A PRACTICAL ENGLISH COURSE IN LAW STUDIES

Liliana Anton

Junior Lecturer MA, Ph.D. under completion

Content

Introduction

I. Grammar in a nutshell Morphology/Morfologia I.1. Articolul (The Article) Definition, examples and tasks I.2. Substantivul (The noun) Definition, examples and tasks I.3. Verbul (The verb - tenses of the indicative mood) Definition, examples and tasks I.4. Adjectivul si gradele de comparaie (The adjective and the degrees of comparison) Definition, examples and tasks I.5. Pronumele (The pronoun) Definition, examples and tasks

II. Negation and illocutionary acts II.1. Illocutionary acts - definition II.2.Sentence definition 1 negation example II.3.Sentence negators: categories:

a. particle no b. adverbs c. pronouns d. any e. affixes

II.4. Degrees of negativity a. week vs. strong negation b. emphatic negatives c. semantic changes

II.5. Lexical negativity II.6. Sentence negation syntactic function II.7.The negation of the verb in expressing / using tenses at the indicative mood II.8.Tests of negativity II.9.question tags II.10. yes/ no questions II.11.Tasks

III. English for Law III.1. Translation exercises from English into Romanian III.2. Translation exercises from Romanian into English III.3. Creative writing

Recommended sites Bibliography

Cursul de fata se adreseaza studentilor din anul I si al II-lea de studiu din cadrul Facultatii de Drept. Obiectivele didactice vizeaza: 1. familiarizarea studentilor cu limba engleza daca acestia sunt la nivel de incepator, prin

explicarea cunostintelor de baza ale morfologiei, respectiv: articol, substantiv, verb, adjectiv, pronume

2. aprofundarea notiunilor de gramatica limbii engleze, negatia in limba engleza avand aspecte de morfologie si sintaxa

3. cunoasterea si intelegerea conceptelor fundamentale de drept civil, penal, comunitar si international exprimate in limba engleza

4. asimilarea vocabularului de specialitate prin studiul textelor juridice din domeniile de interes 5. redactarea in limba engleza a textelor de specialitate

La incheierea cursului, studentii vor avea urmatoarele abilitati: - vor avea capacitatea de a citi un text de specialitate si de a-l intelege - vor putea redacta texte in limba engleza - se vor putea exprima fluent

Teme de specialitate pentru anul I 1. The judiciary and the legislative in the UK 2. Courts in the UK 3. Criminal Law 4. Prosecutions; treatment of offenders in the UK 5. The Geneva Conventions 6. Criminal Law in the UK 7. Government employment services in the UK 8. The role of local education authorities in England and Wales 9. The European perspective on justice, freedom and security

Teme de specialitate pentru anul al II-lea 1. Criminal proceedings. Powers and mode of arrest 2. Crime in the USA. Corruption. Principles of criminal liability. 3. Warrants. Types of warrant in the UK. 4. Powers of entry, search and road checks. Identification of suspects. 5. European police cooperation 6. Offences against public justice and against person 7. Firearms, armed forces and bomb hoaxes 8. Legal aid. Procedure 9. Summoning and term. The Geneva Conventions

I. MORFOLOGIA (Morphology) Prezentare generala Cele doua parti constitutive ale gramaticii tradiionale sunt morfologia si sintaxa. Morfologia cuprinde regulile privitoare la forma cuvintelor si la modificarile formale ale cuvintelor studiate pe parti de vorbire; sintaxa cuprinde regulile privitoare la imbinarea cuvintelor in propozitii si fraze. Unitatea de analiza in gramatica traditionala este cuvantul. Gramatica traditionala grupeaza cuvintele din punct de vedere morphologic in zece parti de vorbire:

1. articolul 2. substantivul 3. verbul 4. pronumele 5. numeralul 6. adjectivul 7. adverbul 8. prepozitia

9. conjunctia 10. interjectia

Partile de vorbire se disting dupa ceea ce exprima, numele unui obiect (substantivul), un numar sau o determinare numerica (numeralul), o actiune sau o stare (verbul), o caracteristica a unei actiuni, stari sau insusjri (adverbul), exteriorizarea unui sentiment, a unei stari fizice, a unui act de vointa sau imitarea unui sunet (interjecfia).

I.1. Articolul (The article)

Definitie. Articolul este partea de vorbire care constituie un mijloc de individualizare a obiectelor si fenomenelor intr-un context lingvistic sau situational; nu are forme flexionare, fiind neflexibil din punct de vedere morfologic; indeplineste functia de determinant. Articolul este redat prin articolul hotarit the, articolul nehotarit a sau an sau prin articolul zero. Aceste articole se folosesc pentru a realiza: 1) referinta unica (unique reference) 2) referinta individuala (individual reference). Articolul hotarat este folosit pentru a exprima referinta unica. The earth moves round the sun. Pamintul se invirteste in jurul soarelui. Articolul nehotarit poate fi folosit pentru introducerea in comunicare a unei notiuni care nu a fost mentionata anterior.

TASKS A. Fill in the blanks with the, a, an or no article: Do you see _____ man standing near ______ door? He works as _____ assistant in ____ same shop as I do. Well, I saw him the other day and he was driving ______ red Porsche. And do you see ______ expensive clothes hes wearing? Where does he get ____ money to pay for it all? ______ month ago he hadnt got _____ penny. I told you about ______ burglary that we had at ________ shop, didnt I? Do you think I should go to _____ police?

B. Fill in the gaps with a or one: .day last year it wasvery hot afternoon in June I was hurrying to get home. I was about.. hour late - well, to be precise, exactly. hour and ten minutes: I had taken the train that arrived at the station at 6.15. Anyway, there was. woman standing under the trees, and there were several children with her. I saw child clearly she was .lovely dark-haired girl but I only heard the others. Suddenly strange thing happened. The girl took some stones and leaves out of her pocket, and threw. stone after another into the air.

C. Insert a or an if necessary: My neighbour is.photographer; lets ask him foradvice about colour films. We hadfish andchips for..lunch. That doesnt sound.very interesting lunch. I had a very bad night. I didnt sleep ....wink. Wed better go bytaxi if we can get ..taxi at such ..hour as 2 a.m.

I.2. Substantivul (The noun) Definiie Substantivul denumete obiecte in sens foarte larg, adic fiine, lucruri, fenomene (man, chair, snow, walk, wisdom); are categoriile gramaticale de gen, numr i caz; poate ndeplini in propoziie funciile de subiect, nume predicativ, atribut, apoziie, complement, element predicativ suplimentar, sau poate fi echivalentul unei propoziii sau fraze. Numrul substantivelor (Number of Nouns) Substantivele in limba engleza au categoriile gramaticale de gen, numar si caz. Numarul este categoria gramaticala care se recunoaste cel mai uor, datorita desinenei -s, specific pentru forma de plural a substantivelor. Din punct de vedere al ideii de numr, substantivele in limba engleza se mpart in numrabile (Count nouns) si nenumrabile (Mass nouns). Substantivele numrabile sunt de obicei variabile ca forma (Variable nouns), avnd att singular cit si plural, iar cele nenumrabile sunt de regula invariabile ca forma (Invariable nouns), avnd forma numai de singular sau numai de plural.

