LightweightX-rayOptics

WilliamW.ZhangNASAGoddardSpaceFlightCenter

WilliamW.Zhang NASA/GSFC 1

MetricsofX-rayOptics

•••

PSF:AngularResolutionMassperunitEffectiveAreaCostperunitEffectiveArea

DefinitionofProgress:

10timesbetterthanexisting technologyinoneormoreofthe threemetrics

WilliamW.ZhangNASA/GSFC 2

MissionsinOperations

Chandra XMM-Newton NuSTAR

Agency NASA ESA NASAPSF(“HPD) 0.5 15 58Mass/EffArea

(kg/m2)Cost/EffArea($/m2,2013$)

~18,000

~$10,000M

~2,000

~$413M

~180

~$50M

WilliamW.ZhangNASA/GSFC 3

TechnologyforIXO

WilliamW.ZhangNASA/GSFC 4

Basedonglassslumping.Mature.Readyformissionsrequiring10”PSF.

FutureMissions

PSF(“HPD)

MirrorArea(m2)

HST 0.1 5

Chandra 0.5 19

TMT ~0.1 ~700Athena 5 ~700

X-raySurveyor

Probes,Explorers

~0.5

0.1-10

~700

20-200

5WilliamW.ZhangNASA/GSFC

ThreeChallenges

•

•

•

MirrorFabricationMake~102m2oflightweightopticsatreasonablecostinreasonabletimeCoatingCoat15nmofiridiumwithoutdegradingfigureAlignmentandBondingIntegrate~104mirrorsintoanassembly atreasonablecostinreasonabletime

6WilliamW.ZhangNASA/GSFC

MirrorFabrication

•––

•–

•––

UsesinglecrystalsiliconPerfectstructure,nointernalstressLowdensity,highthermalconductivity,lowCTE,andhighstiffness

Use“grind&polish”Proventechniqueformakinghighqualityoptics

DevelopandperfectAprocesstomakethin&lightweightmirrorsAmass-productionprocesstolowercostand productiontime

7WilliamW.ZhangNASA/GSFC

MirrorFabricationConcept

Singlecrystallinesilicon:Stressfree

Ahighqualitymirror,made withexistingpolishing

Light-weighting: Slicingandremovalof damagebyacidetch

WilliamW.ZhangNASA/GSFC 8

ConceptProven

WilliamW.ZhangNASA/GSFC 9

CoatingConcept

•

•

Sputterbothsidesofsiliconmirrors with15nmofiridiumtominimize netstressAnnealcoatedmirrorstoeliminateresidualnetstress

10WilliamW.ZhangNASA/GSFC

CoatingConceptProven

11

BareWafers IridiumCoatedonBothSides

AfterAnnealing

Wafer#1

Wafer#2

WilliamW.ZhangNASA/GSFC

AlignmentandBondingConceptEachmirror kinematically supportedto minimize distortion.

Implementationand testingunderway. Initialresultsby December2016.

WilliamW.ZhangNASA/GSFC 12

StatusandProspects•

–

–

•

–

– –

––

Slumpedglasstechnologyreadyformaking10”X-ray telescopes

10timeslighterthanXMM-Newton’s,comparableangular resolution10timesbetterangularresolutionthanSuzaku’s, comparableweight

Singlecrystalsiliconmirrortechnologyunder development

Mirrorscurrentlyat~2”levelDiffraction-limitedperformancepossible(~0.1”)Coating,alignmentandbondingbeingworkedon~2”X-rayimagesexpectedforDecember2016Likelytoreach1”by2020,readytosupporttheX-raySurveyormission

13WilliamW.ZhangNASA/GSFC

OtherDevelopmentEfforts

•––

•––––

•–

•–

Effortstoimprovetheglassslumpingprocess

–

MPE,Germany(Winteretal.)OAB,Italy(Gighoetal.)

EffortstoimproveslumpedglassmirrorsDifferentialdepositionatMSFC(Ramseyetal.)&RXO(Windt)PiezoadjustableatSAO&PSU(Reidetal.)MagneticsmartmaterialatNorthwesternUniv.(Ulmeretal.)IonimplantatMIT(Schattenburgetal.)

EffortstogrindandpolishthinfullshellsOAB,Italy(Pareschietal.)MSFC(Gubarevetal.)

UsingsolderatMIT(Schattenburgetal.)

14WilliamW.ZhangNASA/GSFC

Effortstoimprovemirror bonding

NextGenerationX-rayOpticsTeam

K. D.Allgood1,M.P.Biskach1,K.W.Chan2,J.R.Mazzarella1,R.S.McClelland1,J.Niemeyer1,A.Numata1,L.G.Olsen,R.E.Riveros2,T.T.Saha,M.J.Schofield1,M.V.Sharpe1,P.M.Solly1,W.W.Zhang

NASAGoddardSpaceFlightCenter1StingerGhaffarianTechnologies,Inc.

2UniversityofMaryland,BaltimoreCounty

J.M.Carter,J.A.Gaskin,W.D.Jones,J.J.Kolodziejczak,S.L.O’DellNASAMarshallSpaceFlightCenter

UndergraduateInterns DillonMartin

UniversityofCentralFloridaTonyZheng

StonyBrookUniversity

WilliamW.ZhangNASA/GSFC

Acknowledgement

ThisworkhasbeenfundedbyNASAthrough

APRAandSATPrograms.

16WilliamW.ZhangNASA/GSFC