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Volume 11 Issue 4 July 9, 2020

July Insect Scouting Tips By Emily Zobel

Agriculture Agent Dorchester County ezobel@umd.edu

Consider pollinators when making an insecticide application. Read and follow all label requirements. Pay attention to pre-harvest intervals. Apply chemicals later in the day to avoid direct contact with pollinators. Cucumber beetles are also active. For more information about control methods and chemical recommendations, please see the 2020-2021 Mid-Atlantic Commercial Vegetable Production Recommendation Guide.

Cucurbits: Continue to scout for aphids and spider mites. Early detection is critical since these pest populations can quickly explode during hot, dry weather. Watch for rind feeding pests such as beet armyworm, yellow-striped armyworm, cabbage loppers, and cucumber beetle adults in melon fields.

Sweet Corn: Based on the University of Delaware traps https://agdev.anr.udel.edu/trap/trap.php moth activity, in general, appears to be waning. However, this may vary in your area and will pick back up as the summer progresses. Sample all fields through pre-tassel stage for whorl feeders (corn borer, corn earworm, and fall armyworm). Treatment should be applied when 12-15% of plants are infested with larvae and should be directed into the whorls. Silk sprays will be needed for corn earworm control as soon as ear shanks are visible.

Lima Beans and Snap Bean: Scout fields for aphids, leafhoppers, and spider mites. The leafhopper threshold is an average of 5 per sweep. As soon as pin pods are present, check for plant bug and stinkbug adults and nymphs. As a general guideline, treatment should be considered if you find 15 adults and/or nymphs leafhopper per 50 sweeps. Continue to scout for bean leaf beetles and Mexican bean beetles—Control when there is an average of 20% defoliation or 1 beetle per plant.

Potatoes: Scout fields for Colorado potato beetle, leafhoppers, and aphids. Controls will be needed for green peach aphids if you find 2 aphids per leaf during bloom and 4 aphids per leaf post-bloom. This threshold increases to 10 per leaf at 2 weeks from vine death/kill. If melon aphids are found, the threshold should be reduced by half.

On-Line PDF Click Here

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Reminder of Excellent SWD Reference

By Bryan Butler Principal Agent, Agriculture

Carroll County Office bbutlers@umd.edu

This season SWD pressure has caused some of the greatest struggles in management in cherries and as we move from black raspberries into blueberries and primocane raspberries. It is important to plan your strategy for sprays and harvest to prevent from leaving yourself open to infestation. It has seemed over the last several years that being proactive leads to a much better crop than letting the population build and possibly losing the crop because the infestation cannot be controlled.

Below is a link to FS-1023 Spotted Wing Drosophila Monitoring and Management factsheet which lists products that have efficacy against SWD. Please read and understand the label on all the products and make sure they fit for your crop and your harvest schedule.

To avoid resistance, consider using the same product twice in a row then switching to a different material in a different group and using that twice in a row and following that pattern to avoid resistance development. Any attempts at increased sanitation in the fields will certainly be useful but a seven day spray schedule is probably more practical in pick your own situations.

FS-1023 Spotted Wing Drosophila Monitoring and Management factsheet – Click Here Be sure to read the label and make sure the crop is on the label and be aware of REI and PHI as well as other limits on the label as far as number of applications and amounts allowed on a crop per season. See the attached Fact Sheet.

CDMS - Pesticide Labels and MSDS at: http://www.cdms.net/

WMREC Pumpkin IPM Trial 2019 Timeline for Insecticide and

Fungicide Applications By Bryan Butler

Principal Agent, Agriculture Carroll County Office

bbutlers@umd.edu

I have been asked by several growers that attended last year’s WMREC Horticultural Twilight for the Insecticide and Fungicide program we used over the various pumpkin projects at the farm in 2019.

WMREC 2019 Research Twilight. In the pumpkins with Kate Everts and Jerry Brust – Photo by Edwin Remsburg.

This was the tenth year for some variation of looking at spray programs for pumpkins at WMREC. Dr. Kate Everts has been the Principle Investigator on this project, and Doug Price at Keedysville has done a great job keeping this project afloat. For this season what really stood out to me was stem quality and storage quality. This project evolved from a program of No spray blocks, IPM blocks and Premium spray program blocks. Although yields were not that different between IPM and Premium blocks, the quality of the stems in the premium blocks was vastly superior as was reduction in loss when pumpkins were held in storage. Stems not only looked better but they were significantly stronger. The 2019 timeline is a continuation of what would have been the more extensive spray programs and again pumpkins held in storage well into March of 2020. 6/3 – planted pumpkins 6/4 – sprayed Strategy + Roundup PowerMax 7/9 – Asana XL + Echo 720 7/22 – Asana XL + Echo 720 + Ranman 8/6 – Endigo ZC + Echo 720 + Tanos + Champ

Formula 2 Flowable 8/16 – Asana XL + Ranman + Rally 40WSP 8/26 – Echo 720 + Procure 480SC + Tanos + Champ

Formula 2 Flowable + Brigade WSB 9/4 – Pristine + Brigade WSB 9/18 – Pristine + Endigo ZC 10/1 – Harvest

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Southern Bacterial Wilt of Tomato Found in Maryland

By Jerry Brust Extension IPM Vegetable Specialist

& Karen Rane

Plant Diagnostic Lab University of Maryland

jbrust@umd.edu

Southern bacterial wilt of tomato, which is caused by the soil-borne bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum Race 1, has been found in several tomato fields just recently. This pathogen affects many solanaceous crops and is found throughout the southern United States.

Fig. 1 Tomato stem infected with R. solanacearum , split in half, showing discolored vascular tissue (yellow arrow) and pith (blue arrow).

The pathogen enters plant roots through small wounds such as those caused by insects, nematodes, cultivation, or transplanting. The bacteria then multiply in the vascular system, eventually clogging the water conducting vessels with bacterial cells and slime which prevents water and nutrients from moving throughout the plant. Initially, infected plants develop wilt symptoms in the afternoon, and recover in the evening. Symptoms can develop quickly, especially when fruit is rapidly expanding, or when temperatures are 85-95o F and moisture levels are high. As the disease progresses, the base of the plant may show brown cankers, root rot, and a section of an infected stem may show a brown discoloration of the vascular tissue (fig. 1).

Fig. 2 Bacterial slime streaming out of a cut stem in glass of water (A) and Bacteria streaming out of infected xylem tissue (arrows), viewed under a microscope at 100X (B).

The plant eventually becomes permanently wilted and death occurs. A freshly cut stem at the base of the plant placed in water can show a stream of a white slimy substance (fig. 2A) that is a strong indicator of the bacterium present in the vascular tissue (fig. 2B). The interior of the stem also can be a dark or light brown in the pith area (fig. 3).

Fig. 3 Discolored pith at the base of an infected tomato stem.

Bacterial wilt is difficult to manage once present in the field. There are no chemical controls that provide effective management. This disease can be introduced into fields through infected transplants, water runoff from adjacent contaminated fields, or movement of tools and equipment containing infested soil. Weeds can serve as alternative hosts for this pathogen, so weed control is important in disease management. Crop rotation (for at least 4 years) and planting cover crops of non-susceptible plants (i.e., corn, beans, cabbage) may help reduce populations of the pathogen in the soil. Growers can use tomato plants grafted with bacterial wilt resistant rootstocks in fields where bacterial wilt is present. A list of resistant rootstocks is available on the USDA tomato rootstock page and includes such examples as Armada, Bowman and RST-05-113-TE rootstocks.

Mastering Marketing – July 2020

Agritourism Operations and Liability Concerns this Fall Season

“Agritourism Operations and Liability Concerns this Fall Season” has been posted on the web. To access the article Click Here If you have any questions or comments about this article or have clients or colleagues that would value receiving it as well, please contact Ginger Myers at: gsmyers@umd.edu or sbarnes6@umd.edu

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Problems with Pollination in

High Tunnel Tomatoes By Jerry Brust

Extension IPM Vegetable Specialist University of Maryland

jbrust@umd.edu

Over the last month, I have received reports from high tunnel (HT) growers that were seeing flower abscission due to poor pollination in their tomatoes (fig. 1). Some of these reports were a few weeks ago and others were just this past week. There are unfortunately several factors that can cause poor pollination in tomatoes.

I’ll start with a quick recap as to how tomato flowers are pollinated and fertilized. Tomatoes are self-pollinated at the rate of around 96% of the time. Tomato flowers are complete flowers that have both male (stamen) and female (pistil) parts within the same flower. The yellow anthers (produce pollen) of the stamen wrap around the pistil which is in the center of the flower. The style with the stigma on its end is the part of the pistil that extends above the anthers. Tomato pollen is heavy and sticky and needs to be jostled loose from the male to fall onto the female. This ‘jostling’ can include wind or insect visits. Once pollen is shed onto the stigma of the flower fertilization can take place. Without pollination the pedicle turns yellow, the flower dies and then drops. Tomato flowers must be pollinated within 50 hours of forming or they will abort. Pollination usually occurs between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m.

One of the most important factors affecting pollination is temperature. Tomato plants will drop their flowers when daytime temperatures are above 88°- 90oF or when nighttime temperatures are above 70°F. These temperatures occurred in our HTs these last few weeks. However, in the early part of the season low nighttime temperatures below 55°F can interfere with the growth of pollen tubes or cause the pollen to become sterile, preventing normal fertilization and causing flower drop. Fruit will not set until nighttime temperatures are above 55°F for at least two consecutive nights.

Besides temperature the other big problem causing poor pollination in high tunnels is poor flower vibration or ‘jostling’. Because tomatoes are in high tunnels they may not always be exposed to winds that will help ‘jostle’ the tomato flower, which releases pollen. Some other mechanism is needed at times to vibrate tomato flowers to increase pollination. The final size and weight of fruit is largely determined by the number of seeds set, which is

ultimately due to the quality of pollination and fertilization. A HT tomato plant should produce between 20-30 lbs of fruit/plant, if it is not then poor pollination may be the cause. My HTs produced around 18 lbs/plant and I conducted trials over several years to try and increase my pollination success using an air-blower that was passed over the plants every few days for just a few seconds after they started forming flowers. My per plant yields went from 18 lbs to 28 lbs and I was able to increase my marketable yield by 35-50% just by increasing pollination and fertilization in my tomato plants.

Fig. 2 Bumblebee visiting tomato flower results in pollination.

You do not have to use an air-blower to achieve better pollination and fruit set, most growers use bumblebees, which use sonication or buzz pollination. The bees will fly up to a flower and grasp the anthers with their mouth parts and hold tightly. They then vibrate their wing muscles which causes pollen to drop from the anthers onto the stigma causing pollination and at the same time the bumblebee gets to collect some of the pollen (fig. 2). This grasping of the tomato flower by the bee leaves a mark on the flower (fig. 3) and can be used by growers to see if bumble bees are visiting their tomato flowers. Studies have shown that just 1-2 visits by bumblebees to tomato flowers will result in greater than 80% fruit set vs no visits which result in approximately 30% fruit set.

The bottom line is that tomato pollination is a delicate balance between the correct temperatures and having enough flower vibration to ensure good pollen drop. If you are getting only 15-16 lbs/plant or less in your HT tomatoes you may want to examine how well your plants are being pollinated and just what your fruit set is like.

Fig. 1 Complete flower loss on tomato cluster.

Fig. 3 Top flower not visited by bumblebees; bottom flower was a few times.