TASKS A. Use these collective nouns to complete the sentences that follow: audience, crew, enemy, family, gang, government, media, public, staff, team

1. Take cover. The .. are attacking. 2. Do you think Liverpool are the best . in Europe? 3. Dad is out but the rest of the ... are at home. 4. The has decided to increase taxes. 5. The ship sank but the .... are safe. 6. The office is closed. The are on strike. 7. The house was surrounded and the . were arrested. 8. The .. is much bigger than at last nights performance. 9. The railways should provide a better service for the traveling . 10. Some sports stars are very badly treated by the newspapers and other ..

B.Write the plural of the following nouns: 1. address 4. witch 7. face 10. man 2. reply 5. box 8. tomato 11.child 3. toy 6. fish 9. deer 12. tooth

I.3. Verbul (The verb) Definiie. Verbul este partea de vorbire care exprima aciuni, procese sau stri; are categorii gramaticale de persoana i numr comune cu alte pari de vorbire i categoriile specifice de timp, mod, aspect i diateza; ndeplinete funcia sintactica de predicat.

I..3.1. Categoriile gramaticale ale verbului In limba engleza, verbul are forme gramaticale determinate de categoriile specifice de timp, aspect, diateza si mod si de categoriile nespecifice de persoana i numr. In funcie de prezena sau absena categoriilor de timp persoana i numr, formele verbale n limba engleza se mpart in forme personale si nepersonale. Formele personale ale verbului (Finite Forms of the Verb) sunt modurile indicativ si subjonctiv. La aceste forme, verbul este marcat pentru a exprima categoriile de timp, mod, diateza, aspect, persoana si numr, iar din punct de vedere sintactic, ele pot forma singure predicatul i se acorda in numr si persoana cu subiectul. Formele nepersonale ale verbului (Non-Finite Forms of the Verb) sunt infinitivul, Gerund-ul (Gerunziul), participiul prezent si participiul trecut. Aceste forme nu au categoriile de timp, persoana si numr si nu pot forma singure predicatul propoziiei.

I. 3.2. Timpul (Tense) Categoria gramaticala a timpului (Tense), categorie specific verbelor, se refera la ordinea evenimentelor in timp, aa cum este perceputa aceasta de vorbitor in momentul vorbirii. Momentul in care are loc actul de vorbire este momentul prezent (now). Faa de acest moment, care constituie axa de referina a prezentului, unele evenimente sunt: a) anterioare, cnd ele au loc nainte de momentul vorbirii (evenimentele sunt amintite de vorbitor): Present Perfect; b) posterioare f aa de momentul vorbirii (evenimentele fiind anticipate de vorbitor, deoarece vor avea loc intr-un moment posterior momentului vorbirii Future; c) simultane cu momentul vorbirii (avnd loc in acelai timp) Present.

Considernd momentul vorbirii punctul prezent, vorbitorul isi poate aminti un eveniment care a avut loc la un moment anterior momentului vorbirii (then). In raport cu acest moment amintit then, care se refera la trecut, alte evenimente pot fi: a) anterioare momentului trecut then: Past Perfect; b) simultane cu then: Past Tense; c) posterioare: Future in the Past.

De asemenea, in momentul vorbirii (now), vorbitorul poate anticipa anumite evenimente (posterioare momentului vorbirii). In raport cu un anume eveniment posterior momentului prezent (axa de referina a viitorului). Alte evenimente pot fi: a) anterioare: Future Perfect; b) simultane: Future; c) posterioare: engleza nu are marca formala pentru aceste evenimente. In analiza timpului trebuie astfel luate in consideraie urmatoarele elemente: a) momentul vorbirii b) momentul aciunii; c) axa sau momentul de referina. In f uncie de cele trei elemente momentul vorbirii, momentul aciunii i momentul de referina limba engleza cunoate urrnatorul sistem de timpuri: pe axa prezentului: Present, Present Perfect, Future; pe axa trecutului: Past Tense, Past Perfect, Future in the Past; pe axa viitorului: Future, Future Perfect

I.3.2.1. Timpul prezent simplu (Present Tense Simple) Definiie. Prezentul simplu desemneaz un eveniment (o aciune sau stare) care se ntmpla simultan cu momentul vorbirii (prezentul instantaneu) sau care include momentul vorbirii (prezentul generic i habitual). Forma. Din punct de vedere al formei, prezentul simplu este identic cu infinitivul, la toate persoanele singular si plural, cu excepia persoanei a III-a singular, care adaug -(e).s: Ex: I learn/ You learn/ He, She learns/ We learn/ You learn/ They learn

TASKS

A. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the verb in brackets at the present simple tense:

He (live) in Belgravia in Londons West End. Hes very rich, and he (own). the company Office Blocks International. Every morning the young Lord (have).. breakfast in bed and (read). the newspapers. He (get). up at ten oclock and usually (go) for a walk in Hyde Park. He (have) lunch at his club. He sometimes (meet). the directors of OBI, and they (talk).. about the companys plans. In the afternoon, Lord Stonebury and his friends (play) golf. Then they (have). a few drinks. Or sometimes, he and his girl friend (go).for a drive in his sports car. After dinner Lord Stonebury (go).. to a night club or a casino with one of his friends. They (get).. home at about two oclock.

B. Find and correct the verbs in the present tense that are mistaken in the text below:

Dear John, Thank you for your very interesting letter. I am very pleased to be your pen friend. Are you really have a swimming pool in the garden? It sound wonderful. As you know from my advertisement, I have 17 years old and came from Cartagena in Chile. Ive got two sisters and they is both older than me. My father own a small factory paper but my mother dont work. We living in a house outside the city. I enjoying playing football and I am like science-fiction films. I. Look at this learners text. Match the teachers ticks and corrections 1-10 to rules a) f) below

C. Put the verbs into brackets into simple present or present continuous tense: 1. What Tom (think).. of the Budget? 2. He (think).. it most unfair. I (agree).. with him. 3. How much. this one (cost)? It (cost) forty pence. 4. Look at that crowd. I (wonder).. what they (wait).. for.

5. This story is about a boy who (make) friends with a snake which he (find).. in the garden. Then he (go). away but he (not forget) the snake and some years later he (return) and (look).. for it.

