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Lighting Systems: Electrical Sources Chapter 3 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. Slide 2 Bubble diagrams anyone? Slide 3 Chapter 3 Electrical Sources 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 3 Lamps Incandescent Tungsten-halogen Fluorescent HID (High-Intensity Discharge) Mercury vapor Metal halide High-pressure sodium Slide 4 Lamps Slide 5 Chapter 3 Electrical Sources 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 5 Specialty Remote source illumination systems: Fiber optics Neon lamps Electroluminescent lamps: LEDs (Light-emitting diodes) Slide 6 Chapter 3 Electrical Sources 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 6 Lamp Characteristics Light output Efficacy Color Lamp life Maintenance factors Cost Slide 7 Chapter 3 Electrical Sources 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 7 Lamp Characteristics A lamps light output is measured in lumens A footcandle: Amount of light that falls on a surface in a one-foot radius from the source Measurement is the lamps lumen per square foot Slide 8 Chapter 3 Electrical Sources 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 8 Lamp Characteristics A footcandle is the amount of light that falls on a surface in a one-foot radius from the source. Slide 9 Chapter 3 Electrical Sources 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 9 Lamp Characteristics Candlepower measurement: A lamps candela describes the intensity of a light source in a specific direction Wattage: Amount of electricity consumed by a lamp Efficacy: Energy efficiency of a lamp Lumens per watts (LPW) consumed Slide 10 Comparative lamp efficacy Slide 11 Chapter 3 Electrical Sources 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 11 Lamp Characteristics Chromaticity or color temperature: Degree of red or blue of a light source Measured by kelvins (K) A warmer apparent color of a light source will have a lower number Slide 12 Chapter 3 Electrical Sources 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 12 Lamp Characteristics Color-rendering index (CRI): Measures how well a light source makes objects appear Index range is 0 to100 The higher the CRI number the better the color rendering ability of the lamp Slide 13 Chapter 3 Electrical Sources 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 13 Lamp Characteristics Lamp life: Calculation derived by recording how long it took for ~ 50% of a large group of lamps to burn out Replacement considerations: Lamp life and deterioration Initial cost of the lamp Slide 14 Lamp life Slide 15 Consider heat load on building too Slide 16 Comparison chart for all source types Slide 17 Chapter 3 Electrical Sources 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 17 Lamp Characteristics Maintenance considerations: Location of installation Energy requirements Location of lamps and labor Slide 18 Chapter 3 Electrical Sources 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 18 Incandescent Lamps Operating principles: An electrical current heats the tungsten filament until incandescence is reached Heat causes filament to thin and eventually break Fragments of tungsten deposit on glass of the bulb Basic components of an incandescent lamp are shown in Figure 3.3 on page 64 of your text. Slide 19 Chapter 3 Electrical Sources 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 19 Incandescent Lamps Bulb made of blown soda lime (soft) glass Inert gases added to bulb to reduce oxidization of tungsten filament: Standard lamp has argon with some nitrogen Halogen improves performance by redistributing oxidizing tungsten on the filament Slide 20 Standard incandescent lamps shapes and their designations Slide 21 Chapter 3 Electrical Sources 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 21 Incandescent Lamps Three-way lamps have two filaments: One filament for lowest wattage (50) Second filament produces next highest wattage (100) Two filaments operating together produce highest illumination wattage level (150) Slide 22 Chapter 3 Electrical Sources 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 22 Incandescent Lamps 1015% of the energy produces light Dimming reduces amount of light and heat Affects workload of air conditioning systems Operating volts of a system affect its life Horizontal or vertical positions Slide 23 Chapter 3 Electrical Sources 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 23 Incandescent Lamps Advantages: Provide the greatest amount of flexibility Directional or non-directional illumination Varied size and shape Easy dimming Quick on Frequent starts Optical control Low initial cost Excellent color rendition and chromaticity Slide 24 Chapter 3 Electrical Sources 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 24 Incandescent Lamps Disadvantages: Low efficacy rating Generation of heat Relatively short life Damages artwork, fabrics, and other precious materials Slide 25 Chapter 3 Electrical Sources 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 25 Incandescent Lamps Codes developed by ANSI: A letter describes the shape of the lamp Letter followed by a number indicates diameter of the lamp in 1/8 inches Example: A19 - A is code for an arbitrary shape Lamp is 2 3/8 (19/8) wide at widest point on bulb Slide 26 Chapter 3 Electrical Sources 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 26 Incandescent Lamps Variety of types: Clear, frosted, soft-white, crown-silvered, colors, and protective coatings Frosted lamps: Acid etch Soft-white lamps: Coated with silica Crown-silvered lamps: Coating covering top half Most common colors are red, blue, yellow, and green Rough service Protective shielding Slide 27 Chapter 3 Electrical Sources 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 27 