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Squash Bugs in Cucurbits Maggie Lewis and Alan Leslie

1 Graduate Assistant, CMNS, Department of Entomology 2 Extension Educator, AGNR, Charles County

Squash bugs (Anasa tristis) are a common pest of cucurbit crops that we start to see in Maryland around this time of year. Adults and nymphs (immature stages) will feed on most cucurbit species, including pumpkins, squashes, melons, and zucchinis. However, females strongly prefer to lay eggs on pumpkins and summer squash, and egg to adult survivorship is higher on these crops. Both the adults and nymphs have piercing-sucking mouthparts that allow them to inject a long stylet into the plant tissue to feed. Prolonged feeding can disrupt water flow through a plant’s vascular system and may cause wilting, leaf necrosis, fruit rot, or plant death. Seedlings in the 2-4 leaf stage are most vulnerable to squash bug damage. At flowering and fruit set, squash bug feeding may reduce plant productivity, while feeding directly on the fruit may result in cosmetic damage or facilitate opportunistic squash rot pathogens pre- or post-harvest. Squash bugs also act as a vector for Serratia marcescens, a bacterial pathogen responsible for cucurbit yellow vine disease (CYVD), which affects plant productivity and health. Once a plant is infected with this pathogen, disease progression cannot be stopped, and symptoms may include stunting, yellowing, and/or a rapid wilt. CYVD has been reported in Maryland1. However, this disease has not been a consistent problem for cucurbit production in the northeastern US, and at this time, management actions for CYVD are not recommended beyond following standard squash bug control practices and reporting plants suspected to be infected with CYVD1.

Figure 1. First instar squash bug nymphs clustered near a newly hatched egg mass. Photo: Michael J. Raupp, University of Maryland, www.bugoftheweek.com

Life Cycle and Identification Squash bugs overwinter as adults in soil or leaf litter, emerging in spring and immediately seeking out cucurbit plants to feed and mate on. Depending on temperature, squash bugs complete their life cycle in six to eight weeks, resulting in one or two generations annually as well as overlap between the overwintering adults and the subsequent summer generation(s). In the mid-Atlantic region, squash bugs are generally active through late September or early October, after which point they enter

into diapause (period of suspended development). Both adults and nymphs prefer to aggregate within sheltered regions, including at the base of plants, under large leaves, on wilting leaves, or under plastic and natural mulches. This tendency to aggregate may exacerbate squash bug damage.

Eggs are most commonly found in groups deposited on the underside of plant leaves and near leaf veins. Clutch sizes are variable and range from a few eggs to over forty. Newly deposited eggs are oval shaped and pale-white in color; they darken into a shiny, copper-brown color and will hatch in approximately 10 days depending on temperature.

Nymphs undergo five instars (developmental stages). Newly emerged, first instar nymphs are less than 1/10 of an inch long and aggregate near the hatched egg mass (Figure 1). First instars are commonly described as “spider-like” in appearance and have a light green body with black legs. In later instars, the abdomen expands to form a tear drop shape. Later instars also tend be mottled white to grey in color, with each successive instar progressively lightening in color. By the fifth and final instar, the nymphal body has more distinct segmentation and wingpads that are visible with magnification (Figure 2).

Adult squash bugs are ~ 0.6 inches long and ~ 0.3 inches wide at the largest part of their abdomen. Adults are flat backed, have wings, and are commonly brownish-black to ash gray in color (Figure 3). Generally, the backside of the adult is darker than the underbelly, and the edges of the abdomen also have orange to orange-brown stripes. Adults are commonly found on the plant foliage as well as in soil and debris surrounding the plant. They have scent glands and may emit an unpleasant odor when handled or crushed.

Management The cultural controls techniques that are most effective in managing squash bug populations are field sanitation and crop rotation. Adult squash bugs are known to seek shelter within fields, including crop residues, weeds, and straw mulch during the growing season and as shelter for

Figure 2. Aggregation of squash bug nymphs at various instars (top). Squash bug nymph with visible wing pad (bottom). Photos: Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org

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overwintering. Destroying crop residues through mowing and/or tillage can help reduce overwintering sites of adults and reduce pest pressure during the following season.

Figure 3. Adult squash bug. Photo: Michael J. Raupp, University of Maryland, www.bugoftheweek.com

Keeping fields weed-free and foregoing straw mulch between crop rows may remove shelter for adult insects during the growing season, making them more vulnerable to chemical control. Squash bugs have strong preferences for certain cucurbit species, and even for varieties within species, so cultivar selection and rotation can play an important role in reducing infestations. Within cucurbits, squash bugs prefer Cucurbita species (summer squash, zucchini, pumpkin) to Cucumis (cucumber, muskmelon) or Citrullus species (watermelon). Within Cucurbita, squash bugs tend to prefer feeding on summer squash and pumpkin, rather than winter squash varieties. However, laboratory studies have shown that squash bugs can quickly adapt to resistant cucurbit varieties, and regional differences have been reported in feeding preferences of this insect. Adult squash bugs are not extremely efficient at finding suitable host plants after emerging from overwintering sites, so rotating suitable cucurbit hosts long distances between seasons and planting a variety of host and non-host varieties could help delay infestation.

Row covers can be used to physically exclude insects from colonizing plants while they are small and vulnerable, however covers must be removed prior to flowering to ensure adequate insect pollination. Additionally, since squash bugs typically do not infest cucurbit crops until July, the additional heat and humidity of using row covers in mid-summer may cause damage to developing plants.

There are many natural enemies that attack the different life stages of squash bugs, including various generalist predators (e.g. spiders, ground beetles, or lady bugs) and two parasitoid species that provide the greatest mortality. Trichopoda pennipes is a species of parasitic fly that lays its eggs on late instar nymph and adult squash bugs. The fly larvae hatch and burrow their way into the body of the squash bug, where they feed internally on their host, depleting their energy reserves. Once the larva completes its development, it chews its way out of the host and pupates in the soil. Gryon pennsylvanicum is species of parasitic wasp that lays its eggs inside the eggs of the squash bug. Previous surveys in Virginia show that at

certain times of the year, over 50% of squash bug eggs may be parasitized by G. pennsylvanicum. However, this species naturally occurs at low levels in the environment, and populations build-up slowly in response to squash bug infestations. G. pennsylvanicum may therefore not provide high levels of biological control for the first generation of squash bugs, instead causing more mortality later in the season. Releasing parasitoids earlier in the season to augment naturally occurring populations may increase mortality of the egg stage and reduce the resulting infestation. However they are not readily available for commercial purchase, and one study showed that these releases may not provide adequate economic return.

Some habitat manipulation techniques have been tested for their ability to increase mortality inflicted by natural enemies on squash bugs. These techniques include adding flowering plants in the border or inter-planted with cucurbit crops to provide parasitoids with nectar resources, and adding structural complexity by maintaining cover crop residue on the soil surface between strip-tilled crop rows. However, none of these studies has shown a consistent benefit from any of these habitat manipulation techniques. Whereas some studies have shown that adult parasitic wasps can benefit from feeding on nectar from flowers, laboratory experiments also demonstrate that G. pennsylvanicum can feed directly on sugars and protein exuded by trichomes on cucurbit plants and therefore may not benefit from additional floral resources.

Chemical controls are warranted to prevent economic injury when squash bugs exceed threshold levels, which vary by crop and life stage surveyed. Sampling should be done by visually examining random plants representative of the entire field, turning over leaves and scanning the ground around the base of the plant to find hidden adults and egg masses on undersides of leaves. More plants are needed to effectively sample for adults than egg masses because they tend to have a clustered distribution, while eggs are more evenly distributed. For example, in summer squash, examine 64 plants for adults and treat when there is 1 adult squash bug per plant or sample 38 plants and treat when there is 1 egg mass per plant. In watermelon, sample 54 plants and treat when there are 1-2 adults per plant.

There are many different insecticides that give excellent control of squash bugs, mainly synthetic pyrethroids (group 3A), neonicotinoids (group 4A), and the carbamate carbaryl (group 1A). Synthetic pyrethroids and carbaryl are the most widely used chemistries because of their low cost. However they are broad-spectrum chemicals that can lead to secondary pest outbreaks by killing natural enemies. They are also highly toxic to pollinators, so precautions must be taken to ensure pollinator safety when making foliar applications. Neonicotinoid insecticides have systemic activity and can be applied as a soil drench during transplanting or through the drip tape as chemigation, reducing potential contact with pollinators and other non-target insects. Sivanto (flupyradifurone, group 4D) is another chemical that gives excellent control of squash

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bugs, and has long residual activity within the plant, while being less toxic to bees and other beneficial insects.

Organic options include azadirachtins (unknown MoA), spinosyns (group 5), and pyrethrins (group 3A), although these only provide moderate levels of control. All chemicals are more effective when nymph stages are targeted, as adults are more cryptic and have a tougher cuticle that is resistant to contact insecticides. Since insects tend to aggregate on the undersides of leaves, good canopy penetration is necessary to get effective control from any foliar-applied insecticide. Air blast sprayers work best to provide complete coverage, but increasing spray volume, reducing ground speed, using solid cone nozzles, and angling nozzles forward 10° can help improve coverage when using boom sprayers. 1.Further information about cucurbit yellow vine disease may be found in the following article: Brust, Jerry. 2017. A new invasive problem for cucurbits in our area. Fruit and Vegetable Headline News. 8(7).

Cyclamen Mites Found in Strawberries

By Jerry Brust Extension IPM Vegetable Specialist

University of Maryland jbrust@umd.edu

This has been a ‘mitey’ spring so far with two spotted spider mites, broad mites and now cyclamen mites (by Bob Rouse) being found. Usually cyclamen mites (Phytonemus pallidus) cause much of their damage to bedding plants, but they can cause significant problems in strawberries too. Adult cyclamen mites are usually never seen as they are only a quarter of a mm long and a 20X hand lens or dissecting microscope is needed to see them. And, unlike two spotted spider mites that prefer dry conditions, cyclamen mites thrive in humid conditions and is why they are primarily a greenhouse pest.

Fig. 1 Adult female cyclamen mite (yellow arrow), eggs (black arrows) and larva (red arrow).

Adult mites are oval-shaped and a glossy creamy orange (fig. 1) with males being smaller than females. The hind legs of females are thread-like and in males are pincer like (the male uses these hind legs to transport female pupae to new locations on the plant). The eggs are translucent and comparatively large, about ½ the size of an adult (fig. 1). Masses of eggs in leaf crevices can be so numerous that they look like tiny piles of salt. Female adults overwinter in strawberry crowns and also can be present on transplants. Female mites lay their eggs on strawberry leaves that hatch

into tiny, white, six-legged larvae (fig. 1). The entire life cycle of the cyclamen mite is less than 3 weeks and therefore populations can build quickly. Although there are multiple generations each year, populations tend to peak in early spring and again in late summer.

Cyclamen mites use their piercing-sucking mouthparts to feed on plant material. Symptoms of infestation can be found throughout the plant. However, at low numbers cyclamen mites can usually be found along the midvein of young, unfolded leaves and under the calyx of newly

emerged flower buds. As numbers increase mites can be found anywhere on the plant. The infested leaves will appear stunted and crumpled (fig. 2), while flowers wither and die and fruit becomes shrunken with protruding seeds (fig. 3). By the time these symptoms appear, it is too late to limit damage, so cyclamen mites should be managed preventively. Treatments should be applied when 1 leaf in 10 shows cyclamen mite infestation.

Fig. 3 Cyclamen mite damage to strawberry fruit.

