Lichens of New Zealand an Introductory Illustrated Guide

8/12/2019 Lichens of New Zealand an Introductory Illustrated Guide

1/56

LICHENSof New Zealand

An Introductory Illustrated

Guide

Allison Knight


2/56


3/56

3INTRODUCTION

New Zealand Ecosystems and Lichens

What is a lichen?

New Zealands wide range o ecosystems support an exceptionally rich lichen flora. Tis

approaches 2,000 species with more to be discovered10% o the worlds lichens in 0.18 %

o global land area! Our main islands stretch rom latitude 34 47 South; outlying islands

extend this to 29 52 S, creating a wide climatic rangerom tropical to subtropical in thenorth to subantarctic in the south, with a long cool temperate band in between. Around 85

million years ago the original lowland landmass split off rom Gondwanaland. Te native

Forest & Shrubland Ecosystem section is closest to these origins and contains the greatest

diversity o lichens. Te main mountain uplif began around 5 million years ago, orming a

backbone o mountain ranges and creating the relatively recent lichen habitats covered in

the Alpine & Subalpine Ecosystem. Tere are thousands o kilometres o coastline and

rivers, and the surrounding areas orm the basis o the Coastal & Freshwater Ecosystem

section. Mori arrived and began clearing orest around 1300 AD; Europeans ollowed suitrom around 1800 AD. Te Urban & Pastoral Ecosystem section covers areas modified

by humans. Lichens play a vital, yet under-recognised, role in all ecosystems, and add almost

as many species as seed plants to national biodiversity.

Surprisingly, a lichen is not a single organism, yet every lichen reproduces in a recognizable

orm and has a scientific name. Scientifically, a lichen is a ungus (mycobiont) living in an

intimate, or symbiotic, partnership with a photosynthetic partner (photobiont)either

a green alga or a cyanobacterium, or both. In other words, lichens are ungi that have

discovered agriculture. Te ungus is genetically unique, which is why all lichens are

named afer the ungal armer. Photobionts tend to associate with a range o ungi. Te

algal (or cyanobacterial) crop uses energy rom the sun to produce enough carbohydrates

to nourish both partners. Te ungus absorbs water and minerals, provides protection rom

the elements, anchorage and an extended surace area or photosynthesis. Combined, ungus

and photobiont can live almost anywhere, rom the Equator to the Arctic, the sea-shore to the

mountain topsa ar wider range than other plants. Lichens have even survived exposure

to outer space! Enhancing their resilience is the ability to manuacture protective chemicals.

Over 1000 different lichen chemicals are known, some potentially useul to humans. For

protection against UV-B irradiation there are various sunscreens, including chemicals that

can convert UV light into visible light. o ward off disease and crowding many lichens

make antibiotics, including anti-bacterial, anti-ungal and anti-cancer agents. For deence

against browsing some produce pesticides or abrasive crystals. Ecologically speaking, lichens

contribute a great deal to our environment and, with 20000 known globally, and more being

described every day, add considerably to the worlds biodiversity. Tey colonize, stabilize

and enrich bare soil and rock, thus ertilizing and restoring disturbed land. Because they are

slow growing and can live or hundreds o years, lichens sequester significant amounts o

carbon, yet they can respond rapidly to environmental stresses and are important indicators

o pollution and o climate change. Tere are many reasons why we should get to know these

remarkable partnerships.


4/56

4 INTRODUCTION

Using this guide

Habitats and Substrates. Te layout is divided into the 4 broad colour-codedecosystems described in the introduction. Some lichens have very specific habitats, others

are widespread; i your lichen is not in one section it pays to check the others.

Te main substrate is abbreviated afer the name o each species:t: tree-living. On bark (corticolous), bare wood (lignicolous) or leaves (oliicolous)

g: ground-living (terricolous). On soil, sand, decaying matter, moss or low vegetation

r: rock-living (saxicolous). Also on roads, paths, concrete, brick, glass or metal.

Growth forms.Within each ecosystem, the species are arranged according to the ormo the lichen body (thallus). Growth orms are grouped into 3 broad colour-coded categories:

Foliose:flattened, leaf-like lobes with distinct upper and lower surfaces. With carethese can be lifed rom the substrateeasier when wet. Look or attachment structures on

the lower surace and distinctive slits, holes or reproductive structures on the upper surace

(see glossary). Foliose lichens are arranged in descending order o lobe width, which varies

rom greater than 50 mm in some Stictaand Pseudocyphellariato less than 0.5 mm in tiny

Hyperphyscia adglutinata. Finally come squamuloselichens, which have individual, scale-

like lobes, discrete or overlapping and ofen tiny, but still with a distinct lower surace.

(Squamulose, stalked Cladoniamay be placed in the ruticose section).

Fruticose: 3-dimensional twiggy or shrubby thallus. Tese catch the light romall angles, hence the encircling layer o algae under the outer cortex. Note the branching

patternsingle or divided, cylindrical or flattened, upright or dangling, hollow or solid.

Stalks are hollow in Cladonia and Cladia and solid in Leifidium and Stereocaulon, while

Usneahas a distinctive central cord (axis).

Crustose: a flattened crust with no lower surface. Fungal filaments (hyphae)extend into the substrate. Te thalluscan be smooth, rough or cracked, continuous or in

discrete lumps (areolate), or entirely embedded in the substrate. Species within ecosystemsare grouped by reproductive structures: sexual apothecia or perithecia; asexual vegetativepropagules.

Identification. First note the habitat and substrate and then determine the growthorm. Wet the lichen and split the thallus to determine the photobiont (green or darkly

cyanobacterialsee glossary). Te illustrated species have green algae as the main photobiont

unless specified as cyanobacterial (cyano.). Use a hand lens and check glossary or other

identiying eatures. Chemical tests and/or microscopic examination o thallus or spores areofen needed to reliably identiy to species level. Photographs are just a rough guide. Consult

the 3 volumes o the Flora o New Zealand Lichens1,2or ull details.


5/56

5INTRODUCTION

ABOVE: Lichen covered twig, Orokonui, Dunedin. ypical growth orms:

Foliose: a,Xanthoria parietina; b, narrow-lobed Physcia jackii.

Fruticose: c, immature Ramalinasp. with flattened branches

Crustose, disc ruits: d, pink Haematomma babingtonii; e, black Lecidella elaeochroma;

, orange Caloplaca subpyracea; g, white Lecanora carpinea.

Scale.Te largest oliose, ruticose or crustose lichens can extend over 50 cm wide or long,while the smallest lichens in each group may have lobes or ruiting bodies less than 1 mm

wide. Image size is reduced or the largest lichens; smaller lichens are magnified to show

identiying details that could be seen through a 10x lens. Some glossary images may be more

highly magnified to show details best seen under a microscope.

Names. Few New Zealand lichens have consistent common names. Names in this guideollow the 2007 Flora o New Zealand Lichens2in order to acilitate access to ull descriptions.

Names that have been updated since are marked with*. Check or current names on the New

Zealand Plant Database: http://nzflora.landcareresearch.co.nz

Glossary.erms in bluein the text are defined in the glossary, which illustrates detailsthat are useul or identification. Related eatures are grouped together in 5 sections:

1, Photobionts and colour; 2, Growth orm variants; 3, Sterile ungal eatures; 4, Vegetative

reproduction; 5, Sexual reproduction.