Incandescent Lamps Reflector (R) lamp: Improves efficacy and directional qualities Halogen parabolic aluminized reflector (PAR) Elliptical reflector (ER) Multifaceted reflector (MR) Indoors: R, ER, MR Outdoors: PAR Cool-beam PAR Slide 28 Chapter 3 Electrical Sources 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 28 Incandescent Lamps Reflector beam spreads ranges: spot to flood Codes: SP, NS, VNSP, WFL, MWFL, VWFL Example: SP10: a spot lamp with a 10% beam distribution Slide 29 Reflector (R) and Parabolic Aluminized Reflector (PAR) Lamps Slide 30 Efficiency of the reflector Slide 31 Slide 32 Chapter 3 Electrical Sources 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 32 Tungsten-Halogen Lamps Halogen regenerative cycle: Evaporated tungsten redeposit on the filament Requires a heat-resistant glass (quartz) ~ 20-30% more efficient than incandescent Longer life Whiter light Higher color temperature and efficacy rating MR 16, MR11 MR8, and PAR popular Slide 33 Chapter 3 Electrical Sources 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 33 Tungsten-Halogen Lamps Line voltage in US is 110 standard volts Low-voltage between 6-75 volts Transformer: Device to step down electrical current Luminaires with multiple fixtures cannot exceed maximum wattage of the transformer Slide 34 The halogen cleaning cycle Slide 35 Different lamps come with different bases: can help (or hurt) inventory control Slide 36 Halogen incandescent lamps shapes and their designations Slide 37 Chapter 3 Electrical Sources 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 37 When is the best time to use those highly inefficient incandescent lamps? Slide 38 Chapter 3 Electrical Sources 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 38 Discharge Lamps Operating principles: Electrical current passes through hot tungsten cathodes at end of tube Tube with low-pressure mercury vapor gas and other inert gases Cathodes emit electrons that excite mercury gas Vaporized mercury produces radiant energy, mostly invisible ultraviolet rays Slide 39 Chapter 3 Electrical Sources 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 39 Discharge Lamps Operating principles: Phosphorous coating on inside of tube re- radiates ultraviolet rays to visible spectrum As visible light is produced, phosphor coating fluoresces Glow occurs at a very low temperature Phosphorous coating determines color of the light Slide 40 Chapter 3 Electrical Sources 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 40 Discharge Lamps General characteristics: Do not have filaments Operate on low or high pressure Mercury or sodium gases Maintains a fairly consistent color Require a ballast to start lamp and control electrical current Slide 41 Chapter 3 Electrical Sources 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 41 Ballasts Operating life of ballasts: ~ 3 times a fluorescent lamp Magnetic and electronic versions Electronic ballast preferred: More energy efficient Quieter Weighs less than magnetic ballast a. A ballast with a separate control gear b. A ballast built into the unit Slide 42 Chapter 3 Electrical Sources 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 42 Fluorescent Lamps Initial fluorescent lamps: Halophosphate (limited range of colors) Triphosphors made from rare- earth (RE) phosphors: Improved color properties Better efficacy ratings Slide 43 Chapter 3 Electrical Sources 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 43 Fluorescent Lamps RE-70 fluorescent: Thin coat of conventional phosphors and triphosphors 7 represents the CRI range between 70-79 Coding example: RE-730 7 represents CRI range between 70-79 30 is temperature of 3000 3099K Slide 44 Chapter 3 Electrical Sources 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 44 Fluorescent Lamps 3 types of lamp-ballast circuits: Preheat: Heats cathodes at start of illumination Used for lower wattage lamps Button held down to start Instant start: No starter High open circuit voltage: Slightly reduces life of lamp Slide 45 Chapter 3 Electrical Sources 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 45 Fluorescent Lamps Rapid start: Operates by continuously heating cathodes Most common system used today Can illuminate lamps at high wattages Longer life than other two types Dimming can only be done with a rapid start system Slide 46 Chapter 3 Electrical Sources 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 46 Fluorescent Lamps Most common lamps are the straight tubes: T12, T8, and T5 Nomenclature for F48T12CW: Fluorescent (F) lamp 48 watts (48) Tubular shape (T) 12/8 in diameter (12) Cool-white color (CW) Slide 47 Chapter 3 Electrical Sources 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 47 Fluorescent Lamps Shapes: Straight tubular, U-shape, and circle High cost of triphosphors coatings led to lamps in smaller diameters T8 has been successful: Improved efficiency Enhanced color Small 1 diameter Lamps physically interchangeable with T12 T8 and T12 use different ballasts Slide 48 Chapter 3 Electrical Sources 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 48 Fluorescent Lamps T8 characteristics: LPW is ~ 25% better than T12 lamp Increasingly more popular Will eventually eliminate T12 lamps T5 characteristics: Smaller and slightly more efficient than T8 Poses retrofit problems Only available in metric sizes Mini-bipin base is restrictive Slide 49 Parts of a fluorescent lamp Slide 50 Fluorescent lamp shapes and data Slide 51 Fluorescent lamp bases Slide 52 Ballast construction Can effect efficacy of luminaire Generally considered hazardous waste Slide 53 Where are they? Slide 54 Chapter 3 Electrical Sources 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 54 Fluorescent Lamps Advantages: Energy efficient High lumen output Long life Radiate