Solutions for Today | Options for Tomorrow

Life Cycle Analysis @ NETLPresented by: Timothy J. Skone, P.E.University of Toledo, DOE National Laboratory DayOctober 10, 2019

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Life cycle analysis is a technique that helps people make better decisions to improve and protect the environment

by accounting for all of the impacts fromraw material acquisition to final product use

and end of life management.

What is Life Cycle Assessment/Analysis (LCA)?

Why what we do is important

Why LCA?

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Water Ecosystems Air Built Environment

Driving towards global stewardship

Why LCA?

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Water Ecosystems Air Built Environment

LCA Method

How?

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DOWNSTREAMUPSTREAM

LCA Method

How?

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AIR

WATER

SOLIDWASTE

Water Ecosystems Air Built EnvironmentRECYCLING

REUSE

Depends on the question of interest…

How we use LCA?

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Establish National Baselines

Plan for the Future and Look Ahead

Assess Emerging and Existing Technologies

Compare Technology and Scenario TradeoffsA|B

Establish National Baselines

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U.S. Electricity Baseline>7,000

Generation Facilities

68 Balancing Authorities

10 FERC Market Regions

Goals• High quality data for

technology evaluation• Assessment of regional

impacts/benefits• Consistent national baseline

Objectives• Complete inventory for U.S.

power consumption in 2016• Open-source data• Transparent modeling

approach• Coordination with EPA and

DOE

Establish National Baselines

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Highlights

Scope Overview

Outcomes

U.S. Natural Gas Baseline

3.16%

1.24%0.77%

0.0%0.5%1.0%1.5%2.0%2.5%3.0%3.5%4.0%4.5%

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• Cradle-to-gate analysis including all activities involved in natural gas extraction, intermediate gathering, processing, transportation, and distribution to end users

• Scenarios include 27 onshore scenarios (14 onshore production basins with their respective extraction technologies), 2 offshore production scenarios, and 1 associated gas scenario

• National average life cycle GHG emissions from the natural gas supply chain are 19.9 g CO2e/MJ (with a mean confidence interval of 13.1 to 28.7 g CO2e/MJ)

• CH4 emission rate for the national average is 1.24%, with a 95% confidence interval ranging from 0.84 to 1.76%

• In terms of 100-year GWPs, upstream natural gas accounts for 25% to 27% of life cycle GHG emissions for power systems without carbon capture systems. For NGCC with carbon capture and storage (CCS), upstream natural gas accounts for 76% of life cycle GHG emissions using 100-year GWPs.

• Report and model publicly released• https://netl.doe.gov/energy-analysis/details?id=3198

Assess Emerging and Existing Technologies

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• Toolkit available at netl.doe.gov/LCA/CO2U

Highlights

• An openLCA database has been populated with data and an example to help principle investigators (PIs) conduct LCA within the openLCA software

• An Excel tool has been created to take openLCA results and translate them into stacked bar charts for results communication

• Nearly 100 pages of guidance has been written to help PIs conduct LCA on their CO2 utilization project

Scope Overview• CO2 utilization LCA guidance and tool package for

Carbon Utilization Program primary research projects• LCA guidance, opensource LCA software (openLCA),

NETL data, and results reporting tools

Outcomes

CO2U LCA Guidance Toolkit

Assess Emerging and Existing Technologies

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Evaluating Refinery Emissions

Expansion of the Petroleum Refinery Life Cycle Inventory Model to Support Characterization of a Full Suite of Commonly Tracked Impact Potentials (2019)

Young, B.; Hottle, T.; Hawkins, T.; Jamieson, M.; Cooney, G.; Motazedi, K.; Bergerson, J.

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.8b05572

• Updates the Petroleum Refinery Life Cycle Inventory Model (PRELIM) to provide a more complete gate-to-gate life cycle inventory and to allow for the calculation of impact potentials

• Modified the model with the addition of criteria air pollutants, hazardous air pollutants, releases to water, releases to land, and managed wastes reflecting 2014 data from EPA and EIA

• Environmental Science and Technology Journal Article: 2019https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.8b05572

Highlights

• Impact potentials from the national crude mix in 2014 are compared to impacts from the 2005 mix to demonstrate the impact of assay and configuration on the refining sector over time

• GWP impacts increase for all fuels between 2005 and 2014, but the rest of the show increases for gasoline and decreases for ULSD and jet fuel

Scope Overview

Outcomes

• Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Life Cycle (CELiC) Model calculates life cycle GHGs for a CO2-EOR system

• User can select one of three sources of the injected CO2: (1) extracted from a natural dome, (2) captured from a coal-fired power plant, or (3) captured from a natural gas power plant

Compare Technology and Scenario Tradeoffs

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CO2-Enhanced Oil Recovery

Highlights

Scope Overview

Outcomes

A|B

• Model has several parameters and options to allow the assessment of the system for a wide-array of products—electricity, pipeline CO2, crude oil, and refined fuels.

