TABLE OF CONTENTS

English in history 2

English in medicine 6

English in transport 12

English in the army 19

English in the church 21

English in law 25

English in the media 32

English in business 42

English in technology 61

Keys to the exercices 67

Bibliography 92

ENGLISH IN HISTORY

I Choose the correct answer:

1 Legend….it that Robin Hood was buried where his last arrow landed.

a) does b) has c) says d) tells

2 Eminescu used to live in that house. A …on the wall commemorates this.

a) badge b) medal c) plaque d) shield

3 The first American ….were frequently attacked by Indians.

a) colonizers b) discoverers c) pioneers d) settlers

4 There is a memorial…..in the church commemorating the soldiers who fell in the war.

a) block b) grave c) stone d) tile

5 The Second World War…..in 1939.

a) broke off b) broke out c) broke open d) broke up

6 The vase is definitely not….; just a very good imitation.

a) factual b) genuine c) real d) true

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7 Queen Elizabeth II ….her father as reigning monarch in 1952.

a) acceded b) assumed c) succeeded d) superseded

8 There are some beautiful ….glass windows in Canterbury Cathedral.

a) designed b) drawn c) marked d) stained

9 Those columns have no practical purpose. They are purely ….

a) conspicuous b) decorative c) gaudy d) outstanding

10 Through the centuries of burning heat, the old castle walls had gradually ….and little was left of them now.

a) crumbled b) crumpled c) powdered d) shattered

11 The stone for building the cathedral was obtained from local …..

a) excavations b) mines c) pits d) quarries

12 The castle was surrounded by a ….., which nowadays contains only occasional rainwater.

a) dyke b) fence c) hedge d) moat

13 This kind of pottery is …. to certain tribes in the Pacific islands.

a) characteristic b) distinctive c) peculiar d) uncommon

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14 This book gives a brief ….of the history of the castle and gives details of the art collection in the main hall.

a) article b) outline c) reference d) research

II Divide the vocabulary listed below into the following five groups:

1. ROYAL FAMILY2. ROYAL HOUSEHOLD3. PEERAGE4. KNIGHT (EQUIPMENT)5. CASTLE

Armour, banqueting-hall, baron, battlement, bedchamber, consort, courtyard, drawbridge, duke, dungeon, earl, fortress, gauntlet, herald, jester, king, lady-in-waiting, lance, marquis, minstrel, moat, page, prince, princess, queen, shield, sword, tower, turret

III Fill in the blanks with the following words, using each word only once: church, death, defeated, explorer, fought, influence, invasion, invented, monk, paintings, population, printing, Reformation, Roses, Schism, ships, stake, theses, treaties, victory, voyage, war, writings.

1300 The Renaissance began in Italy with Giotto’s …..and..…by Petrarch and Boccaccio.1334-1351 The Black….swept across Europe, destroying about a fourth of the ….1337-1453 France and England….the Hundred Years’.…, a series of wars broken by truces and….It began with the English…..of Normandy. The English won the battles of Crecy, Poitiers, and Agincourt, but the French….them at Orleans, and finally drove them out of France.1378-1417 The Great….divided the Roman Catholic Church. Two popes, one Italian and one French, claimed control of the….1429 Joan of Arc led the French to.…over the English in the battle of Orleans. Later, the English burned her at the ….in Rouen.1440 Johannes Gutenberg, a German printer, ….movable type for …. 1485 England came under the …..of the Renaissance after the wars of the …., which ended in 1485.1517 Martin Luther, a German…., began the Protestant…..in Germany when he nailed his Ninety-Five…..to the door of All Saints’ Church in Wittenberg.1519-1522 Spanish….made the first…..around the world. Ferdinand Magellan, the Portuguese navigator and …., commanded the voyage.

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IV What is the difference between the words historic and historical ?

V Give the definitions of the words in capitals:

a) Salt has been a respected COMMODITY for much of recorded time.b) Do you know the national ANTHEM ?c) During her husband’s presidency, Jaqueline Kennedy UNDERTOOK the coordination of the White House restoration.d) He is applying for a job as a CURATOR.e) MOUNTING evidence indicates that acid rain is damaging historic sites in Cracow.

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ENGLISH IN MEDICINE

I. Match the Romanian names of the parts of the body with their English counterparts:

1 bile duct a) intestinul gros2 bladder b) coloana vertebrala3 gall bladder c) laringe4 large intestine d) coasta5 larynx e) vezica urinara6 rib f) canalul fierei7 tonsil g) splina8 spine h) trahee9 spleen i) amigdala10 windpipe j) vezica biliara

II. Fill the gaps with the right word from the list below. You may use each word once only: antiseptic cleanse disease fester ointment plaster skin wound

Treatment of a Minor Injury

.…the wound thoroughly and apply a(n)…..to counteract germs which spread….Otherwise the wound may ….. Sticking …. may be applied or the ….. may be bandaged.……may be smeared over the…… .

III. Fill in the right words:

1 I’ve got hayfever and that’s the reason why I keep on _ _ _ e _ _ _ _ .2 As far as I know common aspirin is the best _ _ _ _ for your illness.3 You can’t buy this medicine without a _ _ _ _ _ r _ _ _ _ _ _ from a doctor.4 The psychiatrist’s _ _ e seems exorbitant considering the short time he spends on each patient. 5 He was 10 kilos overweight and was advised to go on a _ _ _ _ .

IV. Complete the sentences below with a preposition:

My wife complained that something was wrong…..her. She said she had a pain ….her back and that she suffered…..bad headaches. As she was getting worse and worse I sent ….a doctor. Immediately afterwards she was taken……hospital. Yesterday she was operated…. . Now she feels much better.

