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Lignite Fueling the world’s need for energy
Carbon/energy content of coal High
High Moisture content of coal
Low Rank Coals47%
Lignite17%
Sub-‐bituminuos30%
Hard Coal 53%
Bituminous 52%
Anthracite <1%
ThermalSteam coal
MetallurgicalCooking coal
%
WORLD
RESERVES
Largely power generation
Power generation, cement manufacturing
Power generation, cement manufacturing
Manufacture of Iron & steel Domestic/ industrial
including smokeless fuel
Rank, Grade & Usage of coal
Coal Classification
Coal type (organic
composition)
A classification of coal distinguished on the basis of the constituent plant materials; megascopic classification is a “ l i t h o t y p e ” . M i c r o s c o p i c classifications use “microlithotypes” and “macerals”.
Coal Grade (Mineral matter)
A classification of coal based on degree of purity i.e. quantity of ash left after burning; dependent upon amount of mineral matter
Coal Rank (Coal
maturity)
The classification of coals according to their degree of metamorphism or coalification (maturation) in the natura l ser ies f rom l ign i te to anthracite.
Releases : volatile fractions (methane,
water, CO2 )
Eliminates: Oxygen containing functional
group
Increases : aromatic unit & carbon
Coalification Process
Peatification → Peat
Dehydration → Lignite to Sub-‐bituminous
Bituminization → Upper sub-‐bituminous (high vola6le)
Debituminization → Low vola6le bituminous
Graphitization → Semi-‐anthracite to anthracite to meta-‐anthracite
Major Stages in Coalification
LIGNITE
WHAT IS LIGNITE? Brown coal, or Rosebud coal by Northern Pacific Railroad.
Soft brown fuel. Lowest classification of coal.
HOW IT IS FORMED?
Lignite Formation
Dehydration Compaction
Expulsion of COOH, H2O and CO2
DEHYDRATION
Type of lignite
Xyloid lignite Fossil wood Have a tenacity and
appearance of an ordinary wood.
Provide considerable quantity of ulmic acid
Perfect ligniteCompacted ligniteCharacterised by its
complete solubility in hypochlorites and nitric acid.
Lignite Formation
PEATIFICATION
Humification Maceration
Gelification
Properties and Classification of Lignite
Physical properties
Yellow to dark brown Soft, the original wood texture may still present.
It crumbles easily after dried.
German classification of coal grade
Sub-‐bituminous to bitum
inous coal
German classification of coal grade
Chemical composition
Coal is composed primarily of carbon along with other elements, chiefly sulfur, oxygen and hydrogen.
Some scientists say…..
Chemical composition
Coal is composed primarily of carbon along with other elements, chiefly sulfur, oxygen and hydrogen.
Some scientists say…..
Chemical composition
Coal is composed primarily of carbon along with other elements, chiefly sulfur, oxygen and hydrogen.
Some scientists say…..
Chemical properties
Another group of scientists say…..
Chemical properties
• Heat content is also known as calorific value.• It indicates the amount of heat that is released when the coal is burned in kJ/kg.
Another group of scientists say…..
Chemical properties
• Heat content is also known as calorific value.• It indicates the amount of heat that is released when the coal is burned in kJ/kg.
Low cost, inefficient transportation, storage and ash disposal.
Another group of scientists say…..
IDENTIFYING LIGNITE AND COAL BEDS
Geophysical Logs (revisited)
Log Func(on
Gammamesures aount of radioac6vity emi@ed iby various stra6graphic lithotypes
Bulk Densitymeasure the interac6on between inducec-‐gamma ray and electron in material
Neutron measures the hydrogen present in water atoms in a forma6on
Sonic (Acous6c)measure the velocity of compressional wave component of acous6c signal
Resis6vity determine the current flow between electrodes
Lateralog measures electrical conduc6vity of beds through horizontal signals
Summary of Drill Hole Characteristics
Typical Responses of Geological Logs in Rock Type Commonly Encountered in Coal Drilling
Geological Logs Showing Lithologic Responses in Drillholes
USAGE OF LIGNITE
1. Electricity generation2. Synthetic natural gas generation3. Fertilizer products production
USAGE OF LIGNITE
1. Electricity generation2. Synthetic natural gas generation3. Fertilizer products production
USAGE OF LIGNITE (in percentage, %)
Electricity generation
Power plant in Rhenish, Germany. Current production level is about 100 million tonnes per year.
