin quan trc ht n cc trm tch Tam v Trias-Jura (?). Tip sau l cc i vt mng ca cc trm tch Permi - Carbon - Devon. Cc tc gi kin ngh cng tc nghin cu kho st tip theo bn trng Sng Hng nh sau: (1) o t hng khng khu vc trn ton min Bc t l 1/200.000 v mt s khu vc chi tit hn vi t l 1/50.000. (2) Song song vi o t hng khng, trong phm vi bn trng Sng Hng

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cn trin khai o trng lc t l 1/200.000, hoc 1/100.000. Nhng khu vc c d thng o chi tit hn vi t l 1/50.000 hoc 1/25.000. (3) tranh th thi gian, sau khi pht hin c cc d thng dng theo ti liu t v trng lc, chun b la chn v tr ging khoan chun, d kin chiu su 3.000-3.500 m, c th thit k chiu su ny theo ti liu t v trng lc khoan ht lp v trm tch n b mt nn. (4) Sau khi hon thnh cng tc o trng lc - t chi tit, pht hin cc d thng dng th trin khai cng tc o a chn v in song song vi khoan ging khoan chun.

Bo co Trin vng du kh nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ho (ting Nga) ca S.K. Kitovani

(5) cng tc a chn thm d t hiu qu cao, cn thit phi khoan mt s ging khoan ly mu li theo tuyn a chn vi chiu su t 700-1.200 m. (6) Cng tc tip theo bn trng Sng Hng ph thuc vo kt qu ca phc hp cng tc a vt l v ging khoan chun. Tc gi bo co kin ngh kho st nghin cu cc trm tch lc nguyn v lc nguyn - carbonat tui Trias (vng trng An Chu) nh sau: (1) o trng lc t l 1/200.000, ty thuc kt qu t c, o t m nhng khu vc c trin vng n t l 1/50.000 hoc 1/25.000. (2) o v a cht t l 1/100.000 ton b vng trm tch Trias. (3) Chn cc khu vc v cu to c trin vng o c a cht v a vt l in - a chn vi t l ln hn. (4) lm r nhng kt qu o v a cht - a vt l cha r, cng nh chi


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tit ho cc yu t cu to ring bit, cn phi khoan cu to theo tuyn. (5) Cng tc tip theo ca vng trng ph thuc vo kt qu ca phc hp cng tc nu trn. K t khi cc nh a cht Php cp n vn du m ng Dng, c th ni rng Bo co Trin vng du kh nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha (19591961) ca S.K. Kitovani v cc nh a cht Vit Nam l cng trnh tng hp u tin ca nc ta v nghin cu a cht v Bn phn vng trin vng nh gi trin vng du du kh min Bc Vit Nam (1959-1960) kh trn mt vng lnh th rng ln, n l c s ban u nh hng mt cch khoa hc cho cng tc tm kim, thm d du kh v sau.ng Nguyn Giao nh li: hon thnh cng vic trn, chuyn gia S.K. Kitovani v anh em trong i chng ti phi vt qua bit bao kh khn, gian kh, him nguy, gi rt ca ma ng, nng nng nh thiu nh t ca ma h. Nhng b li, chng ti cng c i kh nhiu ni trn khp min Bc, c ngm nhng cnh p thin nhin hng v ca t nc, c thng thc nhng iu ma xo ca ng bo Thi, Mng, Ty V qun sao c s n tip nhit tnh, nng hu, chn tnh, chu o ca cc v lnh o v ng bo cc dn tc ca cc tnh, a phng ni i chng ti n kho st. Chng ti c nm nhng tri cy, khc ma ngt ngo y p tnh ngi, s chn tht ca ng bo dn tc khi chng ti l ba, i cm, kht nc trn nhng qun t gic, h dng dc theo nhng con ng ni o heo ht gi. V th c i chng ti nh c tip thm sc mnh yu i, yu vic, say m, cng hin ht sc mnh hon thnh tt cng vic c giao

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Chng 2: HOT NG DU KH VIT NAM...Mt chuyn ti cn nh mi: Qua phong tro ton dn bo qung thi y, nhn c cc thng bo v biu hin du kh Con Cung, tnh Ngh An, gn bin gii Vit - Lo, i chng ti n kim tra xc minh thng tin trn. Khi xe t ca chng ti thc hin l trnh, vt n gia mt con sui th xe b ngp nc v cht my. Vi trch nhim ca ngi i trng, ti vi chy vo mt bn lng gn v nh dn a phng y gip xe ln, xe khng chuyn bnh, ti li chy vo bn nh cho mn my con tru ra ko nhng vn khng c. Khi mi ngi va i va rt, ti quyt nh c anh bo v tr v n bin phng a chic xe th hai ca i ra ko xe ln. Xe th hai n v ko c xe t ln th cng l lc ti b ngt, ng tri theo dng nc. Rt may, khi ti b tri hn chc mt, anh em kp pht hin, bi theo v vt c ti ln, t la si m cho ti, ng Kitovani ci o m ca mnh khoc cho ti, dn dn ti tnh dy, v khi cuc hnh trnh kim tra xc minh li tip tc. Nhng k nim trn tht p, cm ng v trn y tnh cm yu thng chn thnh ca cc ng nghip, c bit l ng Kitovani - ti khng th no qun.

