Upload
pambudi1977
View
200
Download
4
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Environmental Characteristics of Aquaculture Farms: Chemical, Biological
and Physical Conditions
Lilik Teguh Pambudi201056912
Department of Fisheries Biology
Best Management Practice (BMP) in
Brackishwater Aquaculture on Environmental
Problems:A Case Study in
Indonesia
Global Fisheries Production
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1950 1953 1956 1959 1962 1965 1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007
AquacultureCatch
Millions of tonnes
FAO, 2005
Controlling production from capture
Increase prod. from aquaculture
Develop product processing
Expand world market & Improve marketing intelligent
GENERAL POLICY:
Indonesian Fisheries Policy
MOMAF, 2007
1. Increase in aquaculture production for export
2. Increase in aquaculture production for domestic consumption
3.Protection and rehabilitation of aquaculture resources
Aquaculture Programs
MOMAF, 2008
Program on increment of aquaculture production
Program
Projected Production2010-2014
2009-2014
4.780.100 5.376.200 6.847.500 9.415.700 13.020.800 16.891.000 353
12 27 38 38 30
1 Seaweeds 2.574.000 2.672.800 3.504.200 5.100.000 7.500.000 10.000.000 3922 Catfish 332.600 495.600 749.000 1.146.000 1.777.000 2.783.000 836
- Hypopthalmus 132.600 225.000 383.000 651.000 1.107.000 1.883.000 1420- Walking catfish 200.000 270.600 366.000 495.000 670.000 900.000 450
3 Tilapia 378.300 491.800 639.300 850.000 1.105.000 1.242.900 3294 Milkfish 291.300 349.600 419.000 503.400 604.000 700.000 2405 Shrimps 348.100 400.300 460.000 529.000 608.000 699.000 200
- Monodon 123.100 125.300 130.000 139.000 158.000 199.000 161- Vanamei 225.000 275.000 330.000 390.000 450.000 500.000 222
6 Carp 254.400 267.100 280.400 300.000 325.000 350.000 1387 Gourame 38.500 40.300 42.300 44.400 46.600 48.900 1278 Barramundi 4.600 5.000 5.500 6.500 7.500 8.500 1859 Grouper 5.300 7.000 9.000 11.000 15.000 20.000 37710 Others 553.000 646.700 738.800 925.400 1.032.700 1.038.700 287
4.780.100 5.376.200 6.847.500 9.415.700 13.020.800 16.891.000
Metric Ton
No. Items 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014Increment
(%)
Total
2009*
MOMAF, 2008
Trend of Milkfish Production, 1998 – 2014 (MT)
CountriesPhilippin
esIndones
ia Taiwan SingaporeGua
m
Sri Lanka
Kiribati
Palau Tuvalu
1998 162.458158.6
66 58.349 148 25 4
1999 180.771209.7
58 50.824 378 28 13
2000 209.994217.2
08 39.730 676 30 14
2001 225.337209.5
25 59.355 656 30 18
2002 232.162222.3
17 72.434 956 80 14
2003 246.504226.1
14 77.899 1.492 9 5
2004 273.592241.4
38 56.853 1.839 9 1
2005 289.153254.0
67 50.050 1.500 12 1
2006 315.074212.9
32 56.135 1.183 40 12 1
2007 349.741263.1
39 53.245 1.303 40 30 5 4 1
2008* 381.000277.4
71 54.000 1.800 43 32 6 4 1
2009* 415.000291.3
00 55.000 2.400 45 33 7 4 1
2010* 452.000349.6
00 55.000 3.300 48 35 9 5 1
2011* 493.000419.0
00 56.000 4.500 51 36 10 5 1
2012* 537.000503.0
00 57.000 6.000 54 38 12 5 1
2013* 585.000604.0
00 58.000 8.000 58 40 15 5 1
2014* 637.000700.0
00 59.000 11.000 62 42 18 6 1
Increment (%) 8,94 15,19 1,48 35,64 6,38 5,00
19,81 5,00 2,00
Source : FAO Fishstat 2007
Trend of Tilapia Production, 1998 – 2014 (MT)
Negara China Egypt Indonesia ThailandPhilippin
esHondura
s Ecuador
Laos People's Dem.