Lignite is crushed, pulverized into a powder and then burned in a conventional super critical boiler to create high pressure steam
That steam is then used to power steam turbines linked to electric generators
Electricity generation
Synthetic natural gas generation
Lurgi gasification process; Synfuels Plant gasifies lignite to produce valuable gases and liquids.
Lignite consumption is more than 6 million tons annually.
Synthetic natural gas generation
Lurgi Mark IV gasifiers (Lignite)
Lurgi moving bed gasifiers (steam and oxygen; produces a
Waste heat boiler (raw gas stream that exists each
Fertilizer products production
1150 tons per day of anhydrous ammonia (approximately 150 MMSCFD of CO2, and a variety of other byproducts)
Fertilizer products production
Process flow diagram1. Removes 93% of the Sulfur Dioxide.2. Flue Gas Desulfurization3. Dewatering and Compaction
Assessing Impact of Lignite Economic Prospects and Hazards
What is good about it?
Supplies are available throughout the world
Coal Mining is expanding very fast in Asia and starting to decline in the Europe
Where in Sarawak?Mukah-‐Balingan ProvinceMerit Pila, Kapit Division Estimated Resource of 400 million Tonnes! Will be mined to power SCORE project
Lignite Econs
Germany largest producer
India -‐ controlled lignite production
China -‐ increased production
Lignite Economy
Poland's Lignite
Poland was the world's fourth largest lignite producer in 1999.
Poland is the largest electricity producer in Central and Eastern Europe.
Source? = Coal & Lignite Lignite supplies 25% -‐ Poland's Electricity
Hard Coal Power Station
Lignite Power Station
Gas Power Stations
HydroelectricityAutoproducers
Poland's Lignite
Late 1990s Lignite price -‐ NOT profitable for mining companies
Lignite miners – loss of interest
2003 – New Pricing System Lignite – with agreement – miners & power plants
Poland's Lignite
Adamów” - until 2029 Bełchatów” - until 2050 Konin” - until 2037 Turów” - until 2035
1 Polish zloty / milligram (PLN/Mg) = 313 578 U.S. Dollars / kg
THIS SECTION MAY
CONTAIN
DISTURBING IMAGES
PROCEED WITH
CAUTION
Health hazard
Affect those directly involved with mining and those who are not.
Severe Pneumonic and Respiratory Problem (CWP, Bronchitis)
Occupational Hazards to miners (slippage, collapse of shafts, explosion)
Toxic exposure-‐Polluted water sources
1968 Virginia mine explosion
METHANE GAS EXPLOSION IN SIBERIAOn 13 May 2010, a mine in Raspadskaya killing 66 people and injuring 99 including rescuers.
Death Episode of China Coal Mining
China Labour Bulletin News Flash No. 60, Hong Kong
Death Episode of China Coal Mining
China Labour Bulletin News Flash No. 60, Hong Kong
Never Below
5000
Fatalities!
Environmental Impact
Air Pollution : Green house gas emission (CO2,SO2,NO,CO)
Pollution of noise Pollution to water sources -‐ AMD-‐ Coal mine slurry (contains arsenic, mercury, chromium
and lead)-‐ Release of volatile substance-‐ River pollutions by the likes of salts and solids
materials
Land disturbance (subsidence, wildlife & vegetation)
Open Pit causes land destructionsToxic Mine Slurry of Appalachian Coal Fields
Release of GHG and hazardous emissionsWater source pollution
Open Pit causes land destructionsToxic Mine Slurry of Appalachian Coal Fields
Release of GHG and hazardous emissionsWater source pollution
Land
AirWater
Before we end…
Press statement
“ The mining of coal is one of the most environmentally-‐damaging and polluting projects on Earth. The burning of coal in power-‐generating plants produces huge volume of green-‐house gas and have caused tremendous climatic changes all over the world. The extraction of coal from the ground and from underground mines have caused irreparable environmental damages. These woes have been seen all over the world, especially in coal-‐producing countries.
Borneo Resources Institute on lignite extraction for the SCORE project