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V. Choose one of the four possibilities that best completes the sentence:

1 The blind man ran the …… of his fingers over the box.

a) points b) edges c) tips d) ends

2 Morphine is sometimes used to ……..severe pain.

a) deaden b) decimate c) smother d) suffocate

3 The nurse put a …….. round Peter’s bleeding knee.

a) bandage b) belt c) ribbon d) scarf

4 If you go on long walks in tight-fitting shoes, you must expect to get ……

a) blisters b) b) bruises c) c) scars d) d) scratches

5 We’re sorry you are ill and send you our best wishes for a speedy ……..

a) relief b) health c) repair d) survival

6 After your treatment, doc, I feel as …… as a fiddle.

a) fine b) fit c) straight d) well

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7 The dying man said nothing: he only……

a) mumbled b) sighed c) stammered d) whispered

8 Her right eye ……. when she is anxious.a) twiddles b) twirls c) twitches d) twists

9 The main function of the heart is to ……. blood round the body.

a) push b) propel c) pump d) walk

10 The …..in one of my teeth has come out, so I’m going to the dentist.

a) cover b) completion c) filling d) replacement

11 The little girl had to have four teeth…….because they were so bad.

a) broken b) pulled c) taken away d) taken out

12 After her diet, she looked very …… and healthy.

a) hungry b) skinny c) slim d) thin

13 She has put ….. a lot of weight since last year.

a) down b) in c) off d) on

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14 He still suffers from a rare tropical disease which he …. while in Asia.

a) contracted b) gained c) infected d) received

15 The teachers at the school went ….. with flu one after another.

a) down b) off c) out d) under

VI. The following are terms referring to some types of diseases. Match the types with the definitions:

1 acute a. indicating hypersensitivity to particular foods, pollen, insect stings etc.2 allergic b. caused by mental stress3 chronic c. coming sharply to a crisis4 congenital d. lasting for a long time5 contagious e. due to disturbances in anabolic and katabolic processes6 familial f. transmitted genetically from parent to child7 infectious g. caused by improper diet8 metabolic h. spread by bacteria or viruses9 nutritional i. present from or before birth10 psychosomatic j. spreading by physical contact

VII Which part of the body makes each action? In some cases more than one answer is possible.

1 blink 2 clench 3 cross 4 fold 5 nod 6 stick out 7 point 8 shrug 9 snap 10 stamp

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VIII Give the English names of the following diseases:

1 apendicita 2 bronsita 3 varicela 4 diabet 5 guturai 6 hepatita 7 gripa 8 leucemie9 pojar10 tuberculoza

IX Where can you find these patients? Match the patients with the correct wards or departments:

1 Intensive care unit2 Casualty and emergency Department3 Paedriatic Ward4 Maternity Unit 5 Orthopaedic Ward6 Surgical Ward7 Geriatric Ward8 Ophthalmic Ward9 Gynaecological Ward

a. Mary who has just had a babyb. John who has broken his legc. Tom’s grandmother who is suffering from pneumonia complicationsd. Peter who will have his appendix removede. Betty’s mother who is suffering from women’s diseasef. Susan’s father who will be operated on for an eye cataractg. Samuel who is unconscioush. Paul who has just been in a car crashi. Jack’s son who has measles

X Give the name of the persons defined below:

1 a family doctor g _ _ _ _ _ _ p _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ er2 someone who looks after sick people in hospital _ _ _ s _ 3 sick person who has to stay in hospital i _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _4 sick person who has to visit hospital regularly for treatment o _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _5 someone who operates on sick people _ _ _ _ _ o _6 person badly injured in an accident, fire, war _ a _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 person who helps at the birth of a baby m _ _ _ _ _ _ 8 person who specializes in one area of medicine _ p _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

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XI Match the following:

1 Why are you shivering? 2 Why are you shaking?

A. I am very coldB. I’m terrified by this film.

XII Give the names of the specialists:

1 He/she is specialized in children’s diseases2 He/she is specialized in interpreting X-rays3 He/she is specialized in diseases of the skin4 He/she is specialized in diseases of the old age5 He/she is specialized in diseases of the eye6 He/she is specialized in diseases of the nervous system7 He/she makes your glasses8 He/she is specialized in women’s diseases9 He/she corrects deformities of the body10 He/she straightens crooked teeth11 He/she treats diseases by electricity12 He/she brings children into the world

XIII. Translate into English:

In aceste infectii care sunt cauzate de agentii virotici se pare ca manifestarile clinice sunt in cea mai mare parte acelea ale unei infectii bacteriene care este suprapusa peste leziunea initiala a mucoasei de catre agentul virotic. O varietate de organisme au fost izolate din infectiile acute ale bronhiilor, dintre care mai comune sunt stafilococii si bacilii gripali.

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ENGLISH IN TRANSPORT

I Fill in the blanks with the following words: air vents, cabin, captain, carry, co-pilot, crew, cruising speed, distances, flight, flight engineer, galley, jet-propelled, passenger, passenger list, safety belts, seats, size, tourist, stewardesses, take-off, trip.

Airliners, or ….. planes, differ from light planes not only in …. but also in speed and equipment. They are designed to …. a greater number of people over longer….without stopping to refuel. A passenger airliner has a comfortable….with soft carpets, adjustable upholstered…., washrooms, and individual…..and reading lights. It has a ….for preparing food. Many airlines offer…., or economy class service, which costs less than first –class travel. The ….of four-engine airliners range from about 350 mph for propeller-driven planes to more than 500 mph for …planes. The ….of an airliner works as a team to make the trip smooth ans pleasant. While the passengers take their seats, the pilot or…, co-pilot, flight engineer, and stewardesses prepare the plane for… The pilot, assisted by the…, checks the instruments and tests the controls. The ….controls the other mechanical equipment. The stewardesses check the …., make sure that passengers fasten their ….for… . Later, the ….distribute magazines, serve meals, and do other things to make the….enjoyable.

II Which of the words below refer to: Kinds of ships Parts of a ship Things found on a ship People found on a ship

(To) board, bow, bunks, cabins, captain, charts, cliffs, coast, compass, cranes, crew, cruise, deck-chairs, docks, (to) embark, fleet, freighters, galley, gang-way, harbour, hold, knots, latitude, life-jacket, lighthouses, liner, loaded, mate, moored, (to) navigate, navigator, overboard, rope, rudder, seamen, seasickness, stern, stewards, stormy, vessels, voyage, waves, warships, wreck.