Collecting. Have a clear purpose, a permit rom the Department o Conservation orpermission rom the landowner. ake the least amount needed or identification. Lichens

grow so slowly that regeneration could take years. Dry lichens store well in paper packets.

a

c

b

d

e

g


6/56

6 URBAN & PASTORAL ECOSYSTEMS

URBAN & PASTORALareas modified by humans

Cleared land inhabited by people, introduced plants, animals and oreign

materials presents habitats very different rom the original sheltered orest. Farms

and towns only sprung up in the 19th century, which in evolutionary terms is

very recent. Perhaps it is not surprising that the lowest diversity o lichens occurs

in these areas. Now modified environments cover 75% o the land. Tis section

starts close to home: 86% o New Zealands 4.4 million people live in urban

areas and over 30 million animals are armed in rural areas. Grazed arid areas

and lowland tussock grasslands are also covered. Windblown Xanthoparmelia

semiviridis is one o a suite o lichens threatened by development o arid South

Island areas. Since human activity extends above treeline, into the orest and

along the coast and waterways, there is some overlap with the other 3 sections.

As lichens extract all the nutrients they need rom air and water, all they need

or growth is moisture, sunlight, clean air and somewhere to perch. Adaptable

lichens now occupy many unnatural habitats: bare and painted wood, gravel,

asphalt, masonry, concrete, glass, rubber, wire, metal, bricks, tiles, plastic, wind

netting, cloth, twine, leather, bones etc. Some orm extensive swards: grey greenXanthoparmelia scabrosa spreads over sheltered ootpaths and roads. Orange

Xanthoria parietina, which arrived with settlers, Candelaria, Candelariella or

Caloplaca species can turn trees, roos, concrete or bare wood golden, while

ABOVE: Saddle Hill, Dunedin


7/56

7URBAN & PASTORAL ECOSYSTEMS

Lecanora carpineapaints bark white. Te extra light that deciduous trees allow in winter

encourages Physciaadscendensand other cosmopolitan lichens. Higher light does not suit

many large oliose lichens, but ruticose Usneaand Ramalinaspecies thrive on well-lit bark

and wood.

Air pollution can limit lichen growth in cities. Dust, smoke, exhaust umes, industrial

pollution, acid rain, rain shadows and deep shade all limit the amount o light or clean water

available, to the extent that the centres o some cities become lichen deserts. As the air gets

cleaner away rom dense buildings and busy roads, the diversity, health and abundance o

lichens increases, although agricultural chemicals and other armland pollution, especially

elevated nitrogen rom ertilizer and animal waste, impact adversely on lichen growth and

diversity.

Lichens are important colonizers and stabilizers o disturbed ground. Dibaeis arcuata

and Baeomyces heteromorphusorm pale, spreading crusts on roadside and trackside banks

that consolidate the soil and pave the way or urther succession.Te ollowing 52 images o town and country lichens are arranged by growth orm.

b

a

c

d

e

ABOVE: Urban lichen community on rose branch, Dunedin. ypical growth orms:

Foliose: a,Xanthoria parietina; b, Physcia adscendens.

Fruticose: c, Ramalina celastri; d, Usnea cornuta; e, eloschistes chrysophthalmus.

Crustose: , Lecanora carpinea.


8/56


Urban & Pastoral Ecosystems

4. Pseudocyphellaria crocata (cyano.) t,r 8.Xanthoparmelia scabrosa r

FOLIOSEwide lobes

1. Parmotrema perlatum t

2. Punctelia borreri g,t

3. Peltigera polydactylon (cyano.) g

FOLIOSEwide to medium lobes

5. Punctelia subrudecta t

6.Xanthoria parietina t

7. Parmelina labrosa t


9/56

9URBAN & PASTORAL ECOSYSTEMS


12. Hyperphyscia plinthiza t 16. Menegazzia neozelandica t

FOLIOSEnarrow lobes

9.Xanthoparmelia verisidiosa r

10. Dirinaria applanata t

11. Heterodermia speciosa t

FOLIOSEnarrow or inflated lobes

14. Hypogymnia subphysodes t

15. Menegazzia subpertusa t

13. Melanelia glabratuloides* t


10/56


11/56

11URBAN & PASTORAL ECOSYSTEMSURBAN & PASTORAL ECOSYSTEMS


25. Cladonia chlorophaea g

26. Cladonia fimbriata g

27. Cladonia floerkeana g

28. eloschistes velifer r,t

FRUICOSEunbranched

29. Ramalina celastri t,r

30. Ramalina glaucescens t

31. eloschistes chrysophthalmus t

32. eloschistes sieberianus t

FRUICOSEmostlyunbranched


12/56



33. Stereocaulon ramulosum r,g

34. Cladia aggregata g

35. Usnea cornuta t

36. Usnea inermis t

FRUICOSEbranched

37. Haematomma babingtonii t

38. Lecanora carpinea g

39. Diploschistes muscorum sspbartlettii t

40. Candelariella vitellina t

CRUSOSErimmed ruit


13/56

13URBAN & PASTORAL ECOSYSTEMSURBAN & PASTORAL ECOSYSTEMS


45. Arthonia radiata t

46. Graphis librata t

47. Phaeographina arechavaletae* t

48. Talloloma subvelata t

CRUSOSEdistorted ruit (lirellae)

41. Buellia porulosa t

42. Pyrrhospora laeta* t

43. Paraporpidia leptocarpa r,g

44. Lecidella elaeochroma t

CRUSOSEunrimmed ruit


14/56



ABOVE: Freshwater cyanobacterial lichens, John OGroats River, Fiordland. a, Leiodermapycnophorum; b, Collemasp.; c, Degelia gayana; d, Pannaria euphylla (arrow to cephalodium)

a

b

dc

CRUSOSEstalked ruit

49. Dibaeis arcuata g,r

50. Baeomyces heteromorphus g,r

CRUSOSEpowdery (leprose)

51. Chrysothrix candelaris t

52. Lepraria lobificans g,t


15/56

15COASTAL & FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS

COASTAL & FRESHWATERnear the sea or in moist places

ABOVE: Coast, river and lake shores, wetlands and rainorest, Lake McKerrow, Fiordland.

New Zealand has over 15000 km o coastline and over 75% o the population

lives within 10 km o the sea. Tere are a staggering 425000 km o rivers and

streams and over 4000 lakes. Te Coastal and Freshwater section covers these

diverse habitats. As many coastal and reshwater areas border or cross armland,

orest and human habitation, there is some crossover with the Urban & Pastoral

and Forest & Shrubland sections.

Te open coast is exposed to sun, wind and lashing waves. Zonation o

lichens on the rocky shore can be marked. Below the tide line black Verrucariacreates a black tar slick zone, with orange, crustose Caloplacaabove. Te splash

zone is inhabited by more crusts and by bright orange, small olioseXanthoria

ligulata*; these merge into a broad, white zone dominated by Pertusariaspecies.

Above that live less firmly attached species such as oliose Flavoparmelia and

Parmotrema, and ruticose, pixie cup Cladonia species. Coastal trees, such as

pohutakawa in the north and rata/kamahi orests in the south, support distinct

lichen communities, as do estuarine shrubs such as salt marsh ribbonwood.

Widespread Rinodina thiomela, a greenish-yellow crust, lives on rocks close tothe coast, by estuaries or by reshwater.

Exposed river and lakeside habitats include eroding ground, bark and bare


16/56

16 COASTAL & FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS

wood. Other reshwater sites are damp places near ponds, wetlands, bogs, drips and trickles.

