Maintaining a constant internal environment

Control and coordination of life processes

Sum total of the eight life functions

R + R + R + E + G + N + T + S = METABOLISM

R- RespirationR- Regulation

R- ReproductionE- ExcretionG- Growth

N- NutritionT- TransportS- Synthesis

Obtaining and breaking down food for energy, growth, and repair

Making more of one kind

= Absorption + Circulation (carrying materials)

Combining simple substances to get more complex substances

The removal of cellular wastes

The study of life

The basic building block of life

Passing genetic traits from parents to kids

Increasing the size or number of cells

Change over time

The process by which cells get ENERGY

Depending on other living and non-living things

Regents Review Questions

Which activity is illustrated in the diagram of an ameba shown below? 

                                                                                                                  

                                    1.egestion 2.synthesis 3.respiration 4.ingestion

Correct Answer Number: 4

Explanation: The ameba is taking in food for heterotrophic nutrition.

Which statement correctly describes one characteristic of the tubelike digestive system of an earthworm?

1. Various parts of the system perform different digestive functions.

2. The shape of the system allows food to be processed by intracellular digestion.

3. The shape of the system eliminates the need for egestion.

4. Digestive enzymes are not used in the system.

Explanation: The mouth is used for ingestion, the intestine for digestion, and the anus for egestion. Worms perform extracellular digestion because the food is digested outside of individual cells; food is digested within a tube. Enzymes are necessary for all chemical digestion.

Correct Answer Number: 1

The fermentation of glucose by yeast normally yields

1. lactic acid, CO2, and 2 ATP

2. alcohol, CO2, and 36 ATP

3. alcohol, CO2, and 2 ATP

4. CO2, H20, and 36 ATP

Explanation: Fermentation is a form of anaerobic respiration that yeast perform in the absence of oxygen. Only 2 molecules of ATP are formed and much of the unused energy is in the alcohol.

Correct Answer Number: 3

Which title is an appropriate heading for column X?                                               

                                                                                       1.Structures Needed for Anaerobic Respiration 2.Structures Used in Gas Exchange 3.Excretory Systems 4.Sensory Receptors

Explanation: All of these are structures used in gas exchange. Organism A would be the earthworm, B would be the grasshopper, and C would be a fish.

Correct Answer Number: 2

Which set of terms would most likely be used in a description of the nervous system of chordates?

1. brain, dorsal nerve cord, highly developed receptors

2. brain, fused ganglia, ventral nerve cord

3. no brain, fused ganglia, tympana

4. no brain, nerve net, modified neurons

Explanation: Chordates are a group of animals such as fish, frogs, snakes, birds, dogs, monkeys and humans. We all have central nervous systems made up of a brain and a dorsal (back) nerve cord. We all have highly developed receptors to detect changes in the environment for us to respond to. Fused ganglia is a primitive brain found in earthworms, tympana are primitive ears found in grasshoppers, and nerve nets are branched nerves without direction found in the hydra.

Correct Answer Number: 1

Three organisms possess some of the characteristics shown in the chart below. An X indicates that the characteristic is present. Which statement best describes these organisms? 

                                                                                                                                      

                           1.A could be an alga, B could be an ameba, and C could be a paramecium. 2.A could be a plant, and B and C could be coelenterates. 3.A could be a yeast, and B and C could be bacteria. 4.A could be a moss, B could be a hydra, and C could be an earthworm.

Explanation: All of these organisms are Protists, a type of one celled organisms. Some are autotrophic, such as alga, and others are heterotrophic, making them consumers, such as the ameba with pseudopods, or false feet, and paramecium, with cilia, tiny hairs to propel them through the water.

Correct Answer Number: 1

The diagram below shows a particle of food being moved along the human digestive tract by alternative waves of relaxation and contraction of the muscular walls of the esophagus. Which process causes the movement of the food down the esophagus?       

                                                                                                                                                            1.circulation 2.active transport 3.peristalsis 4.osmosis

Explanation: Peristalsis is the muscle wave action that forces food down the gastrointestinal tract from the esophagus through the anus. It is involuntary and controlled by smooth muscles.

Correct Answer Number: 3

Explanation: An alveolus is a tiny airsac in the lung. It is the actual part of the lung that exchanges atmospheric oxygen with carbon dioxide from the blood. A glomerulus is a ball of capillaries found in the nephrons of the kidneys (to filter nitrogenous wastes), a villus is a tiny projection of a capillary in the small intestine (to absorb digested food), and the liver is the site of bile production and breakdown of amino acids.

Correct Answer Number: 2

The diagram below represents part of a capillary in a specific region of the human body. The region labeled X represents part of 

             

                                                                                                                       

                   1. a glomerulus 2. an alveolus 3. a villus 4. the liver

The diagram below represents a group of organs in the human body. Urine leaves the urinary bladder by passing through structure 

                                                                                                  1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

Explanation: Structure D is a urethra, which is the tube to carry urine out of the body. C is the urinary bladder, to hold urine, B is a ureter to carry urine to the bladder and A is a kidney where the urine is made.