2. Cc t chc du kh u tin2.1. on Thm d du la 36 (Tng cc a cht Vit Nam)Trn c s nhn nh v trin vng du kh min Bc Vit Nam v cn c Ngh nh s 159-CP ca Hi ng Chnh ph ngy 9-7-1961, trin khai cng tc tm kim, thm d du kh, Tng cc a cht ra Quyt nh s 271-C ngy 27-11-1961 thnh lp on Thm d du la vi s hiu l on 36 du la (thng gi l on 36) trc thuc Tng cc a cht. on 36 c nhim v tin hnh tm kim, thm d du ha v kh t trn phm vi nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha.ng Bi c Thiu c Tng cc a cht b nhim lm on trng u tin ca on Thm d du la 36. ng sinh ngy 19-2-1928 ti x Hnh Phc, huyn Ngha Hnh, tnh Qung Ngi, xut thn t nng dn, tham gia cch mng t thi khi ngha, c o to thnh cn b hot ng trong thi k khng chin chng thc dn Php. Thng 10-1954, ng tp kt ra min Bc v tip tc cng tc trong ngnh a cht. ng t nn mng u tin v dnh sut qung i nhit tnh cng hin cho nhng bc khi u ca ngnh Du kh Vit Nam vi nhiu thnh tch xut sc, song cng c o le un khc cuc i m trn 80 tui vn cha c gii to, m nh vn Vn Phng miu t ng nh Ngi ca mt thi1. Thi y cn b lnh o c t ngi hiu bit v chuyn mn du1. Nhiu tc gi, T Duy Anh ch bin: Nhng ngi i tm la, Nxb. Hi Nh vn, 2006, t. I, tr. 317-334.


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Phn th nht: NHNG HOT NG V T CHC DU KH...kh, nhng ng c gng hc hi chuyn gia v cn b chuyn mn c kin thc lnh o cng tc. ng l mt ngi bit ng vin chuyn gia Lin X, thu ht cn b khoa hc k thut tr hng hi lm vic. Lc by gi c cu th rng: Em ch ly chng a cht u. Quanh nm sut thng rng su. Cm nng, nc sui cng gi ni. li cho em mt mi su!. V vy, ng Thiu dng chin thut Cc buc tru, ch trng tuyn cc n hc sinh tr a i o to chuyn mn phc v cho cng tc du kh, ng thi gi chn cc chng trai tr li vi on 36 lu di. iu tng ni chi m ng lm tht, v thc t cho thy l ng, chin thut gi chn cc k s, k thut a cht - a vt l khoan gn b vi on v sau ny tr thnh cc cn b ch cht ca ngnh Du kh.

Quyt nh s 271/C ca Tng cc a cht thnh lp on Thm d du la 36

ng Bi c Thiu, on trng u tin ca on 36

on ph l cc ng Phan T Ngha v H Xun Phong, t nm 1963 b sung cc ng Phan Minh Bch v Nguyn c Qu. Trong s cn b lnh o u tin ca on 36 c ng Phan Minh Bch, cn b min Nam tp kt, qu huyn in Bn, tnh Qung Nam. ng c nhiu nm cng tc a cht, nguyn l on ph on thm d thic Tnh Tc, tnh Cao Bng (nm 1956), on trng on thm d st Bo H, tnh Yn Bi (1957-1958). T nm 1958, ng c c i hc a vt l Trng i hc a cht thm d Mtxcva - Nga (MGRI); nm 1963 ng tt nghip v nc, phc v trong ngnh Du kh. ng l mt ngi rt khim tn, vi trnh chuyn mn v kinh nghim cng tc ng nm vng cc vn khoa hc - k thut v qun l cc hot ng tm kim, thm d du kh. ng lun quan tm du dt lp cn b khoa hc - k thut tr hon thnh xut sc cng tc, gp phn xy dng ci ni du kh u tin Lin on a cht 36 - min Bc Vit Nam.

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on 36 c 211 cn b cng nhn vin, trong 123 cng nhn, 22 k thut vin, k s v 36 trung cp nghip v hnh chnh, v 15 chuyn gia Lin X...on chuyn gia Lin X gm c: n k s - lnh o k thut a chn V.V. Macsiutova; k s trng phn tch s liu K.I. Chudinov; k s trng ng my c: D.R. Alikhanov, D.Z. Macsiutov (chng b V.V. Macsiutova); k s trng trc a G.D. Kenia; k thut trng trc a I.D. Trudinov (phc v chung cho c a chn v trng lc); nhn vin k thut tnh ton gm c: L.P. Tulucova, G. Alikhanova; k thut trng bn mn gm c: V.G. Porojnhiacov, L. Koroliev, D. Zavaskii, M.N. Vizir; k thut trng khoan G.A.Nikichenco. Cc chuyn gia trng lc gm: N.V. Epstein v I.I. Vlasova. Chuyn gia c vn u tin v thm d in c tin s A.A. Vedrinxev. Cc chuyn gia Lin X c nhiu ng gp rt quan trng t thu ban u xy dng c s vt cht k thut, t chc thi cng cc cng trnh tm kim, thm d v o to cn b k thut cho on 36.

ng Phan Minh Bch, on ph on 36

Khi mi thnh lp, tr s on 36 t ti H Ni, cui nm 1961 chuyn v trng ng tnh Bc Ninh th x Bc Ninh (thng 11-1962 thng 4-1963); on chuyn gia v vn phng k thut t ti c quan Tng cc a cht, s 6 Phm Ng Lo, H Ni. Ngy 1-4-1963, on 36 chuyn v Nh Thnh (trng ng tnh Hng Yn) th x Hng Yn (1963-1965). Trong nhng nm khng chin chng quc M, bo m an ton, t nm 1966 c quan on 36 s tn v thn Bnh Kiu, x ng nh, huyn Khoi Chu, tnh Hng Yn.

Khu on b on 36 ti th x Hng Yn (nm 1963)

Ban u on 36 c c cu t chc n gin nhng cng y cc phng chc nng bo m cc cng tc hnh chnh, nghip v, t chc nhn s, cung cp vt t, k thut (Ph lc Phn I-01).