Growers should watch for infested deformed leaves starting when new buds emerge from the crown and continuing until harvest. Older fields will most likely have more problems. In order to be sure of the presence of cyclamen mite, you need to examine the newest leaves in the crown, specifically the mid vein and lower part of a leaf where it joins the petiole. Magnification (20-40X) is recommended for confirmation of cyclamen mites.

Early detection of cyclamen mites is essential in achieving best control, which means detection early in the growing season when foliage is nominal. Thorough spray coverage of the crown leaves is important for good control, so high volumes of water are needed. Horticultural oils can be used if temperatures are below 88o F. Agri-Mek SC or Portal XLO also can be used for mite control. Predatory mites can be used and work best if cyclamen mite populations are small and confined to scattered hot-spots in a field.

Fig. 2 Cyclamen mite damage to strawberry — crinkled deformed younger leaves.

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Spotted Wing Drosophila Found in Blueberries and Cherries

By Jerry Brust Extension IPM Vegetable Specialist

University of Maryland jbrust@umd.edu

A few blueberry and cherry growers in central Maryland have reported fruit damage to their crop from Spotted Wing Drosophila (SWD) this week. If you grow any small fruit such as blueberries, cherries, blackberries, raspberries it would be best if you check these crops for the presence of SWD. This is earlier than we usually see damage from this pest, but it is not totally unexpected. In New York over the years they have been finding SWD earlier and earlier in their traps throughout the state, with many locations recovering SWD throughout June. If you have had problems in the past with SWD and you are not using traps to monitor them and your blueberries are turning from green to purple you should probably think about going on a spray program if you have not already.

The damage starts with the female fly cutting a slit into ripening fruit with her serrated ovipositor, this later looks like a “sting” in the berry (fig. 1). Maggots will then feed by tearing and shredding the interior of the fruit often causing a softened collapsed brown area (fig. 2). When ready to pupate the maggot will exit the fruit causing an exit hole (fig. 1), which can allow entry of microorganisms that cause rot. Fruit should be examined very carefully for any of these signs of SWD presence. Be sure to rotate between materials of different chemical classes to slow the development of pesticide resistance.

Heat Stress Trial with Tomato By Gordon Johnson

Extension Vegetable & Fruit Specialist University of Delaware

gcjohn@udel.edu

A trial was conducted in 2019 at the University of Delaware Thurman Adams Research Farm, Georgetown, Delaware to evaluate 28 commercial and experimental tomato cultivars for yield and quality under heat stress. Plants were transplanted to the field on 31 May 2019. Field plots were one row (6’) wide and 10’ long. The experiment design was a RCB with four replications. In-row spacing for plants was 1.5’ with 6 plants per plot. Fruit were harvested five times: 8 August, 20 August, 4 Sept., 16 Sept., and 28 Sept. Fruits were graded into Extra Large (XL), Large (L), Medium (M), Small (S) sizes, Seconds (2nd) and Culls. Five large tomatoes in each plot were cut and evaluated for the appearance of white tissue. On the second harvest, tomatoes were also given a white tissue rating (0-10) and tested for soluble solids.

The top group in terms of marketable yield were Grand Marshall, XTM 2256, Red Snapper, STM 2255, Red Mountain, Red Bounty, and FTM 6281 and ranged from 19.6 to 15.5 lbs./plant. Most varieties had peak yield on harvest 2. Varieties that had peak yields on the first harvest were Red Mountain and FTM 6163. Varieties with peak yields on harvest 3 were Red Snapper, FTM 6281, Jamestown, Myrtle, and Saybrook. Varieties showing extended harvest (over 4 lbs./plant in harvests 4 +5) were Grand Marshall and XTM 2256. Grand Marshall and XTM 2256 had significantly higher numbers of tomatoes per plant compared to all varieties except Mountain Fresh, STM 2255, and Jamestown. Grand Marshall and XTM 2255 also had much higher numbers in harvests 4 and 5 than other varieties.

Varieties with low mean incidence of white tissue (less than 1.5) were Jamestown, FTM 6298, Primo Red, and Red Bounty. Varieties with incidence of white tissue over 3 were Camaro, FTM 6163, Mountain Merit, and Mountain Fresh. Varieties with all tomatoes sampled showing white tissue on harvest 1 were FTM 6163, Camaro, and Red Snapper. All samples of Mountain Fresh and FTM 6163 had white tissue in harvest 2. White tissue incidence decreased as temperatures decrease across all varieties; however, Grand 5 Marshall, Mountain Merit, and Myrtle had more than 2.5 tomatoes showing white tissue in harvest date 4 and Mountain Fresh was still showing 40% white tissue in harvest date 5.

XTM 2256, FTM 6281, Bella Rosa, and FTM 8011 had soluble solids 4.5 or greater. Camaro, Red Snapper, FTM 5187 Dixie Red, BHN 602, Mountain Fresh, Saybrook, Mountain Merit, Red Deuce, and FTM 6163 had white tissue severity ratings of 4 or greater. This corresponds to white tissue covering 40% or greater of the fruit. Camaro had a white tissue severity rating of 8.3. STM 2255, Roadster, and FTM 8011 had white tissue ratings under 2. FTM 6281 had over 4 lbs./plant in the XL category. Red Snapper, Grand Marshall, Red Bounty, XTM 2256, SV 7101,

Fig. 1 Cherry fruit with SWD oviposition sting (white arrow), exit hole of maggot (yellow arrow) and the maggot (green arrow).

Fig. 2 Brown collapsed area on cherry fruit due to SWD maggot feeding.

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STM 2255, FTM 6281, Red Mountain, and FTM 6298 yielded over 5 lbs./plant of Large tomatoes. Red Mountain, Grand Marshall, XTM 2256, and Red Snapper had over 5 lbs./plant of medium tomatoes. Red Mountain had 3.4 lbs./plant of Small tomatoes. Seconds which comprised mostly of tomatoes with some cracking were 2.8 lbs./plant in Primo Red. Varieties with over 2 lbs./plant in the Cull (misshapen) category were Biltmore, Red Deuce, Camaro, Roadster, and Mountain Merit. Mountain Majesty, Camaro, and Red Deuce had 7 or more fruits per plant in the cull category. Varieties with less than 5 % culls were Grand Marshall, Jamestown, and Mountain Fresh.

This trial is being repeated in 2020.

Some of the Varieties From the 2019 Tomato Trial

Command Label for Lima Beans By Kurt Vollmer

Extension Weed Management Specialist University of Maryland

kvollmer@umd.edu

The Maryland Department of Agriculture recently approved a new 24(c) Special Local Needs Label for the use of Command 3ME in lima bean. Command 3ME can be applied at 4 to 6 fl oz/A as a soil treatment after seeding but prior to crop and weed emergence. It is recommended that this product only be used for suppressing early season grasses and certain broadleaf species in order to provide additional time to follow up with cultivation or other labeled POST herbicides. In addition, this label allows lima bean to be planted 60 days following an application of up to 12 fl oz/A of Command 3ME in a previous crop, such as pea. For more information, the label can be found online at http://www.cdms.net/ldat/ld324025.pdf.

Bifenthrin Receives 2020 Section 18 for Control of BMSB on Apples,

Peaches and Nectarines May 21, 2020

The registered products, Brigade WSB (10% bifenthrin, EPA Reg. No. 279-3108) manufactured by FMC Corporation; and Bifenture EC (25.1% bifenthrin, EPA Reg. No. 70506-57) and Bifenture 10DF (10% bifenthrin, EPA Reg. No. 70506-227), both manufactured by UPL NA Inc. may be applied.

Applications must be made post-bloom, by ground only, at a rate of 0.08 to 0.2 lb. active ingredient bifenthrin (a.i.) per acre; no more than 0.5 lb. a.i. per acre may be applied per year; multiple applications may be made at a minimum of 30 day intervals; a restricted entry interval (REI) of 12 hours and pre-harvest interval (PHI) of 14 days must be observed.

All applicable directions, restrictions, and precautions on the EPA-registered product labels, as well as those outlined on the section 18 use directions referenced, must be followed.

These exemptions expire October 15, 2020.

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See the latest ALEI Newsletter Click Here COVID-19 ALEI Legal Resources Click Here

See the latest Food Safety Newsletter CLICK HERE

Register Today for Produce Safety Rule “How-To” Webinars

In the past few years, many produce growers in our region have attended a mandatory full-day training class to learn about the requirements of the Produce Safety Rule (PSR). According to state Departments of Agriculture, however, there are common reasons why farms, despite best efforts, are not noncompliant with the PSR. In an effort to help farmers achieve compliance, the Maryland Food Safety Network has created a monthly webinar series

on how to remedy common areas of PSR non-compliance. The series, titled “Food Safety Fridays- a ‘How-to’ Webinar Series” will be held one Friday each month from May to November. The next webinar on June 19, 2020, at noon, will focus on conducting water risk assessments. Register here: https://foodsafetyfridays.eventbrite.com.

To make a complete “PSR compliant” water risk assessment, growers are required to perform and document an annual inspection of their farm’s water distribution system from “source to spigot.” According to Molly Gillingham at the Maryland Department of Agriculture, “by conducting on-farm readiness reviews we work with growers to identify areas of their farm that need to be strengthened in order to comply with the PSR. An annual water distribution inspection is something that has consistently been found lacking on many Maryland farms. In order to comply, growers need to understand what needs to be included in this type of assessment and how to properly document the inspection.” This type of practical information will be provided in the webinar on June 19th.

This webinar series is recommended for operators who have attended a Produce Safety Rule Grower Training and want more information on how to apply what they learned and what records they need to keep to be in compliance with the PSR. Because the PSR is based in federal law and establishes national standards, growers from outside of Maryland are welcome to attend and will benefit from tuning in.

July 17, 2020, How to: Get a Handle On Water Quality - Learn how to properly test your water, communicate with the water testing lab, and how to interpret water test results.

August 21, 2020, How to: Manage Wildlife - Learn how to conduct pre-harvest assessments for wildlife and how to create appropriate buffer zones for contaminated produce.

September 18, 2020, How to: Develop a Sanitation Program-Learn how to identify equipment requiring cleaning and sanitizing (including transportation equipment) and create and implement cleaning and sanitizing schedules.

October 16, 2020, How to: Apply, Handle and Store Biological Soil Amendments - Learn how to determine if your soil amendment is treated or untreated, establish composting protocols, and safely apply and manage untreated amendments on the farm.

November 20, 2020, How to: Put It All Together in a Food Safety Plan - Learn how to structure what you have learned throughout the webinar series into a customized food safety plan for your farm.

Register for the webinars today at: https://foodsafetyfridays.eventbrite.com! Registration for each webinar is required. Anyone with questions can contact Sarah Everhart, 410-458-2475. Funding for this series of webinars was made possible, in part, by the Food and Drug Administration through grant PAR-16-137. The views expressed in written materials or publications and by speakers and moderators do not necessarily reflect the official policies of the Department of Health & Human Services; nor does any mention of trade names, commercial practices, or organization imply endorsement by the United States Government.