III What are the following ships or boats usually used for?

a barge a cargo boat a ferry a liner a rowing boat a submarine a tanker a yacht

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IV Give the Romanian translations for the following parts of the aircraft:

CockpitFinFuselageHatchNoseRudderUndercarriageWing

V Choose the correct answer:

1 The plane circled over the airport until the …was clear.

a) highway b) landing c) runway d) terminal

2 All flights in and out of the airport came to a …..because of the strike.

a) closure b) conclusion c) standstill d) stoppage

3 If you carry too much luggage, the airline will charge an …luggage fee.

a) additional b) excess c) extra d) over

4 Because of the fog, our flight was ….from Heathrow to York Airport.

a) deflected b) diverted c) replaced d) reverted

5 The air hostess told the passengers to ….their seat belts.

a) attach b) fasten c) fix d) tie

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6 If you want a cheap air ticket you must …..well in advance.

a) book b) buy c) engage d) reserve

7 To fly big passenger airliners ……long training and experience.

a) calls for b) orders c) picks up d) requisitions

8 Much stricter …..must now be taken at all airports against hijacking.

a) alarms b) precautions c) protections d) warnings

9 The plane was ….towards the runway when the fire started.

a) heading b) landing c) sailing d) soaring

10 The …..from Bucharest to New York takes ten hours.

a) flying b) journey c) passage d) voyage

11 I’m afraid your luggage is ten kilos ……; you will have to pay extra.

a) above b) excess c) heavy d) overweight

VI Give the Romanian translations for the following parts of the ship:

AnchorBowFunnelMastPropellerRudderStern

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VII Where would you be likely to see the following ships or boats?

VIII Choose the correct answer:

1 In spite of the storm, the captain …..the ship safely into port.

a) directed b) drove c) managed d) steered

2 He stood on the …..of the river, looking down into the water.

a) bank b) beach c) border d) coast

3 There was a terrible storm at sea last night and one of the boats …….

a) dived b) drowned c) floated d) sank

4 There were a number of fishing boats …...in the harbour.

a) attached b) fixed c) moored d) roped

5 We’re going to ….a cruise on the river next weekend.

a) go b) sail c) take d) travel

river canal lake sea underwaterA bargeA cargo boatA ferryA linerA rowing boat A submarineAn oil tankerA yacht

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6 I’m always seasick when the sea is ........

a) calm b) rough c) stormy d) violent

7 The “Anna Maria” ….from Constanta at 11:00 tomorrow.

a) embarks b) leaves c) sails d) steams

8 The passengers amused themselves playing games on the upper ……of the ship.

a) deck b) dock c) floor d) platform

9 During the twenty-day cruise, ten will be spent ….sea, and ten in port.

a) at b) by c) in d) over

10 ‘Do you row?’ ‘I used to, but I haven’t used a pair of ……for years.

a) oars b) paddles c) poles d) rows

11 The sea is too far out. We can’t swim till the ….comes in.

a) current b) stream c) tide d) water

12 A lot of driftwood was brought to the …….

a) coast b) coastline c) seaside d) shore

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13 When we go fishing we always take a lot of worms for ….

a) attraction b) bait c) food d) trap

14 Swimming is dangerous here because of the strong ……across the bay.

a) current b) jet c) motion d) pressure

15 The boat just …..out to sea.

a) drifted b) slid c) strayed d) wandered

16 The ship was not allowed to unload its …..

a) burden b) cargo c) freight d) load

17 I …..with the captain to abandon the ship before it was too late.

a) appealed b) begged c) claimed d) pleaded

18 He had a …..escape when his boat was capsized by a sudden gust of wind.

a) close b) narrow c) near d) sudden

IX Translate the following words into English:

1 volan 18 ambreiaj2 parbriz 19 claxon3 canistra 20 bara de protectie4 piese de schimb 21 aripa stanga/dreapta5 centura de siguranta 22 capota

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6 frana 23 cablu de remorcare7 cheie de contact 24 oglinda retrovizoare8 cric 25 stergator de parbriz9 cutie de viteze 26 bujie10 trusa de scule 27 stropitor de parbriz 11 pompa de benzina 28 cauciuc12 far 29 rezervor13 faza lunga 30 pompa de umflat cauciucuri14 faza scurta 31 antigel15 pedala de acceleratie 32 lichid de frana16 stopuri 33 benzina17 semnalizator 34 a depasi

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ENGLISH IN THE ARMY

I Complete with the following words (some words may be used more than once and there may be more than one answer in some sentences): campaign, casualty, ceasefire, conquest, defeat, losses, surrender, triumph, truce, victory.

1 They suffered heavy …..in the last battle.2 If Napoleon’s …..at Austerlitz was the high-point of his military career, his ……to take Moscow was a failure leading to the ……at Waterloo which was his end.3 Her son is a ……..of the Vietnam war: he lost both his legs.4 The German unconditional ……was accepted by the Allied Powers.5 The Norman ……of Britain began in 1066.6 The commanders agreed on a(n) …….for a period of five hours to allow the removal of the wounded.

II Divide the following into three groups:

weapons ships aircrafts

Aircraft carriers, bazookas, bombers, cruisers, destroyers, fighters, guided missiles, helicopters, howitzers, machine guns, mine-sweepers, mortars, rifles, submarines, tugs.

III Match the following commands:

1 About turn! a) Atentie!2 At ease! b) Capul la dreapta!3 Attention! c) Inainte mars!4 Eyes right! d) Am inteles!5 Fall in! e) Rupeti randurile!6 Fall out! f) Pe loc repaus!7 Forward march! g) Stai!8 Halt! h) La dreapta!9 Line up! i) Mareste pasul!10 Right turn! j) Stanga-mprejur!11 Step out! k) Alinierea!12 Yes, sir! l) Adunarea!

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IV Fill in the blanks with the following words: administrative duties, army post, assignment, barracks, company sized unit, cooks, dayroom, drill, guard duty, marching, mess hall, perimeter, recreation, reveille, reviews, roll call, soldier, soldiers, supervises, supply sergeant, training, troops, unit commander, weapons.

A typical day for a ……depends on his ….. During peacetime at a permanent …….., the bugler sounds ……at 5:30 or 6 a.m. to waken the …….After ….., the men wash and shave, go to the …….for breakfast. Next they form ranks for ….. They practice various ……..routines and the use and care of……. Other men take care of housekeeping details. The ……begin their work long before reveille. The first sergeant …..the cooks. The ……cares for and issues clothing and equipment. Each Saturday, the ……inspects the entire company. Drill is usually completed by 11 a.m. After dinner at noon, the men return to their jobs or…… All day and night some officers and men are on …... They are posted at warehouses, motor pools, storage depots and around the ……. Parades and …….sometimes take place in the afternoon until about 5 p.m. After supper, …….not assigned special duties may do as they please. Most army posts have ……buildings called service clubs. Each …….has a clubroom called a ……. Men who do not have permission to stay out must be in their ……by 11 p.m. and lights must be turned off.