• Capable of deterministic (i.e., point estimate) and stochastic (i.e., probabilistic) analyses and finally a deterministic time-series analysis that shows the changing GHG emissions for the system

• Includes an EIA database of existing reservoirs that defines the modeling parameters for 1,831 reservoirs.

• Model and user’s guide are public on the NETL websitehttps://netl.doe.gov/energy-analysis/details?id=3233

• Manuscript accepted for publication in International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control

• Particulate matter formation potential, eutrophication potential, and water consumption increase in all sectors as a result of installation and operation of CCS technologies per kg CO2e abated

• Differences in tradeoffs among systems are driven primarily by three factors: the combustion emissions from fuel used to operate the capture unit, the upstream supply chain to obtain that fuel, and the relative impact of the carbon capture unit on baseline flue gas emissions (i.e. possible co-benefits from capture).

Compare Technology and Scenario Tradeoffs

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Carbon Capture – Thermoelectric and Industrial

Highlights

Scope Overview

Outcomes

A|B

Comparative environmental life cycle assessment of carbon capture for petroleum refining, ammonia production, and thermoelectric power generation in the United States (2019)

Young, B.; Krynock, M.; Carlson, D., Hawkins, T.; Marriott, J.; Morelli, B.; Jamieson, M.; Cooney, G.; Skone, T.

• Explores the cradle-to-gate life cycle environmental impacts of amine solvent based carbon capture systems on U.S. ammonia production, petroleum refineries, supercritical and subcritical pulverized coal power plants, and natural gas combined cycle plant

• Working with ANL to integrate water data into the available water remaining (AWARE) system for applications in the contiguous U.S. (AWARE-US)2 model to find regional water stress impacts

Plan for the Future and Look Ahead

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Thermoelectric Power Water Use

Highlights

Scope Overview

Outcomes

February

September

• Compiled the water demand coefficients (based on water withdrawals and consumption) for power generated from each resource by power technology and cooling water technology type stratified by geographical region

• Cleaned and analyzed EIA 860 & 923 data on monthly generator water consumption from thermoelectric power plants

• EIA data suffers from significant quality issues like reporting of duplicate, blank, and N/A values

• Most of the scrubbed dataset is consistent with other federal agency data and cooling water range estimates1

• 72% within NREL ranges, additional 11% within 100 gal/MWh• EIA results tend to underreport total state water use vs. USGS results

• Most state water consumption follows an expected annual trend of higher usage in summer & lower usage in winter

Plan for the Future and Look Ahead

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Shifts in Power Plant Function

Highlights

Scope Overview

Outcomes

• Characterize the evolution of hourly time series emissions of the U.S. fossil fuel fleet from 2008 to 2016

• Baseload Generation: In 2016, natural gas displaced coal as the primary source of baseload net generation, constituting 51% of cumulative fossil baseload generation.

• Coal Fleet: Significant operational changes between 2008 and 2016 has contributed to lower coal fleet efficiency and higher CO2 emissions rates. Dramatic reduction in SO2 and NOXemissions rates driven by the implementation of emissions control technologies to comply with EPA regulations.

• Natural Gas Fleet: Dramatic increase in fleet gross generation, installed capacity, and fleet efficiency, resulting in lower CO2and SO2 emissions rates over the 2008 to 2016 time period. Significant reduction in NOX emissions rates driven by efficiency improvements and implementation of emissions controls

• Work documented in an EPRI report for publication https://www.epri.com/#/pages/product/3002016350/

Plan for the Future and Look Ahead

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Petroleum Baseline – AEO Forecast

Highlights

Scope Overview

Outcomes

• Combine open-source models for crude extraction (OPGEE) and refining (PRELIM) to develop an updated national petroleum baseline

• Analyzing long-term projects against a forecasted baseline can improve the understanding of potential benefits

• All of the AEO scenarios utilized as part of the forecasting exercise are based on status quo policy assumptions

• Sulfur content and API of the national crude blend is an indicator of the share of imports