Rep.
Costa Rica
Uganda
1998 471.813 52.755 26.80773.42
7 60.655 1.020 1.730 9.549 5.252 100
1999 494.357 103.988 31.21776.46
0 69.788 1.600 4.400 13.662 6.338 200
2000 548.261 157.425 40.83682.36
3 77.642 1.900 9.201 18.928 7.700 400
2001 582.402 152.515 50.87684.48
0 89.507 2.500 10.318 22.499 8.000 1.350
2002 611.165 167.735 60.43783.78
0 104.361 4.400 12.036 26.872 12.490 1.797
2003 696.169 199.557 71.79098.33
6 111.328 7.020 16.958 29.205 14.090 2.000
2004 774.662 199.038 98.102160.2
41 118.095 9.000 18.153 29.205 17.989 1.660
2005 844.210 217.019 151.363203.7
37 126.563 28.376 19.142 19.590 16.493 4.221
2006 958.983 258.925 179.934205.3
26 160.482 28.400 19.368 19.590 11.67711.36
5
20071.133.61
1 265.862 206.904190.0
75 180.064 28.356 20.000 19.590 17.68716.76
3
2008*1.250.51
7 326.448 291.307214.2
39 203.495 38.040 27.779 21.673 20.76520.47
6
2009*1.379.47
9 400.841 378.300241.4
75 229.976 51.030 38.585 23.977 24.37925.01
1
2010*1.521.74
0 492.187 491.800272.1
73 259.902 68.457 53.593 26.526 28.62130.55
1
2011*1.678.67
3 604.350 638.300306.7
74 293.723 91.835 74.439 29.346 33.60237.31
9
2012*1.851.78
9 742.073 850.000345.7
74 331.944123.19
6103.39
3 32.465 39.45045.58
5
2013*2.042.75
8 911.1811.105.0
00389.7
32 375.140165.26
8143.61
0 35.917 46.31555.68
2
2014*2.253.42
21.118.82
71.242.9
00439.2
78 423.956221.70
7199.47
0 39.735 54.37568.01
5
Increment (%) 10,31 22,79 26,03 12,71 13,01 34,15 38,90 10,63 17,40 22,15
Source : FAO Fishstat 2007
Trend of Tiger Shrimp Production, 1998 – 2014 (MT)
Negara
Viet Nam
Indonesia India China
Myanmar
Philippines
Malaysia Thailand
Madagascar Sri Lanka
199838.97
774.82
4 76.900 2.392 36.8599.68
5
247.458 2.492 6.520
199941.17
692.72
6 73.700 4.936 37.913
11.733
271.019 3.486 3.820
200067.48
690.48
3 90.975 4.964 40.467
15.540
304.988 4.800 4.360
2001
111.095
103.603 97.100 5.473 40.698
26.352
274.330 5.399 3.540
2002
126.416
112.840
108.990 6.550 35.493
24.739
200.574 7.313 2.560
2003
150.000
132.761
108.680
44.723
19.181 34.998
25.376
194.909 7.007 3.360
2004
185.569
131.399
127.802
53.004
30.000 35.917
25.721
106.884 6.243 2.380
2005
177.200
134.682
142.070
66.243
48.640 37.721
21.866
26.056 6.726 1.570
2006
150.000
147.867
142.967
69.296
49.126 38.209
16.374
10.200 8.463 2.480
2007
170.000
134.930
101.165
61.617
48.303 39.825
11.435
10.600 8.457 3.580
2008*
205.000
134.930
105.000
90.000
72.000 40.000
12.000 9.500 9.800 3.600
2009*
247.000
123.100
110.000
131.000
108.000 40.600
12.800 8.600 11.400 3.500
2010*
297.000
125.300
115.000
190.000
162.000 41.000
13.500 7.700 13.200 3.400
2011*
357.000
130.000
120.000
277.000
243.000 41.400
14.200 7.000 15.300 3.300
2012*
430.000
139.000
124.000
404.000
363.000 41.900
15.000 6.200 17.800 3.200
2013*
518.000
158.000
130.000
589.000
544.000 42.300
16.000 5.600 20.600 3.100
2014*
624.000
199.000
135.000
858.000
815.000 42.700
17.000 5.000 24.000 3.000
Increment (%) 20,41 6,19 4,21 45,68 49,73 1,00 5,83 -10,18 16,07 -2,49
Source : FAO Fishstat 2007
Shrimp Culture Guidance
Farms should be sited according to national & Provincial planning and legal frame works in environmentally suitable locations, making efficient use of land and water resources and in ways that conserve biodiversity, ecologically sensitive habitats & ecosystem functions, & recognize other resources (land & water) use
1. Aquaculture zoning