V Fill in the blanks with ONE word:

1 General Brave was placed ….command of the Western Army.2 The soldier …….his gun at the enemy.3 The army claimed that during the invasion there was no ……of life.4 The memorial in the main square ……the soldiers who lost their lives in the war.5 There is a bomb in the garden, it could …….at any moment.6 After the campaign a special medal was ………to all combatants.7 The leaders, sensing that war was ………., prepared their defences.8 When you fire, keep calm and just squeeze the ……..gently.9 All members of the armed forces are required to ……..allegiance to the president.10 Oswald was ………for military service because he had flat feet.11 The ……..of the soldiers was high before the battle, because they were confident of victory.

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ENGLISH IN THE CHURCH

I Choose the right answer:

1 The vicar conducted the …….in the church.

a) class b) lecture c) meeting d) service

2 The ……….listened attentively to every word of the preacher.

a) audience b) congregation c) sightseers d) spectators

3 Early man used to ……..the sun, moon, trees and stones as his gods.

a) admire b) consider c) serve d) worship

4 The Hindus are forbidden by their ………to kill cows and eat beef.

a) belief b) confession c) doctrine d) religion

5 In Britain, members of the ……usually wear a special white collar that fastens at the back of the neck.

a) church b) clergy c) priests d) vicarage

6 Do you really believe in the ……..of the evil eye?

a) being b) existence c) occurrence d) realism

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7 The early procession to the temple in honour of the local deity was an important religious …………in that city.

a) activity b) festival c) feast d) habit

8 There are some interesting old ………on the tombstones in St Mary’s churchyard.

a) epigrams b) epilogues c) epitaphs d) epitomes

9 They are so concerned with ………day-to-day problems that they never stop to think about God.

a) agnostic b) devilish c) mundane d) sceptical

10 At the memorial service, the priest paid ………to the actor’s outstanding contribution to the Romanian theatre.

a) acknowledgement b) homage c) recognition d) tribute

II Complete the sentences with the following words: angels, blessing, cardinals, congregation, convert, Creation, Devil, diocese, gospels, heaven, hell, mass, paradise, parish, prayers, saints, sermon, service, sins, worship

1 A bishop is the head of the …….2 The district in the care of a vicar is a ……..3 God lives in ……… surrounded by …….. and ……….4 In the Roman Catholic Church the pope is elected by the……..5 A church is a place of ……...6 You usually go to church to attend a …………., which in the Roman Catholic Church is called a ……..7 During the mass we say ………, and the priest gives a …….8 At the end of the service the vicar gives the …….his …….9 The first book of the Old Testament, Genesis, tells us about the ………10 Adam and Eve lived in the Garden of Eden or……..11 The first four books of the New Testament are called the ………12 The bad things we do are called ……..13 God’s opponent is the ………and he lives in .……14 Someone who has become a believer is a ……..

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III Which religion is characterized by the following names or expressions? Which is the odd word?

1. Christ; Gospels, Resurrection; church; reincarnation; Holy Spirit; baptism; Ten Commandments

2. Muhammad; Koran; Jesus; curate; muezzin; mosque; Muslim; Ramadan3. Moses; Tora; the Promised Land; Ark of the Covenant; saints; synagogue; the Holocaust4. Vedas; yoga; Ganges River; church; reincarnation; temple5. The Buddha; baptism; reincarnation; lama; pagoda; nirvana

IV Fill in the blanks with the following words: Anglican, bishop, cathedral, choirmaster, clergymen, layman, rectory, vicar

The Clergymen or the Church of England

Here are Church of England, or ……Church, ……., arranged in order of importance: an archbishop, a ………, a vicar, a curate. A ……. is sometimes called a rector, and his house a vicarage, or a …….. A dean is the clergyman in charge of a ……. A churchwarden is a …..(not a clergyman) who shares responsibility for church business matters. The organist plays the organ and the …………trains the church choir.

V Put into the usual order:

1 absolution 2 confession 3 determination to atone4 Holy Communion 5 penance 6 sin7 sorrow for sin 8 temptation

VI Which religion or church are these figures connected with? In some cases the same person is connected with more than one faith.

1 archbishop a) church of England (Anglican) 2 bishop b) Buddhism3 brahmin c) Hinduism4 curate d) Islam5 dean e) Judaism6 elder f) Lutheran Church7 lama g) Presbyterian Church8 minister h) Roman Catholic Church

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9 mullah i) Russian Orthodox Church10 priest11 ayatollah12 pope13 rabbi14 guru15 vicar

VII Match the names of the objects with their translations:

1 aisle a) potir2 altar b) amvon3 candlestick c) culoar4 chalice d) strana5 font e) altar6 pew f) sfesnic7 pulpit g) cristelnita

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ENGLISH IN LAW

I Give the name of the defined law breaker:

1 steals a _ _ _ _ _ 2 steals purses and pockets a _ _ _ k _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 gets money by threatening to disclose personal information a _ _ _ _ k _ _ _ _ _ _4 seizes aeroplanes a _ _ j _ _ _ _ _ 5 takes things from shop without paying a _ _ _ _ _ i _ _ _ _6 kills people a _ _ r _ _ _ _ _7 steals from houses or offices a _ _ _ g _ _ _8 steals from banks or trains a _ _ b _ _ _ 9 takes people hostage for a ranson a _ _ _ n _ _ _ _ _ 10 steals government secrets a _ _ _11 willfully destroys property a v _ _ _ _ _12 marries illegally while being married already a b _ _ _ _ _ _ _

II If you commit a crime you may be (put these actions in the correct order):

accused paroled arrested sent to prison charged suspected convicted triedinterrogated

III Match each punishment with its description:

1 capital punishment a) a period of time in jail2 corporal punishment b) being made to do specially hard work while in prison3 eviction c) death4 a heavy fine d) a punishment imposed only if you commit a further crime 5 internment e) a large sum of money to pay6 penal servitude f) whipping or beating7 a prison sentence g) regular meetings with a social worker8 probation h) removing a person from a house or land by law9 solitary confinement i) limiting the freedom of movement esp. for political reasons 10 a suspended sentence j) being imprisoned completely alone

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IV Complete with the following words: accused, acquit, civil suits, counsel, court, cross-examinations, fault, guilty, judge, jurors, jury, legal disputes, legislature, list, money, officer, panel, sentence, swear, testimony, trial, witnesses

Trial by Jury

A jury is a selected group of laymen that hears the …… in ….. and decides the facts. A courtroom trial in which a …… decides the facts is called a …… by jury. Before each ….. term, a jury commissioner or another public ….. prepares a panel, or large initial ….. of qualified jurors. For each trial, ….. are selected by lot from this ….. Before the trial begins , the jurors ….. to decide the facts fairly. They hear the …. given by witnesses for both sides, including …... Then ….. for each side sum up, or summarize the case, and the ….. explains the applicable law in his instructions to the jury. In …. for financial damages, the jury must decide who is at …. and must determine the amount of ….. to be paid. In criminal cases, the jury must decide whether or not the ….. is guilty ‘beyond a reasonable doubt’, and then either return a verdict of guilty, or ….. the defendant by a verdict of not guilty. If the verdict is …. the judge imposes the ….., or punishment, within limits that have been fixed by the ….

V Match the criminal with the definition:

1 an arsonist a) tries to enforce his political demands by carrying out or threatening acts of violence2 an assassin b) pretends or claims to be what he is not3 a deserter c) makes money by dishonest business methods, e.g. by selling worthless goods4 an embezzler d) steals from his own company5 a forger e) attacks and robs people especially in public spaces6 a fraud or con man f) sets fire to property7 a hooligan g) kills for political reasons or reward8 a mugger h) brings goods into one country from another illegally9 a poacher i) hunts illegally on somebody else’s land10 a racketeer j) makes false money or documents 11 a smuggler k) a soldier who leaves the armed forces without permission 12 a terrorist l) causes damage or disturbance in public places

VI Complete with the following words: bigamy, civil, classes, community, countries, crimes, criminal law, felony, fine, forgery, laws, life imprisonment,misdemeanour, offences, penalty, person, prison, state, term, treason

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Crime

Crime violates the laws of a community, …… or nation. It is punishable in accordance with these ….. The definition of crime varies according to time and place, but the laws of most ….. consider as crimes such …… as arson, ……, burglary, ……., murder and ……. Not all offences against the law are …… The laws that set down the punishments for crimes form the …… This law defines as crimes those offences considered most harmful to the …… On the other hand, a …… may wrong someone else in some other way that offends the …… law. The common law recognizes three ……. of crime: treason, …….. and misdemeanour. Death or ….. is the usual ……. for treason. Laws in the United States, for example, define a felony as a crime that is punishable by a ….. of one year or more in a state or federal ……. A person who commits a ….. may be punished by a ….. or a jail term of less than one year.

VII Choose the right answer:

1 The police car raced down the street with the ….. blaring.

a) alarm b) bell c) gong d) siren

2 The tourist’s camera was ….. because he had brought it into the country illegally.

a) bereaved b) confiscated c) deprived d) extorted

3 Look, Officer. I’m not drunk. I’m as …... as a judge.

a) calm b) clear c) sober d) steady

4 The police caught the thief ……

a) in black and white b) in the red c) red-handed d) true blue

5 He offered me $ 500 to break my contract. That’s ……

a) blackmail b) bribery c) compensation

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d) reward6 When the police examined the house they found that the lock had been …… with.

a) broken b) hindered c) tampered d) touched

7 The policeman asked the suspect to make a(n) ……

a) account b) declaration c) deposition d) statement

8 The policeman was a very ….. man and he rechecked the evidence several times.

a) attentive b) complete c) thorough d) thoughtful

9 The police are …… the town for the stolen car.

a) combing b) investigating c) looking d) seeking

10 The police have not yet found a possible …… for the murder.

a) example b) motive c) principle d) understanding

11 As he was caught in …… of a gun, he was immediately a suspect.

a) control b) handling c) ownership d) possession

12 As the result of the police ….. on the disco, ten people were arrested.

a) entry b) invasion c) raid d) storm

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13 I was informed by the police constable that he would be inforced to take me into ……

a) confinement b) custody c) detection d) guardianship

14 It is the responsibility of the police to …. the law, not to take it into their own hands.

a) compel b) enforce c) force d) press

15 His comments ….. little or no relation to the facts of the case.

a) bear b) give c) possess d) reflect

16 They all thought he was guilty, but no one could ……. anything against him.

a) accuse b) ensure c) point d) prove

17 The case against Mary Wrongdoer was …… for lack of evidence.

a) discarded b) dismissed c) refused d) resigned

18 The new law comes into ….. on May 15.

a) condition b) date c) force d) power

19 In the legal profession, men ……. women by five to one.

a) outclass b) outnumber c) overcome d) supersede

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20 The judge will hear the next ….. after lunch.

a) case b) charge c) lawsuit d) trial

21 I wish you’d let me speak for myself and not …… the words out of my mouth.

a) grab b) pull c) snatch d) take

22 The suspect is ….. to have been in the neighbourhood at the time of the crime.

a) accused b) affirmed c) alleged d) announced

23 The high court judge will pass …… next week.

a) justice b) punishment c) sentence d) verdict

24 Mr Tipsy was ….. twenty pounds for drinking and driving.

a) charged b) fined c) ordered d) penalized

25 The accused man was able to prove his innocence at the trial and was ……

a) absolved b) acquitted c) forgiven d) pardoned

26 The judge recommended more humane forms of punishment for juvenile …….

a) convicts b) delinquents c) sinners d) villains

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27 He found some squatters living in his house so he asked the court for a speedy …order

a) discharge b) ejection c) eviction d) expulsion

28 A prominent local figure was …… as co-respondent in a divorce case.

a) accused b) cited c) nominated d) quoted

29 He was arrested for trying to pass ……. notes at the bank.

a) camouflaged b) counterfeit c) fake d) fraudulent

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ENGLISH IN THE MEDIA

The newspaper article

The main parts of an article

Headline:

Every news article has a headline to attract the attention of the reader. The headline must state the topic of the news in a strong, short phrase or statement.