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2.2. Lin on a cht 36 (Tng cc a cht Vit Nam)T nm 1969, cng tc thm d du kh pht trin m rng c v quy m v phm vi hot ng. Ngy 9-10-1969, Hi ng Chnh ph ban hnh Quyt nh s 203/CP thnh lp Lin on a cht s 36 (thng gi l Lin on 36) trc thuc Tng cc a cht. Lin on ng tr s ti Ch Go, tnh Hng Yn, c thi gian s tn v x Ngc Trc, huyn Tin L, tnh Hng Yn. Lin on 36 c nhim v tm kim, thm d du m v kh t vng trng H Ni bng cc phng php a cht v khoan my, ch yu l khoan su. Lnh o Lin on c Lin on trng V Bt, cc Lin on ph l Bi c Thiu v Phan Minh Bch.ng V Bt l Lin on trng Lin on a cht 2 - Qung Ninh, c Th tng Chnh ph Phm Vn ng quyt nh iu ng v lm Lin on trng Lin on 36. ng qu Gia Khnh, huyn Gia Lc, tnh Hi Dng, l vng t vn vt ni ting c nhiu danh nhn ho kit. ng tham gia hot ng trc Cch mng Thng Tm nm 1945 v kinh qua nhiu chc v trong Tng cc a cht. T mt ngi lnh o cng tc thm d than chuyn v lm cng tc thm d du kh l nhim v nng n, khng nhng kh khn v chuyn mn m cn kh khn v iu hnh cng vic trong mi quan h i ni v i ngoi. Song c s cn dn v ng vin tn tnh ca Th tng Chnh ph Phm Vn ng, ng quyt tm vt qua kh khn hon thnh tt nhim v lnh o Lin on 36 t c nhiu thnh tch trong giai on u xy dng ngnh Du kh Vit Nam.

ng V Bt, Lin on trng u tin ca Lin on a cht 36

Quyt nh s 1659/TCC ngy 4-11-1969 ca Tng cc a cht quy nh chc nng, nhim v, quyn hn v t chc b my ca Lin on 36 nu r, cc on: a chn 36F, Trng lc 36T, in 36, on a cht 36C An Chu; cc on: Khoan cu to 36K v Khoan su 36S trc thuc Lin on 36. Lin on a cht 36 c tng s 2.300 cn b, cng nhn, trong khong 500 cn b k thut v cng nhn lnh ngh, vi s gip ca hng trm chuyn gia k s, tin s Lin X. Lin on thc hin cc phng php thm d a vt l, khoan cu to, khoan thng s - tm kim, thm d km theo cc cng tc ph tr nh xy lp, th va, th nghim mu khoan, c kh vn ti... Ban u khi mi

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thnh lp, tr s Lin on a cht 36 t ti Ch Go, th x Hng Yn (nay l thnh ph Hng Yn), sau chuyn v Ch u, th x Thi Bnh (nay l thnh ph Thi Bnh). T nm 1973, cc on: 36F, 36T, 36 c sp nhp thnh lp on a vt l tng hp 36F; cc on Khoan cu to 36K v Khoan su 36S c sp nhp thnh on khoan 36K; on 36B c thnh lp lm nhim v nghin cu a cht du kh. Cng trong nm 1973, do hot ng du kh pht trin, Tng cc a cht sp xp li c cu t chc v nhim v ca Lin on 36: cc on a vt l 36F, 36B, 36C tch khi Lin on 36, trc thuc Tng cc a cht. T thng 9-1973, Lin on 36 c nhim v khoan tm kim, thm d; gm on khoan 36K v on khoan 36N (nm 1975 thnh lp thm on 36Y). Tr s chnh ca Lin on vn Ch u, th x Thi Bnh.Thng 6-1974, ng Phan Minh Bch, on trng on a vt l 36F (nguyn l Lin on ph Lin on 36) c iu ng v lm Lin on trng thay ng V Bt nhn cng tc khc. Ngy 13-8-1974, Th tng Chnh ph Phm Vn ng k Quyt nh s 192/ CP b nhim thm 2 lin on ph: k s ng Ca, ph trch thi cng v ng Nguyn Trng Tng, ph trch vt t. T nm 1975, Chnh k s ng Ca l quyn Lin on trng ca Lin on 36. Theo Quyt nh s 1541/TC-DK ngy 12-8-1976, k s a cht Nguyn Ngc C c bt lm Lin on ph ph trch k thut. Lc ny lc lng k thut ca Lin on c t chc li. Phng K thut a cht do k s Nguyn nh Khung lm Trng phng. Phng c cc k s a cht - a vt l: Nguyn Xun Nhu, Nguyn Cng Mc, L Anh Kin, V S L, Nguyn Vn Thnh, Lng c Thin, Trn Vn Hi, Phm Xun Bi,... v cc cn b k thut khc. Phng Cng trnh (khoan) do k s inh Vn Danh lm Trng phng, c cc k s khoan: Trnh Minh Hng, Lng Duyn Nga, inh Hu Khng, Nguyn Tn Qung, Dng Vn ch, Nguyn nh Nhu, Phm nh Quang; b mn bm trm xi mng do V Thanh lm Trng b mn; b mn pha ch dung dch khoan do H Vn Mo lm Trng b mn, cc k s: Trn Hu Hin, Ng Vn T, H nh Thanh, V B Quyn, Nguyn Th Cu... Phng C in do k s T Qunh lm Trng phng, k s Phm Xun Cc lm Ph phng Phng iu do ng Nguyn Cng Minh lm Trng phng, c k s Nguyn Tin Bnh