Periodically inundated habitats range rom the exposed, rolling stones o east coast braided

rivers to damp ditches or shady stream banks. Some lichens rom the moistest places in

rain and mist orests are also included in this section. Lichens grow best in repeated wet/

dry situations. Tey can only photosynthesize when moist. Green algaeuse water vapour

and can survive with mist alone, but do not cope with being sodden. Cyanobacteria can

photosynthesize when saturated, enabling them to tolerate the wettest sites, hence theirabundance in this section. Cyanobacterial Pseudocyphellaria and Sticta species thrive in

moist, shady orests, while Peltigeraspecies are rapid colonizers o damp banks and rotting

logs. Genera containing both green algae and bundles o cyanobacteria (cephalodia) are also

well adapted to damp places. Pannariaspecies are common in moist orests, while Placopsis

and Stereocaulonare important early colonizers and stabilizers o riverbeds, ditches and damp

banks. Te mushroom-ruited (basidiomycete) lichens Lichenomphalia and Multiclavula

mucidainhabit damp substrates.

ABOVE: Coastal lichens, Akatore, Otago. ypical growth orms.

Foliose: a,Xanthoria ligulata*; b, Flavoparmelia haysomii.

Fruticose: c, Stereocaulon corticatulum.

Crustose: d, Rinodina thiomela; e, Pertusaria graphica; , black Buellia stellulata;g, orange Caloplacasp.

e

b

g

cd

a


17/56

17COASTAL & FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMSCOASTAL & FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS

Coastal & Freshwater Ecosystems

FOLIOSEwide lobes, green algal

54. Pseudocyphellaria episticta t

55. Parmotrema tinctorum t,r

56. Parmotrema reticulatum t,r

53. Pseudocyphellaria aurata* t,r

wide lobes, cyanobacterial

57. Sticta fuliginosa t.r

58. Peltigera dolichorhiza g

59. Pseudocyphellaria dissimilis g ,t,r

60. Pseudocyphellaria fimbriatoides g ,t


18/56


19/56



narrow lobes, green algal

69. Heterodermia lutescens r

70. Xanthoria ligulata* r

71. Pannaria leproloma t

72. Pannaria microphyllizans t

scale-like (squamulose) lobes

73. oninia aromatica r

74. Neophyllis melacarpa g,t

76. Parmeliella nigrocincta (cyano.) t

75. Pannaria immixta (cyano.) r


20/56



77. Cladonia humilis g

78. Cladonia pyxidata g

80. Siphula decumbens g

FRUICOSEunbranched

79. Siphula fragilis* g

81. Cladia retipora g

82. Cladonia confusa g

83. Stereocaulon corticatulum r

84. Usnea rubicunda t

FRUICOSEbranched


21/56



88. Rinodina thiomela r 92. ephromela atra r

85. Caloplaca circumlutosa r

86. Lecanora flotoviana* r

87. Ochrolechia parella r

CRUSOSErimmed ruit, coastal

89. Placopsis illita r

90. Placopsis microphylla r

91. Placopsis perrugosa r

Squamulose/Crustoserimmed ruit


22/56



93. Ionaspis lacustris r

94. Porpidia albocaerulescens r

95. Buellia albula r

96. Buellia stellulata r


97. Coccotrema cucurbitula r

98. Diploschistes scruposus r

99. Pertusaria graphica r

100. Verrucaria maura r

CRUSenclosed ruit (perithecioid)


23/56



105. Metus conglomeratus g

106. Lichenomphalia alpina g

107. Podotara pilophoriformis t

108. Strigula sp. t

CRUSOSEstalked/ lea-living

101. Dirina neozelandica r

102. Opegrapha diaphoriza r

103. Enterographa subgelatinosa r

104. Enterographa bella t

CRUSOSEelongated ruit (lirellae)


24/56

24 FOREST & SHRUBLAND ECOSYSTEMS

FOREST & SHRUBLANDnative trees & shrubs below treeline

ABOVE: Rain orest and shrubland with no treeline, Coromandel Peninsula.

Ancient New Zealand was covered in lowland orest, so it is not surprising thatthe orest lichen flora is particularly well developed. Tis Forest & Shrubland

section covers lichen habitats amongst native trees and shrubs below treeline.

Shrubland habitats above treeline are treated in the Alpine & Subalpine section.

Some cyanobacterial species rom moist orest habitats are illustrated in the

Coastal & Freshwater section.

Our native evergreen orest flora differs considerably rom the Northern

Hemisphere deciduous and conier orests, having evolved in isolation and the

absence o ground mammals. Dispersal rom Australia, the Pacific Islands and

South America has added to the mix o orest species. Forests dominated by

southern beech (Nothofagus) occur in colder, drier areas. Magnificent podocarp

oreststotara, kahikatea in moist lowland areas, and giant kauri in the north

have been decimated by fire and logging. Northern pohutukawa and rata typiy

the coast. Broad-leaved trees intermingle with larger orest trees, giving way to

shrubs in the understorey and the orest edge. New Zealand has an exceptional

number o small-leaved, ofen divaricating, shrubs rom many genera, perhaps

driven by pressure rom the original toothless browsing auna. Manuka and

kanuka dominate the grey shrubland, along with species o Coprosmaand other

small leaved shrubs.


25/56

25FOREST & SHRUBLAND ECOSYSTEMS

ABOVE: Mist orest lichen community on bark, Lewis Pass, Canterbury. Growth orms.

Foliose: a, Pseudocyphellariarubella*; b,Menegazzia pertransita.

Fruticose: c, Usnea articulata.

Crustose: d, Pertusariasp.; e, Telotrema lepadinum

Lichen habitats range rom deep shade near the ground inside the orest to high light on

canopy or open shrubland twigs; rom very humid bark and rock in rainorest or mist orest

to scorchingly dry perches in sparse, stony shrubland. Pristine rainorests harbour our most

spectacular large lichens and New Zealand is a centre o diversity or the wide-lobed oliose

genera Pseudocyphellariaand Sticta, distinguished by the type o pits on their lower suraces.

In the shelter o the orest the protective outer cortex is thinner. Dry, it is opaque and greyish;

when wet, many shades o green algae and cyanobacteria show through. Narrow, inflatedlobes are characteristic o Menegazzia and Hypogymnia. Menegazzia is distinguished by

holes through the upper surace. White crusts splashed over trunks and branches could be

Phlyctis, Pertusaria or Telotrema species. Dangling or tufed strands o yellowish-green

old mans beard (Usnea) add an ethereal touch to twigs and branches in goblin orests near

treeline. Grey straps o Ramalinalive among them on the lower orest edge. iny lea-living

(oliicolous) genera such as Strigulaand Byssoloma, and the beautiul Enterographa bella, are

most likely to be ound on leaves and erns in moist orest.