Byline:

The line is called the "By" line because it tells BY whom the article is written. Write the word "By" followed by your first and last name.

Lead Paragraph:

A lead paragraph offers the reader information in a few short sentences which answer the questions:Who? What? Where? When? Why?

Supportive Paragraphs:

Supportive paragraphs tell the reader HOW the news occurred.This section will include several brief paragraphs explaining events leading up to the event, related national stories, etc.

How to write an article:

Narrate the event including interesting details. Eyewitness accounts to this news may be very interesting to your reader. Write some of the comments from people who actually saw this news happen. Tell what THEY saw happen (Be sure to use quotation marks). What others think of this news is also important. Tell what the eyewitness thought about this

news. This section can include several sentences explaining events leading up to the event, related

national stories, etc. As a reporter, you may also state what effect this news may have on others. What might this news event do to the people in the neighbourhood?

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Re-Read and Edit:

Re-read what you have written. Are all of your sentences complete? Do they say what you want them to say? Rewrite your sentences where you need to and put them into paragraphs.

Check for correct spelling. Does your headline accurately describe your news story? If not, make up a new headline. Don’t forget that it is important to write concisely.

Basic organizational concepts:

The most important information should be placed at the top of the story; related elements should be grouped together; information should be organized logically so that the reader can easily understand it.

The use of colourful or compelling details and good quotes can enhance a story. The importance of balance and objectivity in news stories. Editors should select headlines/titles for each article that are short, pertinent, and eye-

catching. Try to hook the reader by beginning with a funny, clever, or surprising statement. Go for

variety: try beginning your article with a question or a provocative statement. Don't write "In conclusion…" or "To finish..." Try ending with a quote or a catchy phrase. Use active words (verbs that show what's really happening.) Newspaper articles generally contain sentences and paragraphs that are short and direct.

Most articles contain about five paragraphs.

Evaluation:

! Does your article have a catchy title that would encourage people to read the article?

!Is the most important information in the first paragraph?

!If your article is long, have you included appropriate sub-headings for the different sections?

!Have you written in a style that is appropriate for the audience? If it is aimed at teenagers, for

example, have you used language teenagers can relate to?

Criteria for selecting a newsworthy story:

TIMELINESS - events that are happening right now, or news that is of interest to readers right nowPROXIMITY - events or situations that occur near the readerUNIQUENESS - very unusual events or situationsIMPACT - news that will affect a large number of readers

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PROMINENCE - well-known people or groups of peopleSUSPENSE - events, such as disasters, where the outcome is not knownCONFLICT - people or groups opposing a situation or other groups of peopleEMOTIONS - love, hate, fear, jealousy, horror, pityPROGRESS - advances in science, medicine, or technologyIMPORTANCE - important to the reader's life, family, education, health, or well-being

Write a newspaper article about the main incident in the poem:

MATILDA

Matilda told such dreadful lies, It happened that a few weeks laterIt made one gasp and stretch one’s eyes; Her aunt was off to the theatreHer aunt, who, from her earliest youth, To see that interesting playHad kept a strict regard for truth, “The Second Mrs Tanqueray”Attempted to believe Matilda: She had refused to take her niece The effort very nearly killed her, To hear this entertaining piece:And would have done so, had not she A deprivation just and wiseDiscovered this infirmity. To punish her for telling lies For once, towards the close of day, That night a fire did break out -Matilda, growing tired of play, You should have heard Matilda shout!And finding she was left alone, You should have heard her scream and bawl,Went tiptoe to the telephone And throw the window up and callAnd summoned the Immediate Aid To people passing in the street - Of London’s noble Firebrigade (The rapidly increasing heatWithin an hour the Gallant Band Encouraging her to obtainWere pouring in on every hand, Their confidence) – but all in vain!From Putney, Hackney Downs and Bow*, For every time she shouted “Fire!”With courage high and hearts a-glow They only answered “Little liar!”They galloped, roaring through the town, And therefore when her aunt returned,“Matilda’s house is burning down!” Matilda, and the house, were burnt.Inspired by British Cheers and LoudProceeding from the Frenzied Crowd,They ran their ladders through a scoreOf windows on the Ball Room floor;And took peculair pains to souse * Putney, Hackney Downs, and Bow - The pictures up and down the house - places in the extreme south-west,Until Matilda’d aunt succeeded north, and east of London In showing them they were not neededAnd even then she had to payTo get the men to go away!

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Feature Stories

Features are interesting stories about people, places, and events. They aren’t as concerned with conveying basic facts as with conveying a mood, feeling, or theme. Unlike writing news articles, there are no strict “rules” for composing features. Features, common in newspapers, are even more common in magazines.

Many feature stories are biographical sketches of individuals. Often interviews with public figures (athletes or entertainers) or compelling people (such as a homeless person) can make for interesting feature stories.

Unlike in a news article, the feature writer is allowed much creativity in the story’s composition. The order of presentation is based solely on the criteria of what makes for the most interesting read.

Metaphors and comparisons can be used in feature stories.

Columns

A column, or opinion-editorial (op-ed), is the most open-ended of newspaper articles. It is a chance to express your opinion. There are not many rules to writing this type of article. The most important point is to have all your facts straight. Other than that, simply follow the rules for writing a persuasive paper. Always keep in mind that it is difficult to persuade readers by offending or insulting them. A final piece of advice is to become a vigorous reader of newspapers. Read pure news articles, features, and columns, and note what makes them effective. Good writers are always good readers.

The topic should be something about which you have (or can develop) a personal opinion. Remember, you are sharing your personal insights with your audience. You can do this in almost any style you like: funny, serious, by comparisons, etc. Make your points as simply and straight- forwardly as you can.

There is no right or wrong when it comes to personal opinions. However, you do need to explain something about why you feel the way you do.

How to write columns

The steps:

1. Choose a topic of interest to you and your audience. Very often the columnist comments on current events – exploring a different perspective or finding humor in everyday events. The topic need not be of international importance. Give life to a common experience. Unlike a reporter, a columnist may write in first person. 2. Collect the facts. Research the topic until you have an understanding of the event.