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2.3. Ban Du m v Kh t (Tng cc Ha cht Vit Nam)Trin khai Ngh nh s 248/CP ngy 28-12-1970 ca Hi ng Chnh ph v giao nhim v cho Tng cc Ha cht chun b cng tc ch bin du kh v ha du, ngy 27-9-1971 Tng cc Ha cht trnh Chnh ph Nhim v xy dng, pht trin ngnh du m v kh t, bao gm mt s ni dung cn nghin cu, ng thi xin php thnh lp Ban Nghin cu Du m v Kh t trc thuc Tng cc Ha cht vi bin ch ban u 50 ngi.Cc ni dung chnh ngh nghin cu: 1. Nghin cu quy hoch, k hoch, phng hng, bin php v chnh sch pht trin ngnh du m, kh t v ha du. 2. Nghin cu chun b xy dng cc phng n kinh t, k thut v cc lnh vc khai thc, vn chuyn, ch bin, tng tr du m, kh t v ha du. 3. Nghin cu tnh hnh pht trin khoa hc - k thut ca ngnh du m v kh t trn th gii, nghin cu nhng vn v khoa hc - k thut, khai thc, ch bin v ha du cho ph hp vi iu kin v hon cnh ca nc ta. 4. Nghin cu v ra ch trng, bin php trnh Nh nc ph chun, phi hp vi cc ngnh thc hin, hoc t chc thc hin, chun b iu kin c s vt cht k thut o to cn b v cng nhn cho cc lnh vc du kh. 5. T chc nm tnh hnh pht trin du m v kh t ca th gii; theo di tnh hnh a cht thm d du m v kh t min Bc nc ta, ng thi theo di tnh hnh du m v kh t min Nam hin nay v chun b cho sau ny. 6. V quan h cng tc gia Tng cc Ha cht vi cc b, cc tng cc c lin quan.

Ngy 3-3-1972, Tng cc Ha cht quyt nh thnh lp Ban Du m v Kh t.Lnh o Ban Du m v Kh t bao gm: - Trng ban: Nguyn Chn, Tng cc trng Tng cc Ha cht, - Ph Trng ban: Nguyn Vn Bin, Ph Tng cc trng Tng cc Ha cht, - Ph Trng ban: Hong Hu Bnh, Ph Tng cc trng Tng cc Ha cht, - y vin thng trc: Nguyn ng Hi, - y vin: Trn Quang Vinh.

ng Nguyn Chn Tng cc trng Tng cc Ha cht, kim Trng ban Du m v Kh t (1972-1973)

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Nhim v ca Ban Du m v Kh t: (1) T chc nghin cu xy dng quy hoch, k hoch, phng hng, bin php, v chnh sch xy dng, pht trin ngnh cng nghip du m v kh t ca t nc; (2) Nghin cu xy dng cc phng n kinh t - k thut khai thc, ch bin, vn chuyn, tng tr, s dng du m, kh t v ha du trc mt v lu di; (3) T chc nghin cu cc ti khoa hc - k thut v thit k phc v yu cu xy dng, pht trin v sn xut ca ngnh cng nghip du m v kh t trn cc mt khai thc, ch bin, vn chuyn, tng tr, s dng v ha du; (4) T chc tt vic tip nhn s gip ca bn v khoa hc, k thut, xy dng cc cng trnh cng nghip du m v kh t, chun b tt cc iu kin v c s vt cht k thut, o to cn b cng nhn, v.v., cho ngnh cng nghip du m v kh t; (5) Quan h cht ch vi ngnh a cht theo di nm tnh hnh thm d v du m v kh t phc v cho cng tc nghin cu v chun b tt cho vic trin khai nhng cng tc ca Nh nc v Tng cc giao; (6) T chc nm tnh hnh du m v kh t ca th gii ng thi theo di nm tnh hnh du m v kh t min Nam chun b cho sau ny; (7) T chc cng tc thng tin v ph bin khoa hc - k thut cng nghip du m v kh t. v: Ban Du m v Kh t gi tt l Ban Du kh, c cc t chuyn mn v nghip - T Hnh chnh qun tr: T trng Nguyn Th Cm Vn, - T Lc - ha du: T trng Trn Quang Vinh, - T Kh: T trng Nguyn Khi, - T C in: T trng Chu Ngc Thun, - T Phn tch th nghim: T trng Nguyn Vn Minh, - T Thng tin quy hoch: T trng Nguyn Mnh Hng. T cui nm 1971, Ban Du kh pht hnh Bn tin Du kh hng thng, cung


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cp thng tin v tnh hnh cng nghip du kh th gii cho lnh o Nh nc, lnh o Tng cc Ha cht v cc ngnh c lin quan. T nm 1973, pht hnh Ni san Du kh, ba thng ra mt k.

2.4. Ban iu tra Du m v Kh t vnh Bc B (1974-1975)Ban iu tra Du m v Kh t vnh Bc B c thnh lp theo Quyt nh s 48-TTg ngy 13-3-1974 ca Th tng Chnh ph, v t Vn phng ti U ban K hoch Nh nc. Trong quan h vi cc cng ty/t chc nc ngoi, Ban iu tra Du m v Kh t Vnh Bc B ly danh ngha l Tng cng ty Nhp khu thit b ton b v K thut (Technoimport) trc thuc B Ngoi thng.