e

da

b

c


26/56


Forest & Shrubland Ecosystems

FOLIOSEvery wide lobes

109. Sticta latifrons t,g

110. Pseudocyphellaria coronata t

111. Pseudocyphellaria colensoi t

112. Pseudocyphellaria lividofusca t

FOLIOSEwide, smooth lobes

113. Pseudocyphellaria homoeophylla g,t

114. Nephroma australe t,r

115. Lobaria adscripta t,r

116. Parmelia tenuirima t


27/56



FOLIOSEsmooth or dimpled lobes

117. Sticta cinereoglauca t

118. Sticta subcaperata t

119. Pseudocyphellaria rufovirescens t,g

120. Pseudocyphellaria faveolata t,g

FOLIOSEdivided lobe margins

121. Sticta filix t,g

122. Pseudocyphellaria multifida t

123. Bunodophoron scrobiculatum t,g

124. Pseudocyphellaria glabra t,g


28/56



128. Pseudocyphellaria granulata t 132. Lobarina scrobiculata t

finely divided, hairy or granular

125. Pseudocyphellaria pickeringii t,g

126. Punctelia subflava t,r

127. Pseudocyphellaria rubella* t

granular (sorediate) & cyanobacterial

129. Pseudocyphellaria crocata shade ormt,r

130. Pseudocyphellaria intricata t

131. Sticta limbata t


29/56



FOLIOSEwide lobes, cyanobacterial

133. Peltigera nana g

134. Nephroma rufum t

135. Nephroma plumbeumvar.isidiatum t

136. Degelia duplomarginata t

narrow lobes, cyanobacterial

137. Dendriscocaulon dendroides g

138. Leioderma pycnophorum t

139. Erioderma leylandii t

140. Coccocarpia erythroxyli t


30/56



FOLIOSEinflated lobes

141. Hypogymnia turgidula t

142. Menegazzia pertransita t

143. Menegazzia dielsii t

144. Menegazzia nothofagi t,r

FOLIOSEnarrow lobes

145. Bunodophoron australe t,g

146. Bunodophoron insigne t,g

147. Melanelia calva* t

148. Heterodermia leucomela t


31/56



FOLIOSEnarrow lobes

149. Pannoparmelia angustata t

150. Parmelia subtestacea t

151. Parmelina pseudorelicina t

152. Parmelinopsis afrorevoluta t

FOLIOSEnarrow lobes, cephalodia

153. Sticta martinii t,r

154. Pannaria sphinctrina t

155. Pannaria euphylla t

156. Pannaria xanthomelana t


32/56




157. Psoroma asperellum t

158. Psoroma melanizum g

159. rapeliopsis congregans g

160. Cladonia darwinii g

161. Leifidium tenerum g,t

162. Sphaerophorus stereocauloides t,g

163. Usnea articulata t

164. Usnea ciliifera t

FRUICOSEbranched


33/56



165. Brigantiaea chrysosticta t

166. Ochrolechia pallescens t

167. Pertusaria truncata t

168. Phlyctis subuncinata t

CRUSOSErimmed ruit

169. Megalaria grossa t

170. Dibaeis absoluta g

171. Megalospora gompholoma t

172. Miltidea ceroplasta t



34/56



173. Pyrenula deliquescens t

174. Porina exocha t

175. Telotrema lepadinum t

176. opeliopsis decorticans r

enclosed ruit (perithecioid)

177. Arthonia cinereopruinosa t

178. Enterographa pallidella t

179. Leiorreuma exaltatum t

180. Phaeographis inusta t

CRUSOSEelongated ruit (lirellae)


35/56



181. Chaenotheca brunneola t

182. Multiclavula mucida g,r

183. Coenogonium implexum t

184. Sagenidium molle t

stalked ruit or elt-like thallus

185. Megalaria pulverea t

186. Buellia griseovirens t

187. Pertusaria novaezelandiae t

188. Psilolechia lucida g,r

mostly sterile, powdery (sorediate)


36/56

36 ALPINE & SUBALPINE ECOSYSTEMS

ALPINE & SUBALPINEhabitats above treeline

ABOVE: Subalpine shrubs, tussock grassland and alpine rocks, Lake Marion, Fiordland.

New Zealands mountains are around 5 million years young and are still beingpushed up and eroded down as the Pacific and Australian tectonic plates collide

and slide, continually creating new habitats or lichens to colonize. Tis section

covers alpine and subalpine habitats above treeline.

reeline rises with mean summer temperature. In the ar north all vegetation

is below treeline. It comes in at 1500 m on the volcanoes o the central plateau.

Other North Is. alpine areas are: Mt aranaki to the west; Hikurangi to the east;

the crests o the Kaweka, Kaimanawa, Ruahine and ararua ranges. Te South

Island has the highest mountains and the most extensive areas o alpine and

subalpine habitats. reeline ranges rom 1250 m in the centre o the Southern

Alps to below 1000 m on the coast. On Rakiura (Stewart Is) it alls rom 900 m

to sea level and in the Subantarctic Islands nearly all vegetation is above treeline.

Subalpine shrubs provide a brie zone o shelter and bark or lichens to grow

on. Above that there are niches among increasingly stunted plants, rom tussock

grasslands to herbfields, to pygmy cushionfields. When these give out, tough

lichens grow on bare soil and rock, up to nearly 3600 m on the summit rockso Mt Cook. As the survival o other plants decreases with increasing altitude,

lichens make an increasing contribution to the diversity and cover o the alpine

flora, until they dominate completely. Te lichen symbiosis has developed


37/56


38/56


Alpine & Subalpine Ecosystems

FOLIOSEwide lobes

189. Pseudocyphellaria maculata (cyano.) g

190. Pseudocyphellaria degelii g,t

191. Parmelia signifera r

192. Parmelia sulcata r

FOLIOSEwide lobes

193. Umbilicaria nylanderiana r

194. Umbilicaria umbilicarioides r

195. Umbilicaria vellea r

196. Solorina crocea g


39/56

39ALPINE & SUBALPINE ECOSYSTEMS


FOLIOSEnarrow lobes

197. Hypogymnia lugubris g,t

198. Menegazzia inflata t

199. Hypotrachyna sinuosa t

200. Everniastrum sorocheilum t

FOLIOSEnarrow lobes

201. Xanthoria elegans* r

202. Xanthoparmelia sp. (brown sunscreen) r

203. Xanthoparmelia stygiodes r

204. Icmadophila splachnirima g


40/56




205. rapeliopsis colensoi g

206. oninia bullata g,r

207. Psoroma paleaceum g

208. Psoroma hypnorum g

209. Cladonia murrayi g

210. Cladonia pleurota g

211. Stereocaulon gregarium r

212. Usnea acromelana r

FRUICOSEunbranched


41/56



213. Tamnolia vermicularis g

214. Siphula dissoluta g

215. Siphula fastigiata g

216. Siphula foliacea* g

FRUICOSEno or ew branches

217. Cladia sullivanii g

218. Bunodophoron ramuliferum t,r,

219. Usnea ciliata r

220. Stereocaulon colensoi r

FRUICOSEbranched


42/56



221. Usnea torulosa r

222. Alectoria nigricans* g

223. Pseudephebe pubescens r

224. eloschistes fasciculatus r

FRUICOSEbranched

225. Haematomma alpinum t

226. Ochrolechia xanthostoma g

227. Placopsis brevilobata r

228. Placopsis clavifera r,gw

CRUSOSErimmed ruit


43/56



229. Lecanora epibryon ssp.broccha g

230. Lecanora rupicola r

231. Lecanora farinacea r

232. Lecanora polytropa r

CRUSOSErimmed ruit

233. Poeltiaria coromandelica r

234. Rhizocarpon geographicum r

235. Labyrintha implexa r

236. Pertusaria otagoana r



44/56



237. Lecidea lygomma r

238. Porpidia macrocarpa r

239. Lecidea lapicida r

240. Arthrorhaphis alpina g,r


241. Lichenomphalia sp. g

242. Caloplaca lutea r

243. Lepraria neglecta r

244. Candelariella coralliza r

CRUSOSEstalked ruit or sterile


45/56

45Italic endings indicate singlular/plural e.g. alga/ae, apothecium/ia

Useful identifying Features GLOSSARY1.Photobionts and Colour: wetness, sunscreens and crystals

Green alga/ae1, 2: Te photosynthetic partner inover 80% o NZ lichens; ofen rebouxiaorrentepohlia species. Rarely ree-living.1. Usneacornuta. Cross section o thallus showing:a, outer cortex; b, green algal layer; c, medulla; d, axis.