Farm should be designed and constructed in ways that minimize environmental damage, promote biodiversity, & facilitate worker health and safety
2. Farm design
The impact of water use on water resources should be minimized
3. Water use and management
The use of high health hatchery reared seeds should be encourages to reduce diseases outbreak & increase production.
4. Broodstock & Seeds
Feeds and feed management practices should be use that make efficient use of available feed resources, optimize fish health and growth, minimize discharge waste.
5. Feed management
Minimize the risks of diseases affecting both the cultured & wild stocks & increase food safety
6. Health management
Food safety and the quality of fish/ Shrimp products should be ensured, whilst reducing the risks to ecosystems & human health. No chemicals & antibiotic use
7. Food Safety
Farms should be developed and operated in social manner that benefits the farm, the local communities and the country & that contributes effectively to rural development & particularly poverty alleviation in coastal areas
8.Social responsibility
No antibiotics used
MOMAF, 2008
Policies Needed
Zoning of coastal areas for different activities based on the potential benefits and possible impacts
Adjustment of expansion of brackish water pond areas to meet the carrying capacity of the environment
Conservation of mangrove areas as green-belts of shrimp pond culture areas & as component of coastal ecosystem
Adoption of BMP, assessment of the impact of the shrimp and fish culture to the environment
Innovation of the appropriate technology to utilize water resources efficiently
Sustainable AquacultureBest Management Practices
Sustainable Technology Low water exchange
system Closed pond system Zero water exchange
(Heterotrophic -bacteria floc) system
Environmental Friendly Reservoirs
Sedimentations No chemicals or anti-
biotics Mangrove conservation
Strict Bio-security Traceability Integrated system (Social
& Technical)
Shrimp Pond Culture
Farming Technology:1.Traditional/Extensive2.Semi Intensive/Traditional plus3.Intensive4.Polyculture (shrimp, milkfish, seaweeds)
Shrimp Pond Culturein Estuarine Area
Bottom Soil Characteristicsin Shrimp Pond
Eutrophic pond need
to be managed
for polycultur
e Examine the potential for growth
in aquaculture and ornamental sectors through the use of faster growing alien species
Examine the potential for growth in aquaculture and ornamental sectors through the use of faster growing alien species
Zoning Problem
Industrial complex versus
Aquaculture ponds
Pollution
Low environmental quality
Many idle ponds (Pambudi,
2009)
Acid Sulfate SoilpH <4 to 5.5
Avoid using Quick Limes or Slake Limes
(Sammut, 2009)
Problems in Acid Sulfate Soil
High acidity(Low pH) P, Ca, Mg and Mo are not many
available Highly Fe and Mn concentration,
toxic into the shrimp/fish Highly Al solubility, blocking
phosphorous amount (Sammut, 2009)
(Callinan, 2009)
South Sulawesi
Soil
Ch
ara
cte
rist
ics
9
8
7 6
54
3
2
1
47
46
45
44 43
4241
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
1716
15
14
13
12
11
10
119°30'20"E
119°30'20"E
119°30'15"E
119°30'15"E
119°30'10"E
119°30'10"E
119°30'5"E
119°30'5"E
4°46
'15"S
4°46
'15"S
4°46
'20"S
4°46
'20"S
4°46
'25"S
4°46
'25"S
4°46
'30"S
4°46
'30"S
4°46
'35"S
4°46
'35"S
0 30 60 90 12015Meters
LegendPond
Canal
Road
Dyke
Barrent land/ backyard etc.
