Chemical Equations

Chemical Equations

Like a recipe:

Reactants Products

2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l)

Introduction

Symbols Yields or Produces(s) solid(l) liquid(aq) aqueous(g) gas

Introduction

The Difference between (l) and (aq)

• Liquid – Pure liquid.Nothing is in it.

H2O(l)

• Aqueous – Dissolved in water.

NaCl(aq) = Salt water

(l) or (aq)?

(l) or (aq)?

Distilled water

Tap Water

Iced Tea

Mouthwash

Gasoline

Paint

(l) or (aq)?

Easy Examples:

Hd10 + Bu8 HdBu

Balancing

Balancing

Balancing

Balancing

Balancing

1. Must balance because of the Law of Cons. of Matter

2. Rules:• Can only change the coefficient,

never the subscript• Coefficient multiplies every atom in a

formula

Balancing

S + O2 SO

P2(g) + H2(g) PH3(g)

Balancing

Al + Cl2 AlCl3

H2O + C H2 + CO

C3H8 + O2 CO2 + H2O

Balancing

C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O

C4H10 + O2 CO2 + H2O

Na2SO4 + Fe(NO3)3 NaNO3 + Fe2(SO4)3

Balancing

Fe(OH)3 + H2SO4 Fe2(SO4)3 + H2O

Sodium reacts with water to form sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas

Balancing

Magnesium hydroxide reacts with hydrochloric acid (HCl) to form magnesium chloride and water.

Calcium reacts with water to form hydrogen and calcium hydroxide

Aluminum nitrate reacts with sodium hydroxide to form aluminum hydroxide and sodium nitrate

Copper(II) chloride reacts with iron(III) sulfate to form copper(II)sulfate and iron(III) chloride

Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) reacts with calcium hydroxide to form water and calcium phosphate

Balancing

Mg3(PO4)2 + Al2(SO4)3 MgSO4+ AlPO4

Fe2S3 + O2 Fe2O3 + SO2

Ru2O3 + CO Ru + CO2

NaBr + Al(NO3)3 NaNO3 + AlBr3

Ba + AlCl3 BaCl2 + Al

Propane (C3H8) is burned in oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water

Iron(III)nitrate reacts with lithium carbonate to form iron(III)carbonate and lithium nitrate.

Sodium Chlorate decomposes to form sodium chloride and oxygen gas

Mg3(PO4)2 + Al2(SO4)3 3MgSO4 + 2AlPO4

2Fe2S3 + 9O2 2Fe2O3 + 6SO2

Ru2O3 + 3CO 2Ru + 3CO2

3NaBr + Al(NO3)3 3NaNO3 + AlBr3

3Ba + 2AlCl3 3BaCl2 + 2Al

C3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O

2Fe(NO3)3 + 3Li2CO3 Fe2(CO3)3 + 6LiNO3

2NaClO3 2NaCl + 3O2

Sulfur trioxide reacts with water to form sulfuric acid (H2SO4)

Boron sulfide, B2S3, reacts with water to form boric acid, H3BO3 and hydrogen sulfide, H2S.

Mercury(II)nitrate decomposes to form mercury(II) oxide, nitrogen dioxide, and oxygen

Hydrogen sulfide reacts with iron(III)hydroxide to form iron(III)sulfide and water.

Mg3(PO4)2 + Al2(SO4)3 MgSO4+ AlPO4

Fe2S3 + O2 Fe2O3 + SO2

Ru2O3 + CO Ru + CO2

a. Propane (C3H8) is burned in oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water

b.Iron(III)nitrate reacts with lithium carbonate to form iron(III)carbonate and lithium nitrate.

c. Sodium Chlorate decomposes to form sodium chloride and oxygen gas

Chemical Equations

Chemical Equations

Chemical Equations

Synthesis (Combination)

Decomposition

Combustion

Single Replacement

Double Replacement

Dissolving

Types of Reactions

1. Synthesis

• Two or more elements or compounds combine to form a new compound

• Examples

Na(s) + Cl2(g) NaCl(s)

C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g)

CaO(s) + CO2(g) CaCO3(s)

Types of Reactions

2. Decomposition• Opposite of synthesis• One compound breaks down, usually

requires heat energy

Types of Reactions

Dima, a 40,000 year old frozen mammoth (Alaska)

• Examples:

HgO(s) Hg(l) + O2(g)

CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)

KClO3(s) KCl(s) + O2(g)

Types of Reactions

Duke: In loving memory.