2. Pseudocyphellaria coriacea. a, Dry, grey, opaqueupper cortex; b, Green algae show through wet cortex.

Cyanobacterium/ia(blue-green algae) 37: In15% o NZ lichens; ofen Nostoc. Can fix nitrogen andthrive in damp places. Te jelly lichens CollemaandLeptogiumare cyanobacterial, as are many Pseudo-cyphellaria. Colours: grey, black, brown or dark green.

3. Collemaglaucophthalmum. a, Wet lobes are swollenand jelly-like. b, Dry thallus is dark, crisp and flat.4. Pseudocyphellaria lividofusca. Dry, grey lobe tips.Dark cyanobacteria show through wet cortex.

Cephalodium/ia5, 6, 14, 18, 20, 46: Nodule ocyanobacteria in (e.g. Pseudocyphellaria, Sticta,Lobaria) or on (e.g. Placopsis, Psoroma) a green algalthallus. Adds nutrient in damp or depleted habitats.5. Pannaria xanthomelana. Blue-grey cephalodia.6. Stereocaulon ramulosum. Stalked cephalodium.

Cortex14, 7, 8: Outer layer o compactedhy-phae. Opaque when dry, translucent when wet (24).Thicker in exposed sites. Can contain sunscreenthat

masks algal colour e.g. parietin, melanin.

7. Peltigera didactyla. Split through thallus showing:

a, cortex; b, cyanobacterial layer;.c, cortex.8.Xanthoriaparietina.Cortex contains more orangeparietin above, where it is more exposed.

Melanoid sunscreens occur in both green algal (9) andcyanobacterial lichens (4), and darken from brown to

black with increasing UV exposure.

9.Xanthoparmelia malcolmii. Green algae protectedby black melanoid sunscreen in the overlying cortex.

Pruina10, 5153: Crystals, usually calcium oxalate,that protect fruit and tender tips from sun or grazing.

Pruinose 10, 5153: With pruina.10. Haematomma babingtonii. White-rimmed red apo-thecial discs protected by a thin layer of white pruina.

Colour:A useul but variable identiying eature. Photobiont colour is best seenwhen the lichen is wet. It can be masked by overlying cortex, sunscreen or crystals.

Photobiont:Te photosynthetic partner; either a green alga, and/or a cyanobacterium. Usuallyound in a layer just under the outer cortex, but is scattered throughout in Collemaand Leptogium.Reproduces asexually. Only a ew hundred photobiont species are known globally.

1 2

3 4

5 6

7 8

9 10

aac

a

b

d

b

b

ba

cc


46/56

46 GLOSSARYGLOSSARY

GLOSSARY 2. Growth form variations

Ascomycete11, 12: Member o the cup-ruitingphylum Ascomycota. Over 99% o NZ lichens areascomyctes.11. Parmelia subtestacea. a, cupped apothecia;b, thallus.

12. Dibaeis arcuata. a, convex, stalked pink

apothecium; b, thallus; c, podetia(stalks).

Basidiomycete13: Member o the mushroom-ruiting phylum Basidiomycota.Make up less than 1% o NZ lichens. Producemushroom-like ruit on a strongly algal crust.13. Lichenomphalia alpina. Basidiomycete lichen.

Prothallus/i14, 16, 20: Mat o ungal hyphaeextending beyond thallus.14. Psoroma asperellum. a, black prothallus;b, cephalodia; c, squamules

Areolate15: Tallus or cortex made o discrete,

discontinuous lumps.15. Candelariella vitellina. a, areolate thallus;b, rimmed apothecia

Filamentous16: Tread-like or woolly.16. Sagenidium molle. a, filamentous thallus withgreen algae; b, white, ungal prothallus.

Leprose17: Powdery thallus with no cortex: madeentirely o soredia.17. Chrysothrix candelaris. Leprose thallus.

Placodioid18: Crustose in the centre with radiat-ing marginal lobes.18. Placopsis sp. a, placodioid thallus;b, placodioid cephalodium.

Squamules14, 19, 20, 41: Individual scale-likelobes with a distinct lower surace.

Squamulose14, 19, 20, 41: With squamules.19. Cladonia pleurota. a, oliose squamules;

b, red apothecia; c. podetium(ruticose stalk).20. Placopsis illita. a, green squamules on a blackprothallus; b, cephalodium; c, apothecium.

Te 3 broad growth orms, Foliose, Fruticoseand Crustose, are described in the introduction andillustrated throughout. Te ungal partner usually provides the architectural bulk (1, 7).

Tallus/i:1, 2, 7, 11, 12. Te body o the lichen, containing photobiont surrounded by ungus.Mycobiont: Te ungal partner in a lichen. Fruit bodies (apothecia, perithecia etc.) and prothallusare solely ungal, as are the protective cortex, the medulla and the attachment structures.

Lichenized: A ungus that has adapted to living with an algal and/or a cyanobacterial partner.11 12

13 14

15 16

17 18

19 20

aa

a

aa

a

a

a

b

b

b

bb

b

b

b

c

c

c

c


47/56


3a. Sterile fungal features: pores, slits, holes and pits GLOSSARY

Cyphella/ae21, 36: Roundish, rimmed, depressed,pores in the lower cortex, lined with a smooth layer omedulla. In NZ only ound in Sticta.21. Sticta latifrons. Cyphellae with white lining andrims surrounded by brown tomentum.

Pseudocyphella/ae2226: Round to slit-likepores or gaps in the upper or lower cortex revealingthe medulla. Occur in 16 genera.22. Pseudocyphellaria colensoi. Raised, rough

pseudocyphellae exposing yellow medulla.

Punctate23, 24: Scattered with tiny holes.23. Punctelia borreri. Punctate. pseudocyphellae on

upper (laminal)surace.24. Pseudocyphellaria lividofusca. Punctatepseudocyphellae on upper surace.

Pseudocyphellaeas slitsin cortex (25, 26) arediagnostic or ParmeliaandAlectoriaand present insome Ramalinaand Usneaspecies.25. Parmelia signifera. Slitted pseudocyphellae.26.Alectoria nigricans*. Stalk o ruticose lichen withslit-like pseudocyphellae.

Macula/ae27. Pale patches under unbroken cortexcaused by gaps in the algal layer below.

Maculate27: With maculae.

Faveola/ae27, 28: A series o ridged, shallow,honeycombed depressions or pits. Present in at least

14 genera. Diagnostic or some species.

Faveolate27, 28: With aveolae.27. Pseudocyphellaria maculata. a, pale maculateridge; b, aveolate depression.28. Pseudocyphellaria faveolata. Shallowly aveolate.

Perforate28, 29: With perforations(holes)through cortex or thallus. Characteristic o the outersurace oMenegazziaand Cladia, the lower surace

o some Hypogymniaand the axils(branching points)o some Cladonia.29.Menegazzia pertransita. Perorations.30. Cladia aggregata. Perorate stalks.

Te outer cortex or the thallus may have specific round or elongated pores exposing the medulla, orholes right though to a hollow centre or even right though the thallus. Tese are possibly to aid gasexchange, evaporation or hydration. Pits and wrinkles may also be distinguishing eatures.

Medulla1, 7, 22: An inner layer o loosely woven hyphae, usually white, sometimes orange, yellow,cream or black. Te colour o the medulla may show through gaps in the cortex (cyphellae andpseudochphellae 2126), or when there are patches with no photobiont (maculae 27).

