Life in the Camps - AssignmentLife in the Camps - Assignment 1. Write a list of all 1. Write a list of all youryour possessions possessions (Things you could (Things you could

take with you today if you moved out)take with you today if you moved out)

2. Write a list, by name, of all the people you enjoy 2. Write a list, by name, of all the people you enjoy spending time with, or people you see regularly spending time with, or people you see regularly (family (family members and other relatives, friends, classmates, etc.).members and other relatives, friends, classmates, etc.).

3. Describe your daily routine - things you do regularly 3. Describe your daily routine - things you do regularly on a weekly or daily basis. on a weekly or daily basis. (What, where, when, with whom (What, where, when, with whom do you do these things?)do you do these things?)

4. Describe your bedroom. How big is it? Do you share 4. Describe your bedroom. How big is it? Do you share it with anyone? it with anyone?

5. How far is it (minutes/seconds, feet/yards) from 5. How far is it (minutes/seconds, feet/yards) from your bedroom to a) the bathroom; b) the kitchen; c) the your bedroom to a) the bathroom; b) the kitchen; c) the dining room or place you eat?dining room or place you eat?

6. Name 3 of your favorite foods. 6. Name 3 of your favorite foods.

Japanese-American Internment Camps

of World War II

1942 - 1946

Copy this table on to the back of your paper & use to take notes for these two Copy this table on to the back of your paper & use to take notes for these two powerpoint presentations. Be as complete and thorough as you can.powerpoint presentations. Be as complete and thorough as you can.

The Beginning: Pearl Harbor (but The Beginning: Pearl Harbor (but not really the beginning)not really the beginning)

http://www.densho.org/sitesofshame/timeline.xml

High-ranking officials of the United States military High-ranking officials of the United States military believed Japan might invade the West Coast.believed Japan might invade the West Coast.

While such concerns may seem unrealistic today, While such concerns may seem unrealistic today, military strategists were still reeling from the surprise military strategists were still reeling from the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor.attack on Pearl Harbor.

The most popular song of the day was The most popular song of the day was “Remember “Remember Pearl Pearl HarborHarbor””

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=suuN6bkYiugLet's REMEMBER PEARL HARBOR -Let's REMEMBER PEARL HARBOR -

As we go to meet the foe -As we go to meet the foe -Let's REMEMBER PEARL HARBOR -Let's REMEMBER PEARL HARBOR -

As we did the Alamo. As we did the Alamo.

Executive Order 9066Executive Order 9066

Concerned that Japanese-Americans were Concerned that Japanese-Americans were more loyal to Japan than to the United more loyal to Japan than to the United States, American military leaders convinced States, American military leaders convinced FDR to sign Executive Order 9066.FDR to sign Executive Order 9066.

The order authorized the "appropriate The order authorized the "appropriate Military Commander" to determine whether Military Commander" to determine whether anyone posed a military risk to the country anyone posed a military risk to the country and, if so, authorized the military to exclude and, if so, authorized the military to exclude those persons  from affected geographic those persons  from affected geographic areas. areas.

Japanese American women packing dolls and dishes in storage crate

The entire The entire State of CaliforniaState of California, half , half of Oregon and Washington and a of Oregon and Washington and a third of Arizona were affected and third of Arizona were affected and were declared "war zones on the were declared "war zones on the Pacific Frontier." Every person of Pacific Frontier." Every person of Japanese descent living in those Japanese descent living in those "zones" was suspected of disloyalty. "zones" was suspected of disloyalty.

NOW

THEN

Transporting Asian-AmericansTransporting Asian-Americans

As governmental directives  ordered As governmental directives  ordered Japanese-Americans to leave their Japanese-Americans to leave their homes and businesses, these homes and businesses, these American citizens - including children American citizens - including children - were evacuated to desert - were evacuated to desert internment camps.internment camps.

Transported by buses and trains, Transported by buses and trains, they were placed under the control they were placed under the control of the War Relocation Authority. of the War Relocation Authority.

EvacuationEvacuation

Life in the camps was hard. Internees Life in the camps was hard. Internees had only been allowed to bring with had only been allowed to bring with then a few possessions. In many then a few possessions. In many cases they had been given just 48 cases they had been given just 48 hours to evacuate their homes.hours to evacuate their homes.

Consequently they were easy prey Consequently they were easy prey for fortune hunters who offered them for fortune hunters who offered them far less than the market prices for far less than the market prices for the goods they could not take with the goods they could not take with them. them.