Ba Ni san Du kh

Ban iu tra Du m v Kh t vnh Bc b do B trng, Ph Ch nhim U ban K hoch Nh nc Nguyn Vn Kha trc tip ph trch. ng Phm Ho, y vin U ban K hoch Nh nc, lm Trng ban. Cc y vin, gm: ng Nguyn Vn Bin (Ph Tng cc trng Tng cc Ho cht), ng Nguyn Lm (Cc trng, B Ti chnh), ng Ng Thanh Giang (V trng, B Ngoi thng), ng L Vn C (V trng, Tng cc a cht), ng L Quang Khi (V trng, B Ngoi giao), ng Nguyn Vn ch (Ph V trng, Vn phng Ph Th tng), ng L Hong (Ph Cc trng, Ngn hng Nh nc), ng L Tn Pht (Trng phng, B Ngoi thng), ng Nguyn Phi Hng (chuyn vin, U ban K hoch Nh nc). Cc ng: L Vn C, H c Hoi (Tng cc a cht) tham gia vi t cch c phi vin.

Cc hot ng ca Ban iu tra Du m v Kh t vnh Bc B khng c lu gi li nhiu.ng L Vn C v ng H c Hoi k li: Thi k ny Vit Nam cha c bt c lut l, th tc g v lm du kh bin, nhng Ban iu tra Du m v Kh t vnh Bc B cng tip xc vi nhiu t chc du kh ca Php, Nht Bn, Italia, k bn ghi nh gia i din ca Technoimport vi Nht Bn v Italia lm a chn vnh Bc B. Tuy nhin, cng vic ny khng trin khai c do s cn tr ca nc lng ging.

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3. Hot ng tm kim, thm d du kh min vng H niBo co Trin vng du kh nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha (1959-1961) (S.K. Kitovani, 1961) phn chia lnh th min Bc Vit Nam ra cc vng: (1) Vng trin vng nht: vng trng gia ni thuc tam gic chu th sng Hng (vng Bc v ng Bc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha). (2) Vng t trin vng: vng thnh to cc trm tch lc nguyn tui Trias thuc vng trng An Chu. (3) Vng trin vng khng r rng. (4) Vng khng c trin vng: i un np Hercyni.ng bng sng Hng hay tam gic chu th sng Hng l phn pha Bc Vit Nam, l ni khi u cho cng tc tm kim, thm d du kh trn ton lnh th nc ta. Qua qu trnh thm d a cht - a vt l, khu vc ny c t tn theo mc nghin cu a cht nh vng trng gia ni sng Hng (S.K. Kitovani, 1961); vng trng tha k T H Ni (A.E. Dovjicov, 1962); min vng ven ra, min vng trc ni (A.E. Kameneski, Nguyn Ngc C, 1965); bn trng H Ni (E.S. Postenicov, 1966); trng H Ni, min vng H Ni (N.V. Epstein, V.V. Macsiutova, H c Hoi, 1964); min vng chng gi tui Neogen - Q (V.K. Golovenok, L Vn Chn v nnk. 1967, 1968, 1970); phn nghing hng tm Ty Bc min vng H Ni (on chuyn gia B a cht Lin X, 1972). Khi cng tc tm kim, thm d du kh m rng ra vnh Bc B, mi nhn thy min vng H Ni ch l phn Ty Bc ca b trm tch Sng Hng rng ln, chim din tch khong 4.000 km2 ca vng t lin v bin nng ven b. T y khi nim min vng H Ni c nhiu ngi cng nhn v c s dng rng ri trong cc vn liu khoa hc - k thut.

3.1. Thm d a vt lT nm 1962, Vit Nam bt u nhn chuyn giao v ng dng cng ngh thm d a vt l ca Lin X, bao gm cc phng php thm d t hng khng, trng lc, a chn, in cu to, a vt l ging khoan.

Kho st a cht ti thc a


41

Phn th nht: NHNG HOT NG V T CHC DU KH...Cc phng php thm d a vt l: Thm d t: ng dng t tnh ca vt cht m ra phng php o trng a t nhm nghin cu cu trc v tri t v s phn b cc nham thch trong n. Phng php thm d t c cc dng: o t mt t, o t hng khng, o t bin, o t v tinh, o t trong hm l... Thm d trng lc: C s khoa hc ca phng php thm d trng lc l nghin cu trng trng gy ra bi lc hp dn ca vn vt theo nh lut Newton. o trng lc l o gia tc trng trng (g), i hi chnh xc rt cao. o trng lc trn t lin, di y nc hoc trn thnh tu. Dng phng php trng lc nghin cu hnh thi v cu trc bn trong tri t, cng nh tm kim cc m khong sn rn v du kh. Thm d a chn: C s khoa hc ca phng php thm d a chn l da trn nguyn l truyn sng n hi theo nh lut Hooke. Sng a chn t nhin hay nhn to truyn qua cc lp t trong v tri t l tin xy dng phng php thm d a chn, phc v cho vic nghin cu cu trc a cht v tm kim cc m khong sn, trong c m du kh. Phng php thm d a chn c cc dng: a chn phn x c a chn n, a chn im su chung (SC~CDP), a chn 3 chiu (3D), a chn 4 chiu (4D), a chn a thnh phn (4C), a chn khc x. C a chn trn b v a chn bin, a chn ging khoan (karota a chn). Thm d in: o in tr sut ca t nghin cu cu trc a cht, tm kim khong sn, c bit l cc m kim loi, ngun nc ngm. Thm d in c cc dng: - in mt chiu: dng ngun in nhn to. - in xoay chiu: dng dng in nhn to v t nhin (dng telua). - Phng php s dng sng v tuyn (radio kip). - Phng php Rada xuyn t. Thm d in c th tin hnh trn mt t v trn khng, trong ging khoan (karota in). Thm d phng x: s phn r ht nhn nguyn t to ra nguyn t mi, pht ra cc tia bc x alpha, beta, gamma. Nghin cu trng phng x ca t gii quyt nhim v a cht. C cc phng php gamma hng khng, phng php gamma mt t, o phng x trong ging khoan. a vt l ging khoan: p dng cc phng php a vt l trong lng ging khoan nh karota a chn, siu m, karota in, karota phng x...