11

Timely Viticulture is an electronic newsletter that is designed to give those in the grape industry a timely reminder of things they should be considering in the vineyard. Since we are all busy it is not meant to be an exhaustive list of things to consider or even a full discussion of the options. It is just meant to think about what is happening and what is coming up, with some comments. To view Timely Viticulture Click Here

Mid-Season (June-July) • Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (BMSB) - Part 1 (pdf) • Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (BMSB) - Part 2 (pdf) • Crop Estimation (html) (pdf) • Crop Management (html) (pdf) • Disease Management - Botrytis (html) (pdf) • Drought Stress, Vine Performance, and Grape

Quality (pdf) • Grape Berry Moth (html) (pdf) • Hail Damage (pdf) • Japanese Beetles (html) (pdf) • Mid-Season Disease Management (html)(pdf) • Red Leaves in the Vineyard—Diagnosis and

Management (html) (pdf) • Spotted Lanternfly (SLF) I - Background (html)

(pdf) • Spotted Lanternfly (SLF) II - Scouting and

Management (html) (pdf)

Pre-Harvest (August) • Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (BMSB) - Part 1 (pdf) • Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (BMSB) - Part 2 (pdf) • Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (BMSB) - Part 3 (Fruit

Damage and Juice/Wine Taint) (pdf) • Crop Development Sampling (html) (pdf) • Crop Management (pdf) • Disease Management - Botrytis (pdf) • Early Warning: Multi-Colored Asian Ladybeetle

(MALB) for Grape Growers (pdf) • Evaluating Grape Samples for Ripeness (html) (pdf) • Grape Berry Moth (html) (pdf) • Harvest Priorities (html) (pdf) • Nematode Sampling (html) (pdf) • Pre-Harvest Disease Management (pdf) • Rain, Ripening, and Grape Quality • Red Leaves in the Vineyard—Diagnosis and

Management (html) (pdf) • Round Two: Multi-colored Asian Ladybeetle (MALD)

Management for Grape Growers (pdf) • Spotted Lanternfly (SLF) I - Background (html)

(pdf)

• Spotted Lanternfly (SLF) II - Scouting and Management (html) (pdf)

• The Spotted Wing Drosophila (SWD) - Part 1: History, Background, and Damage (html) (pdf)

• The Spotted Wing Drosophila (SWD) - Part 2: Management (html) (pdf)

To subscribe to receive this publication, please contact Dr. Fiola at 301-432-2767 x344 or by email at: jfiola@umd.edu

We are thrilled to roll out the University of Maryland College of Agriculture and Natural Resources’ (AGNR) new Agricultural Careers and Entrepreneurship (ACE) Virtual Center! The ACE Virtual Center provides helpful resources, training, and opportunities for those interested in pursuing a career to further advance agricultural systems across Maryland. Resources are available for K–12 students, prospective UMD students, current AGNR students, and aspiring farmers in Maryland. https://go.umd.edu/ACECenter

See the Attached Flier

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See the Attached Flier and to visit the MDA website Click Here

Quarantine Requirements

Spotted Lanternfly Permit Training: Click Here

Department Confirms First Spotted Lanternfly Hatch of 2020

Marylanders Encouraged to Keep a Lookout for this Invasive Pest

The Maryland Department of Agriculture has confirmed the first spotted lanternfly hatch of 2020. The first instar nymph of the season was reported by a department employee while surveying for the pest in the upper northeast corner of Cecil County near the Pennsylvania border.

The spotted lanternfly poses a major threat to the region’s agricultural industries as it feeds on over 70 different types of plants and crops — including grapes, hops, apples, peaches, oak, pine, and many others. As a known hitchhiker, the spotted lanternfly has confirmed populations in neighboring states, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia, West Virginia, and New Jersey. In Maryland, spotted lanternfly hatching has begun and will last through mid-July. Marylanders should stay vigilant for spotted lanternfly, which, in its current life stage, appear as tiny white-spotted angular black nymphs about a quarter-inch in size.

Following the department’s 2019 survey season, Maryland was found to have established populations of spotted lanternfly in Cecil and Harford counties. In fall of last year, the department’s Plant Protection and Weed Management Program partnered with the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) to treat Ailanthus altissima, the spotted lanternfly’s preferred host, at multiple sites in Cecil and Harford counties. Treatment will begin again in late May or early June. The department’s Plant Protection and Weed Management Program continues to work with the USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) program, University of Maryland Extension, and others to monitor for the insect in Maryland.

A quarantine zone has been in effect for Cecil and Harford counties since October 2019 in an effort to control the spread of this invasive insect to other parts of the state. All spotted lanternfly permits for Virginia, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware are transferable and valid throughout the region — meaning a permit from any of these states can be used in Maryland.

Businesses that require the movement of any regulated item within or from the quarantine zone must have a

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permit. A Maryland permit can be obtained by taking a free online training course through PennState Extension. Upon completion of the course and an online exam, individuals will receive a permit. Managers, supervisors, or employees of businesses operating in the quarantine zone must receive the approved training and pass the exam by at least 70% to demonstrate a working knowledge and understanding of the pest and quarantine requirements. Training of other employees, inspection of vehicles and products, and removal of living stages of spotted lanternfly must also be completed.

Those living within the quarantine zone are encouraged to be vigilant in containing the spread of spotted lanternfly. The department has created a residential compliance checklist that is available for download on its website and will educate residents on the life cycle of the spotted lanternfly and areas to inspect around the home.

If you suspect you have found a spotted lanternfly or their egg masses, snap a picture of it and then smash it. Report the sighting with photo attachments and location information to the Maryland Department of Agriculture at DontBug.MD@maryland.gov. Dead samples of spotted lanternfly from any life stage can be sent to the Maryland Department of Agriculture’s Plant Protection and Weed Management Program at 50 Harry S. Truman Parkway, Annapolis, MD 21401.

FieldWatch offers three free voluntary mapping tools called DriftWatch, BeeCheck, and FieldCheck. All Maryland beekeepers, specialty crop growers, and pesticide applicators are encouraged to sign up.

To register, go to FieldWatch.com and choose the type of account you would like to create. Beekeepers should register for BeeCheck, specialty crop growers should register for DriftWatch, and applicators should register for FieldCheck.

For more information about FieldWatch, read this helpful resource or call the department’s Pesticide Regulation Section at 410-841-5710.

EPA Releases Guidance on Pesticide Safety Training Requirements

During COVID-19 Agricultural workers and pesticide handlers directly support the nation’s agricultural production and food supply and EPA is committed to ensuring they are protected from workplace hazards. EPA has released guidance regarding the annual pesticide safety training requirements outlined in the Agricultural Worker Protection Standard (WPS) that offers flexibility during the COVID-19 public health emergency. The Agency is aware that COVID-19 may make it difficult for agricultural employers and handler employers to provide WPS pesticide safety training or hire agricultural workers and pesticide handlers who have been trained in the last 12 months, as required by the WPS. In response, the guidance aims to inform agricultural employers and handler employers of flexibilities available under the WPS to allow continued protection for employees and agricultural production: • EPA encourages in-person training if workplace

protections to maintain a healthy work environment are able to be implemented. For example, an employer may be able to provide pesticide safety training outside, in smaller than usual groups with well-spaced participants.

• Alternatively, WPS training can be presented remotely, provided all WPS training requirements are met.

• The employer is ultimately responsible for ensuring the training meets all requirements outlined in the WPS. For example, the training must still be presented in a manner the trainees can understand, in an environment reasonably free from distractions, and cover the full training content using EPA-approved training materials.

• Once the training ends, the employer must document successful completion under a qualified trainer.

To read the guidance in full and to learn more about EPA’s Worker Protection Standard, visit our webpage

14

EPA Offers Clarity to Farmers in Light of Recent Court Vacatur of

Dicamba Registrations The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a key order providing farmers with needed clarity following the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals’ June 3, 2020, vacatur of three dicamba registrations. Cancellation order outlines limited and specific circumstances under which existing stocks of the three affected dicamba products can be used for a limited period of time. EPA’s order will advance protection of public health and the environment by ensuring use of existing stocks follows important application procedures.

EPA’s order will mitigate some of the devastating economic consequences of the Court’s decision for growers, and particularly rural communities, at a time they are experiencing great stress due to the COVID-19 public health emergency. Details of the Order EPA’s order addresses sale, distribution, and use of existing stocks of the three affected dicamba products – XtendiMax with vapor grip technology, Engenia, and FeXapan. 1. Distribution or sale by any person is generally

prohibited except for ensuring proper disposal or return to the registrant.

2. Growers and commercial applicators may use existing stocks that were in their possession on June 3, 2020, the effective date of the Court decision. Such use must be consistent with the product’s previously-approved label, and may not continue after July 31, 2020.

Dicamba is a valuable pest control tool that farmers nationwide planned to use during the 2020 growing season. Since the Court issued its opinion, the agency has been overwhelmed with letters and calls from farmers citing the devastation of this decision on the millions of acres of crops, millions of dollars already invested by farmers, and threat to America’s food supply.

Paraquat Dichloride Training for Certified Applicators As required by EPA’s Paraquat Dichloride Human Health Mitigation Decision and amended paraquat dichloride (a.k.a. paraquat) product labels, certified applicators must successfully complete an EPA-approved training program before mixing, loading, and/or applying paraquat. The training provides important information about paraquat’s

toxicity, new label requirements and restrictions, and the consequences of misuse.

The EPA-approved training module can be accessed here. This training was developed by paraquat manufacturers as part of EPA’s 2016 risk mitigation requirements and has been approved by EPA.

Coronavirus Food Assistance Program Are you a farmer or rancher whose operation has been directly impacted by the coronavirus pandemic? The Coronavirus Food Assistance Program provides direct relief to producers who faced price declines and additional marketing costs due to COVID-19. Farm Service Agency (FSA) is now accepting applications for the Coronavirus Food Assistance Program (CFAP). The program will assist, with direct payments, to grain, livestock, dairy, and specialty crop operations that have suffered sales declines and increased marketing costs due to the pandemic. Signup began last Tuesday, May 26th and runs through August 28th. Attached are fact sheets on the particulars of each program section. To learn more one can go to www.farmers.gov/cfap or simply call an FSA office. Note: FSA offices are currently closed to the public, but we are able to take applications over the phone and through email. Application submissions can be submitted through mail, email, or dropping off materials at a drop box outside the service center doors.

For a copy of the SARE Cover Crop Economics Bulletin Click Here

15

**UPDATED** See new information, services, and assistance regarding COVID-19 CLICK HERE

National Resources: Government Response https://www.usa.gov/coronavirus Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-

nCoV/index.html CDC Fact Sheets https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-

ncov/communication/factsheets.html USDA Rural Development COVID-19 Response

https://rd.usda.gov/coronavirus EPA Statement on PPE for Pesticide Uses

https://www.epa.gov/enforcement/statement-regarding-respiratory-protection-shortages-and-reduced-availability-respirator

CDC Protect your Workers from Heat Stress

https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/heatstress/infographic.html

State Resources: Maryland Department of Health

https://coronavirus.maryland.gov/ Maryland Department of Health: Testing FAQs

https://phpa.health.maryland.gov/Documents/coronavirus_testing_FAQ.pdf

Updates from Governor Larry Hogan

https://governor.maryland.gov/ Maryland Coronavirus (COVID-19) Information for

Business https://govstatus.egov.com/md-coronavirus-business?fbclid=IwAR3ALqeov9oay7m3e6wQmS1fzK6fBzgBAIDC4rQ7ydrSC0Xcg9Vc4pwirwg

Maryland Department of Labor One-Stop Unemployment

Insurance Application http://www.labor.maryland.gov/employment/unemployment.shtml

Extension Resources: University of Maryland Extension

https://extension.umd.edu/learn/covid-19-resources Cooperative Extension Response

https://virtual.extension.org/extension-responses-to-covid-19/

Preparing Your Farm for Impacts of COVID-19

https://extension.umd.edu/learn/preparing-your-farm-impacts-covid-19

Extension Disaster Education Network

https://extensiondisaster.net/ Coronavirus Food Assistance Program Resources

https://extension.umd.edu/learn/coronavirus-food-assistance-program-resources-are-now-available

COVID-19 Resources for Older Adults

https://extension.umd.edu/fresh-conversations/covid-19-resources-older-adults

Rural Resilience: Farm Stress Training

(https://farmcredit.com/rural-resilience Health & Wellness: How to Respond Effectively To the Corona Crisis

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BmvNCdpHUYM

Farmers’ Guide to COVID-19 Relief Announcing the Farmers’ Guide to COVID-19 Relief. Several of the programs discussed in this Guide are the product of the CARES Act—technically known as the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act. The CARES Act became law on March 27, 2020. This guide will focus on how these various programs can provide relief to farmers. Check FLAG’s website flaginc.org for updates as the pandemic and farmer relief unfolds.