Bainbridge Island evacuees boarding ferry under army guard

Bainbridge Island evacuees walking to train (notice spectators on bridge)

Relocation CentersGila River War Relocation Center, ArizonaGranada War Relocation Center, Colorado (AKA "Amache")Heart Mountain War Relocation Center, WyomingJerome War Relocation Center, ArkansasManzanar War Relocation Center, CaliforniaMinidoka War Relocation Center, IdahoPoston War Relocation Center, ArizonaRohwer War Relocation Center, ArkansasTopaz War Relocation Center, UtahTule Lake War Relocation Center, California

Justice Department detention campsThese camps often held German and Italian detainees in addition to Japanese AmericansCrystal City, Texas[

Fort Lincoln Internment CampFort Missoula, MontanaFort Stanton, New MexicoKenedy, TexasKooskia, IdahoSanta Fe, New MexicoSeagoville, Texas

Citizen Isolation CentersThe Citizen Isolation Centers were for those considered to be problem inmatesLeupp, ArizonaMoab, Utah (AKA Dalton Wells)Fort Stanton, New Mexico (AKA Old Raton Ranch)

Federal Bureau of PrisonsDetainees convicted of crimes, usually draft resistance, were sent to these campsCatalina, ArizonaFort Leavenworth, KansasMcNeill Island, Washington

US Army facilitiesUS Army facilitiesThese camps often held German and Italian detainees in addition to These camps often held German and Italian detainees in addition to

Japanese AmericansJapanese AmericansAngel Island, California//Fort McDowellCamp Blanding, FloridaCamp ForrestCamp Livingston, Louisiana, LouisianaCamp Lordsburg, New MexicoCamp McCoy, WisconsinFlorence, ArizonaFort BlissFort HowardFort LewisFort Meade, MarylandFort RichardsonFort Sam HoustonFort Sill, OklahomaGriffith ParkHonolulu, HawaiiHonolulu, HawaiiSand Island, HawaiiSand Island, HawaiiStringtown, OklahomaStringtown, Oklahoma

REGISTERING AT THE CAMP

Japanese-Americans surrendering cameras and radios

Cramped QuartersCramped Quarters

They were only allowed to take few They were only allowed to take few belongings with them, and many belongings with them, and many families lost virtually everything they families lost virtually everything they owned except what they could carry.owned except what they could carry.

Internees spent many years in camp, Internees spent many years in camp, behind barbed wire fences and with behind barbed wire fences and with armed guards patrolling the camps.armed guards patrolling the camps.

Entire families lived in cramped, one Entire families lived in cramped, one room quarters that were poorly room quarters that were poorly constructed. constructed.

“One of the hardest things to endure was the communal latrines, with no partitions; and showers with no stalls.” -Rosie Kakuuchi

Making the best of a bad situationMaking the best of a bad situation Japanese Americans endured many changes Japanese Americans endured many changes

and indignities.and indignities. The War Relocation Authority (WRA) the The War Relocation Authority (WRA) the

civilian agency that administered the camp, civilian agency that administered the camp, formed an advisory council of internee-formed an advisory council of internee-elected block managers. elected block managers.

Internees with the support of the WRA Internees with the support of the WRA established churches, temples, and boys established churches, temples, and boys and girls clubsand girls clubs. .

They developed sports, music, dance, and They developed sports, music, dance, and other recreational programs. other recreational programs.

They built gardens and ponds and published They built gardens and ponds and published a newspaper, the a newspaper, the Manzanar Free PressManzanar Free Press..

•Most adults worked, maintaining and Most adults worked, maintaining and operating the camp. operating the camp. •Children and many adults attended school. Children and many adults attended school. •The barracks had no cooking facilitiesThe barracks had no cooking facilities. . •That meant that internees had to line up That meant that internees had to line up three times a day, in any kind of weather, three times a day, in any kind of weather, to eat at their block mess hall.to eat at their block mess hall.•As the war turned in America’s favor, As the war turned in America’s favor, restrictions were lifted, and Japanese restrictions were lifted, and Japanese Americans were allowed to leave the Americans were allowed to leave the camps. camps. •Church groups, service organizations, and Church groups, service organizations, and some camp administrators helped find some camp administrators helped find sponsors and jobs in the Midwest and the sponsors and jobs in the Midwest and the East. East.

Tule LakeTule Lake

The camps were guarded by military The camps were guarded by military personnel and “internee’s” who disobeyed personnel and “internee’s” who disobeyed the rules, or who were deemed to be the rules, or who were deemed to be troublesome were sent to the Tule Lake troublesome were sent to the Tule Lake facility located in the California Rocky facility located in the California Rocky Mountains.Mountains.

In 1943 those who refused to take the In 1943 those who refused to take the loyalty oath were sent to Tule Lake and loyalty oath were sent to Tule Lake and the camp was renamed a segregation the camp was renamed a segregation center. center.

