Life Cycle: Maternal and Infant Nutrition

BIOL 103, Chapter 12-1

Today’s Topic

• Pregnancy

Pregnancy

• (Pg. 500)“Energy and nutrient needs both increase, but needs for calories increases by a ___________ percentage than for most vitamins and minerals. As a result, food choices during pregnancy must be ____________-dense.”

Pregnancy

• Nutrition before conception– Goals of preconception care is to provide:

1. Screening for risk2. Health promotion and education3. Intervention as needed

– Weight• Maintain a ___________ weight• _____________weight increases risk for poor outcome

– If low preterm delivery– If too high gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, C-section

• Not a good time to “diet”

Nutrition Before Conception• Vitamins (Problem Set 12, Q 1a and 1b)

– 400-800 micrograms of synthetic _____________/day• Why?

– Avoid high doses of __________________________• Why?

• Substance use– Eliminate alcohol, tobacco, drugs, prior to pregnancy

Physiology of Pregnancy

• Trimesters: 3 time periods of pregnancy, each lasting ~13-14 weeks

• Stages of human fetal growth1. _________________________________: Weeks 0-2

• Cells differentiate into ___________________________

2. _________________________________: Weeks 2-8• Development of _____________ systems• Critical period of development – time when _____________

has the greatest impact on the developing embryo.– Birth defects, miscarriages

3. _________________________: Weeks 9 to delivery• Growth

Physiology of Pregnancy

• Maternal changes:– Growth of maternal

tissues weight gain and lactation.

• Examples:

– Increase in maternal ____________ volume

– _________ GI motility increases __________ absorption.

Maternal Weight Gain

• Recommendations depend on BMI – Table 12.3: Guidelines for weight gain during

pregnancy.• Underweight Gain 28-40 pounds• Normal weight Gain ______________ pounds• Obese 11-20 pounds

– Higher recommended gain for underweight women, _______________________________

– Lower recommended gain for overweight and obese women

Maternal Weight Gain• Weight gain occurs mostly during 2nd and 3rd trimester.• 40% of weight gain fetus, placenta, amniotic fluid• 60% of weight gain maternal tissues (adipose stores, breast/uterine

growth, expanded blood and ECF)

Energy and Nutrition During Pregnancy

• Energy– ______ increases to support increased workload

on mother’s heart and lungs, and energy requirements of fetus/placenta.

– __________________ is the best indicator of adequate calorie intake.

• Nutrients to support pregnancy– Well-balanced diet– Often, pregnant women have difficulty consuming

enough ___________________________

Energy and Nutrition During Pregnancy

• Macronutrients– Moderate-____________, low-_____________, and high

_____________________• Protein

– Synthesis of new maternal, placental, and fetal tissues– Additional _____ gram/day over non-pregnancy needs

• Fat – ___________ for mother and development of placenta– Stored fat supports _______________________

• Carbohydrates– Main source of ___________________________– __________________ carbohydrates– ______________-rich

Energy and Nutrition During Pregnancy

• Micronutrients– Increased need for overall _______________– Increased needs for most vitamins and

minerals• Support growth and development• Highest increase for __________________• Increased needs for vitamins ___________

– Q: How are B vitamins used during pregnancy?

Food Choices for Pregnant Women

• Follow the __________ Daily Food Plan for Moms– Variety– Additional servings of grain, vegetable, fruit, and low-

fat milk

• Supplement with prenatal formula– Herbal supplements are ____________

recommended– Although multi-vitamin supplements are common,

generally, supplements are not needed other than for iron and folate.

Food Choices for Pregnant Women(PS#12, Q2a)

• Foods to avoid1. __________________2. __________________

• Why?

3. Less than 300 milligrams of ____________ per day

Substance Use and Pregnancy Outcome (PS12, Q2b)

1. _________________– Risk for miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm

delivery, and low birth weight2. Alcohol

– Risk for __________________________• ___________________ defects• ___________________ retardation

3. Drugs– Risks for miscarriage, preterm delivery, low

birth weight, ______________, and __________________

Strategies to Avoid GI Distress:• Slowed GI movement nausea, heartburn and constipation• Smaller/frequent meals, drinking liquids between meals, fiber and

fluids are recommended

Special Situations During Pregnancy

• Food cravings and aversions– Food cravings/aversions are _________ based on

a nutrient deficiency or a physiological condition.– Pica – consumptions of nonfood items such as

dirt, clay, laundry starch, ice, or burnt matches.

• Hypertension– Preeclampsia: ____________________________

• Can progress to eclampsia (seizures)

Special Situations During Pregnancy

• Diabetes– Adjust diet and insulin as needed

• Gestational diabetes: a condition that results in high blood glucose during pregnancy.– Hormones of pregnancy tend to counteract

_________________• Often controlled through ___________• May require insulin

Special Situations During Pregnancy

• HIV/AIDS– ______________ to reduce risk of

transmission– >90% of childhood HIV infections are from

mother-to-child transmission – Many times, women with HIV or AIDS are

likely to have multiple nutrition problems • __________________ malnutrition• __________________ deficiency• Inadequate _______________________

Special Situations During Pregnancy

• Adolescence– Extra demands for ____________________– Risk for preeclampsia, anemia, premature

birth, low-birth-weight babies, infant mortality, and sexual transmitted disease

– _______________ eating patterns a concern– Weight gain toward _________

recommended– Need for __________________