Correct Answer Number: 4

One function of the human endoskeleton is to

1.transmit impulses 2.produce blood cells 3.produce lactic acid 4.store nitrogenous wastes

Explanation: Our skeletal system functions to support us and give us shape, to act as an attachment for muscles, for leverage for muscles to contract, and to produce blood cells in the marrow, or inside of certain bones. The nervous system transmits impulses, muscle cells produce lactic acid during strenuous workouts, and nitrogenous wastes are stored in the urinary bladder.

Correct Answer Number: 2

A paramecium absorbs materials from its environment and circulates these materials throughout its' cytoplasm. Which life function is described by these activities?

1.synthesis 2.reproduction 3.respiration 4.transport

Explanation: Synthesis means building up molecules, reproduction involves making new individuals, and respiration is the process of obtaining energy stored within food. Transport involves getting materials to and from cells or organisms and moving them within the cell or organism.

Correct Answer Number: 4

The body cells of most multicellular animals are not in direct contact with the external environment. These cells are supplied with materials from the environment by

1.a central nervous system 2.hydrolytic enzymes 3.sense receptors 4.a circulatory system

Explanation: A circulatory system contains three components: a fluid to transport materials, a pump to pump the fluid to all cells, and a network of vessels to carry the fluid. A central nervous system will control and coordinate the body, hydrolytic enzymes will break down complex food molecules in the digestive tract and sense receptors will detect stimuli.

Correct Answer Number: 4

Explanation: Pinocytosis, or pinching in of the cell membrane, allows cells, such as the Paramecium, to capture larger food molecules. Hydrolysis, is the process of using water to split molecules apart. Cyclosis is a mechanism for transporting materials within a cell, by the cytoplasm swirling. Synthesis is the process of building up molecules within the cell.

Correct Answer Number: 2

Molecules that are too large to pass through the pores of a cell membrane may enter the cell by a process known as

1. hydrolysis 2. pinocytosis 3. cyclosis 4. synthesis

Locomotive structures found in some protists include

1.muscles 2.flagella 3.tentacles 4.contractile vacuoles

Explanation: Flagella are whiplike tails found in Euglena, single celled protists. Muscles and tentacles are multicelllular and so could not be found in protists, who are single celled. Contractile vacuoles are organelles found in some cells to regulate water balance and are not involved in locomotion.

Correct Answer Number: 2

A definite pathway for impulses from receptors to effectors is found in the

1.paramecium 2.hydra 3.earthworm 4.maple tree

Explanation: The earthworm has a central nervous system which consists of a brain, although primitive, and a peripherial nervous system. Stimuli are detected by receptors on the surface of the skin of the worm, travel through neurons to the fused ganglia, or brain, for interpretation, and then back through neurons to effectors, which are muscles causing the worm to move. A paramecium is single celled and does not have a nervous system. Although a hydra is multicellular, it is too primitive of an animal to have

specific nervous pathways, and a maple tree does not have nerves.

Correct Answer Number: 3

In humans, gas exchange and gas transport occur as a result of the functioning of a system of

1.phloem tubes 2.lungs and blood vessels 3.ganglia 4.setae

Explanation: The grasshopper takes in oxygen through openings called spiracles. Air then travels through a series of tracheal tubes and the exchange of gases occurs at tiny air sacs located throughout the body. Phloem tubes are food transporting tubes in plants, ganglia are bunches of nerve cells in earthworms and grasshoppers, and setae are locomotive structures used in the earthworm.

Correct Answer Number: 2

A biochemical compound that readily combines with oxygen and distributes it throughout the human body is

1.urea 2.water 3.acetylcholine 4.hemoglobin

Explanation: Hemoglobin acts like glue attaching oxygen to the surface of the red blood cell so it can be transported to needed cells throughout the body. Urea is the nitrogenous waste product filtered by the kidneys. Water provides much of the fluid needed to transport substances, but does not specifically bind to molecules, and acetylcholine is a specific type of neurotransmitter that allows impulses to travel from one nerve cell to another in the nervous system.

Correct Answer Number: 4

In humans, carbon dioxide that is excreted passes from the blood directly into the

1.liver 2.alveoli 3.trachea 4.kidneys

Explanation: The air sacs in the lungs are called alveoli. They are the respiratory surface of humans where the exchange of oxygen from the air is exchanged with carbon dioxide from the blood.

Correct Answer Number: 2

In humans, which of the following is produced within certain bones?

1.red blood cells 2.striated muscle cells 3.bile 4.urea

Explanation: Red blood cells and some white blood cells are produced in the marrow of long bones in our bodies. Muscle cells attach to the outside of bone to allow locomotion. Bile and urea are both produced in the liver.

Correct Answer Number: 1