Waiting for a meal

Manzanar riot Manzanar riot December 6, 1942December 6, 1942Three nisei incarcerees are arrested on suspicion of Three nisei incarcerees are arrested on suspicion of

beating a fellow incarceree they allege is a pro-camp beating a fellow incarceree they allege is a pro-camp administration "informer." A crowd of about five administration "informer." A crowd of about five hundred incarcerees demands the release of the three hundred incarcerees demands the release of the three arrested nisei. Military police (MP) use tear gas to break arrested nisei. Military police (MP) use tear gas to break up the crowd; chaos ensues and without an order the up the crowd; chaos ensues and without an order the MP fire, killing a seventeen-year-old and a twenty-one-MP fire, killing a seventeen-year-old and a twenty-one-year old and wounding nine. In the aftermath of this year old and wounding nine. In the aftermath of this incident, authorities set up the Moab citizen isolation incident, authorities set up the Moab citizen isolation center to hold sixteen men they label "troublemakers." center to hold sixteen men they label "troublemakers."

Japanese American army unitJapanese American army unit February 1, 1943 February 1, 1943 The War Department announces the formation of a The War Department announces the formation of a

segregated unit of nisei soldiers and calls for volunteers segregated unit of nisei soldiers and calls for volunteers in Hawaii (where there was no mass incarceration of in Hawaii (where there was no mass incarceration of Japanese Americans) and from among the men held in Japanese Americans) and from among the men held in the camps. One month later President Roosevelt the camps. One month later President Roosevelt announces the formation of the 442nd Regimental announces the formation of the 442nd Regimental Combat Team with the words, "Americanism is not, and Combat Team with the words, "Americanism is not, and never was, a matter of race or ancestry." never was, a matter of race or ancestry."

Loyalty OathLoyalty Oath In 1943 all internees over the age of seventeen were In 1943 all internees over the age of seventeen were

given a loyalty test. They were asked two questions:given a loyalty test. They were asked two questions:

1. Are you willing to serve in the armed forces of the 1. Are you willing to serve in the armed forces of the United States on combat duty wherever ordered? United States on combat duty wherever ordered? (Females were asked if they were willing to (Females were asked if they were willing to volunteer for the Army Nurse Corps or Women's volunteer for the Army Nurse Corps or Women's Army Corps.)Army Corps.)

2. Will you swear unqualified allegiance to the United 2. Will you swear unqualified allegiance to the United States of America and faithfully defend the United States of America and faithfully defend the United States from any or all attack by foreign or domestic States from any or all attack by foreign or domestic forces and forswear any form of allegiance or forces and forswear any form of allegiance or obedience to the Japanese emperor, to any other obedience to the Japanese emperor, to any other foreign government, power or organization?foreign government, power or organization?

Jackson Street in Seattle showing vacant stores after evacuation

Hirabayashi v. US, 1943Hirabayashi v. US, 1943 Gordon Kiyoshi Hirabayashi, UW student, Gordon Kiyoshi Hirabayashi, UW student,

who was accused of violating the curfew order, a who was accused of violating the curfew order, a misdemeanor based upon Executive Order 9066 misdemeanor based upon Executive Order 9066 and a subsequent Congressional statute and a subsequent Congressional statute designation the violation of military orders in designation the violation of military orders in Military Area Nos. 1 and 2 a misdemeanor. Military Area Nos. 1 and 2 a misdemeanor.

The Justice Department knew that someone would The Justice Department knew that someone would challenge all of the three substantive elements of challenge all of the three substantive elements of the orders -curfew, exclusion, and internment.the orders -curfew, exclusion, and internment.

Hirabayashi was convicted of violating a curfew Hirabayashi was convicted of violating a curfew and relocation order, and his appeal of this and relocation order, and his appeal of this conviction reached the U.S. Supreme Court.conviction reached the U.S. Supreme Court.

The Supreme Court held that the application of The Supreme Court held that the application of curfews against members of a minority group curfews against members of a minority group was was constitutional constitutional when the nation was at war with the when the nation was at war with the country from which that group originatedcountry from which that group originated

Korematsu v. United States Korematsu v. United States 19441944 was a landmark Supreme Court case concerning was a landmark Supreme Court case concerning

constitutionality of E.O. 9066.constitutionality of E.O. 9066. In a 6-3 decision, the Court sided with the In a 6-3 decision, the Court sided with the

government, ruling that the exclusion order government, ruling that the exclusion order was was constitutionalconstitutional. .

The opinion held that the need to protect against The opinion held that the need to protect against espionage outweighed Korematsu's individual rights, espionage outweighed Korematsu's individual rights, and the rights of Americans of Japanese descent.and the rights of Americans of Japanese descent.