3. Combustion• Fast reaction with O2 (Burning)• Hydrocarbons burn to form CO2

and H2O

Types of Reactions

• Examples:

Mg(s) + O2(g) MgO(s)

C8H18 + O2 CO2 + H2O

C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O

Types of Reactions

4. Single replacement

• One element replaces another

• Not every element can replace every other element

Types of Reactions

Zn + CuCl2 Cu + ZnCl2

Cr + Pb(NO3)2 Pb + Cr(NO3)3

Mg + HCl MgCl2 + H2

5. Double replacement• Two elements switch places

ZnBr2 + AgNO3 Zn(NO3)2 + AgBr

BaCl2 + H2SO4 BaSO4 + HCl

Na2CO3 + CaCl2 CaCO3 + NaCl

Types of Reactions

Acid/Base Reactions• A special type of double

replacement• Acids

a. produce H+

b. Often start with H (HCl, H2SO4, H3PO4)

Types of Reactions

• Bases

a. produce OH-

b. Hydroxides (Drano, NaOH)

NaOH + HCl

KOH + HCl

Types of Reactions

6. Dissolving

A. Molecular Compounds

1) Contain all non-metals

2) Do not break up into ions

in water

3) Some are still soluble:

C12H22O11(s) C12H22O11(aq)

Types of Reactions

Types of Reactions

B. Ionic Compounds (and acids)1) Contain a metal2) Break up into ions in water.3) Examples:

NaCl(s) Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

CaCl2(s) Ca2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)

KNO3(s) K+(aq) + NO3-(aq)

4) Different than decomp. because ions are produced.

Types of Reactions

What Ions are produced when these dissolve:

AlCl3(s)

Na2CO3(s)

NH4Cl(s)

FeBr2(s)

(NH4)2Cr2O7(s)

Types of Reactions

BaCO3(s) BaO(s) + CO2(g)

Ca(NO3)2(s)Ca2+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq)

KOH + HBr KBr + H2O

N2 + H2 NH3

BaCl2 + MgSO4 BaSO4 + MgCl2

Cr + Pb(NO3)2 Pb + Cr(NO3)3

C5H12 + O2 CO2 + H2O

Types of Reactions

Steps:

1. Identify the type of reaction

2. Break all elements into ions (generally keep polyatomic together)

3. Write the products

4. Balance the equation

Predicting Reactions

K + O2

Mg + O2

Al + Cl2

Na + N2

K + F2

Predicting Reactions

CH4 + O2

C2H6 + O2

C3H8 + O2

C6H6 + O2

Predicting Reactions

CuSO4 + NaOH

BaCl2 + AgNO3

HNO3 + LiOH

H2SO4 + KOH

AgNO3 + HCl

Predicting Reactions

K + Fe(OH)2

Al2O3 + Mg

Fe + CuCl2

HCl + Al Na + Ca(NO3)2

CuCl2(s) (placed in water)

KNO3(s) (placed in water)

Mg(NO3)2(s) (placed in water)

Na3PO4(s) (placed in water)

K2CO3(s) (Placed in water)

HNO3 + KOH

Pb(NO3)2 + K2SO4

Al + O2

FeCl3 (Placed in water)

H2SO4 + NaOH

C2H4 + O2

Mg + CaCl2

Types of Reactions

C4H10 + O2

Ga + Cl2

Na + HNO3

H3PO4 + NaOH

Ba(NO3)2(s) (Placed in water)

AgNO3 + KCl

Li + O2

C6H12O6(s) (placed in water)

Types of Reactions

Barium nitrate reacts with copper(II) sulfate

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) plus lithium hydroxide

Zinc metal reacts with lead(II)nitrate

Propane (C3H8) is burned in oxygen

Aluminum metal reacts with bromine

Magnesium phosphate dissolves in water

HCl + Ba(OH)2

HClO4 + LiOH

Pb(NO3)2 + KI

H3PO4 + NaOH

H3PO4 + Ca(OH)2

Types of Reactions

2H2 + O2 2H2O

2 molecules

4molecules

7molecules

24 molecules

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O

5 molecules

18 molecules

16 molecules

Molecule to Molecule

2KBrO3 2KBr + 3O2

2 molecules

4 molecules

6molecules12 molecules

12 molecules

24 molecules

Molecule to Molecule

H3PO4 +3NaOH Na3PO4 + 3H2O

12 molecules

75 molecules

18 molecs

Molecule to Molecule

4Al + 3O2 2Al2O3

100 atoms

12 molecules

32 molecules

Molecule to Molecule

a) P2 + H2 PH3

b) B2H6 + H2O H3BO3 + H2

c) C2H4 + O2 CO2 + H2O

d) KBrO3 KBr + O2

Fe + CuSO4

KI + Pb(NO3)2

NaCl (s) C12H22O11(s) HCl + NaOH

C3H7OH + O2

Mg + O2

(NH4)2CO3

19.2Al + 3H2 2Al H3

4Al + 3O2 2Al2O3

2Al + 3I2 2AlI3

2Al + N2 2AlN

21.2SbF5 2Sb + 5F2

PtO2 Pt + O2

3BrF Br2 + BrF3

23.2C4H10 + 13O2 8CO2 + 10H2O

H2SO3 SO2 + H2O

2Na + O2 Na2O2

2Cu2O 4Cu + O2

25. Ca2+(aq) + 2ClO3-(aq)

Cs+(aq) + Br-(aq)