21 22

23 24

25 26

27 28

29 30

a

b


48/56

48 GLOSSARYGLOSSARY

GLOSSARY 3b.Sterile fungal features: hairs, bristles, roots and veins

Cilium/ia21, 3133: Stiff, short hairs e.g. project-ing rom the margin o Parmotrema, Heterodermiaand Everniastrumlobes and the edge o eloschistesand Usneaapothecia.

Ciliate21, 3133: With cilia.31. eloschistes chrysophthalmus. Ciliate margins oapothecia and branches.32. Physcia adscendens. a, cilium; b, rhizine.

Rhizine33, 34, 39, 40: Attachment bristle obundled hyphae projecting rom the lower surace.Characteristic o Parmeliaceae amily and severalother oliose genera.

Rhizinate33, 34, 39, 40: With rhizines.33. Parmotrema perlatum. a, cilia; b, rhizines.34.Hypotrachyna sinuosa. Branched rhizines.

Rhizomorph36: Root-like structure characteristico Siphula. Few other lichens deeply penetrate the

substrate; most perch on it.35. Siphula dissoluta. Anchoring rhizomorph.

omentum21, 22, 3638: Fine, silky, ofen mattedhairs on upper, lower or outer surace. Diagnostic orsome species o Sticta, Pseudocyphellaria, PeltigeraErioderma, Dendriscocaulonand Leptogium.36. Sticta limbata. a, brown tomentum on lowercortex; b, white cyphellae.

omentose21, 22, 36 38: With tomentum.37. Erioderma leylandii. ufed tomentum on uppersurace.38. Pseudocyphellaria gretae. omentose uppersurace.

Vein39, 40: Bundled longitudinal strands o hyphae,ofen bulging. Distinguishing eature o Peltigeraspecies.

39. Peltigera polydactylon. Wide, flat, cream veins withprojecting black rhizines on lower surace.40. Peltigera dolichorhiza. White, narrow raised veinswith long white projecting rhizines.

Attachment and other organs made mainly o ungal hyphae are important or identificaction. akecare to examine the lower surace o oliose lichens.

Hypha/ae: Individual thread-like ungal filaments that orm the cortex, medulla, prothallus andall ruitbodies. Hyphae can also orm projections o various thicknesses that aid identification e.g.tomentum, rhizines and rhizomorphs, which are attachment organs on the lower surace o olioselichens. Cilia project horizontally rom margins or vertically rom thallus or isidia.

31 32

33 34

35 36

37 38

39 40

a

a

a

b

b

b


49/56


4. Vegetative reproduction: powders, pieces and budding GLOSSARY

Soredium/ia17, 4144: Vegetative propagulesconsisting o powdery granules with no cortex, madeup o hyphae entwining photobiont cells. .

Sorediate17, 4144: With soredia

Farinose41: With fine, flour-like soredia41. Cladonia fimbriata. Farinose soredia.42. Pseudocyphellaria granulata. Granular soredia.

Soralium/ia43, 44: Distinct patches with no cortexwhere soredia are ormed. Can be diagnostic withinthe 3 main growth orms.43. Heterodermia speciosa. Marginal soralia.44.Menegazzia subpertusa. Soralia on laminal (upper)surace.

Isidium/ia4547: Small, mostly cylindrical, easilydetached projections o the thallus. Vegetativepropagules with surrounding cortex and photobiont.Can erode into soredia.

Isidiate4547: With isidia.45.Xanthoparmelia scabrosa. Globose isidia.

46. Placopsis clavifera. Clavate(club-shaped) isidia.47.Xanthoparmelia isidiigera. Branched isidia.

Phyllidium/ia48, 49: Flattened isidia, with distinctlower surace. Can co-occur or develop rom isidia.Ofen diagnostic, especially in Pseudocyphellaria.48. Pseudocyphellaria dissimilis. a, Phyllidia, showing

distinct lower surace; b, pseudocyphellae49. Punctelia subflava. Branched phyllidia.

Pycnidium/ia50: Small globose structures,immersed or protruding, where tiny spores (conidia)are budded off rom specialised hyphae by mitosis.Pycnidia ppear as dark dots in Parmeliaceae and aspale bulges in Ramalinaand Tamnolia.50. Hypogymnia turgidula. Black pycnidia.

Conidioma/ata: Conidia-bearing structures,usually pycnidia.

Vegetative propagules: A common orm o asexual reproduction in lichens. Soredia, isidia,phyllidia and other lichen ragments contain both algal and ungal partners and are important orshort distance dispersal. Tey can be easily broken, washed, blown or carried off to propagate new li-chens. Budding o ungal hyphae in specialised structures like pycnidia produces microscopic asexualungal spores (conidia) that can be blown long distances, but then need to find a photobiont to orm aresh lichen partnership.

41 42

43 44

45 46

47 48

49 50

a

b


50/56

50 GLOSSARYGLOSSARY

GLOSSARY 5. Sexual reproduction: types of fruit bodies

Apothecium/ia5158: Ascomycete ruit withexposed disc; cupped, flat, inverted, rimmed or not.

Rimor thalline margin11, 51, 52: Lecanorinetype apothecia have a rim o thallus, the same colouras thallus, containing photobiont cells.51. Brigantiaea chrysosticta. Rim o thallus aroundapothecial disc covered in thick orange pruina.52. Collema glaucophthalmum. Rimmed, flatapothecia with thickly white-pruinose discs.

Unrimmed53: Apothecia without a thallinemargin. May have aproper margin(rim o ungaltissue) o a similar colour to, or slightly different rom,the apothecial disc, but have no rim o thallus tissue.53.Megaloblastenia marginiflexa. Dark propermargin around disc with thin white pruina.

Mazedium/ia5456: An apothecium whichdissolves into loose, dark powder.54. Bunodophoron scrobiculatum. Black, powderymazedium; oliose lichen.

Stalked apothecia12, 19, 5556: Occur in allgrowth orms (not usually as mazedia).55. Leifidium tenerum. Fruticose lichen with stalkedmazedium.56. Chaenotheca brunneola. Crustose pin lichen withstalked mazedia.

Lirella/ae57, 58: Distorted or elongated apothecia.

Sometimes look like hieroglyphics.Lirellate57, 58: With lirellae. Crustose scriptlichens or graphids have lirellae.57.Arthonia radiata. Distorted apothecia.58. Graphis librata. A graphid with lirellate ruit.

Perithecium/ia59: Pimple-like ruit body with acentral pore enclosed by thallus.59. Pyrenula deliquescens. Black perithecia.

Perithecioid60: With partially enclosed volcano orperithecia-like ruit bodies.60. Telotrema lepadinum. Perithecioid ruit.

Ascus/i:Sac-like structures in Ascomycetes, which sexually produce ascospores (microscopic ungalspores) in a ruit body. Tis is usually an apothecium, sometimes a perithecium. Ascospores are easilyblown long distances, but then have to find a photobiont partner to orm a new lichen.

Basidium/ia: structures in Basidiomyctes (mushroom-ruited ungi or lichens) where ungalspores are produced sexually by meiosis.