• Oil and Gas Resource cases alter the production from tight oil • More domestic crude generally results in lower WTW emissions. • Economic growth cases directly affect crude oil demand – high

growth increases the share of imports• When price is high, stronger incentive to develop new domestic

sources of crude; low prices tend to temper domestic development

• Environmental Science and Technology Journal Article: 2019

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https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.6b02819

Cradle-to-grave environmental footprint of energy systems

Energy Life Cycle Analysis

MissionEvaluate existing and emerging energy systems to guide R&D and protect the environment for future generations

VisionA world-class research and analysis team that integrates results which inform and recommend sustainable energy strategy and technology development

• e n e r g y s u s t a i n a b i l i t y •

netl.doe.gov/LCA LCA@netl.doe.gov @NETL_News

Timothy J. Skone, P.E.Senior Environmental Engineer(412) 386-4495timothy.skone@netl.doe.gov

Extraction Processing Transport Conversion Delivery Use End of Life

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Michelle Krynock – 4 yearsCarbon capture, model dev BS Civil/Env Engr &

Public Policy

Selina Roman-White – 2 yearsNatural gas systemsBS Chem. Engr

Joseph Chou – 2 yearsPower systems waterMS Civil & Env Engr

Srijana Rai– 2 yearsNatural gas systemsMS Civil & Env Engr

Jadon Grove – 1 yearPetrochemicalsBS Chem Engr &

Public Policy

Life Cycle Analysis at NETLTim Skone – 21 yearsFederal Team LeadBS Chemical Engr | P.E. Env. Engr

Greg Cooney – 12 yearsContractor Team LeadMS Env Engr | BS Chem Engr

James Littlefield – 18 yearsNatural gas systemsBS Chemical Engineering

Joe Marriott – 15 yearsSenior AdvisorPhD Environmental Engr & Public Policy

Matt Jamieson – 9 yearsPower systems, CO2-EORBS Mechanical Engineering

Michele Mutchek – 7 yearsCO2 UtilizationMS Civil/Env/Sust Engr|BS Env Sciences

Derrick Carlson – 8 yearsI/O LCA, Carbon capturePhD/MS Civ/Env Engr|BS Chem

Greg Zaimes – 6 yearsPetrochemicals, fuelsPhD Civ/Env Eng; BS Physics

Kishore Mahbubani – 6 yearsCarbon capture, materialsMS Energy Sci. | BS Env Engr

Daniel Sun – 4 yearsEnergy analysisPhD Engr & Pub Policy|BS Chem Engr

Mission: Evaluate existing and emerging energy systems to guide R&D and protect the environment for future generationsVision: A world-class research and analysis team that integrates results which inform and recommend sustainable energy strategy and technology development

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100 m

N

Core Competencies & Technology Thrusts

Materials Engineering & Manufacturing

Geological & Environmental

Systems

Energy Conversion Engineering

Systems Engineering & Analysis

Computational Science & Engineering

Program Execution & Integration

MethaneHydrates

EnhancedResource Production

Sensors & Controls

OIL & GAS

COAL

CarbonStorage

CarbonCapture

AdvancedMaterials

Advanced EnergySystems

AdvancedComputing

Rare Earth Elements

Offshore UnconventionalNatural GasInfrastructure

Vehicles Solid State Lighting Geothermal Microgrid Energy Storage

Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy (EERE) Office of Electricity (OE)Support to Other

DOE Offices

Cybersecurity, Energy Security, and Emergency Response (CESER)

Energy Security & Restoration Cybersecurity

Water Management

Partnering with NETL

• Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA)

• Contributed Funds-In Agreement (CFA)• Memorandums of Understanding (MOU)/

Memorandums of Agreement (MOA)

The TOOLBO

Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA)• NETL uses FedConnect.net, Grants.gov and

FedBizOpps.gov to post FOAs • Proposals and applications are only accepted

electronically through FedConnect.net or Grants.gov

Available Technologies: https://www.netl.doe.gov/business/tech-

transfer/available-technologies

Available Technologies• NETL's technology portfolio contains a broad

range of innovations that have resulted from research

• Technologies and intellectual property available for licensing on NETL’s website.

Funding Opportunities:

https://www.netl.doe.gov/business/solicitations

• Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) & Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) Programs

• Unsolicited Proposals (USP)• Non-disclosure Agreement (NDA)• Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA)

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Contact Information

Timothy J. Skone, P.E.Senior Environmental Engineer • Strategic Energy Analysis (412) 386-4495 • timothy.skone@netl.doe.gov

netl.doe.gov/LCA LCA@netl.doe.gov @NETL_News