Al3+(aq) + 3Cl-(aq)

2Cs+(aq) + SO32-(aq)

27.LiOH Li+(aq) + OH-(aq)

HI H+(aq) + I-(aq)

56.Ca(OH)2 + 2HI CaI2 + 2H2O

H2SO4 + 2LiOH 2H2O + Li2SO4

2HClO4 + Ba(OH)2 2H2O + Ba(ClO4)2

Fe + CuSO4

Pb(NO3)2 + KI

NaCl(s)

C12H22O11(s)

HCl + NaOH

C3H7OH + O2

Mg + O2

(NH4)2CO3 (heated)

Al + F2

C2H6 + O2

KCl(s) (in water) H2SO4 + KOH

Ba + N2

KCl + AgNO3

(NH4)2CO3 (s) (in water)

C6H12O6 + O2

Na2CO3 + FeBr3

Fe(NO2)2 (s) (in water)

Li + S8

K2S + FeC2O4

Mg + I2

HNO2 + Mg(OH)2

C4H6 + O2

HCl + Al

3. a) 2 1 2 1

b) 2 1 1 2

c) 1 2 1

d) 2 3 1 3

5 a) 1 2 1 2

b) 1 3 3 3

c) 8 3 8

d) 2 3 4 3

7 a) 1 2 1 2

b) 1 2 1 1

c) 1 3 1 6

d) 1 4 1 5

9 a) 1 2 1 2b) 1 3 3 1

c) 4 1 4 3

d) 1 4 3 4

11 a) C6H6O + 7O2 6CO2 + 3H2O

b) Ca(OH)2 + SO3 CaSO4 + H2O

c) 6Li + N2 2Li3N

d) 3Mg + 2Cr(NO3)3 2Cr + 3Mg(NO3)2

13 Fe3O4 + CO 3FeO + CO2

17 a) 2C2H6O2 + 5O2 4CO2 + 6H2O

b) 2B6H12 + 15O2 6B2O3 + 12H2O

c) C6H12 + 9O2 6CO2 + 6H2O

d) Pb(C2H5)4 +14O2 PbO2 +8CO2 +10H2O

19. 2Al + 3H2 2AlH3

4Al + 3O2 2Al2O3

2Al + 3I2 2AlI3

2Al + N2 2AlN

21. SbF5 F2 + SbF3

PtO2 Pt + O2

3BrF Br2 + BrF3

25. Ca(ClO3)2(s) Ca2+ (aq) + 2ClO3- (aq)

CsBr(s) Cs+(aq) + Br-(aq)

AlCl3(s) Al3+ (aq) + 3Cl- (aq)

Cs2SO3(s) 2Cs+ (aq) + SO32- (aq)

Ca3(PO4)2 + Al2(SO4)3 3CaSO4 + 2AlPO4

2C4H10 + 13O2 8CO2 + 10H2O

2Fe2S3 + 9O2 2Fe2O3 + 6SO2

Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2

3KBr + Al(NO3)3 3KNO3 + AlBr3

2HgNO3 + Na2CO3 2NaNO3 + Hg2CO3

3Ca + 2AlCl3 3CaCl2 + 2Al

2HgO 2Hg + O2

2K + Br2 2KBr

2Au2O3 4Au + 3O2

2C6H6 + 15O2 12CO2 + 6H2O

P4 + 10F2 4PF5

H2SO4 H2O + SO3

Types of Reactions

a)Double j) Single

b)Single k) Combustion

c)Combustion l) Synthesis

d)Decomposition m) Decomposition

e)Synthesis n) Double

f) Combustion

g)Decompostion

h)Single

i) Synthesis

Na2S(s) 2Na+(aq) + S2-(aq)

Li2SO4(s) 2Li+(aq) + SO42-(aq)

FeCl3(s) Fe3+(aq) + 3Cl-(aq)

NaNO3(s) Na+(aq) + NO3-(aq)

Ca(NO3)2(s) Ca2+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq)

NH4Cl(s) NH4+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

SET A

2Al + 3F2 2AlF3

3Na2CO3 + 2FeCl3 Fe2(CO3)3 + 6NaCl

AlCl3 + 3Na 3NaCl + Al

2C4H6 + 11O2 8CO2 + 6H2O

KCl(s) K+ (aq) + Cl-(aq)