In 1984, a federal district court judge granted a writ of In 1984, a federal district court judge granted a writ of coram nobiscoram nobis, , overturning the conviction. overturning the conviction. Coram nobisCoram nobis is a legal writ issued by a is a legal writ issued by a court to correct a previous error "of the most fundamental character" court to correct a previous error "of the most fundamental character" to "achieve justice" where "no other remedy" is available. to "achieve justice" where "no other remedy" is available.

President Clinton awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the President Clinton awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honor in the United States, to Korematsu in 1998, highest civilian honor in the United States, to Korematsu in 1998, saying, "In the long history of our country's constant search for justice, saying, "In the long history of our country's constant search for justice, some names of ordinary citizens stand for millions of souls. Plessy, some names of ordinary citizens stand for millions of souls. Plessy, Brown, Parks ... to that distinguished list, today we add the name of Brown, Parks ... to that distinguished list, today we add the name of Fred KorematsuFred Korematsu."."

The men and women who joined the military were not the only Americans of Japanese ancestry who contributed to the war effort.

Manzanar internees immediately went to work helping to build and maintain a community that included mess halls and agricultural operations, a hospital, a newspaper, and schools.

Children participated in patriotic assemblies and pledged allegiance to the American flag. Nearly 500 citizen internees wove camouflage nets for U.S. Army use overseas.

cloth strips were woven into the netting after being dyed camouflage colors–6000 nets/month were woven. The quote at the bottom is interesting. Momo Nagano says “Our pay was $16 per month and we certainly earned it as we took pride in our work

Application for leave clearance WRA Form Application for leave clearance WRA Form 126 Rev.126 Rev.

Question 27: If the opportunity Question 27: If the opportunity presents itself and you are found presents itself and you are found qualified, would you be willing to qualified, would you be willing to volunteer for the Army Nurse Corps of volunteer for the Army Nurse Corps of WAAC?WAAC?

Question 28: Will you swear Question 28: Will you swear unqualified allegiance to the US of A unqualified allegiance to the US of A and forswear any form of allegiance or and forswear any form of allegiance or obedience to the Japanese emporer or obedience to the Japanese emporer or any other foreign government power any other foreign government power or organizationor organization??

“I can’t tell you how much I appreciate the opportunity to tell you what you have done for this country. You fought not only the enemy, but you fought prejudice. And you won. You have made the Constitution stand for what it really means: the welfare of all the people, all the time.”President Harry S. Truman speaking to the 100th Battalion and 442nd Regimental Combat Team, July 15, 1946

Hiroshima and Nagasaki August 6, 1945The U.S. drops the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan. Three days later, a second bomb is dropped on Nagasaki. Japan surrenders on August 14.

Gradually leaving incarceration camps August 1945Some 44,000 people remain in incarceration camps. Thousands have nowhere to go after losing their homes and jobs. Many are afraid of anti-Japanese hostility and refuse to leave the camps.

Last incarceration camp closed March 20, 1946Tule Lake segregation center shuts down, the last War Relocation Authority incarceration camp to close its gates.

Termination of E.O. 9066 February 19, 1976President Gerald Ford issues "An American Promise," a presidential proclamation terminating Executive Order 9066. The proclamation calls upon the American people to affirm "that we have learned from the tragedy of that long-ago experience forever to treasure liberty and justice for each individual American, and resolve that this kind of action shall never again be repeated.

Legal appeals 1983-1988The wartime convictions of Gordon Hirabayashi, Minoru Yasui, and Fred Korematsu (the three men who protested the curfew and/or exclusion orders) are vacated, or "nullified," because of government misconduct.

Civil Liberties Act August 10, 1988President Ronald Reagan signs HR 442 into law. It acknowledges that the incarceration of more than 120,000 individuals of Japanese descent was unjust, and offers an apology and reparation payment of $20,000 to each person incarcerated under Executive Order 9066.

Redress October 9, 1990In a Washington, D.C. ceremony the first nine redress payments are made to the oldest surviving issei.

Medals of Honor June 21, 2000After military review, President William J. Clinton awards an additional twenty Medals of Honor, the nation's highest military award for valor, to nisei members of the 100th Infantry Battalion and the 442nd Regimental Combat Team.

The inscription is in Japanese and reads The inscription is in Japanese and reads 慰霊塔 慰霊塔 ((ireitõireitõ), ), meaning "Monument to console the souls of the dead." meaning "Monument to console the souls of the dead."