6. He (find). the snake who (recognize).. its old friend and (coil) round him affectionately. But, unfortunately, the snake is by now a full-grown boa-constrictor and its embrace (kill) the poor boy.

The snake (feel). sorry about this? I (not know)... The story (end).. there. 7. How ..you (end) a letter that (begin).., Dear Sir? I always (put).., Yours truly, but Tom (prefer). Yours

faithfully.

D. Look at this learners text. Match the teachers ticks and corrections 1-10 to rules a) f) below My name is Kim and Im Korean. My family is living in lives.b) an apartment near the centre of Seoul, and they all 1.. 1 love the city except me. They 2 are thinking that 2 think... cities are exciting, but 3 Im not agreeing with them; I 3 dont agree ...... 4 am preferring quieter towns or villages. Anyway, 4 prefer.. just this month I 5 work for a small travel agency; I 5 m working. 6 want to go traveling in Europe next month but 7 Im 6 . needing to earn some money first. 8 Im thinking of doing 7 need. a course when I come back from Europe my English 8.. 9 gets better so maybe I can study abroad next time. 9 is getting. Thats very expensive, of course. Perhaps that 10 is 10 depends depending on how much I can earn and my parents!

Note: a) use the present continuous to talk about changing situations b) use the present simple to talk about a permanent situation c) use the present simple with a thought or feeling verb d) use the present simple with verbs describing what things are, what they are like and what they

possess e) use the present continuous for a temporary situation

use the present continuous for a temporary thought f) use the present continuous for a temporary thought

I.3.2.2. Timpul trecut simplu (Past Tense Simple) Definiie. Past Tense, aspectul simplu, desemneaza un eveniment definit care a avut loc pe axa trecutului (evenimentul este amintit in momentul prezent). Past Tense simplu este folosit pentru a exprima o aciune svrita si ncheiata intr-un moment trecut: Forma. Marca timpului Past Tense simplu este, la verbele regulate, -ed. We listened to the concert last night. Am ascultat concertul aseara. In cazul verbelor neregulate este folosita forma a II-a. I wrote the letter to Mary. Am scris scrisoarea Mariei.

Verbe neregulate

Participiu Traducerea Infinitiv Past Tense trecut infinitivuiui Observatii

be beat

was/were beat

been beaten-

a fi a bate

become became become a deveni begin began begun a incepe blow blew blown a suf!a, a bate break broke broken a (se) sparge breed bred bred a creste, a educa bring brought brought a'aduce build buili buili a construi

buy bought bo Ugh I a cumpara catch caught caught a prinde choose chose chosen a alege come came come a veni cost cost cost a costa cut cut cut a taia deal dealt dealt a trata, a se

ocupa de do did done a face dra w drevy drawn a trage, a desena dream dreamt dreamt a visa R. dreamed in spe-

cial in engleza ameri- drink drank drunk a bea drunken adj. drive drove- driven a mina, a sofa dwell dwelt dwell a locui R. dwelled (rar) in engleza americana eat ate eaten a manca engl. britanica,: ate (et); engl.

americana: ate (eit) fall fell fallen a cadea feed fed fed a hrani . feel felt fell a (se) sirati fight fought fought a (se) lupta find, found found a gasi fly . flew flown a zbura forbid forbad(e) forbidden a interzice forget forgot forgotten a uita forgive forgave forgiven a ierta freeze froze frozen a ingheta get got got a primi, a obine engl. americana:

get, got, gotten tgive gave given a da go went gone a merge grow grew grown a creste have had had a avea hear heard heard a auzi hide hid hidden a (se) ascunde Partioipiul trecut si hid (rar) hit hit hit a lovi hold held held a |ine hurt hurl hurt a lovi, a rni, a durea keep kept kept a |ine, a pastra know knew known a ti, a cunoasjte lay laid laid a pune, a aseza lead led led a conduce learn learnt learnt a invata R. learned

engl. americana; adj.: a learned [k:nid] man leave left left , a pleca, a lasa

lend lent lent a da cu mprumut lei let let a lasa, a permite light lit lit a aprinde R. lighted lie lay lain a zacea, a se afla R. lie, lied = a min|i lose lost lost a pierde make made made a face mean meant meant a insemna meet met met a (se) intilni mow mowed mown, mowed a cosi pay paid paid a plati put put put a punt read. read read a citi ring rang rung a suna run ran run a fugi say i

said said a spune pers. Ill singular says [sez] see saw seen a vedea sell sold sold a vinde send sent sent a. trimite show showed shown a arata Uneori ortografiat

shew, shewed, shewn shut shut shut a include

sing sang sung a einta sit sat sat a sedea

sleep slept slept a dormi smell smell s melt a mirosi R. smelled

engleza americana speak spoke spoken a vorbi speed sped sped a grbi, a

accelera i R.: speeded spell spelt spelt a ortografia R. spelled engleza

americana spend spent spent a cheltui; a petrece

spread spread spread a (se) ntinde steal stole stolen a fura, a se furisa stick stuck stuck a lipi swim swam swum a inota take took taken a lua teach taught taught. a invafa (pe

altui), a preda

tell told told a spune, a povesti

think thought thought a (se) gindi ' throw threw thrown a arunca understandd understood understood a nelege wear wore worn a purta weep wept wept a plinge wet wet wet a uda si R. wetted win won won a cistiga write wrote written a scrie

TASKS A. Fill in each gap with a verb from the box in the past tense simple. (The text below describes an unsuccessful driving test.)

be feel move pay push say run say stop try

On my first test, I 1. out of petrol. Shortly after the restart from the emergency stop, the car 2.. again, although I 3 five times to restart. No, I 4.. to the examiner. It wont start. The examiner 5. into the driving seat, and I 6.. the car to the nearest service station, where I 7 for the petrol. This is not your fault and will not affect whether you pass the test, he 8.., but I 9.. terrified and 10 not surprised to fail for lack of observation.

B. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense: 1. Ann sees Paul putting on his coat and says: Where you (go ) , Paul? 2. I (go ) to buy some cigarettes. You (want) an evening paper? 3. Mary ( see ) Peter standing at the bus stop. 4. What bus you (wait ) for? 5. I usually (go ) to work by car, dont you? 6. Yes, but the car (belong ) to my mother and she sometimes (want ) it. 7. She ( use ) it today to take Tom to the dentist.

C. Put the verbs in brackets into the simple past or past continuous: I ( walk ) along the Piccadily when I (realize ) that a man with a ginger beard,

whom I had seen three times already that afternoon, ( follow ) me. To make quite sure, I (walk ) on quickly, (turn ) right, then left and (stop ) suddenly at a

shop window. In a few minutes the man with the beard (appear ) and (stop ) at another shop window.