51 52

53 54

55 56

57 58

59 60


51/56

51INDEX

AAlectoria nigricans* 42, 47Arthonia cinereopruinosa 34Arthonia radiata 13, 50

Arthrorhaphis alpina 44

BBaeomyces heteromorphus 14Brigantiaea chrysosticta 33, 50Bryoria austromontana 37Buellia albula 22Buellia griseovirens 35

Buellia porulosa 13Buellia stellulata 16, 22Bunodophoron australe 30Bunodophoron insigne 30Bunodophoron ramulierum 41Bunodophoron scrobiculatum 27, 50

CCaloplaca circumlutosa 21Caloplaca lutea 44Caloplaca subpyracea 5Candelaria concolor 10Candelariella coralliza 44Candelariella vitellina 12, 46Chaenotheca brunneola 35, 50Chrysothrix candelaris 14, 46Cladia aggregata 12, 47

Cladia retipora 20Cladia sullivanii 41Cladonia chlorophaea 11Cladonia conusa 20Cladonia darwinii 32Cladonia fimbriata 11, 49Cladonia floerkeana 11Cladonia humilis 20Cladonia murrayi 40

Cladonia pleurota 40, 46Cladonia pyxidata 20Coccocarpia erythroxyli 29Coccotrema cucurbitula 22

Coenogonium implexum 35Collema glaucophthalmum 45, 50Collema laeve 18Collema subconveniens 18

DDegelia duplomarginata 29Degelia gayana 14, 18Dendriscocaulon dendroides 29Dibaeis absoluta 33Dibaeis arcuata 14, 46Diploschistes muscorum ssp bartlettii 12Diploschistes scruposus 22Dirina neozelandica 23Dirinaria applanata 9

EEnterographa bella 23Enterographa pallidella 34Enterographa subgelatinosa 23Erioderma leylandii 29, 48

Everniastrum sorocheilum 39

FFlavoparmelia haysomii 16

GGraphis librata 13, 50

HHaematomma alpinum 42Haematomma babingtonii 5, 12, 45Heterodermia leucomela 30Heterodermia lutescens 19Heterodermia speciosa 9, 49Hyperphyscia adglutinata 10Hyperphyscia plinthiza 9

Hypogymnia lugubris 39Hypogymnia subphysodes 9Hypogymnia turgidula 30, 49Hypotrachyna sinuosa 39, 48

INDEX OF ILLUSTRATED SPECIES


52/56

52 INDEX OF ILLUSTRATED SPECIES

IIcmadophila splachnirima 39Ionaspis lacustris 22

LLabyrintha implexa 43Lecanora carpinea 5, 7, 12Lecanora epibryon ssp. broccha 43Lecanora arinacea 43Lecanora flotoviana* 21Lecanora polytropa 43Lecanora rupicola 43Lecidea lapicida 44Lecidea lygomma 44

Lecidella elaeochroma 5, 13Leifidium tenerum 32, 50Leioderma pycnophorum 14, 29Leioderma sorediatum 18Leiorreuma exaltatum 34Lepraria lobificans 14Lepraria neglecta 44Leptogium coralloideum 18Lichenomphalia alpina 23, 46

Lichenomphalia sp. 44Lobaria adscripta 26Lobarina scrobiculata 28

MMegalaria grossa 33Megalaria pulverea 35Megaloblastenia marginiflexa 50

Megalospora gompholoma 33Melanelia calva* 30Melanelia glabratuloides* 9Menegazzia dielsii 30Menegazzia inflata 39Menegazzia neozelandica 9Menegazzia nothoagi 30Menegazzia pertransita 25, 30, 47Menegazzia subpertusa 9, 49

Metus conglomeratus 23Miltidea ceroplasta 33Multiclavula mucida 35

NNeophyllis melacarpa 19Nephroma australe 26Nephroma cellulosum 18Nephroma plumbeum var. isidiatum 29Nephroma ruum 29

OOchrolechia pallescens 33Ochrolechia parella 21Ochrolechia xanthostoma 42Opegrapha diaphoriza 23

PPannaria elixii 18Pannaria euphylla 14, 31Pannaria immixta 19Pannaria leproloma 19Pannaria microphyllizans 19Pannaria sphinctrina 31Pannaria xanthomelana 31, 45Pannoparmelia angustata 31Paraporpidia leptocarpa 13Parmelia signiera 38, 47Parmelia subtestacea 31, 46Parmelia sulcata 38Parmelia tenuirima 26Parmeliella nigrocincta 19Parmelina labrosa 8Parmelina pseudorelicina 31Parmelinopsis arorevoluta 31

Parmotrema perlatum 8, 48Parmotrema reticulatum 17Parmotrema tinctorum 17Peltigera didactyla 45Peltigera dolichorhiza 17, 48Peltigera nana 29Peltigera polydactylon 8, 48Peltula euploca 10Pertusaria graphica 16, 22

Pertusaria novaezelandiae 35Pertusaria otagoana 37, 43Pertusaria truncata 33Phaeographina arechavaletae* 13


53/56

53

Phaeographis inusta 34Phlyctis subuncinata 33Physcia adscendens 7, 10, 48Physcia caesia 10Physcia jackii 5, 10Physma chilense 18Placopsis brevilobata 42Placopsis claviera 42, 49Placopsis illita 21, 46Placopsis microphylla 21Placopsis perrugosa 21Podotara pilophoriormis 23Poeltiaria coromandelica 43Porina exocha 34Porpidia albocaerulescens 22

Porpidia macrocarpa 44Pseudephebe pubescens 42Pseudocyphellaria aurata* 17Pseudocyphellaria colensoi 26, 47Pseudocyphellaria coriacea 45Pseudocyphellaria coronata 26Pseudocyphellaria crocata 8, 28Pseudocyphellaria degelii 38Pseudocyphellaria dissimilis 17, 49

Pseudocyphellaria episticta 17Pseudocyphellaria aveolata 27, 47Pseudocyphellaria fimbriatoides 17Pseudocyphellaria glabra 27Pseudocyphellaria granulata 28, 49Pseudocyphellaria gretae 48Pseudocyphellaria homoeophylla 26Pseudocyphellaria intricata 28Pseudocyphellaria lividousca 26, 45, 47Pseudocyphellaria maculata 38, 47Pseudocyphellaria multifida 27Pseudocyphellaria pickeringii 28Pseudocyphellaria rubella* 25, 28Pseudocyphellaria ruovirescens 27Psilolechia lucida 35Psoroma asperellum 32, 46Psoroma hypnorum 40

Psoroma melanizum 32Psoroma paleaceum 40Punctelia borreri 8, 47Punctelia subflava 8, 28, 49

Punctelia subrudecta 8Pyrenula deliquescens 34, 50Pyrrhospora laeta* 13

RRamalina celastri 7, 11

Ramalina glaucescens 11Rhizocarpon geographicum 37, 43Rinodina thiomela 16, 21

SSagenidium molle 35, 46Siphula decumbens 20Siphula dissoluta 41, 48

Siphula astigiata 41Siphula oliacea* 41Siphula ragilis* 20Solorina crocea 38Sphaerophorus stereocauloides 32Stereocaulon colensoi 41Stereocaulon corticatulum 16, 20Stereocaulon gregarium 40Stereocaulon ramulosum 12, 45

Sticta cinereoglauca 27Sticta filix 27Sticta uliginosa 17Sticta latirons 26, 47Sticta limbata 28, 48Sticta martinii 31Sticta subcaperata 27Strigula sp. 23

Teloschistes chrysophthalmus 7, 11, 48eloschistes asciculatus 42eloschistes sieberianus 11eloschistes velier 11ephromela atra 21Talloloma subvelata 13Tamnolia vermicularis 41

Telotrema lepadinum 25, 34, 50oninia aromatica 19oninia bullata 40opeliopsis decorticans 34

INDEX OF ILLUSTRATED SPECIES


54/56

54 INDEX OF ILLUSTRATED SPECIES

BOOKS and ARTICLES

1. Flora of New Zealand: Lichens.

DJ Galloway. 1985. Govt. Printer, Welllington.