The inscription on the back reads "August 1943" and "erected by the Manzanar Japanese." The inscription on the back reads "August 1943" and "erected by the Manzanar Japanese." The obelisk shrine currently is draped in strings of origami and has offerings of personal items left The obelisk shrine currently is draped in strings of origami and has offerings of personal items left

by survivors and visitorby survivors and visitor

CurrentlyCurrently In 1980, the Commission on Wartime Relocation and In 1980, the Commission on Wartime Relocation and

Internment of Civilians reviewed the impact of Executive Internment of Civilians reviewed the impact of Executive Order 9066 on Japanese-Americans and determined that Order 9066 on Japanese-Americans and determined that they were the victims of they were the victims of discriminationdiscrimination by the federal by the federal government. government.

On August 10, 1988, President Ronald Reagan signed the On August 10, 1988, President Ronald Reagan signed the Civil Liberties Act of 1988. The Act was passed by Civil Liberties Act of 1988. The Act was passed by Congress to provide a Presidential apology and symbolic Congress to provide a Presidential apology and symbolic payment of $20,000 to the internees, evacuees, and payment of $20,000 to the internees, evacuees, and persons of Japanese ancestry who lost liberty or property persons of Japanese ancestry who lost liberty or property because of discriminatory action by the Federal because of discriminatory action by the Federal government during World War II.government during World War II.

Respond to situation Japanese Americans faced using the Respond to situation Japanese Americans faced using the same paper you used in the beginning of this powerpoint. same paper you used in the beginning of this powerpoint.

1. Imagine you were going away - you don't know where, how 1. Imagine you were going away - you don't know where, how long, or under what conditions. Out of the list you have made (in long, or under what conditions. Out of the list you have made (in Question 1 of Part 1) take anything you want and need , as long as Question 1 of Part 1) take anything you want and need , as long as you can carry them. you can carry them. What would you take? What would you take? Was it difficult/easy to decide what to take? Was it difficult/easy to decide what to take? How would you feel about the things you had to leave behind? How would you feel about the things you had to leave behind? How do you feel? (one word) How do you feel? (one word)

2. Imagine that you will not be able to see any of those special 2. Imagine that you will not be able to see any of those special people again (Question 2)? people again (Question 2)? What would you do? What would you do? Who will you miss the most and why? Who will you miss the most and why? How do you feel? (one word)How do you feel? (one word)

3. You cannot take your pet with you where you are going. 3. You cannot take your pet with you where you are going. What do you do with it? What do you do with it? How do you feel? (one word)How do you feel? (one word)

4. In your new "home," you smell horses and manure. 4. In your new "home," you smell horses and manure. You notice a barbed wire fence surrounds the buildings You notice a barbed wire fence surrounds the buildings you and other people like you live in. And you see that you and other people like you live in. And you see that you cannot get out. you cannot get out. What do you do or say? What do you do or say? How do you feel? (one word)How do you feel? (one word)

5. Your new "home" is one room, where all of your 5. Your new "home" is one room, where all of your family must live. There are only some cots to sleep on, family must live. There are only some cots to sleep on, nothing else. nothing else. How do you feel? (one word)How do you feel? (one word) How do you feel about living in this room? How do you feel about living in this room?

6. In your new "home," you cannot do any of the things 6. In your new "home," you cannot do any of the things you do regularly. you do regularly. What things would you miss the most? What things would you miss the most? How do you feel? (one word)How do you feel? (one word)

7. Imagine getting up in the morning. You have to go to 7. Imagine getting up in the morning. You have to go to the bathroom, but you have to walk about a half a block the bathroom, but you have to walk about a half a block to get there. to get there. Describe the bathroom (100 people in your block of Describe the bathroom (100 people in your block of

houses must use the same bathroom as you) houses must use the same bathroom as you) How do you feel? (one word) How do you feel? (one word)

8. It's breakfast time, served exactly at 7 a.m. If you 8. It's breakfast time, served exactly at 7 a.m. If you miss breakfast, you must wait until noon for any food. miss breakfast, you must wait until noon for any food. (You have no refrigerator, nor is there a store nearby.) (You have no refrigerator, nor is there a store nearby.) You must walk outside of your "house" again to the You must walk outside of your "house" again to the Mess Hall to eat. You have to wait in line, along with Mess Hall to eat. You have to wait in line, along with about half of the hundred people who live in your block about half of the hundred people who live in your block of buildings. You have to eat what is served in the Mess of buildings. You have to eat what is served in the Mess Hall. This morning, it is the usual powdered eggs and Hall. This morning, it is the usual powdered eggs and powdered milk, or oatmeal mush. powdered milk, or oatmeal mush. What do you choose? What do you choose? How do you feel? (one word)How do you feel? (one word)