I.3.2.3. Viitorul simplu (Shall/Will Future)

Definiie. Viitorul simplu desemneaz un eveniment posterior faa de momentul vorbirii. Viitorul simplu este un viitor pur, indicnd doar ca aciunea are loc 'intr-un moment viitor, mai apropiat sau adeseori mai ndeprtat de momentul vorbirii. Forma. In structura viitorului simplu intra verbul auxiliar shall la persoana I singular si plural, will la persoana a II-a i a Ill-a singular i plural i infinitivul scurt al verbului de conjugat: I shall go to the seaside tomorrow./ Vom merge la mare maine.

TASK Decide if the underlined verbs in the sentences below refer to present time (p) or future time (f):

1. Im spending a few weeks with an uncle in the States this summer. _f_ 2. I cant find Barbara. Maybe shes meeting the others for lunch. ___ 3. When you see her, could you tell her to give me a call? ___ 4. The show starts at 8.30 every day except Monday. ___ 5. I hope everyones ready. We leave first thing in the morning. ___

I.4. ADJECTIVUL (The Adjective) Definiie. Adjectivul este partea de vorbire care exprima o calitate a unui obiect (an interesting lecture, an old man); are categoria gramaticala a comparaiei: He is taller than his brother.; ndeplinete funciile sintactice de atribut, apoziie, nume predicativ, element predicativ suplimentar.

Adjectivele monosilabice formeaz comparativul si superlativul in mod sintetic. Ele primesc -(e)r la comparativ i the -(e)st la superlativ: small smaller the smallest short shorter the shortest

Adjectivele formate din d o u a sau mai multe silabe formeaz comparativul si superlativul analitic cu ajutorul lui more si the most: careful more careful the most careful difficult more difficult the most difficult

TASKS A. Write the comparative and superlative for the following adjectives: 1. thin 2. beautiful 3. nice 4. good 5. bad

B. Fill in the blanks with you, your, they or them _____ ve put the price of stamps up again. Oh, ______ havent, have ______? ________ seem to do it more and more often. ______ can buy more than a few stamps at a time, or else ________ have to buy extra 1p stamps to add to all 7 letters. I know. And its got so expensive! Nowadays_____ think twice before _______ write a letter. Of course ___ve got special rates for businesses its only ordinary people that pay the extra. I know. It makes ______ wonder why we keep electing ______.

C. Fill in the blanks with like or as :

1. He died ..he lived, fighting. 2. Its mended, .you can see. 3. In Paris,in Rome, traffic is heavy. 4. His eyes are . knives. 5. My brother isnt at all me. 6. She left she came, silently.

7. Youre shy, me. 8. Your smile is.. your sisters. 9. I said, youre too late.

D. Choose between all and everything:

a. I hurry to laugh at ... for fear of having to cry. b. I can resist .... except temptation. c. You can only have power over people so long as you dont take... away from

them. d. They say .. in the world is good for something.

i. Life is like nothing, because it is.

E. Insert a, an, the, my, his, her, our, your, their:

1. He took off ... coat and set to work. 2. Why are you standing with ..hand in ...pockets? 3. At most meeting people vote by raising..right hands. 4. He tore trousers getting over a barbed wire fence. 5. She pulled.sleeve to attract his attention. 6. He stroked ..chin thoughtfully. 7. If you are too hot why dont you take off..coat? 8. He pointed to a woman in...her green dress. 9. Youll strain eyes if you read in ..bad light. 10. Leave.coats in ..cloakroom; dont bring them into..theatre.

F.Insert a, an, the, or my, his, her, our, their if necessary.

1. At most meetings .. people vote by raising.. right hands. 2. There was a shot and a policeman came out with.. blood running down . face. 3. We shook .. hands with host. 4. Youll strain . eyes if you read in . bad light. 5. He is . throughly selfish man; he wouldnt lift finger to help anyone. 6. He was ..very tall man with .. dark hair and.. small beard, but I couldnt see ..

eyes because he was wearing .. dark glasses. 7. He strokedchin thoughtfully. 8. He pointed to a woman in .. green dress. 9. He has horrible job; I wouldnt like to be in . shoes. 10. Brother and sister were quite unlike each other. He had . fair hair; . hair was dark

and straight. 11. I saw him raise right hand and take . oath. 12. I have . headache.

G.Insert the necessary capital letters in the following passage:

professor arnold smith, who has spent a lifetime studying prehistoric remains, claims that the bones he unearthed in the californian desert area last may are those of a man-like creature existing millions of years ago, probably at a time when the pacific ocean covered much more of the surface of this part of the american continent . professor smith is to give a talk on the subject on bbc television on Monday, 4th april, in the series where did we come from? this is to be followed by a discussion with members of the lost atlantic society whose president, colonel arthur stone, contends that california is in fact a part of the legendary city, the remainder of which lies hidden under the sea.

II. NEGATION AND ILLOCCUTIONARY ACTS

1. Illocutionary acts - definition

2. Sentence definition 1 negation examples

3. Sentence negators: categories: f. particle no g. adverbs h. pronouns i. any j. affixes

4. Degrees of negativity d. week vs. strong negation e. emphatic negatives f. semantic changes

5. Lexical negativity 6. Sentence negation syntactic functions 7. The negation of the verb in expressing / using tenses at the indicative mood 8. Tests of negativity a. question tags b. yes/ no questions

9. Tasks

Illocutionary acts - definition

The English language is used for specific communication purposes, in various registers, such as: the English used for business, finance, journalism, advertising, psychology, sociology, etc.

Definition: The illocutionary or communicative acts are those represented by the process of making statements, asking questions, giving directives with the aim of getting the hearer to carry out some action, making an offer or promise, thanking or expressing an exclamation.

Ex: I saw Susan in London last year.

1. Sentence

Definition: The basic unit for the expression of interpersonal and experiential meanings is the independent clause, equivalent for the traditional simple sentence. It is also connected with the idea of predication.

Ex: Your English seems to be very good.

Sentence negation is given by the use of negators such as the particle no/not, negative adverbs or pronouns. Ex: The readers did not believe that the story was true.

The readers never believed that the story was true.

The readers hardly believed that the story was true.

None of the readers believed that the story was true.

Few of the readers believed that the story was true.

Inherent negation with stylistic function:

Ex: The readers were unable to believe that the story was true.

The readers were too smart to believe that the story was true.

The readers did not believe that the story was true.

Forms of negative sentences: A. Declarative negative: I wont buy any cakes. B. Interrogative negative: Wont you buy some cakes? C. Imperative negative : Dont buy any cakes!

2. Sentence negation syntactic functions Subject: Nothing is ever expected of him. No one saw him. Object: We saw no one. We heard nothing. I lend my car to no one. Adverbial: We drove to nowhere.