less heat than incandescent Moderate initial cost Low operating cost Variety of color options Use up to 80% less energy than incandescent Can last up to 18 times longer than incandescent Slide 55 Chapter 3 Electrical Sources 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 55 Fluorescent Lamps Disadvantages: Needs a ballast Flickering can occur Indoor use only Time needed to reach maximum lumen output Sensitive to ambient temperatures Dimming is expensive Shape and size limitations Mismatches with lamps and ballasts Variations between lamp manufacturers Continuous on and off is detrimental to life and performance of lamp Slide 56 Chapter 3 Electrical Sources 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 56 Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) To create the CFL, 1 or 2 linear fluorescent tubes are folded Available in twin, triple, and quad tubes Ballast: Separate control gear or Built into the unit (integral system) Slide 57 Chapter 3 Electrical Sources 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 57 Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) Characteristics: Produces a high lumen output Up to 75% energy savings compared to incandescent Some local building codes require in commercial interiors Some not designed to be dimmed Slide 58 Compact fluorescent family Slide 59 Chapter 3 Electrical Sources 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 59 Do you have fluorescent lamps in your dorm rooms? Do you like them? Slide 60 Chapter 3 Electrical Sources 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 60 High-Intensity Discharge (HID) Mercury vapor (MV) Metal halide (MH) High-pressure sodium (HPS) Slide 61 Chapter 3 Electrical Sources 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 61 High-Intensity Discharge (HID) Mercury Vapor lamps developed in 1901: Used on a regular basis by 1930s MH and HPS lamps developed in 1960s Slide 62 Chapter 3 Electrical Sources 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 62 HID Functions Similar to fluorescent lamp: Illumination begins with an arc between 2 electrodes Operates in a gas-filled cylindrical tube Requires ballasts Creates radiant energy from gases and metal vapors Dont use phosphors to generate light in visible range Slide 63 Chapter 3 Electrical Sources 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 63 HID Functions Names of HID lamps indicate the primary gas that is ionized: MV lamps is mercury MH lamps have chemical compounds of metal halides and possibly vapors of metals such as mercury HPS utilizes sodium Slide 64 Chapter 3 Electrical Sources 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 64 HID Lamps HID ballasts (auxiliary controls) made for specific lamp types and wattages Electronic ballasts are the best choice for HID lamps: More efficient than magnetic ballasts Can best control voltages: Results in longer life More consistent color over life of lamp Requires a ballast designed for dimming Slide 65 Chapter 3 Electrical Sources 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 65 HID Lamps Primary shapes: A, B, BT, E, ED, T, and directional PAR and R Nomenclature: Letter for MV is H (stands for Greek word for mercury) Letter for MH is M HPS letter is S Following letter is generally the wattage Slide 66 HID Lamp construction Slide 67 Metal Halide Lamp shapes Slide 68 Restrike time Slide 69 Chapter 3 Electrical Sources 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 69 Advantages HID Lamps HID characteristics: High efficacy Long life High LPW performance Operation in a wide range of ambient temperatures Positive long-term economics Slide 70 Chapter 3 Electrical Sources 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 70 Advantages HID Lamps MH lamps: High efficacy Good color rendition Long life Good lumen maintenance Wide spectrum of colors and wattages Available in the incandescent lamp shape Warm and cool color renditions Excellent optical control Operate in a variety of temperatures Slide 71 Chapter 3 Electrical Sources 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 71 Advantages HID Lamps HPS: Extremely high LPW rating Exceptionally long service Excellent long-term economics Can last 40,000+ hours Over-wattage can shorten life of lamps Compared to other HID lamps, HPS lamps most adversely affected by frequent starts Designed to operate over long periods of time Seasoning required to reach full operating capacity Slide 72 Chapter 3 Electrical Sources 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 72 Disadvantages HID Lamps Requires start-up time Color shifts during the life of lamp Variations in color between the same lamps Strict ballast requirements Not easily dimmable Slide 73 Chapter 3 Electrical Sources 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 73 Disadvantages HID Lamps Start-up times between 2-10 minutes Restrike time up to 15 minutes: Lamp must cool down before starting again Problematic for safety and security Restrike occurs: Power interruption Insufficient voltage in the system Slide 74 Chapter 3 Electrical Sources 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 74 Disadvantages HID Lamps Some instant restrike lamps: Available only at high wattages Must be used with special luminaires and ballasts Specify an additional luminaire during restrike time Specify a lamp with an auxiliary unit built into lamp Due to warm-up and restrike, not advisable for use with motion detectors Slide 75 Lighting and HVAC Slide 76 Chilled beams Slide 77 Multi-service chilled beam Slide 78 Slide 79 Slide 80 Slide 81 Chapter 3 Electrical Sources 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 81 Homework Go through each programmed space in our project, and note which light might be the best balance between efficiency and quality