Farmer's house
San
d
Con
ten
t (%
)
119°30'20"E
119°30'20"E
119°30'15"E
119°30'15"E
119°30'10"E
119°30'10"E
119°30'5"E
119°30'5"E
4°4
6'1
5"S
4°4
6'1
5"S
4°4
6'2
0"S
4°4
6'2
0"S
4°4
6'2
5"S
4°4
6'2
5"S
4°4
6'3
0"S
4°4
6'3
0"S
4°4
6'3
5"S
4°4
6'3
5"S
0 30 60 90 12015Meters
Legend
Land use/cover
Canal
Road
Barren land
Dyke
Farmer's House
Sand
Value
High : 83.8
Low : 65.9
Cla
y C
on
ten
t (%
)
119°30'20"E
119°30'20"E
119°30'15"E
119°30'15"E
119°30'10"E
119°30'10"E
119°30'5"E
119°30'5"E
4°4
6'1
5"S
4°4
6'1
5"S
4°4
6'2
0"S
4°4
6'2
0"S
4°4
6'2
5"S
4°4
6'2
5"S
4°4
6'3
0"S
4°4
6'3
0"S
4°4
6'3
5"S
4°4
6'3
5"S
0 30 60 90 12015Meters
Legend
Land use/cover
Canal
Road
Barren land
Dyke
Farmer's House
Clay
Value
High : 24.9
Low : 6.2
Sil
t C
on
ten
t (%
)
119°30'20"E
119°30'20"E
119°30'15"E
119°30'15"E
119°30'10"E
119°30'10"E
119°30'5"E
119°30'5"E
4°4
6'1
5"S
4°4
6'1
5"S
4°4
6'2
0"S
4°4
6'2
0"S
4°4
6'2
5"S
4°4
6'2
5"S
4°4
6'3
0"S
4°4
6'3
0"S
4°4
6'3
5"S
4°4
6'3
5"S
0 30 60 90 12015Meters
Legend
Land use/cover
Canal
Road
Barren land
Dyke
Farmer's House
Silt
Value
High : 17.7
Low : 6.1
Water Velocity (m/s)Pond dyke
Mangrove
119°38'30"E
119°38'30"E
119°38'15"E
119°38'15"E
119°38'0"E
119°38'0"E
119°37'45"E
119°37'45"E
4°2
0'4
5"S
4°2
0'4
5"S
4°2
1'0
"S
4°2
1'0
"S
0 0.2 0.40.1
Kilometers
0.00000 - 0.00116
0.00116 - 0.01211
0.01211 - 0.02305
0.02305 - 0.03400
0.03400 - 0.04494
0.04494 - 0.05863
0.05863 - 0.07231
0.07231 - 0.08325
0.08325 - 0.09420
0.09420 - 0.10515
0.10515 - 0.11609
0.11609 - 0.12704
0.127042 - 0.13798
0.13798 - 0.14893
0.14893 - 0.16261
0.16261 - 0.17629
0.17629 - 0.18998
0.18998 - 0.20366
0.20366 - 0.21460
0.21460 - 0.22555
0.22555 - 0.23376
0.23376 - 0.24197
0.24197 - 0.25291
0.25291 - 0.27207
0.27207 - 0.29396
0.29396 - 0.31312
0.31312 - 0.37058
0.37058 - 0.67159
High Mortality
IMNVWSSVTSV
BMP Model Application
Treatment reservoir
Biofilter pond
Sedimentation pond
Culturing pond Culturing pond
Water sources
Green Belt
Constructed
wetland
Drying and up-down dredging soil to oxidized the bottom soil
Dredging Organic Soil
Organic bottom
soil moved
into dike
Calcification (Liming)pH of bottom soil
Needed Lime (kg/ha CaCO3)
Clay Clay Sandy Sandy
(Sammut, 2009)
Inlet Water Management
Water is not going to shrimp pond directly, but first on treatment reservoir
Biofilter pond: a. Small fish predator b. Herbivorous filter feeder (milkfish) c. Water plant (sea grass, sea weed)
BiofiltersMilkfish
Scallop
Seaweed
Grouper
Macroalgae
Tilapia