3. Sentence negators. Categories Forming negative statements when you want to say that something is not true, is not happening or is not the case, you normally use a negative statement

a. Negative adverb - not ex: Not many people were present at the wedding. Not anyone who writes poems is a poet. Not a single man was killed. All that glitters is not gold. All men are not born to reign. Reason is given to all men but all men do not know how to use it.

b. Negative Adverb/ indefinite place adverb (nowhere) Ex: Theres almost nowhere left to go. I never knew what she meant. (never + verb = emphatic use)

c. General determiner NO - which is used in front of singular and plural noun groups to state that something does not exist.

Ex: There was no money for an operation. We had no union. He has no ambition. I could see no tracks.

d. Negative Pronouns (none)/ Indefinite pronouns (no one, nothing, nobody) ex: I waited for comments but none came. None of as a quantifier None of the townspeople had ever seen such weather. None of this has happened without our consent.

Nobody in her house knows any English. Nobody knew the truth. Theres nothing I can do. Nothing happened.

e. Any; anybody anywhere, anyhow

Ex: He didnt say anything. No one said anything. He didnt want to go anywhere. Jane wasnt so pleased to listen the lecture anyhow.

f. Affixes prefixes: A, Anti, Counter, De, Dis, Ex, Il, Ir, Im, In, Mal, Mis, Non, Un

A prefix such as un-, dis- can be added to the beginning of some words to give them the opposite meaning

Ex: Jane was unhappy. She unpacked. The footpath was invisible. Theres enormous inefficiency in the system. He has reached an illogical conclusion. I disliked change of any kind. He gave a look of disapproval. It was a peaceful, non-violent protest. The match was a non- event. They were completely helpless. Many of them were speechless.

Broad negatives - adverbs: barely, scarcely, rarely, and seldom If they are put in initial position in the sentence this process triggers subject predicate inversion in formal or literary English

Ex: I could scarcely believe my eyes. Scarcely could I believe my eyes. Examiners were seldom unkind. The new pressure group is barely six months old. The office was hardly ever empty. The lagoons are rarely deep. The results were scarcely encouraging.

4. Degrees of negativity a. week vs. strong negation ex: I didnt miss anyone. I missed no one.

b. emphatic negatives that triggers syntactic change subject predicate/ auxiliary verb ex: Never (before) have I met anyone so strange. I havent ever met anyone so strange.

5. Lexical negativity The process of negation is given by the use of one category of negators (particle no/not attached to the auxiliary verb or the use of a negative adverb or pronoun):

Ex: John isnt too smart, in fact anybody in their family is so. I dont know what has become of her, I havent seen her in years. Help me, please! I cant budge this rock. They say that this doctor has never studied anything anywhere. Nobody told us anything to any of us. Im sure that Mark didnt lift a finger to call me. I didnt sleep a wink last night. I didnt touch a drop ever since I have this ulcer.

The negation of the verb in expressing / using tenses at the indicative mood

Negatives of tenses

For the simple present tense negative we use does not + infinitive for the third person and do not + infinitive for the other persons. Both are usually contracted in speech: he doesnt work; you dont work The simple past tense makes its negative with did not (didnt) + infinitive: he/ we/ / they didnt work All other tenses are formed with auxiliaries, and the negative is formed by putting not after the auxiliaries. Contractions are usual in speech: Ex: I havent seen him. It wont be easy. I shant be here tomorrow. He wont drink wine. They hadnt applied for visas.

The present continuous tense and the perfect tenses can be contracted in two ways: Ex: He is not coming./ He isnt coming. / Hes not coming. I have not seen it./ I havent seen it. / Ive not seen it.

The future tense is normally contracted to wont but Ill is also possible. Ex: Hell not see you tomorrow./ He wont see you tomorrow.

In English a negative sentence can have only one negative expression in it. So, never, no, none, nobody, no one, nothing, hardly, hardly ever etc. are used with an affirmative verb. Ex: He ate nothing. He didnt eat anything. He never complains. He doesnt ever complain. We have seen no one. We havent seen anyone. They hardly spoke at all. They hardly ever spoke. They didnt speak much.

Double negation Unlike some languages, standard national forms of English (British, American, Canadian, Australian) do not favour multiple negation that is a succession of nuclear negative items in one clause, although this is a feature of some dialects of English. Instead, the first negative item is followed throughout the rest of the clause by non-assertive forms (any-)

Ex: not many Spaniards have any knowledge of bull-fighting. Most Spaniards have some knowledge of bull- fighting. Neighbours should not be uncooperative. Neighbours should be cooperative.

Tests of negativity

In question tags - these are short addition to sentences asking for agreement or confirmation

A. After negative statement we use the ordinary interrogative

Ex: You didnt see him, did you? Ann cant swim, can she? Peter doesnt smoke, does he? Bill didnt want to go, did he? James wasnt driving the car, was he? There wasnt enough time, was there? Ann hasnt got colour TV, has she?

B. After affirmative statements we use the negative interrogative

Ex: Peter helped you, didnt he? You are going to do this, arent you? Yes. Davids is quite a nice school, isnt it? Yes, it is.

Mary was there, was she?

Note that statements containing words such as: neither, nor, none, no one, nobody, nothing, scarcely, barely, hardly, seldom are treated like negative statements and followed by an ordinary interrogative tag

Ex: None of your friends liked the film, did they? Nothing was said, was it? Peter hardly ever goes to parties, does he?

When the subject of the sentence is no one, nobody, anyone, anybody, none, neither we use the pronoun THEY as the subject of the tag

Ex: I dont suppose anyone will volunteer, will they? None of the bottles are broken, are they? Neither of them complained, did they?

INTONATION: When question tags are used, the speaker doesnt normally need information but merely expects agreement. These tags are therefore normally said with a falling intonation, as in statements. Sometimes, however, the speaker does want information. He is not quite sure that the statement is true, and wants to be reassured. In this case, the question tag is said with a rising intonation and the important word in the first sentence is stressed, normally with a rise of pitch.

yes/ no questions A. Questions requiring the answer yes or no In these questions the auxiliary comes first

Ex: Do you smoke? Yes, I do./ No, I dont. The answer without the auxiliary is less polite

Do you understand my question? Didnt you meet George in France? Am I wrong? Hasnt she got a car?

Agreements and disagreements with remarks Ex: Tom drinks too much. Yes, he does.

Disagreements with negative remarks Ex: Im not getting fatter. Yes, you are.

Agreements with negative remarks Ex: It wouldnt take long. No, it wouldnt.

Disagreements with affirmative remarks Ex: We have plenty of time. No, we havent.