Do yu cu thc hin cng tc kho st a vt l trn thc a, ngay sau khi c thnh lp, on 36 t chc cc t k thut, nh T Trng lc, T a chn

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v T Trc a. T Trng lc do Phm Liu, k thut trung cp ph trch; T a chn do Trn Cnh, ngi min Nam tp kt, k thut trung cp a vt l lm T trng; T Trc a do Phm Cng Chnh lm T trng. T u nm 1963, cc i chuyn c chnh thc thnh lp trn c s pht trin cc t k thut. i Trng lc do Nguyn Quc Trng lm i trng, Nguyn c Tm lm T trng o c trc a, Nguyn c Lc ph trch k thut v th nghim. i a chn c thnh lp ngy 12-01-19631. i a chn c cc t: T Trm my do Bi Vn Khit lm T trng; T 63 lm nhim v bn mn (dng xe ti GAZ-63 Lin X ch thuc n) do Nguyn Xun Thanh lm T trng; v Nhm thuyn b khi lm a chn trn sng, ngi. Ngoi cng tc kho st thc a, i a chn cn c nhim v x l v phn tch s b ti liu thu c. Nhn lc ca i c 100 ngi. i Thm d in (1963-1966) c thnh lp nm 1963, bao gm cc t nghin cu thc a v mt vn phng phn tch ti liu. i trng u tin l Nguyn Quc Trng (t i Trng lc chuyn sang) v i ph l Hong Hip. Nhn lc ban u gm 40 cng nhn, k thut s cp (Nguyn Ph Thnh, Trn Nghim...) v mt s cn b qun l nghip v. Ngy 9-1-1967, Tng cc a cht quyt nh chuyn cc i chuyn a vt l thnh cc on chuyn a vt l, trc thuc on 36. on Thm d trng lc 36T, ban u do Nguyn Hu Lc lm on trng, sau l Vn ng Li; Nguyn Hip l on ph. on b ng ti Ch a, huyn n Thi, tnh Hng Yn. on Thm d a chn 36F, on trng l L Khon v cc on ph: Nguyn Vn Di, Trng Minh. Khi mi thnh lp, on b 36F ng ti lng Trng X, sau chuyn v lng o Qut, huyn n Thi, tnh Hng Yn v chuyn tip v th trn Cm Ging, tnh Hi Dng. on Thm d in 36, Trn Trng nh lm on trng, sau l Tng Mi, tip theo l Trn c nh. Tr s ca on ng trong nh dn v di chuyn lin tc. Nm 1969, tr s ca on Lin Kh, huyn Khoi Chu, tnh Hng Yn; nm 1970 chuyn v L Chi, huyn Tin L; nm 1971 chuyn v huyn M Ho.1. Quyt nh s 18 /C.


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Lin on trng Lin on a cht 36 Phan Minh Bch cng cc cn b khoa hc k thut on a vt l 36F v on Nghin cu 36B

on a vt l tng hp 36F c thnh lp ngy 243-1973 trn c s hp nht cc on chuyn Trng lc 36T, a chn 36F, in 36. T ngy 11-9-1973, on a vt l 36F tch khi Lin on 36 v trc thuc Tng cc a cht1. on a vt l 36F c nhim v tin hnh cng tc a vt l khu vc v tm kim du m, kh t min Bc Vit Nam.

Ban lnh o on a vt l 36F gm c ng Phan Minh Bch, Lin on ph Lin on a cht 36 kim on trng on a vt l 36F, cc on ph l Trng Minh, Nguyn Tn Kch v Vn ng Li. Thng 8-1974, ng Phan Minh Bch v nhn nhim v Lin on trng Lin on a cht 36 ti Thi Bnh, thay ng V Bt nhn cng tc khc; k s H c Hoi c b nhim quyn on trng on a vt l 36F. Sau l ng Ng Mnh Khi.

Trong thi gian ny, cng tc thm d a chn thc hin nhiu phng n k thut, m rng ra ton vng ng bng sng Hng v vng rng ni An Chu. Do , on a vt l 36F t chc thnh 5 i thc a trc thuc.

i I chnh l Vng kho st a vt l min vng H Ni i a chn (theo V.V. Macsiutova,1964) u tin ca on 36 c chuyn sang phin hiu i I, do i trng Nguyn c Tun v cc i ph Nguyn nh Sng, Bi Vn Cc ph trch; s dng cc trm my1. Quyt nh s 241/Q-CT.

Kho st t hng khng

Kho st trng lc

Kho st a chn, in

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Chng 2: HOT NG DU KH VIT NAM...a chn tng t ca Lin X nh CMO, trm my ghi s SN-338B ca Php (nm 1975). i II do i trng L Ngc Thnh v cc i ph Trn Vn Hoa, Trng nh Qu, Trnh B Cung ph trch. T nm 1967, i I v i II ghp li (ly tn l i Khc x) thc hin kho st a chn khc x min vng H Ni. ng V Long l i trng i Khc x. i III, i trng l Nguyn Xun Thanh, sau mt thi gian hot ng c sp nhp vo i II. i IV do i trng V Tin Hi v i ph Nguyn Lng Bng ph trch. i V do quyn i trng L Hu Liu v i ph L Din Cu ph trch. i V thc hin kho st a chn min vng H Ni, sau thc hin cng tc th nghim a chn phn x vng trng An Chu. Trm karota a chn do k s vt l V Ngc Thch lm Trm trng v k s v tuyn in Hong Vn Hanh sa cha v ng my. Xng Sa cha my a vt l do Nguyn Tt Nho lm Xng trng, Hong Vn Hanh lm Xng ph ph trch k thut v sau lm Xng trng.