Farmers' Guide to COVID-19 Relief

Farmers’ Legal Action Group 6 West 5th Street, Suite 650 St. Paul, MN 55102 (651) 223-5400 http://www.flaginc.org/

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See the Attachments! 1) AGNR ACE Virtual Center. 2) MDA 2020 Cover Crops Program. 3) COVID-19 Face Mask Safety Poster for

Spanish Speaking Farmworker/Gardener. 4) SWD Fact Sheet

OUR AGRONOMY AND

HORTICULTURE EXPERTS ARE HERE TO HELP

For well over 100 years, University of Maryland Extension has fulfilled its mission of delivering science-based education to Maryland communities. We will not waiver on that promise. Our educators and faculty members are quickly developing new learning opportunities to continue to meet the needs of our customers and are working to ensure you have the science-based information you need to protect people and reinvigorate businesses threatened by COVID-19. We are ready to serve you.

While our offices are closed, we are still working to provide assistance.

• Call or email us: We continue to answer questions and conduct field research to deliver the resources you need.

• Field visits: If needed and following social distancing protocol, we continue to conduct on-site field visits for diagnosis of production issues.

University of Maryland Extension Online Resources at: https://extension.umd.edu/

Vegetable & Fruit News A timely publication for the commercial vegetable and fruit industry available electronically in 2020 from April through October on the following dates: April 16, May 14, June 11, July 9, August 13, September 10 and October 29 (Special Research & Meeting Edition). Published by the University of Maryland Extension Focus Teams: 1) Agriculture and Food Systems; and 2) Environment and Natural Resources. Submit Articles to: Editor, R. David Myers, Extension Educator Agriculture and Natural Resources 97 Dairy Lane Gambrills, MD 21054 410 222-3906 myersrd@umd.edu Article submission deadlines for 2020 at 4:30 p.m. on: April 15, May 13, June 10, July 8, August 12, September 9 and October 28 (Special Research & Meeting Edition). Note: Registered Trade Mark® Products, Manufacturers, or Companies mentioned within this newsletter are not to be considered as sole endorsements. The information has been provided for educational purposes only. The University of Maryland Extension programs are open to any person and will not discriminate against anyone because of race, age, sex, color, sexual orientation, physical or mental disability, religion, ancestry, national origin, marital status, genetic information, political affiliation, and gender identity or expression.

Agricultural Careers and Entrepreneurship (ACE) Virtual Center

The NEW Agricultural Careers and Entrepreneurship (ACE) Virtual Center is Live!

Created to provide resources,

training, and opportunities for those

interested in pursuing a career

to further advance agricultural

systems across Maryland.

College of Agricultural and Natural ResourcesUniversity of Maryland 1296 Symons HallCollege Park, MD 20742-5565

agnr.umd.edu

OUR MISSIONOur mission is to produce an inventory of agricultural career opportunities, provide job search resources, host virtual training opportunities, and highlight career and entrepre-neurship events to those that aspire to farm or be in the agriculture profession.

OUR USERSResources are available for K – 12 students, prospective University of Maryland (UMD) students, current College of Agriculture and Natural Resources (AGNR) students, and aspiring farmers in Maryland.

ACE resources include:

• Agricultural career pathways

• Job search engines

• Networking opportunities

• Industry statistics

• Virtual training links

• Support organizations

• Information on MD 4-H

• Career readiness tips

• Student spotlights

and more!

Visit the ACE Virtual Center:

go.umd.edu/ACECenter

K – 12 STUDENTS

Use the ACE center to learn more about the importance of agriculture in Mary-land, experiential learning opportunities, and information on the 4-H programs throughout the state of Maryland.

PROSPECTIVE UMD STUDENTS

Discover how a degree from AGNR can open doors to future career and entrepre-neurial endeavors. Students can learn more about the potential career pathways within AGNR, student spotlights and AGNR traditions.

CURRENT AGNR STUDENTS

Navigate through beneficial job search tools, networking information, alum interviews and more. Additionally, current students can learn more about existing UMD career resources and the ways to best utilize them.

MARYLAND ASPIRING FARMERS

Utilize the ACE center to learn about industry statistics, MD farmer training, commodity associ-ations, events and more. The ACE center provides links to important agricultural support organizations and UMD Extension resources.

2020 OVERVIEW AND INCENTIVE OPTIONS • The 2020-2021 Cover Crop Program has been simplified and

aligned with budget projections. • The base payment for incorporated seed is $40/acre. The base

rate for aerial/aerial ground seeding is $45/acre. • Incorporated seed qualifies for a $10/acre early planting incentive. • Farmers who aerial seed or aerial ground seed cover crops into

standing corn on or before September 10, 2020 qualify for a $10/acre incentive payment.

• Farmers who terminate cover crops after May 1, 2021 may be eligible for an Extended Season incentive payment of up to $10/acre, contingent on available funds. A determination will be made in February 2021.

• Incentive payments to plant rye are not offered this year.• Plant cover crops after corn, soybeans, sorghum, tobacco, veg-

etables—and new this year, hemp and millet. • There is a five acre minimum. The total number of acres

enrolled may not exceed acreage managed under the farm’s current Nutrient Management Plan.

• Direct deposit of cost-share grants is available.

SEED REQUIREMENTS• All seed purchased must be tested and labeled following Mary-

land Seed Law and Regulations.• Purchased seed must be free of prohibited noxious weed seeds,

have a minimum germination rate of 80%, and have no more than 16 restricted noxious weeds per pound.

• Homegrown seed with a germination rate between 65% and 79% may be used. Certain rules apply.

• Cost-share is available for seed testing.

COUNT ON MACS Maryland farmers can count on MACS for grants to plant cover crops this fall to build healthy soils and protect the Chesapeake Bay. It’s easy to understand why cover crops are so popular. Cover crops recycle nitrogen, reduce erosion, add valuable organic matter to the soil, and help protect fields from too much or too little rain. Thinking about adding cover crops to your planting rotation this year? Count on MACS to help you make it happen.

GRANTS TO PLANT COVER CROPSThe Maryland Agricultural Water Quality Cost-Share (MACS) Program provides grants to help farmers offset seed, labor, and equipment costs to plant cover crops in their fields following the harvest of summer crops. Our grants can make planting cover crops on your fields this fall affordable.

MAIL-IN ENROLLMENT • To ensure everyone’s safety, this year’s sign-up will be

conducted by mail. There is no need for farmers to sign up in person at local soil conservation district offices.

• Farmers who participated in last year’s cover crop program were mailed applications, instructions and a return envelope.

• Applications, instructions and soil conservation district mailing addresses will be available at mda.maryland.gov beginning July 1, 2020.

• Completed applications must be mailed to the local soil conser-vation district and postmarked between July 1, 2020 and July 17, 2020.

2020-2021 COVER CROP PLANTING AND PAYMENT OPTIONSTRADITIONAL

COVER CROP PAYMENT OPTIONS

NO-TILL CONVENTIONAL BROADCAST WITH LIGHT, MINIMUM OR

VERTICAL TILLAGE

AERIAL/AERIAL

GROUND SEEDING

BROADCAST STALK CHOP AND BROADCAST

CULTIPACKER

Base Payment $40/acre $40/acre $40/acre $45/acre $40/acre

Plant by October 10, add: $10/acre $10/acre $10/acre $0/acre $0/acre

Aerial seed into standing corn on or before Septem-ber 10, add:

$0/acre $0/acre $ 0/acre $10/acre $0/acre

Terminate cover crop after May 1, (contingent on available funding) add:

$10/acre $10/acre $10/acre $10/acre $10/acre

MAXIMUM PAYMENT AMOUNT:

$60/acre $60/acre $60/acre $65/acre $50/acre

2020-2021 COVER CROP SEEDING RATES AND PLANTING DEADLINES

COVER CROP

SEEDING RATE PER ACRE/POUNDS BASE PAYMENT

FOR TRADITIONAL COVER CROP

ONLY

STATEWIDE PLANTING PERIOD FOR TRADITIONAL

COVER CROP PROGRAM1

AERIAL PLANTING DEADLINES

BROADCAST STALK CHOP

AND BROADCAST CULTIPACKER

AERIAL3 BROADCAST STALK CHOP BROADCAST CULTIPACKER

INCORPORATED4

Canola/Rape 10 6 $252 8/15-10/01 10/01 10/01

Forage Radish 12.5 7.5 $40 8/15-10/01 10/01 10/01

Oats 120 72 $40 8/15-10/01 10/01 10/01

Barley 150 90 $40 8/15-10/15 10/10 10/15

Rye 140 84 $40 8/15-11/05 10/10 10/15

Triticale 140 84 $40 8/15-11/05 10/10 10/15

Wheat/Spelt 150 90 $40 8/15-11/05 10/10 10/15

Ryegrass 25 15 $40 8/15-10/15 10/10 10/15

MUST BE PLANTED AS PART OF A CEREAL GRAIN MIXClover 25 15 $40 8/15-10/01 10/01 10/01

Hairy Vetch 31.25 20 $40 8/15-10/01 10/01 10/01

Winter Peas 75 45 $40 8/15-10/01 10/01 10/011Seeding may begin on 08/15/2020 for all planting options.2The base payment for planting canola/rape as a single species is $25/acre. No reduction in payment when planted as part of a mix.3The seeding rate for aerial and non-incorporated planting methods is increased by 25%. 4The seeding rate for incorporated planting methods is 25% less than in previous years.

ELIGIBLE COVER CROP SPECIES • Cereal Grains Wheat/spelt, rye, barley, triticale, oats and

ryegrass • Brassicas Forage radish and canola/rape• Legumes Clover, Austrian winter peas and hairy vetch (must

be planted with a cereal grain as part of a mix)

COVER CROP MIXES• Two-species cover crop mixes may be planted at a rate of 50

percent cereal grains and 50 percent brassicas or legumes. • Three species mixes (50/25/25) must contain a minimum of 50

percent eligible cereal grains.

COVER CROP PLANTING/TERMINATION DATES• Plant cereal grains by November 5, 2020. Some species have

earlier deadlines. (See chart below)• Mixes containing legumes, forage radish, canola/rape, or oats

must be planted by October 1, 2020. • The aerial seeding deadline for cover crops is October 10,

2020. Some species have earlier deadlines. (See chart below)• Terminate cover crops between March 1 and June 1, 2021.

FALL MANAGEMENT OPTIONS Eligible cover crops may be grazed or chopped for on-farm live-stock forage after becoming well established. Manure may be ap-plied in fall following Maryland’s nutrient management regulations.