LONG (UNCONTRACTED) FORMS

Indicative Mood / Tense Aspect Example

Simple/ Affirmative Simple/ Negative ------------------------------------

Continuous/ Affirmative Continuous/ Negative

He works He does not work ------------------------------------

He is working He is not working

Present

------------------------------------

Perfect/ Affirmative Perfect/ Negative ------------------------------------

Perfect continuous/ Affirmative Perfect continuous/ Negative

------------------------------------

He has worked He has not worked ------------------------------------

He has been working

He has not been working

Past

Simple / Affirmative Simple/ Negative ------------------------------------

Continuous / Affirmative Continuous/ Negative ------------------------------------

Perfect / Affirmative Perfect/ Negative ------------------------------------

Continuous / Affirmative Continuous/ Negative

He worked He did not work ------------------------------------

He was working He was not working ------------------------------------

He had worked He had not worked ------------------------------------

He had been working He had not been working

Future

Simple / Affirmative Simple/ Negative ------------------------------------

Continuous / Affirmative Continuous/ Negative ------------------------------------

Perfect / Affirmative Perfect/ Negative ------------------------------------

Perfect continuous / Affirmative Perfect continuous / Negative

He will work He will not work ------------------------------------

He will be working He will not be working ------------------------------------

He will have worked He will not have worked ------------------------------------

He will have been working

He will not have been working

CONTRACTED (SHORT) FORMS

Indicative Mood / Tense Aspect Example

Present

Simple/ Affirmative

Simple/ Negative

------------------------------------

Continuous/ Affirmative

Continuous/ Negative

------------------------------------

Perfect/ Affirmative

Perfect/ Negative

------------------------------------

Perfect continuous/ Affirmative

Perfect continuous/ Negative

He works

He does not work / He doesnt work ------------------------------------

He is working / Hes working

He is not working / Hes not working / He isnt working ------------------------------------

He has worked / Hes worked

He has not worked / He hasnt worked / Hes not worked ------------------------------------

He has been working/ Hes been working

He has not been working/ He hasnt been working/ Hes not been working

Past

Simple/ Affirmative

Simple/ Negative

------------------------------------

Continuous/ Affirmative

Continuous/ Negative

------------------------------------

Perfect/ Affirmative

Perfect/ Negative

------------------------------------

Continuous/ Affirmative

Continuous/ Negative

He worked

He did not work / He didnt work ------------------------------------

He was working

He was not working / He wasnt working ------------------------------------

He had worked

He had not worked / He hadnt worked ------------------------------------

He had been working

He had not been working / He hadnt been working

Future

Future

Simple/ Affirmative

Simple/ Negative

Continuous/ Affirmative

Continuous/ Negative

------------------------------------

Perfect/ Affirmative

Perfect/ Negative

------------------------------------

Perfect continuous/ Affirmative

Perfect continuous/ Negative

He will work / Hell work

He will not work / He wont work

He will be working/ Hell be working

He will not be working / He wont be working / Hell not be working ------------------------------------

He will have worked / Hell have worked

He will not have worked / He wont have worked / Hell not have worked ------------------------------------

He will have been working / Hell have been working

He will not have been working / He wont have been working / Hell not have been working

Note: In speech, auxiliaries are normally contracted in affirmative and negative. s may mean is or has: hes going = he is going ; hes gone = he has gone d may mean had or would : hed paid = he had paid ; hed like to come = he would like to come Auxiliaries are normally unstressed. The stress falls on the main verb.

TASK 1

Explain the type of negation in each of the sentences in italics:

Dont you know the actual name of the firm or association that employed her? No, I dont, Im afraid. Did she ever mention relatives? No. I gather she was a widow and had lost her husband many years ago. A bit of an invalid hed been, but she never talked much about him. Didnt she mention where she came from what part of the country? I dont think she was a Londoner. Came from somewhere up north, I should say. Didnt you feel there was anything well, mysterious about her?

Lejeune felt a doubt as he spoke. If she was a suggestible woman but Mrs. Coppins did not take advantage of the opportunity offered to her.

Well, I can really say that I did. Certainly not from anything she ever said. The only thing that perhaps might have me wonder was her suitcase. Good quality it was, but not new.

Adapted from Agatha Christie, The Pale Horse Vocabulary

actual (adj.) = real, existing in fact: at the time being to mention (v.) = to notice briefly, to remark, to name to gather (v.) = to learn (know) by inference, to collect, to assemble widow (n.) = a woman who has lost her husband and has not married again a bit (n.) = a bite, a small piece suggestible (adj.) = capable of being influenced by suggestion to take advantage (v.) = to have a profit suitcase (n.)= an easily portable oblong traveling bag for carrying suits or clothes

TASK 2 Turn the following sentences from the affirmative to negative by using for each situation three types of negation: the particle no/not; a negative adverb; a negative pronoun:

1. The readers believed that the story was true. 2. They had applied for visas. 3. You saw him. 4. Mary was here. 5. You know the name of the firm. 6. She mentioned the address. 7. I can really say that. 8. He mentioned something about his relatives. 9. I think she was a Londoner. 10. They knew all about him.

TASK 3 Turn the following sentences from the affirmative to negative by using for each situation three types of negation: the particle no/not; a negative adverb; a negative pronoun, if the case:

1. I have seen something like that before. 2. You would better tell me the truth. 3. The barrister was the best in town. 4. There are limits in everything. 5. Everything that glitters is gold. 6. See you soon! 7. Mother told me that she was at home. 8. You should learn all the chapter. 9. The students were nice. 10. John has been lately in that pub.

III. 1. TRANSLATE INTO ROMANIAN: 1. 7. The right to a domestic remedy for the violation of human rights is widely recognized in international human rights law. A brief look at the wording of this guarantee in universal and regional instruments of human rights protection will allow for some comparative remarks concerning Article 13 of the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR). The latter Article provides:

Everyone whose rights and freedoms as set forth in this Convention are violated shall have an effective remedy before a national authority notwithstanding that the violation has been committed by persons acting in an official capacity.

8. The origins of the right to an effective remedy can be found in Article 8 of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights of 1948, which stipulates: Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law. Although not legally binding, the Universal Declaration has had an enormous impact on all human rights instruments adopted after 1948. The ECHR refers to the Declaration explicitly in its Preamble.

(Council of Europe, The Memorandum on the Implementation of the Right to an Effective Remedy, October, 2003)

2. All criminal trials are held in open court. Because the criminal law presumes the innocence of the accused until he has been proved guilty beyond reasonable doubt, every possible step is taken to deny to the prosecution any advantage over the defence. No accused person has to answer the questions of the police before trial; if he does make a statement, this cannot be used in evidence at his trial unless he has been cautioned in the proper terms, and he is not compelled to give evidence or to submit to cross-examination in court.