Thm d t hng khng Cng tc t hng khng khng phi l nhim v ca on 36, nhng bn t hng khng l t liu ht sc quan trng cho vic nghin cu cu trc a cht, tm kim v thm d du kh. T thng 4-1961, di s ch o k thut ca chuyn gia Lin X Iu.D. Ivanicov, on 35 Tng cc a cht tin hnh kho st t hng khng khu vc min Bc Vit Nam. Nm 1963 thnh lp Bn d thng t hng khng t l 1/200.000 min Bc Vit Nam, phc v cho cng tc iu tra c bn. Trn bn t hng khng pht hin c cc dy d thng m dng ln, phn chia lnh th ra ba vng ng Bc, Ty Bc v Nam ca min Bc Vit Nam (Iu.D. Ivanicov, 1962-1963). l c s ban u nghin cu cu trc a cht su ca min vng H Ni, gp phn phn vng kin to v khoanh khu vc trin vng du kh. Thm d trng lc T thng 11-1961, on Thm d du la 36 bt u trin khai phng n o v trng lc vng gia v ng Nam vng trng H Ni t l 1/500.000, 1/200.000


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v 1/50.000 do chuyn gia Lin X N.V. Epstein ch bin cng vi n k s trng I.I. Vlasova v c nhn vt l Nguyn Ngc Khnh, sau ny l Nguyn Hip.Nhng k thut vin o my u tin l Nguyn Quc Trng, Phm Ngc Cc, Nguyn Thanh Xun, Hong Vn Li, Nng Huy Nhi, Nguyn Ngc Ton, Bi Duy To, Trn Nghim, Hong Khnh Ho; N k s trng I.I. Vlasova, cc k thut trc a: L Ngc Tn, Nguyn Hip v Nguyn Ngc C trn l trnh Vn Hnh, Trn Lin, Nguyn kho st vng ng Bc - Bc B Trn T, Nguyn Duy Hin, Phm Hng Cn, Nguyn Duy Thit thc hin vic o c, tnh ton s liu xc nh ta v cao cc im quan st trng lc. o trng lc bng my o trng lc (trng lc k), thc cht l o bin thin gia tc trng trng i hi chnh xc rt cao (t 0,1-0,5 miligal, tc l t 0,0001-0,0005 cm/sec2). My o trng lc GAK-PT ca Lin X nng khong 5 kg - trng nh mt ci phch kem - b phn quan trng nht nhng cng d hng nht l l xo bng si dy thch anh c ng knh nh hn si tc! (vic sn xut i hi cc k kho tay, ton Lin X lc by gi ch c vi ba ngi th c th lm c vic ny). Khi o ti mt im mt khong 1-3 pht, nhng thi gian di chuyn my t im o ny n im o tip theo cng ngn th kt qu o cng chnh xc. Vn chuyn my bng xe t th thun li (nhng ng s khng c xu qu), nu khng c ng xe chy c th ch cn cch dng ba l eo my i b, li ng rung, leo o vt ni, bng qua rng rm, nhanh nhng phi an ton cho my! Gi tin ca mt my o trng lc khong 3.000-5.000 rp, lc gi mt chic qut tai voi khong 15-20 rp.

Kt qu quan trng ca bo co thm d trng lc do N.V. Epstein ch bin l ln u tin thnh lp c Bn d thng trng lc t l 1/500.000 phn ra ng Bc min vng H Hi, 1/200.000 min vng H Ni v 1/50.000 ng Nam min vng H Ni. Ti liu ny cng vi Bn d thng t hng khng do Iu.D. Ivanicov thnh lp cho bc tranh u tin v cu trc a cht ca min vng H Ni, nht l xc nh c cc t gy su sng Hng, sng Chy, sng L v phn nh cc vng cn c kho st chi tit.

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Cc chuyn gia Lin X N.V. Epstein, I.I. Vlasova rt tn tnh o to, km cp v chuyn mn nh o v chun my, vit phng n, t chc trin khai, x l phn tch, vit bo co tng kt cho th h cn b k thut trng lc u tin ca Vit Nam. T thng 10-1963 n thng 4-1966, thm d trng lc c trin khai trn ton min Bc Vit Nam thnh lp Bn d thng trng lc t l 1/500.000 vi cc im o cch nhau khong 5 km.i trng trng lc l Phm Ngc Cc, t thng 4-1965, sau khi anh Cc i chin trng B, anh Nguyn Thanh Xun lm i trng; cc k thut vin o my gm: Nng Huy Nhi, Nguyn Ngc Ton, Hong Khnh Ho, Nguyn Hu Chuyn, Trnh Xun Bo. V trc a, ph trch k thut l Vn Hnh, t thng 7-1965 l Nguyn c Th; o my c cc k thut vin: Trn Lin, Nguyn Trn T, Nguyn Duy Hin, Phm Hng Cn, Nguyn Duy Thit, Nguyn Th Hot, Ng Duy K, Bi Ngc Ton; k thut vin tnh Phm Cng Chnh; cc ha : Nguyn Th Kim Ln v Cao Th Vit.