CERTIFICATION REQUIREMENTTo receive payment, farmers must certify cover crops with their soil conservation district within one week of planting and no later than November 13, 2020.

PROGRAM ELIGIBILITY • Applicants must be in good standing with MACS and in com-

pliance with Maryland’s nutrient management requirements. • A Current Nutrient Management Plan Certification is required

and must be submitted with the application. Additional restric-tions may apply.

FIND A COVER CROP CONTRACTOR Visit mda.maryland.gov for a list of contractors who can plant cover crops in your fields this fall.

50 Harry S. Truman ParkwayAnnapolis, MD 21401mda.maryland.gov

410-841-5864

The 2020-2021 Cover Crop Program is administered by the Maryland Agricultural Water Quality Cost-Share (MACS) Program and funded by the Chesapeake Bay Restoration Fund and the Chesapeake and Atlantic Coastal Bays Trust Fund.

Usar una cubierta de tela para la cara ayuda frenar la propagación de COVID-19.

Using a cloth face mask helps prevent the spread of COVID-19.

Necesitamos usar cubierta de tela porque las personas que pueden ser portadoras del virus y

no presentan síntomas pueden transmitir y propagar el virus sin saberlo.

We need to wear face masks because people that might be carrying the virus and are not presenting symptoms can spread the virus without knowing.

Hablar, toser o estornudar produce gotitas de agua en el aire que aumentan la posibilidad de que el virus entre en el cuerpo de otra persona

y continúe propagando el virus.

Speaking, coughing, or sneezing produce water droplets in the air, increasing the chances that

the virus will spread to another person.

El uso de cubiertas de tela para la cara NO ofrece protección total. Debe ir acompañada

de las práctica del distanciamiento social y del lavado frecuente de las manos con jabón y agua

o con desinfectante de manos.

The use of cloth face masks does NOT give total protection. It must be accompanied with social distancing and frequent hand washing with soap and water or using hand sanitizer.

Asegúrese de usar la cubierta de tela para la cara de la manera correcta.

Make sure to use cloth face masks the correct way.

La cubierta de tela para la cara debe quedar bien ajustada sobre la nariz,

boca y barbilla.

Cloth face masks should be snug over the nose,

mouth and chin.

Cuando se quite la cubierta de tela para la cara NO toque la parte interior de la cubierta. NO se toque los ojos, la nariz

o la boca.

When removing the cloth face mask do NOT touch the inside of the mask. Do

NOT touch your eyes, nose and mouth.

Las cubiertas de tela para la cara deben lavarse

regularmente con agua caliente.

Cloth face masks should be washed regularly with hot water.

Lávese las manos inmediatamente después de quitarse la cubierta de

tela para la cara.

Wash your hands right away after removing

the mask.

Siempre use una cubierta de tela para cara en lugares públicos o cuando esté cerca de otras personas.

Always wear cloth face masks in public places or around others.

Muy Alto Riesgo

Very High Risk

High Risk

Moderate Risk

Low Risk

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1 For more information on this and other topics visit the University of Maryland Extension website at www.extension.umd.edu

i

Spotted Wing Drosophila Monitoring and Management

bvbbMoMonitoriagement

Fact Sheet FS-1023 November 2015

Spotted wing drosophila (SWD), Drosophila

suzukii, is an insect pest that continues to be

a problem for growers of soft-skinned fruit

such as blackberry, blueberry, cherry (sweet

and tart), and raspberry (black and red).

Unlike other vinegar fly species (Drosophila

spp.) that lay their eggs in over-ripe,

damaged, rotting, and fermenting fruit,

SWD will attack undamaged fruit as it

ripens.

Adults are small flies about 1/16 to 1/8 inch

long with red eyes and an amber colored

body with black stripes on the abdomen

(Figure 1). The male flies have a black spot

towards the tip of each wing. The females

do not have spots on the wings but they have

a very prominent, saw-like ovipositor (egg

laying structure), larger than other vinegar

flies. The female penetrates the skin of soft-

skinned fruit laying the eggs just

under the skin, leaving a small puncture on

the fruit surface. Eggs hatch and larvae

develop and feed and this damage can

provide an entry site for other vinegar flies

and secondary pathogens.

SWD Has Wide Range of Host Plants

SWD hosts include many wild and

cultivated fruit crops. In the mid-Atlantic

region, wild relatives of common cultivated

fruit [e.g. Allegheny (aka common)

blackberry (Rubus allegheniensis), wild

black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis),

American red raspberry (Rubus strigosus),

wild blueberry (Vaccinium spp.), wild

cherry (Prunus spp.)] are present in the

landscape surrounding fruit farms and may

harbor SWD.

In addition to these close relatives of

commercial hosts, SWD successfully

develops on other wild, ornamental and non-

crop fruiting plants in the landscape. Recent

work in other regions has suggested that

species of honeysuckle (Lonicera spp.)

(abundant in many mid-Atlantic habitats)

Figure 1. SWD adult female (left) and male (right)

2 For more information on this and other topics visit the University of Maryland Extension website at www.extension.umd.edu

and sweet box (Sarcococca confusa)

(sometimes planted as an ornamental) may

serve as early season hosts, allowing SWD

populations to build in the landscape prior to

the fruiting of commercial hosts.

Other non-crop hosts present in the mid-

Atlantic region (either in wild woody areas

or as cultivated ornamentals) include species

of dogwood (e.g., red osier dogwood,

Cornus sericea), species of mulberry (e.g.,

white mulberry, Morus alba), and other

Prunus species (e.g., cherry laurel, Prunus

laurocerasus). Because SWD may also

develop on damaged and overripe fruit of

commercial crops that are not hosts when

intact, unharvested or dropped fruit may also

contribute to SWD populations in

commercial settings. Examples include split

melons, as well as pome and thicker-skinned

stone fruits that SWD cannot directly

damage but can persist on when damaged.

The broad range of SWD hosts provides

many alternate hosts in and outside of

commercial fields. These alternate hosts

likely play a role in commercial infestation,

though the impact of alternate hosts on

SWD populations is unclear at this time.

Monitoring SWD Adults is Difficult

Generating an optimized trapping system

that has an attractive and selective lure, and

that is effective and easy to use continues to

be an important SWD research priority.

Currently there are many commercial and at-

home baits and traps that can be used to

monitor SWD adults. However, none of

them consistently capture SWD adults

before fruit infestation occurs, and all of

them capture many non-target insects,

including other vinegar flies. Thus, users

have to identify SWD under magnification,

which is challenging for non-experts and

time consuming. Additionally, the weak

relationship between adult trap captures and

larval fruit infestation makes it difficult to

use adult trapping for making management

decisions.

Sampling Fruit for SWD is Best Way to

Determine Levels of Damage and Gauge

Effectiveness of Management Practices

Once SWD lays its eggs in a ripe fruit,

which begins to degrade, and other vinegar

flies may also infest it. It is important to

sample ripe rather than degraded or overripe

fruit to determine whether SWD is present.

Sampling a greater number of fruit increases

confidence in the results.

It is currently unknown how many fruit to

sample to determine whether SWD is

present at market-detectable levels. We

typically sample at least 30-40 fruit at

market ripeness from various locations

(including border rows) within the planting.

Selecting fruit from the interior portions of

the plant may increase your chances of

detecting SWD. Recent research in Dr.

Hannah Burrack’s lab at North Carolina

State University suggests that SWD density

is higher in fruit in the central part of a

plant. Most of the time, these berries also do

not receive proper spray coverage, and

therefore are not well protected from SWD.

There are a variety of methods to sample for

larvae in fruit. While there is no scientific

evidence regarding the best sampling

3 For more information on this and other topics visit the University of Maryland Extension website at www.extension.umd.edu

method, directly looking for larvae in the

fruit is the easiest.

One of the earliest signs of larvae in

raspberries is juice on the receptacle when

the fruit is harvested. Individual fruit can be

crushed or cut open and you can look for

larvae, though you may miss the smaller

larval stages using this method. A hand lens

might help find some smaller larvae.

Larger larvae are visible to even the naked

eye. SWD larvae are pointed at both ends

and only a little longer than 1/8” when fully

grown (Figure 2). SWD larvae cannot be

visually distinguished from other vinegar

flies, so selecting ripe rather than overripe

fruit is important.

Other larvae that may be found in fruit, such

as blueberry maggot, are larger at around

3/16” and are only pointed at one end. Other

internal fruit-feeding pests such as plum

curculio, raspberry fruitworm, cranberry

fruitworm, and cherry fruitworm also may

be found during visual inspection or larval

flotation (next section). Examples of SWD

damage on various fruit can be seen in

Figures 3-7.

Use Larval Flotation Methods to See

Extracted Larvae Floating in a Water

Solution

In this method, fruit should be gently

crushed and/or cut into pieces (especially

larger fruit like strawberries) in a container.

You can put a thin layer in a plastic food

storage container or a gallon sized re-

sealable bag.

Add a sugar (white sugar or light brown

sugar works) water or a salt (non-iodized

seems to be better) water solution to the

container. Use 1 cup of white sugar or salt,

or 2.5 cups of light brown sugar per gallon

of water. Dissolving the salt or sugar in

warmer water a day or so beforehand can

ensure that it is fully dissolved and will

increase the flotation.

Sugar solutions tend to keep the larvae alive

a bit longer than a salt solution, and live

larvae are easier to see because they

continue to move and they float. Agitate the

fruit while it is in the solution, and allow 10-

15 minutes for the larvae to emerge. SWD

larvae (if present in the fruit) should float to

the surface and be visible. If the larvae die

they will sink. Other internal feeders such as

Figure 2. SWD larva in blueberry

T Hueppelsheuser, British Columbia

Ministry of Agriculture

Figure 3. SWD adults and damage on a ripe

raspberry

Bev Gerdeman, Washington State

University Extension

4 For more information on this and other topics visit the University of Maryland Extension website at www.extension.umd.edu

cranberry fruitworm are larger and tend to

sink rather than float.

If you are using a tray or plastic food storage

container, add a layer of wire mesh or

window screen to hold down the fruit

particles so that only the water and larvae

are at the surface. Pouring the water through

a fine mesh (a U.S. Standard Mesh Size 12

or 1/16” opening is a good size) sieve can

also help locate larvae by filtering out the

fruit particles. The water should be collected

and larvae counted after sieving.

Putting water (or water and fruit) in a clear

container over a dark background can make

it easier to spot the larvae (which are white

to cream-colored). A hand lens can also help

for viewing smaller larvae.

For a detailed guide with pictures visit:

http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstre

am/handle/1957/52502/em9096.pdf.

Other Techniques, Some Very Simple,

will Help You Find SWD Infestations

Heating/freezing/refrigerating fruit in sealed

plastic bags often causes the larvae to leave

fruit and move to the surface of the fruit or

bag. If you leave the bags sealed in your car

or truck on a warm day, you may come back

to find larvae abandoning the fruit.

The only way to be 100% sure that you have

SWD rather than other vinegar flies, is to

rear the flies out of the fruit. This can be

hard to do with fruit like raspberries that

degrade very quickly, but is a very

successful tactic for cherries and blueberries.

Hold the fruit in a tightly sealed container

(to prevent escaping and secondary

infestation by other vinegar flies) that is still

able to exchange air. Making a hole in a

plastic food storage container and then

sealing it with fine mesh (like organdy)

using caulk works well. Because the fruit

will start to degrade, you will need to have a

lining like cotton, paper towels, or sand on

the bottom to soak up the liquid and prevent

the larvae from drowning.