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3. Organize your thoughts. Here the columnist may differ from the traditional editorial structure. The columnist may find telling a story or personal narrative is more effective than the formal ordering of arguments. 4. Write the first draft. Don't worry about spelling, punctuation, or grammar. Look for your personal voice and your insight into the event. Be careful not to hide your voice in formal, unnatural prose. 5.Revise. Read you work aloud. Correct the spelling, punctuation or grammar mistakes.

Newspaper Workers

Reporter ResearcherTypist CartoonistCopy Writer Sales personMeteorologist AdvertiserLawyer DeliveryEditor Designer Collator Writer

Leadership Positions:

Editor in Chief

Supervises and coordinates the entire newspaper production system and every phase of production. Has final say on job assignments, editorial policy, news content and layout.

Managing Editor

Organizes the journalists to cover particular stories and feature items. Responsible for seeing that the reports are finished. Also oversees the assembly, printing and distribution of the paper.

Editorial Writer

Writes statements of editorial opinion for the newspaper. The comments should reflect the attitude of the majority of the class or group involved in producing the paper.

Copy Editor

Checks each story for accuracy, style, and grammatical errors. Also indicates how corrections can be carried out.

News Editor

Assemble the stories and prepares the pattern of layout for each page. Also responsible for writing headlines for each article.

Art Staff

Responsible for the graphics on the page. Also design or arrange the heading for the paper.

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Reporters

Gather information and write the articles and stories. Usually they have a specific area or topic to cover, e.g., world news, current affairs, politics, human interest, sports, etc.Feature Writers

Research and write special features and articles. These can cover a wide range of topics.

I Choose the right answer:

1 Did you see that ..... about wildlife in Africa on television last week?

a) documentary b) history c) slapstick d) soap opera

2 All three TV channels provide extensive ..... of sporting events.

a) broadcast b) coverage c) network d) vision

3 We hope to bring you further news of this in our next ..... at midnight.

a) article b) bulletin c) episode d) piece

4 We covered a wide ...... of topics in the interview.

a) collection b) extend c) number d) range

5 TVR Channel One tries to ....... for all tastes.

a) cater b) furnish c) regard d) suit

6 We are interrupting this programme for a news .......

a) alarm b) alert c) flash d) signal

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7 I must remember to ....... my TV licence next week.

a) regain b) renew c) replace d) retain

8 The ..... comedy in the silent films was especially funny.

a) clownish b) mocking c) slapstick d) witty

9 The programme was so successful that a ..... series is being made.

a) after-effect b) backup c) by-product d) follow-up

10 There are more TV ..... in Romania, and all of them allow advertising.

a) broadcasts b) canals c) channels d) screens

11 Violent programmes on TV may have bad ...... on children.

a) control b) influence c) power d) pressure

12 There is a fault at our television station. Please do not ......... your set.

a) adjust b) change c) repair d) switch

13 The laughter on many comedies on TV isn’t real laughter, it’s ..... laughter.

a) bottled b) canned c) corked d) wrapped

14 There are many ...... on television where a team of people have to answer questions.

a) inquiries

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b) puzzles c) quizzes d) riddles

15 The poor reception on your TV is probably due to outside ......

a) interception b) interference c) interruption d) intervention

II Read the newspaper contents list. Which pages would you look at if you wanted to read about the following:

1 articles for sale2 clothes3 the editor’s comments on the news4 films being shown locally5 houses for sale6 news from abroad7 people who have died recently 8 recently published books9 second-hand cars10 duties performed by the Queen yesterday

INDEX

AppointmentsArts, ReviewsBusinessClassified AdsCourt and SocialEditorialEntertainmentFashionHome NewsHouse Hunter’s GuideObituariesOverseas News

III Choose the right answer:

1 I don’t think this newspaper cartoon is very funny, but I like the ..... under it.

a) caption

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b) label c) message d) antet

2 When you go out, will you get me ..... of ”Newsweek”?

a) a copy b) an edition c) a paper d) a publication

3 A ....... from the local newspaper asked for details of the accident.

a) broadcaster b) newsagent c) reporter d) salesman

4 The press couldn’t speak to the Ministry employees: they had to wait for a statement from the Government ........

a) messenger b) reporter c) speaker d) spokesman

5 Although there is no official censorship in our country, the press is still ..... the laws of the land.

a) accountable to b) controlled by c) restrained by d) subject to

6 I read a newspaper every day to keep ...... with current affairs.

a) contemporary b) modern c) present-day d) up-to-date

7 There is a very interesting .... in the paper about cancer.

a) article b) documentary c) news d) programme

8 A newspaper .... normally makes the final decision about the paper’s contents.

a) editor b) journalist

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c) reporter d) publisher

9 Dear Sirs, I am writing in response to your ...... for a sales clerk in yesterday’s ”Business Man”.

a) advertisement b) announcement c) propaganda d) publicity

10 Our newspaper increased its .... by eight thousand copies.

a) amount b) circulation c) numbers d) quantity

11 Could I have a copy of the …. issue of the “National Geographic”, please?

a) actual b) circulating c) latest d) recent

12 He took out a(n) ……. to “The Times”.

a) conscription b) inscription c) prescription d) subscription

13 You must look in the …… section of the newspaper to find what films are showing.

a) diversion b) entertainment c) recreation d) variety

14 Every morning I do the crossword ……. in the newspaper.

a) problem b) puzzle c) question d) test

15 Many newspapers are holding lotteries to …… sales.

a) advertise b) progress c) promote

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d) publicise

English in business

I Give the names for the defined money expressions:

1. a fixed amount which is paid, usually monthly, to workers of higher rank a s _ _ _ _ _2. an amount of money which you lend to someone a l _ _ _3. an amount of money which is owed to someone a d _ _ _4. money which is in the form of coins and notes, not cheques c _ _ _5. an amount of money you receive, usually weekly, in return for labour or

service a w _ _ _6. money paid by divorced father to his former wife to upkeep his children a _ _ _ _ _ y7. tax on imported articles paid to the customs _ _ _ y8. paid at a restaurant after eating a _ _ _ l9. extra percentage paid on a loan i _ _ _ _ _ _ _10. money paid for professional services, e.g. to a doctor a f _ _11. money paid by the state, usually to students a g _ _ _ _12. money paid by a company or the state on your retirement a p _ _ _ _ _ _13. paid as a punishment for breaking the law a f _ _ _14. paid to the government for services that the state provides _ _ _ _ s15. paid while travelling, especially on public transport, buses, trains, etc. a f _ _ _