Thng 5-1967, Bo co tng kt ti liu trng lc trn ton min Bc c hon thnh do Nguyn Hip, Phm Liu, Hong Vn Li thc hin, c s tham gia ca cc chuyn gia Lin X N.V. Vikhornov, A.M. Gmar.ng Nguyn Hip k li: Vic trin khai cng vic ny gp rt nhiu kh khn v gian kh. Trc ht l do phm vi hot ng qu rng, h thng ng giao thng cn hn ch v xu nn phi i b nhiu theo cc ng mn bng qua rng ni, cha c cc trm cung cp xng du nn xe phi chy i chy li nhiu. Cng kh khn hn khi my bay M bn ph c lit Qung Bnh, Vnh Linh, khng ch cc con ng Ty Bc, bt buc phi di chuyn v o my vo ban m. Nhiu ln anh em phi lm vic nhng ni cn kht lt mi bom n, cy c, nh ca b chy. Cng khng t ln trong m xe chy di nh pho sng do my bay M th, cng nh phi chy gn k nhng qu bom cha n, khi thy cc c gi ng bn cnh h bom, tay cm c trng ch ng cho xe qua, chng ti rt vng tm song vn cn hi hp v c phn hi xu h trc tinh thn dng cm ca cc c gi ! Trang b bo h lao ng rt thiu thn, mi nm c pht mt b qun o lao ng bng vi si ta, mt i giy vi do Trung Quc vin tr, che ma bng mt tm ny lng (ch c lnh o mi c pht o ma bng vi bt). Ba l cng rt thiu nn phi dng cc bao d ng dng c nhn, ni niu xoong cho, lng thc v dng n gnh trn vai! Nu khng c my mc i km th khng ai ngh li l mt t o c trc a - trng lc! Kh khn hn na l hai ba ngy li di chuyn ni ( nh nh dn), c nhng vng qu ho lnh phi dng xe tip t lng, go, vt t k thut, c tem phiu cng khng th mua. C khi n k tip t, xe hng, anh em ht go phi n ng, khoai, sn.


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T o trng lc ng bng sng Hng

T o trng lc vng Ty Bc

Ln ln vi anh em trng lc v trc a khng th khng nhc n cc anh li xe (GAZ 69 t vung) Thc, Dn (sau ny i B), Tun ln, Lin, c nhng thng chy nh con thoi 2.000-3.000 km trn nhng con ng khc khuu, nhng con ng lm nghip, k bn vc thm trong iu kin ma, l rng. Nguyn Hip - on ph ch o k thut, Nguyn Thanh Xun trc l i trng sau l on ph on 36T thi gian ch yu l thc a. Cc anh lnh o on 36T nh Nguyn Hu Lc (t nm 1967 n thng 5-1968), Vn ng Li (t thng 6-1968 n thng 8-1970), Nguyn Ch Thnh (t thng 12-1969 n thng 4-1973), cng vi cc cn b nhn vin nghip v cng ngy m lo chy mi vic nhm bo m hu cn cho anh em trc tip lm vic thc a. Cc anh cng nhiu ln trc tip i tip t cho cc t, c ln v xe hng, on trng Vn ng Li cng anh em phi ly gc cy c th lm nh!... Trong thi gian M bn ph min Bc, tr s on 36T lc u s tn nh nh dn x ng nh, huyn Khoi Chu, tnh Hng Yn, sau di chuyn v x Chin Thng, ri n Ch a, huyn n Thi, tnh Hng Yn mi dng nh tranh vch t lm vic. gim bt kh khn v i li, mt s cuc hp tng kt n v c t chc ngay ti vng ang kho st o c....

Trong cng vic x l, phn tch, minh gii ti liu vn phng cng gp khng t kh khn. Vic tnh ton ch yu dng bn tnh Trung Quc, thc tnh logarit, my tnh c Nisa quay tay ca Tip Khc, cc loi bn c lp bng phng php th cng! Chng hn khi tnh bin i trng, phi c hng trm gi tr trn bn ri cng tr nhn chia tng y con s mi cho kt qu gi tr bin i trng ti mt im! v c mt bn bin i trng cn phi c

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hng nghn im nh th, lm ngy lm m cng phi mt c thng tri! By gi cng vic ny dng my tnh in t ch mt vi gi!Gian kh vt v nh vy song Bn d thng trng lc t l 1/500.000 trn ton min Bc Vit Nam cng hon thnh cho php khng nh hai h thng un np ng Vit Nam v Ty Vit Nam ngn cch nhau bi i khu Sng Hng, ti y c s nng ln rt nhiu ca y v qu t (mt Moho), ng thi cng khng nh s c mt ca cc h thng t gy su c phng Ty Bc ng Nam v ng Bc - Ty Nam. V chi ph, gi thnh cho mt im ta (chun) l 255 ng, im thng l 85 ng, tng chi ph khong 137.000 ng, lc lng thng ca mt k s l 73 ng, k thut trung cp t 45-52 ng, cng nhn t 32-37 ng, cng tc ph l 1,2 ng/ngy, tin cm thng l 18 ng. Nh vy, chi ph cho mt n trng lc rt khng ng k so vi cc n thm d in, a chn. V vy, phng php thm d trng lc bao gi cng c tin hnh trc khoanh li cc vng c trin vng, sau mi tin hnh thm d in v a chn.

ng thi vi vic trin khai o trng lc t l 1/500.000 trn ton min Bc, trong nm 1963-1964 tin hnh o t l 1/50.000 (cc im cch nhau khong 1 km) vng ng Nam tnh Thi Bnh v vng Ph Bnh tnh Thi Nguyn.Ngoi cc chuyn vin k thut nu trn, t thng 8-1964 c s tham gia ca k s a vt l Phan Minh Bch v t thng 11-1964 c s tham gia ca chuyn gia Lin X N.V. Vikhornov. Bo co tng kt ti liu cho bit vng ng Nam tnh Thi Bnh c hai i cu to: i Kin Xng - Tin Hi (hay phn ng Nam i Trung tm Khoi Chu - Tin Hi), i ng Bc Tin Hi (hay p

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