Figure 4. SWD adult and damage on a ripe

blackberry

Kathleen Demchak, Penn State Extension

Figure 5. SWD damage on a ripe strawberry

University of California Agriculture and

Natural Resources

5 For more information on this and other topics visit the University of Maryland Extension website at www.extension.umd.edu

Keep the containers at room temperature and

use a sticky card to catch the flies as they

emerge, or wait until fly emergence and

freeze the container to collect the flies. You

can then identify the emerging vinegar flies

to see if they were SWD. However, this

method may overestimate market-detectable

infestation because eggs have time to hatch

and develop.

Identification guides for SWD can be found

at many Integrated Pest Management

websites. A list is available at:

http://www.fruit.cornell.edu/spottedwing/ID.

html.

Comprehensive Management of All Crops

is Critical to Controlling SWD

SWD has many alternate hosts and

populations can build in many types of

overripe fruit even after the main crop

season. It is important, therefore, to not only

manage crops currently in production but

also other crops before and after they are

harvested.

Field sanitation within the current host crop

may reduce on-farm SWD populations.

Remove all ripe and cull fruit from

the planting as frequently as

possible. Remember that fruit in the

center of the plant are harder to see

and spray and SWD may prefer

them. Avoid allowing overripe fruit

to build up in plantings.

Dispose of cull fruit. Composting is

not sufficient for disposal because

SWD may still emerge and

reproduce. Better options are to

remove and destroy cull fruit off-site,

bury it at least two feet deep, heat it

(bag it in plastic and expose it to full

sun for at least a week) or freeze it to

kill the eggs and larvae. Any of

these methods will prevent cull fruit

from contributing to SWD

populations on-site.

Remove cultivated alternate host

fruit that is not under management,

such as the first early fruit that is not

harvested or the fruit that remains

after harvest as quickly and often as

Figure 6. SWD damage on ripe tart cherries

Bryan Butler, University of Maryland

Extension

Figure 7. SWD damage on a ripe sweet cherry

Larry L. Strand, University of California Statewide

IPM Program

6 For more information on this and other topics visit the University of Maryland Extension website at www.extension.umd.edu

possible. Renovate/prune plantings

promptly after harvest, destroy

produce left in fields, and remove

culls. This is important to help

manage SWD on later ripening

susceptible crops because these fruit

can be reservoirs for SWD.

Remove non-cultivated alternate

hosts that may be reservoirs of SWD

and may help reduce SWD

populations. However, we do not

know how far SWD may migrate to

enter a host crop or the relative

importance of different hosts.

Additionally, alternate host plants

provide habitat for several species of

pollinators and natural enemies and

may provide reservoirs of susceptible

SWD to help prevent insecticide

resistance.

Isolate plantings away from

alternate hosts. Surround them

instead with crops that cannot serve

as hosts, such as agronomic crops

and some vegetables.

When establishing new plantings, we

recommend selecting earlier ripening fruit

crops and varieties to avoid the later season

high SWD pressure.

Exclusion with extremely fine mesh with

openings less than 0.98 mm (0.039”) may

protect crops, though ventilation and

pollination can be problematic and may

adversely affect yield. Using mesh is more

feasible for fruit grown in tunnels or where

entire fields are covered with bird netting

because the infrastructure to hang the mesh

is already in place.

Biocontrol Uses Natural Enemies that

Feed on SWD Adults and Pupae

Several natural enemies are likely present

in the Mid-Atlantic, including predatory

insects, a species of parasitoid wasp (lays its

eggs in SWD pupae), and other arthropods.

These natural enemies feed on a variety of

insects and do not reproduce as quickly as

SWD.

In other U.S. regions, scientists are

researching the impact of natural enemies on

SWD populations. The results indicate that

biological control has not been effective;

therefore, using natural enemies alone is

unlikely to reduce SWD populations enough

to prevent fruit damage.

Pesticide Sprays Primarily Target Adult

Flies, which are Smallest Part of

Population

Because most chemical active ingredients

are unlikely to significantly impact eggs and

larvae, applications will not remove existing

infestations. Good spray coverage is

critical as most materials work primarily by

contact. Be sure that the sprayer is calibrated

and use adequate volumes of spray solution

(as close to 100 gallons/acre as possible or

greater spray volume is recommended for all

susceptible fruit crops) and spray pressure.

Evaluate coverage throughout the entire

canopy with water-sensitive paper (spray

cards).

Increasing the volume of water, using a

spreader/sticker surfactant, and driving at

7 For more information on this and other topics visit the University of Maryland Extension website at www.extension.umd.edu

optimal speed through every row with an

airblast sprayer can help improve coverage.

Pruning the canopy or using a trellis system

can improve spray access and coverage.

Residual activity for most products under

ideal conditions is around 7-10 days.

However, most pesticides that are effective

against SWD are not rainfast and

reapplications may be necessary after rainy

conditions. Evaluate the efficacy of your

spray program by monitoring larvae in fruit

(see section, Sampling Fruit for SWD is Best

Way to Determine Levels of Damage and

Gauge Effectiveness of Management

Practices).

Don’t Apply Insecticides during Bloom

Period or when Pollinators are Active

Most commercial fruit becomes susceptible

at first color. Early crops and varieties may

escape periods of high SWD pressure in this

region. Checking fruit regularly early in the

season to time chemical applications and

evaluate their efficacy is critical because

SWD reproduces quickly. Populations can

increase several-fold within a short period.

However, applying sprays before SWD is

present in fruit plantings may negatively

affect natural enemies and pollinators and

may cause outbreaks of secondary pests. In

fact, secondary pest outbreaks (e.g. spider

mites and scale insects) are becoming more

common in crops that are managed for

SWD, particularly with pyrethroid-intensive

programs. Do not apply insecticides during

bloom period and when pollinators are

active. This will be problematic for growers

of some fruit crops.

Rotate Modes of Action by Selecting

Materials from Different IRAC Activity

Groups for each Application to Delay

Development of Insecticide Resistance

Ideally no pesticide group should be applied

back-to-back to the same planting even if

targeting different pests. Tables 1-5 provide

some insecticides that have been effective

(survey of WERA-1021 SWD Coordinating

Committee members) against SWD for

some host fruit [blueberry, brambles

(blackberry and raspberry), strawberry,

sweet cherry, and tart cherry]. This is not an

exhaustive list, and other formulations of

these active ingredients or other active

ingredients in these chemical classes may be

equally effective in managing SWD

populations in these fruit crops.

These insecticides also may be important

components of management programs for

other pests so consider the maximum

number of applications and active

ingredients allowed per season or year when

designing spray programs. In some crops,

post-harvest application of insecticides may

be applied to control remaining SWD adults

if later susceptible crops are nearby.

Materials with long preharvest intervals may

be useful after harvest in this situation.

ALWAYS read and follow all

instructions on the pesticide label; the

information presented here does not

substitute for label instructions.

8 For more information on this and other topics visit the University of Maryland Extension website at www.extension.umd.edu

References

Burrack, H. 2012. Spotted wing drosophila

(Drosophila suzukii) larval sampling and post

harvest considerations. North Carolina State

University.

https://docs.google.com/a/ucdavis.edu/file/d/0B9

kLmv3HSf_udWFranVfdmpEemM/view

Burrack, H.J., M. Asplen, L. Bahder, J.

Collins, F.A. Drummond, C. Guédot, R.

Isaacs, D. Johnson, A. Blanton, J.C. Lee, G.

Loeb, C. Rodriguez-Saona, S. van Timmeren,

D. Walsh, D.R. McPhie. 2015. Multistate

comparison of attractants for monitoring

Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in

blueberries and caneberries. Environmental

Entomology 44: 704-712.

Dreves, A.J., A. Cave, and J. Lee. 2014. “A

detailed guide for testing fruit for the presence

of spotted wing drosophila (SWD) larvae.”

Oregon State University.

http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/

handle/1957/52502/em9096.pdf

Hamby, K.A., M.P. Bolda, M.E. Sheehan, and

F.G. Zalom. 2014. Seasonal monitoring for

Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in

California commercial raspberries.

Environmental Entomology 43: 1008-1018.

Lee, J.C., D.J. Bruck, H. Curry, D. Edwards,

D.R. Haviland, R.A. Van Steenwyk, and B.M.

Yorgey. 2011. The susceptibility of small fruits

and cherries to the spotted-wing drosophila,

Drosophila suzukii. Pest Management Science

11: 1358-1367.

Lee, J.C., A.J. Dreves, A.M. Cave, S. Kawai,

R. Isaacs, J.C. Miller, S. Van Timmeren, and

D.J. Bruck. 2015. Infestation of wild and

ornamental noncrop fruits by Drosophila suzukii

(Diptera: Drosophilidae). Annals of the

Entomological Society of America DOI:

10.1093/aesa/sau014

Rossi Stacconi, M.V., A. Grassi, D.T. Dalton,

B. Miller, M. Ouantar, A. Loni, C. Ioriatti,

V.M. Walton, and G. Anfora. 2013. First field

records of Pachycrepoideus vindemiae as a

parasitoid of Drosophila suzukii in European

and Oregon small fruit production areas.

Entomologia 1:e3.

Van Timmeren, S., and R. Isaacs. 2013.

Control of spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila

suzukii, by specific insecticides and by

conventional and organic crop protection

programs. Crop Protection 54: 126-133.

Wiman, N.G., V.M. Walton, D.T. Dalton, G.

Anfora, H.J. Burrack, J.C. Chiu, K.M.

Danne, A. Grassi, B. Miller, S. Tochen, X.

Wang, and C. Ioriatti. 2014. Integrating

temperature-dependent life table data into a

matrix projection model for Drosophila suzukii

population estimation. PLoS ONE 9: e106909.

Kelly Hamby (kahamby@umd.edu), Bryan Butler (bbutlers@umd.edu), Kathleen Demchak

(efz@psu.edu) and Neelendra Joshi (nkj105@psu.edu)

This publication, Spotted Wing Drosophila Monitoring and Management (FS-1023), is a series of publications of the University of Maryland Extension

and the Department of Entomology. The information presented has met UME peer review standards, including internal and external technical review.

For more information on related publications and programs, visit: http://entomology.umd.edu. Please visit http://extension.umd.edu/ to find out

more about Extension programs in Maryland.

The University of Maryland, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources programs are open to all and will not discriminate against anyone because of race, age, sex, color, sexual orientation,

physical or mental disability, religion, ancestry, or national origin, marital status, genetic information, or political affiliation, or gender identity and expression.

For more information on this and other topics visit the University of Maryland Extension website at www.extension.umd.edu

9

Blueberry Table 1. Examples of SWD-active insecticides for blueberry production. This is not an exhaustive list, and other formulations of these active

ingredients or other active ingredients in these chemical classes may be similarly effective. ALWAYS read and follow all instructions on the

pesticide label; the information presented here does not substitute for label instructions.