(from Criminal Law Update, by Solicitor Anthony Edward, in the Gazette 90/3, 20 Jan 1993)

3. The Unions Local Solicitor was instructed on a members behalf in connection with an assault committed upon him by three youths. The youths alleged that the member had punished one of their friends. In consequence of the assault, he received severe bruising to his side and hip and right temporal region, his eye and right jaw, and was unable to resume his professional duties for a week. A Summons for assault was served and duly issued upon those responsible. At the hearing, the defendants appeared in person and elected to be dealt with summarily, each pleading not guilty. After retirement, the Justices found each defendant guilty and imposed fines of 58 pounds plus costs.

4. In 1864 governments were invited to send representatives to a diplomatic conference. As a result 12 European nations signed a treaty stating that in future wars they would care for all sick and wounded military personnel, regardless of nationality. They would also recognise the neutrality of medical personnel, hospitals and ambulances identified by the emblem of a red cross on a white background. The treaty was called the Geneva Convention. This Convention was concerned only with soldiers wounded on the battlefield. Over the years, however, it has been expanded to cover everyone caught up in conflicts but not actually taking an active part in the fighting.

5. The main pattern of local government organization in Britain (outside the Greater London area) is a division of the country into a number of local authority areas, as follows: administrative counties (subdivided into county districts) and county boroughs in England and Wales and Northern Ireland; and counties, large and small burghs and districts in Scotland. Greater London, a unique administration area, is subdivided into 32 London Boroughs and the City. Each of these areas has its own elected council (local authority) which runs many of the public services, including the major services of local health and welfare, education, child care, town and country planning, fire fighting, the provision and upkeep of certain roads, traffic management, and a share in the administration of the police, as well as services concerning local order, amenity, and public health. In carrying out their duties, local authorities must act in accordance with, and within the limits of, powers conferred on them by Parliament; they are also subject to a certain amount of supervision by the central Government. Nevertheless they remain independent bodies and discharge their responsibilities in their own right.

6. On the basis of the foregoing detailed examination of the merits of the case, the Court finds that Iran, by committing successive and continuing breaches of the obligations laid upon it by the Vienna Conventions of 1961 and 1963 on Diplomatic and Consular Relations, the Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations, and Consular Rights of 1955, and the applicable rules of general international law, has incurred responsibility towards the United States. As to the consequences of this finding, it clearly entails an obligation on the part of the Iranian State to make reparation for the injury thereby caused to the United States. Since however Irans breaches of its obligations are still continuing, the form and amount of such reparation cannot be determined at the present date.

7. At the same time the Court finds itself obliged to stress the cumulative effect of Irans breaches of its obligations when taken together. A marked escalation of these breaches can be seen to have occurred in the transition from the failure on the part of the Iranian authorities to oppose the armed attack by the militants on 4 November 1979 and their seizure of the Embassy premises and staff, to the almost immediate endorsement by those authorities of the situation thus created, and then to their maintaining deliberately for many months the occupation of the Embassy and detention of its staff by a group of armed militants acting on behalf of the State for the purpose of forcing the United States to bow certain demands.

8. Tim Weekes finds specialist child care solicitors alarmed by recent proposals to reform the representation of children: The mood among solicitors specialising in children law is grim. Their day-to-day work involves the most vulnerable and powerless members of society, often children who are at risk of abuse or violence in the home. They offer a vital conduit for childrens views about the actions of parents, social workers, local authorities and others. Yet despite the importance of their work, they see signs that the government is preparing to remove childrens rights to representation by solicitors.

9. Every accused person has the right to employ a legal adviser to conduct his defence; if he cannot afford to pay, he may be granted legal aid at public expense. If he is charged with murder, and has insufficient means, he must be granted legal aid.

10. The emergence of the idea of nationhood, in the current sense of the term, is intrinsically linked to the important ideological revolution that began during the 18th century and transferred legitimate sovereignty to the people. A nation differs radically from a population group defined by its subjection to a common sovereign. The nation pre-exists and survives its monarch, even if, depending on the vicissitudes of history, it may be oppressed or divided.

11. The Geneva Conventions are long and complicated, but they are essentially a series of 'do's' and 'don'ts' to apply during conflict to protect vulnerable and defenceless individuals. Their underlying principles can be simply stated. The human dignity of all individuals must be respected at all times. Everything possible must be done, without any kind of discrimination, to reduce the suffering of people who have been put out of action by sickness, wounds or captivity whether or not they have taken direct part in the conflict. The First Protocol extends the Conventions, taking into consideration modern means of warfare and transport and aiming to give further protection to civilians. The Second Protocol provides a code of minimum protection for the combatants and the civilian population during civil wars

12. One of the most common Immigration Act offences is knowingly entering the UK in breach of a deportation order or without leave of an immigration officer commonly known as illegal entry. An example of someone who will be treated as an illegal entrant is if he or she obtained an entry clearance visa as a student but on arrival had no intention of studying, never enrolled at college and started working instead. Clearly that person deceived the entry clearance officer or Immigration Officer as to his or her real intentions on coming to the UK and hence entered the country illegally. Other less common offences such as failing to comply with a restriction imposed on entry, e.g. residence at a particular address or employment in a specified job are not often prosecuted.

13. A member took a party of 29 children and staff to stay for two weeks at a School Holiday camp in Scotland. When the party arrived in Scotland, the beds and bedding were in bad condition; one of the

chalets was leaking and the windows in another were open resulting in the beds nearest the window being damp. In view of the poor conditions, the member obtained accommodation elsewhere for the rest of the holiday. Subsequently he applied for legal assistance in order to obtain compensation for the expense incurred. The Solicitor of the Union took the matter with the travel agency concerned on behalf of the member. An offer of 100 pounds was made by them and this was accepted in settlement.

14. One of the basic features of customs law is the imposition of import duty as a form of indirect taxation. There is also provision in the EC (European Community) customs code for the collection of export duty, but in practice these are rarely applied. Advanced economies perceive a charge on exports as a disincentive, which puts a brake on home industries. However, they have featured in the form of agricultural levies and other export charges applied under the common agricultural policy of the EC. Duties which are legally owed to a national customs authority give rise to a customs debt. In all cases within member states these are based on the customs tariff of the EC. In the UK this takes the form of the integrated tariff of the UK known shortly as the tariff.

15. The first Geneva Convention ("for the Amelioration of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces and Field") and the second Geneva Convention ("for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea") are similar, covering land and sea respectively. They embody the main idea which led to the founding of the Red Cross: if a member of the armed forces is wounded or sick, and therefore in no condition to take an active part in the hostilities, he is no longer part of the fighting force and becomes a vulnerable person in need of protection and care. The main points of these two Conventions are: The sick, wounded and shipwrecked must be cared for adequately. Belligerents must treat members of the enemy force who are wounded, sick or shipwrecked as carefully they would their own. All efforts should be made to collect the dead quickly; to confirm death by medical examination; to identify bodies and protect them from robbery. Medical equipment must not be intentionally destroyed and medical establishments and vehicles must not be attacked, damaged or prevented from operating even if, for the moment, they do not contain patients.

