LIFE SPAN DEVELOPMENT:Lecture 11 -development vs. decline Life Span

-recent interest -Piaget --- teens

Stage Theories Examples:

Erikson – psychoanalytically based- biological unfolding- 8 crises or challenges to handle

Levinson – more recent- “socially” determined stages

ERIKSON 1) Trust vs. Mistrust --- 1 yr

-mother – -continuity – trust others

2) Autonomy vs. Shame/doubt --- 1 – 3 yrs. -muscles -experience “with guidance” - -negative feedback –

3) Initiative vs. Guilt --- 3 – 5 yrs. -Freud – love/hate, powerlessness

-cognitive abilities … -harsh reprimand

4) Industry vs inferiority --- 6 – 11 yrs. -social play –

yes ---- competent no ---

5) Identity vs Identity-confusion -adolescence -select - -confusion

6) Intimacy vs Isolation -early adulthood -seek -if weak

7) Generativity vs. Stagnation-middle age- turn inward or turn outward

-children/coaching, etc

8) Integrity vs Despair -satisfaction or disappointment with

accomplishments -depends on successful resolution of previous

crises

ADOLESENCE

-parents vs peers parents – )

stability –

- “generation gap” - example

-value similarity with parents--basic values – not lifestyle choices-greatest differences

-

peers -control – -subculture – deviate –

conformity?? -rises -peaks in -begins to decline in

examples: two different issues- moral dilemmas - perceptual tasks

Spheres of influence:

Parents: - social, political, religious Peers :

- -

Levinson – stage theory -adult development -original – 1978 – males only now includes women -social not biological stages1) Early Adult Transition - 22 Years

- -

2) Early Adulthood – 28 yrs - - -

3) Thirties Transition -make -no more -difficult

4) Settling Down – Late 30’s – 40’s -greater -independence –

5) Midlife Transition – 45 - -‘last chance’ – occupational and marital

change

4) Middle Adulthood – 50 – 60 -attempt stability & commitment

5) Old Age -retirement -generally positive but “large” minority dissatisfied

1010 old age – characteristics

Theirs: mostly

Problem types:----- Physical Decline:

-strength, movement -vision, hearing -physiological – cardiac output breathing capacity

Physical – loss of independence = loss of control -also, treated like children by their

children – “controlled”

Learned Helplessness –Seligman -earliest research with dogs Training phase:

Independent Variablea)

b) Test:

-have to learn a new response (e.g., liftingleg) to control (shut off) shock

RESULTS:

Results: % dogs learning new avoidanceresponse

Effects of experiencing Lossof control – Seligman

Deficits in animals: 1. motivational – 2. physical – 3. cognitive –

LH perceive no control depression

Human analogue – depression inthe elderly

Other facets of control – IQdecline??

Physiology -decreased brain weight – 12 % -decreased cerebral blood flow

Crystallized IQ: assessed by knowledge accumulation tests e.g., -

Fluid IQ: - -

-

Control

financialFacets of control health Children -linked to premature decline? Intervention??? Give (perceived)

control back

Rodin & Langer -subjects – nursing home residents

Independent Variable: control group: normal routine experimental group: lecture, move,

plant

Dependent Variables:1.2.3. behavioral index – final lecture –

attendance and questions (whoasks?)

4.

Nurses’ Ratings Exp’t Control Happy Interest Sociability Self-Initiation Vigorousness

Physician’s Ratings (Change over18 months) Exp’t = Control = -

Behavior-show up Exp’t = Control =-questions (14 asked) 10/14 Exp’t 4/14 Control

Mortality Rate Exp’t = Control = Follow up Study

Students visit A) B) Mortality rate B>A

(unintented side effect: after study stops, A’s die more often) Control taken away!

Importance of “perceived” control