2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O

Fe(NO3)2 (s) Fe2+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq)

4Na + O2 2Na2O

H2SO4 + 2KOH K2SO4 + 2H2O

Na2S + CuSO4 Na2SO4 + CuS

3Ba + N2 Ba3N2

Mg + CuCl2 Cu + MgCl2

KCl + AgNO3 AgCl + KNO3

2HNO3 + Ca(OH)2 2H2O + Ca(NO3)2

(NH4)2CO3 2NH4+ + CO3

2-

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O

SET B

3K + AlCl3 Al + 3KCl

AgNO3 + HCl AgCl + HNO3

C3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O

2Al + 3Cl2 2AlCl3

NaNO3(s) (in water) Na+(aq) + NO3-(aq)

HCl + KOH H2O + KCl

Mg(NO3)2 + 2Na Mg + 2NaNO3

BaCl2 + Na2SO4 2NaCl + BaSO4

CuSO4(s) (in water) Cu2+(aq) + SO42-(aq)

2Na + I2 2NaI

Ca(OH)2 + 2HBr 2H2O + CaBr2

2C4H10 + 13O2 8CO2 + 10H2O

Mg + CuCl2 MgCl2 + Cu

3K2CO3 + 2Fe(NO3)3 6KNO3 + Fe2(CO3)3

Set C

4Li + O2 2Li2O

Al(NO3)3(s) (in water) Al3+(aq) + 3NO3-(aq)

16Ga + 3S8 8Ga2S3

H2SO4 + 2NaOH 2H2O + Na2SO4

3Zn(C2H3O2)2 + 2Al 3Zn + 2Al(C2H3O2)3

2NaOH + CuCl2 Cu(OH)2 + 2NaCl

Fe2(SO4)3(s) (in water) 2Fe3+(aq) + 3SO42-(aq)

C2H5OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O

3Mg(OH)2 + 2H3PO4 Mg3(PO4)2 + 6H2O

Sn + 2HCl SnCl2 + H2

4Al + 3O2 2Al2O3

2AlBr3 + 3Na2S 6NaBr + Al2S3

2CH4O + 3O2 2CO2 + 4H2O

(NH4)2CO3(s) (in water) 2NH4+(aq) + CO3

2-(aq)

8Mg + S8 8MgS

HNO3 + LiOH H2O + LiNO3

2AgNO3 + Pb Pb(NO3)2 + 2Ag

CaCl2 + Na2CO3 NaCl + CaCO3

CaCl2 + NaOH NaCl + Ca(OH)2

CuSO4 + NaOH Na2SO4 + Cu(OH)2

NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + H2O + CO2

12 a) 6 1 2

b) 1 3 2

c) 2 2 1 4

d) 1 6 3 2

e) 3 2 1 6

f) 2 1 1 2

g) 4 9 4 10 2

13. CaC2 + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + C2H2

2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2

Zn + H2SO4 H2 + ZnSO4

PCl3 + 3H2O H3PO3 + 3HCl

3H2S + 2Fe(OH)3 Fe2S3 + 6H2O

14. SO3 + H2O H2SO4

B2S3 + 6H2O 2H3BO3 + 3H2S

Pb(NO3)2 + 2NaI 2NaNO3 + PbI2

2Hg(NO3)2 2HgO + 4NO2 + O2

Cu + 2H2SO4 CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O

19. a)2 3 2 synthesis

b) 1 3 2 2 combustion

c) 6 1 2 synthesis

d) 1 1 1 decomposition

e) 1 8 7 4 combustion

20 . a) 2 9 6 6 combustion

b) 1 1 2 decomposition

c) 1 6 5 3 combustion

d) 1 3 2 synthesis

e) 1 1 2 synthesis

Na2S(s) 2Na+(aq) + S2-(aq)

Li2SO4(s) 2Li+(aq) + SO42-(aq)

FeCl3(s) Fe3+(aq) + 3Cl-(aq)

2K + Br2 2KBr

2Au2O3 4Au + 3O2

2C6H6 + 15O2 12CO2 + 6H2O

P4 + 10F2 4PF5

H2SO4 H2O + SO3

Fe + CuSO4 Cu + FeSO4

Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI PbI2 + 2KNO3

NaCl(s) Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

C12H22O11(s) C12H22O11 (aq)

HCl + NaOH H2O + NaCl

2C3H7OH + 9O2 6CO2 + 8H2O

2Mg + O2 2MgO

(NH4)2CO3 H2O(l) + 2NH3(g) + CO2(g)