III. 2. TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH:

1. Infraciunile mai puin grave sunt pedepsite cu amenda. 2. Cele mai grave infraciuni sunt pedepsite cu nchisoarea. 3. Helen are doi frai ; fratele mai mare este student la Facultatea de Drept. 4. Judectorul a cerut martorilor relaii suplimentare. 5. Dintre cei doi martori la accident, primul (the former) era un copil iar al doilea era un

tanar de 25 de ani. 6. Camera Lorzilor este formata din nobili cu rang de pair ereditar. 7. Preedintele Camerei Comunelor the Speaker- este propus de Guvern dup consultri

cu Opoziia. 8. Tribunalele sunt in general constituite din doi sau apte magistrai neangajai. 9. Dup ce o persoana a fost arestata este acuzata si apoi adusa in fata instanei. 10. Cele mai grave infraciuni sunt pedepsite cu nchisoarea. 11. La intrarea in Marea Britanie, ofierul de imigrri recomanda sa nu se depaseasca

perioada admisa de edere in tara. 12. Nu trebuie subestimata depoziia unui martor in anchetarea cazului. 13. Este firesc ca legile sa se schimbe pentru a fi in concordanta cu schimbrile sociale si

economice care au loc in viata societatii. 14. Daca inculpatul nu isi va putea permite sa plteasc un avocat, atunci i se va acorda

asistenta juridica. 15. Este imperativ ca martorul sa se prezinte in fata instanei. 16. Este important ca tarile asociate sa adopte legislaia Uniunii Europene. 17. In toate investigaiile, politia trebuie sa pstreze toate materialele care intra in posesia sa. 18. Este recomandabil ca avocatul sa stabileasc o relaie profesionala cu clientul sau. 19. Principalele funcii ale Parlamentului sunt dezbaterea si votarea legislaiei precum si

examinarea aciunilor Guvernului.

20. Majoritatea proiecelor de legi din Parlament sunt masuri care privesc viata publica. 21. In nchisorile pentru infractorii tineri sunt organizate cursuri de reeducare. 22. In cazul in care este arestat, suspectul are dreptul de a consulta un avocat si sa instiinteze

o persoana in legtura cu detenia sa. 23. Suspectul poate iei din tara, fara a fi audiat de o instana penala. 24. Un exemplu de infraciune care poate fi judecata in doua moduri este furtul, depinznd de

gravitatea modului in care acesta a fost comis. 25. In general, infraciunile care sunt judecate pe baza unei proceduri sumare sunt pedepsite

cu amenda. 26. Un infractor poate fi pus in anumite condiii in libertate supravegheata. 27. Romnia este stat naional, suveran si independent, unitar si indivizibil. Forma de

guvernmnt a statului roman este republica. Statul se organizeaz potrivit principiului separaiei si echilibrului puterilor legislative, executive si judectoreasca in cadrul democraiei constituionale. Suveranitatea naionala aparine poporului roman, care o exercita prin organele sale reprezentative. Teritoriul Romniei este inalienabil. Romnia este patria comuna si indivizibila a tuturor cetenilor si, fara deosebire de rasa, de naionalitate, de origine etnica, de limba, de religie, de gen, de opinie, de apartenena politica, de avere sau de origine sociala.

III.3. MAKE SENTENCES WITH THE FOLLOWING TERMS:

trial; to employ; offence; prosecution; solicitor; to convict; probation; bill; debate; law; judge; magistrate; Crown; Wales; acquis communautaire ; applicant ; to implement ; the route to accession ; domestic policy; vocational training; employment; to enforce legislation; to undermine; share; assembly; with regard to; outcome; currently; concern; welfare; to focus; the right to representation by a solicitor; guardian ad litem; legal issues; to miss the point; to ascertain the interests of children; abolish; binding precedent; burglary; code; conspiracy; counsel; defence; domestic; EC; enforce; judicial; ministry; procedure; probation; State sovereignty; will; writ; to debate; to enforce a law; formally; chairman; assize; cases of first instance; accession; accomplice; accountancy in bankruptcy; acquis communautaire; Act of Parliament; to debate, to enforce a law, formally, chairman, to come into operation; assize, deter, probation, youth, placed on probation, to pass a sentence, to pass a suspended sentence; cases of first instance; domestic proceedings; offence; trial; bail; beyond doubt; solicitor; sentence; interest

Exercise: Write three or four sentences to say how you feel now. Use some of the following words: cold; hot; well; sleepy; thirsty; warm; hungry; ill; wide awake.

III.4. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS: 1. What does the British Parliament consist of? 2. What does the Sovereign formally do? 3. Who forms the Government? 4. What are the main courts of civil jurisdiction in England and Wales? 5. What does Criminal Law presume? 6. What right has any accused person? 7. What is the European Commissions task? 8. What is the European Councils duty? 9. What is controlling state aids important for? 10. How could you define the local self-government in European terms? 11. How independent are the local authorities? 12. Answer the following questions regarding the protection of Human Rights according to the

principles and regulations given by the Council of Europe: - What is the European Convention of Human Rights control mechanism? - If the states domestic law does not provide a total remedy for the consequences of a

violation, what is the Courts decision? - Does the Court operate separately from the judicial systems of the States Parties to the

Convention?

- Did the UK outlaw the corporal punishments in school as a result of a judgment under the European Convention on Human Rights?

- Give five examples of the rights guaranteed by the European Social Charter. - Which is the mechanism set up for the European Convention for the Prevention of

Torture? - What does the Framework Convention for the National Minorities specifically guarantee?

Which are the conditions for them? - How is the equality between women and men seen by the Council of Europe?

III.5. Explain the following terms and then make sentences with them: civic nation; State territory; national minority; Para State Venice Commission; home state; nation-state; confederation; national identity; ethnic minority; sovereignty; kin-minority; ethnic nation; national frontier/ border; federalization; nationality; OSCE; linguistic minority N.B. The answers should be given being based on the chapter National Minorities Protection in the Contemporary European State

RECOMMENDED SITES 1. A bookshop always updated with excellent materials to improve your level of English, no matter you are at the intermediate or advanced level www.oxford.ro 2. Would you like to borrow dictionaries, grammar books or English courses in Communication, Journalism or Law? www.britishcouncil.ro 3. You probably want to improve your pronunciation in English, your grammar or vocabulary. www.britishcouncil.org/learnenglish www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learnenglish 4. Other bookshops: www.fedu.ro www.macmillan.ro 5. You want to know more about tests of English as a foreign language www.toefl.org 6. You need online dictionaries www.limbi-straine.ro 7. You are looking for details regarding the European Union and its institutions www.europa.eu

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