2. Flora of New Zealand: Lichens,2nd, revisededition, Vols. 1 & 2. DJ Galloway. 2007.ManaakiWhenua Press, Lincoln.togetherall 3 Flora

volumes give full descriptions of all NZ lichens.

New Zealand Lichens: Checklist, Key andGlossary. WM Malcolm & DJ Galloway.1997. Museum o New Zealand, Wellington.contains a very helpful illustrated glossary.

New Zealand Lichens. B & N Malcolm.2000 & 2008. Micro- Optics Press, Nelson.NZ lichenphotos and fascinating details.

Conservation Status of New Zealand Lichens.P de Lange, D Galloway, D Blanchon, A Knight,G Cowcrof, R Hitchmough. NZ Journal Botany50(3): 303363has updated names, new species

Above the reeline.A Mark 2012. Craig PottonPublishing Chapter on alpine lichens by DGalloway with photos by J Ledingham

Lichens of Rainforest in asmania and South-Eastern Australia. G Kantvilas, SJJarman & BA Fuhrer. 1999. ABRS Canberra.

photos of many lichens also occurrring in NZ

Lichens. W Purvis. 2000. Smithsonion Press,Washington DCintroducing the wonderful

world of lichens globally

ONLINE SITES

Flora of New Zealand Lichens: http://floraser-ies.landcareresearch.co.nz/pages/Index.aspxallthe NZ Lichen flora online

New Zealand Plant Database: http://nzflora.landcareresearch.co.nz/use search menu to

look for updated names and new species.

Australian Lichen Checklist:

http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/lichenlist/introduc-tion.htmlwith 1400 images and 3 extra keys.

Australasian Lichenology:ed. WM Malcolm.http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/lichenlist/Austral-asian_Lichenology.html

publishes new discoveries and articlesBritish Lichens:http://www.britishlichens.co.uk/index.htmlwith a beginners guide to lichens and an illus-trated key arranged by growth form.

Irish Lichens: http://www.irishlichens.ie/index.htmlsearchable 3 different ways.

Lichens of North America: http://www.lichens.com/index.html with links to over 6300lichen

images.

HANDS-ON Te annual John Child Bryophyteand Lichen Workshopwelcomes everyone frombeginner to expert. (contact author for details)

FURTHER RESOURCES

rapeliopsis colensoi 40rapeliopsis congregans 32

UUmbilicaria nylanderiana 38Umbilicaria umbilicarioides 38

Umbilicaria vellea 38Usnea acromelana 40Usnea articulata 25, 32Usnea ciliata 41Usnea ciliiera 32Usnea cornuta 7, 12, 45Usnea inermis 12Usnea rubicunda 20Usnea torulosa 42

VVerrucaria maura 22

XXanthoparmelia isidiigera 49Xanthoparmelia malcolmii 45

Xanthoparmelia reptans 10Xanthoparmelia scabrosa 8, 49Xanthoparmelia semiviridis 10Xanthoparmelia stygiodes 39Xanthoparmelia verisidiosa 9Xanthoria elegans* 39Xanthoria ligulata* 16, 19Xanthoria parietina 5, 7, 8, 45


55/56

55

Cover IllustrationsOutsidecover. Common urban lichens on concrete and stone, Dunedin.

Lichen species (all oliose), in decreasing order o lobe width: Flavoparmelia haysomii, Xanthoriaparietina, Xanthoparmelia verisidiosa, Physcia caesia, Physcia adscendens

Contents Page. Lichen species by growth orm (in colour-coded borders). op to bottom:

Foliose. Pseudocyphellaria colensoi, Degelia gayana,Xanthoria ligulata*

Fruticose. Cladonia pleurota,eloschistes chrysophthalmus,Cladia sullivanii

Crustose. Haematomma alpinum,Talloloma subvelata, Dibaeis arcuataTe photograph on page 15 was taken by Doug Knight, all others were taken by the author.

Tis introductory guide is the precursor to a more comprehensive book. It is publishedby the Botanical Society o Otago ([email protected]) using the Audrey Eagle Bo-tanical Publishing Fund. Te contents are ree or any use that will expand the under-standing and appreciation o lichens. Te author would appreciate the source beingacknowledged and being sent reerences to any publications using the material within.Tis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Printed by ezyprint solutions, Dunedin, New Zealand

ISBN 978-0-473-26516-8

Allison Knight February [email protected]

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Innumerable people have contributed to the making o this guide. Special thanks to the community olichenologists or all their help: David Galloway or his detailed descriptions and keys that underpinthis publication; Bill and Nancy Malcolm or their inspiring books and publishing advice; Jack Elix,Jennier Bannister, Barbara Polly, Dan Blanchon, Gintaras Kantvilas, Alan Archer and Lars Ludwig

or their proessional support and help with identifications. Joe Walewski, Ross Beever, Frank Dob-son, oni Atkinson and Jill Rapson gave, sent or lent helpul national and international field guides.Several o the above lichenologists, John Steel, ina Summerfield and others helped with improvingearly proos. Alan Mark and Chuck Landis respectively gave ecological and geological advice. Tanksgo out to the organisers and many participants o the John Child Bryophyte and Lichen Workshops;the Fungal Network o New Zealand; the Wellington and Auckland Botanical Society summer camps;the Botanical Society o Otago field trips and my tramping and walking riends or providing goodcompany, access to diverse lichen-rich sites and valuable eed-backincluding David Lyttle andespecially Robyn Bridges, Alyth Grant and Bron Strang, who always love a good walk. Eila Lawton,Helen Bichan, Carol West and many others gave useul comments on the first printing. I am grateul

to Keryn Woodd, who rescued me rom the intricacies o InDesign and improved the layout; to er-restrial and Freshwater Biodiversity Inormation Systems or a FBIS grant; to Peter de Lange, EwenCameron and the New Zealand Botanical Society who have supported me rom the start o the FBISgrant and to the Department o Botany at the University o Otago or their brilliant support. TeBotanical Society o Otago (BSO)gave unding to help database photographed specimens depositedin the Otago Herbarium (OA) and Lars Ludwig has done a brilliant job o this. BSO and the NewZealand Plant Conservation Network have put lichen images on their websites. Above all I thank myhusband John and my amily, or their unailing encouragement, patience and assistance.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


56/56

LICHENS o New ZealandAn Introductory Illustrated guide

Tis introductory guide celebrates the extraordinary diversity o NewZealand lichens with images o over 250 mostly common and widespreadspecies, plus a glossary illustrating over 60 useul identiying eatures.

Te images are arranged in 4 broad colour-coded ecosystems:

Urban & Pastoral - areas modified by humans

Coastal & Freshwater - near the sea or in moist places

Forest & Shrubland - native orests and shrublands below treeline

Alpine & Subalpine - habitats above treeline

Each ecosystem is then arranged by the 3 main lichen growth orms:

Foliose - leay lobes with a distinct upper and lower surace.

Fruticose - 3-dimensional twiggy or shrubby lichens

Crustose - flattened crusts with no lower surace

Tese growth orms are urther subdivided in a way designed tocomplement the introductory keys in the comprehensive Flora o NewZealand Lichens.

New Zealand is exceptionally rich in lichens and harbours around 10%o the worlds lichen species. Tey are an important, yet ofen over-looked, component o every ecosystem rom the seashore to the moun-taintops, and contribute over 1800 taxa to New Zealands biodiversity,with more waiting to be discovered.

Documents

Lichens of New Zealand an Introductory Illustrated Guide