Trade Name Active Ingredient

Re-entry

Interval

Preharvest

Interval EffectivenessA Application Restrictions Maximum Usage

Pyrethroids and pyrethrins (IRAC activity group 3A)

Asana XL Esfenvalerate 12 hrs 14 days Excellent Not specified 0.2 lb ai/acre per season

Brigade WSB Bifenthrin 12 hrs 1 day Excellent Not specified 0.5 lb ai/acre per season

Danitol 2.4 EC Fenpropathrin 24 hrs 3 days Excellent 2 per season 0.6 lb ai/acre per season

Mustang Maxx Zeta-cypermethrin 12 hrs 1 day Excellent Not specified 0.15 lb ai/acre per season

Bifenture 10DF Bifenthrin 12 hrs 1 day Good-Excellent Not specified 0.5 lb ai/acre per season

Pyganic EC 5.0 IIB Pyrethrins 12 hrs 0 days Weak-Fair 10 per season Not specified

Spinosyns (IRAC activity group 5)

Delegate WG Spinetoram 4 hrs 3 days Good-Excellent 6 per year 0.305 lb ai/acre per year

Entrust SCB Spinosad 4 hrs 3 days Good 3 per crop or 6 per year 0.45 lb ai/acre per crop

Spintor 2SC Spinosad 4 hrs 3 days Good-Fair 3 per crop or 6 per year 0.45 lb ai/acre per crop

Diamides (IRAC activity group 28)

Exirel Cyantraniliprole 12 hrs 3 days Good Not specified 0.4 lb ai /acre per year

Organophosphates (IRAC activity group 1B)

Imidan 70W Phosmet 24 hrs

C

3 daysD

3 days Excellent 5 per year 3.63 lbs ai/acre per year

Diazinon 50W Diazinon 5 days 7 days Good 1 in season foliar Not specified

Malathion 8 Flowable Malathion 12 hrs 1 day Good 3 per year Not specified

Carbamates (IRAC activity group 1A)

Sevin XLR Plus Carbaryl 12 hrs 7 days Fair-Good 5 per year

10 quarts product/acre per

year

Lannate SP Methomyl 48 hrs 3 days Good-Excellent 4 per crop 4 lbs product/acre per crop AEfficacy rankings summarized by Rufus Isaacs at Michigan State University and determined by surveys of WERA-1021 SWD Coordinating

Committee members. BOMRI approved for use in organic production

CREI for employees in high bush blueberries.

DREI for low bush blueberries and non-employees in high bush blueberries, i.e. general public at pick-your-own farms.

For more information on this and other topics visit the University of Maryland Extension website at www.extension.umd.edu

10

Brambles (Blackberry and Raspberry) Table 2. Examples of SWD-active insecticides for bramble (blackberry and raspberry) production. This is not an exhaustive list, and other

formulations of these active ingredients or other active ingredients in these chemical classes may be similarly effective. ALWAYS read and

follow all instructions on the pesticide label; the information presented here does not substitute for label instructions.

Trade Name Active Ingredient

Re-entry

Interval

Preharvest

Interval EffectivenessA

Application

Restrictions Maximum Usage

Pyrethroids and pyrethrins (IRAC activity group 3A)

Asana XL Esfenvalerate 12 hrs 7 days Excellent Not specified 0.15 lb ai/acre per season

Brigade WSB Bifenthrin 12 hrs 3 days Excellent 1 post bloom 0.2 lb ai/acre per season

Danitol 2.4 EC Fenpropathrin 24 hrs 3 days Excellent 2 per season 0.6 lb ai/acre per season

Mustang Maxx Zeta-cypermethrin 12 hrs 1 day Excellent Not specified 0.15 lb ai/acre per season

Bifenture 10DF Bifenthrin 12 hrs 3 days Good-Excellent 1 post bloom 0.2 lb ai/acre per season

Pyganic EC 5.0 IIB Pyrethrins 12 hrs 0 days Weak-Fair 10 per season Not specified

Spinosyns (IRAC activity group 5)

Delegate WG Spinetoram 4 hrs 1 day Good-Excellent 6 per year 0.305 lb ai/acre per year

Entrust SCB Spinosad 4 hrs 1 day Good 6 per year 0.45 lb ai/acre per crop

Spintor 2SC Spinosad 4 hrs 1 day Good-Fair 6 per year 0.45 lb ai/acre per crop

Organophosphates (IRAC activity group 1B)

Malathion 8 Flowable Malathion 12 hrs 1 day Good 3 per year Not specified

Carbamates (IRAC activity group 1A)

Sevin XLR Plus Carbaryl 12 hrs 7 days Fair-Good 5 per year

10 quarts product/acre per

year AEfficacy rankings summarized by Rufus Isaacs at Michigan State University and determined by surveys of WERA-1021 SWD Coordinating

Committee members. BOMRI approved for use in organic production.

For more information on this and other topics visit the University of Maryland Extension website at www.extension.umd.edu

11

Strawberry Table 3. Examples of SWD-active insecticides for strawberry production. This is not an exhaustive list, and other formulations of these active

ingredients or other active ingredients in these chemical classes may be similarly effective. ALWAYS read and follow all instructions on the

pesticide label; the information presented here does not substitute for label instructions.

Trade Name

Active

Ingredient

Reentry

Interval

Preharvest

Interval EffectivenessA

Application

Restrictions Maximum Usage

Pyrethroids and pyrethrins (IRAC activity group 3A)

Brigade WSB Bifenthrin 12 hrs 0 days Excellent Not specified 0.5 lb ai/acre per season

Danitol 2.4 EC Fenpropathrin 24 hrs 2 days Excellent 2 per year 0.8 lb ai/acre per year

Bifenture 10DF Bifenthrin 12 hrs 0 days Good-Excellent Not specified 0.5 lb ai/acre per season

Pyganic EC 5.0 IIB Pyrethrins 12 hrs 0 days Weak-Fair 10 per season Not specified

Spinosyns (IRAC activity group 5)

Entrust SCB Spinosad 4 hrs 1 day Good 5 per year 0.45 lb ai/acre per crop

Radiant SC Spinetoram 4 hrs 1 day Good 5 per year 0.305 lb ai/acre per year

Spintor 2SC Spinosad 4 hrs 1 day Good-Fair 5 per year 0.45 lb ai/acre per crop

Organophosphates (IRAC activity group 1B)

Diazinon 50W Diazinon 3 days 5 days Good 1 foliar per crop Not specified

Malathion 8 Flowable Malathion 12 hrs 3 days Good 4 per year Not specified

Carbamates (IRAC activity group 1A)

Sevin XLR PlusC Carbaryl

12 hrs 7 days Fair-Good 5 per year 10 quarts product/acre per

year

AEfficacy rankings summarized by Rufus Isaacs at Michigan State University and determined by surveys of WERA-1021 SWD Coordinating

Committee members. BOMRI approved for use in organic production.

CMay injure Early Dawn and Sunrise strawberries (older varieties that are not frequently planted in Mid-Atlantic; however, injury may not have

been assessed on newer varieties).

For more information on this and other topics visit the University of Maryland Extension website at www.extension.umd.edu

12

Sweet Cherry Table 4. Examples of SWD-active insecticides for sweet cherry production. This is not an exhaustive list, and other formulations of these active

ingredients or other active ingredients in these chemical classes may be similarly effective. ALWAYS read and follow all instructions on the

pesticide label; the information presented here does not substitute for label instructions.

Trade Name Active Ingredient

Re-entry

Interval

Preharvest

Interval EffectivenessA

Application

Restrictions Maximum Usage

Pyrethroids and pyrethrins (IRAC activity group 3A)

Asana XL Esfenvalerate 12 hrs 14 days Excellent Not specified 0.3 lb ai/acre between

bloom and harvest

Danitol 2.4 EC Fenpropathrin 24 hrs 3 days Excellent 2 per season 0.8 lb ai/acre per season

Mustang Maxx Zeta-cypermethrin 12 hrs 14 days Excellent Not specified 0.15 lb ai/acre per season

Warrior II Lambda-cyhalothrin 24 hrs 14 days Good Not specified 0.16 lb ai/acre post bloom

Pyganic EC 5.0 IIB Pyrethrins 12 hrs 0 days Weak-Fair 10 per season Not specified

Spinosyns (IRAC activity group 5)

Delegate WG Spinetoram 4 hrs 7 days Good-Excellent 4 per year 0.438 lb ai/acre per year

Entrust SCB Spinosad 4 hrs 7 days Good Not specified 0.45 lb ai/acre per year

Spintor 2SC Spinosad 4 hrs 7 days Good-Fair Not specified 0.45 lb ai/acre per year

Diamides (IRAC activity group 28)

Exirel Cyantraniliprole 12 hrs 3 days Good Not specified 0.4 lb ai/acre per year

Organophosphates (IRAC activity group 1B)

Diazinon 50W Diazinon 4 days 21 days Good 1 in season foliar Not specified

Malathion 57%C Malathion 12 hrs 3 days Good 4 per year Not specified

Carbamates (IRAC activity group 1A)

Sevin XLR Plus Carbaryl 12 hrs 3 days Fair-Good 3 per year

9 quarts product/acre per

season

AEfficacy rankings summarized by Rufus Isaacs at Michigan State University and determined by surveys of WERA-1021 SWD Coordinating

Committee members. BOMRI approved for use in organic production.

CMay injure certain varieties of sweet cherries.

For more information on this and other topics visit the University of Maryland Extension website at www.extension.umd.edu

13

Tart Cherry Table 5. Examples of SWD-active insecticides for tart cherry production. This is not an exhaustive list, and other formulations of these active

ingredients or other active ingredients in these chemical classes may be similarly effective. ALWAYS read and follow all instructions on the

pesticide label; the information presented here does not substitute for label instructions.

Trade Name Active Ingredient

Re-entry

Interval

Preharvest

Interval EffectivenessA

Application

Restrictions Maximum Usage

Pyrethroids and pyrethrins (IRAC activity group 3A)

Asana XL Esfenvalerate 12 hrs 14 days Excellent Not specified 0.3 lb ai/acre between

bloom and harvest

Danitol 2.4 EC Fenpropathrin 24 hrs 3 days Excellent 2 per season 0.8 lb ai/acre per season

Mustang Maxx Zeta-cypermethrin 12hrs 14 days Excellent Not specified 0.15 lb ai/acre per season

Warrior II Lambda-cyhalothrin 24 hrs 14 days Good

Not specified 0.16 lb ai/acre post bloom

Pyganic EC 5.0 IIB Pyrethrins 12 hrs 0 days Weak-Fair 10 per season Not specified

Spinosyns (IRAC activity group 5)

Delegate WG Spinetoram 4 hrs 7 days Good-Excellent 4 per year 0.438 lb ai/acre per year

Entrust SCB Spinosad 4 hrs 7 days Good Not specified 0.45 lb ai/acre per year

Spintor 2SC Spinosad 4 hrs 7 days Good-Fair Not specified 0.45 lb ai/acre per year

Diamides (IRAC activity group 28)

Exirel Cyantraniliprole 12 hrs 3 days Good Not specified 0.4 lb ai/acre per year

Organophosphates (IRAC activity group 1B)

Imidan 70W Phosmet 3 days

C

14 daysD

7 days Excellent Not specified 5.25 lbs ai/acre per year

Diazinon 50W Diazinon 4 days 21 days Good 1 in season, foliar Not specified

Malathion 57% Malathion 12 hrs 3 days Good 4 per year Not specified

Carbamates (IRAC activity group 1A)

Sevin XLR Plus Carbaryl 12 hrs 3 days Fair-Good 3 per year

9 quarts product/acre per

season AEfficacy rankings summarized by Rufus Isaacs at Michigan State

University and determined by surveys of WERA-1021 SWD Coordinating Committee members. BOMRI approved for use in organic production.

CREI for employees.

DREI for non-employees, i.e. general public at pick-your-own farms.