Total Organic Matter decrease from 129 ppm into 85 ppm within 3 days
Biofilter pond with seaweed (Gracilaria sp)
BBPAP, 2009
Treatment pond with macroalgae
BBPAP, 2009
Total Organic Matter decrease from 157 ppm into 67 ppm within 8 days
Inlet Filtration System
Post Larvae Transportatio
n
Acclimation of Post Larvae
Maintaining Dissolved Oxygen
Shrimp
pond
Fish pond
Fish pond
Application pond in Bireun Aceh
Application pond in North Aceh
Biofilter pond
Shrimp pond
Shrimp pond
Jeumpa Cluster-1 (Aceh)
Jeumpa Cluster-2 (Aceh)
Simpang Mamplam Cluster(Aceh)
Samalanga Cluster(Aceh)
Plimbang Cluster (Aceh)
Another Case Study of BMP Model
in Serangan, Central Java
First Study Failed; 1 week after disease outbreak on surrounding pond
Second Study
Succeed; harvesting on 105th day whereas surrounding ponds failed
(Supito and Taslihan, 2009)
Cluster Model
Location Spot Model
Another Case Study of BMP Model in Sidorejo, Central Java
(Supito and Taslihan, 2009)
Disease Outbreak
(Supito and Taslihan, 2009)
Conclusion
Best Management Practice (BMP) face the problems, especially related to zoning and environmental cases
BMP has been evaluated depends on the particular areas and problems
BMP increase the shrimp production in some certain areas and must be plotted as highly recommended area for shrimp culture
Properly supporting programs are needed
Revitalization & rehabilitation of infrastructure for the existing traditional shrimp ponds (aces road, irrigations, electric power supply)
Subsidy/price lower for seeds (SPF)
Make this business bankable
(Land/pond certification etc)
MOMAF, 2009
Thank You
References BBPBAP, 2009. Guidance of Best Management Practice in
Shrimp Culture. Brackishwater Aquaculture Research Center. Jepara. Indonesia
Callinan, R. 2009. Determinants for WSD outbreaks in Indonesian smallholder shrimp ponds. ACIAR. Sydney. Australia.
FAO, 2005. World Fisheries Statistic. Rome. Italy. FAO, 2007. World Fisheries Statistic. Fishstat. Rome. Italy MOMAF, 2007. Indonesian Fisheries Policy. Ministry of
Marine and Fisheries of Indonesia. Jakarta. MOMAF, 2008. Indonesian Aquaculture Program. General
Directorate of Aquaculture. MOMAF. Jakarta. MOMAF, 2008. Indonesian Fisheries Statistic. Jakarta.
Indonesia. Pambudi, L.T. 2009. Analysis of Fisheries and Aquaculture
Status in Semarang Area. Institute of Regional Development. Indonesia
Sammut, J. 2009. Guidance of Acid Sulfate Soil Problem Solving in Brackishwater Aquaculture. ACIAR. Sydney. Australia.