II Match the definitions with the correct money words:

1. an allowance2. a bonus3. commission4. a deposit5. a dividend6. an investment7. a legacy8. maintenance9. an overdraft10. a premium11. royalties12. a share

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13. a mortgage

a) money paid to authors or investors according to the sales of their workb) a sum of money used to make more money from something that will increase in valuec) the money which a building society or bank lends to someone to buy a housed) the money that a person pays to an insurance company to protect against loss or damagee) money, usually from a relative, to live onf) an additional payment which is a reward to those who work for a company for their extra workg) the amount of money borrowed from a bank, greater than that which is in your accounth) money received from someone in his or her willi) the amount of money which goes to a shareholderj) money paid by divorced or separated people to support the former husband or wifek) part of the value of a company that you may buyl) part-payment of money which you make to stop the seller from selling his goods to othersm) an amount of money, related to the values of goods sold, which is paid to a salesman for his services

III Complete. Each ( _ ) represents one letter:

1. I spend about $ 1.5 a week on bus _ _ _ e s.2. I had to pay _ _ _ _ on the Turkish carpet I brought in through the Customs today.3. Now that Mr Old has retired, he lives partly on his _ _ _ s _ _ _ and partly on the

_ _ t _ _ _ _ _ from his post office savings account.4. In spite of its size his family was quite _ _ _ _ off, because he brought in a good _ _ l _ _ _.5. Gold would be a good _ _ v _ _ _ _ _ _ t; it’s bound to increase in value.6. Due to inflation the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ of living went down by fifteen _ _ _ c _ _ _.7. I couldn’t buy the house because the bank refused to let me have a m _ _ _ _ _ g _.8. If you borrowed money from him, you’re under an _ _ l _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to give it back.9. You must stop wasting your money on silly things and start _ _ v _ _ _ . This is the only

solution to your _ _ n _ _ _ _ _ _ troubles.10. One dollar is _ _ u _ _ to over 30,000 lei.11. The main advantage of a _ _ _ _ u _ book or _ _ _ d _ _ card is that you don’t have

to carry cash around with you.12. I carry loose change in my pocket and _ _ _ _ s in my leather _ _ l _ _ _ .

IV Put each of the following words or phrases into its correct place in the text below:

account bank bank income credited creditordebtor deposit depositors funds hideinterest loan paid pocket recordsafekeeping save spend withdraw

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People …………… money in banks for future use. A man may be …………… each week for his work. He probably will not want to …………… all his pay the day he receives it. It may be risky for him to carry all his unspent money in his ……………, or to …………… it at home. So he may decide to put some of his money in a bank for …………… The money he puts in the bank is called a …………… This money is ……………, or added, to his …………… Am account is a …………… of the money a depositor has in the bank. When the depositor wants to ……………, or take out, part of his deposit, the …………… must be ready to pay him.

Banks use the money of …………… for loans to those who need …………… The bank that makes the loan is called a lender, or …………… The bank charges the borrower, or ……………, interest for the use of the …………… Charging ……………for the use of money is the chief source of ……………

V Choose the right answer:

1. When you retire at the age of sixty-five, you receive a(n) ……… from the government.

a) allowanceb) finec) grantd) pension

2. If production in that factory exceeds the target, the workers get a ………

a) bonusb) donationc) gratuityd) premium

3. Income tax is ……… to one’s annual income.

a) associatedb) basedc) dependentd) related

4. The ……… of living has risen by 25% in the last six months.

a) costb) expenditurec) expensed) price

5. The kidnappers demanded a ……… of $ 1.000.000.

a) fineb) penaltyc) ransomd) reward

6. The World Bank has criticised the United States for not giving enough financial ……… to the East European countries.

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a) aidb) allowancec) loand) premium

7. A salesman is paid a ……… on the goods he sells.

a) commissionb) percentagec) provisiond) salary

8. Mr Rich earns $ 8.000 a month ……… and $ 5.000 a month net.

a) bulkb) grossc) massd) wholesale

9. If you are not more careful with their accounts, they will go ………

a) bankruptb) brokenc) pennilessd) poor

10. If I had another $ 25.000 a year, I would consider myself ………

a) well deservedb) well donec) well-maded) well off

11. Our company made a record ……… last year.

a) benefitb) earnc) profitd) winning

12. His bank manager decided to give him financial ……… for the new shop.

a) backingb) footingc) liftingd) standing

13. Reminders must be sent out to all customers whose accounts are more than a month ………

a) indebtedb) overdue

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c) unbalancedd) unpaid

14. The ……… of the pound has fallen recently.

a) expenseb) pricec) valued) worth

15. The bank will require three ……… signatures when you open an account.a) naturalb) samplec) specimend) trial

16. Mr Royce had to ……… all his savings from the bank to pay for a new car.

a) exchangeb) retirec) subtractd) withdraw

17. At the bank you can get 14% ……… for your savings.

a) interestb) ratec) rentd) salary

18. I want $ 500 worth of French francs. What is the ……… rate please?

a) currencyb) exchangec) marketd) money

19. I have just ……… an account in this bank.

a) enteredb) madec) openedd) registered

20. Miss Thrifty ……… only $15 out of the bank every week.

a) drawsb) extracts

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c) pullsd) removes

21. $1 is ……… to 1.6 German marks.

a) comparableb) changeablec) equivalentd) variable

22. We cannot give you the money until you show us some form of ………: a passport or a driving license will do.

a) identification b) identityc) paperd) surety

The application letter

Read the following application letter: 111 Avenue du Roule, 92 Neuilly-sur-Seine 17th April 2003 Dear Sir,

I am the ideal candidate for the job you have been advertising and I am very anxious to get it because my wife is expecting her fourth child (the first three were triplets). I was brought up in France so it isn’t necessary to say how well I speak French, while my knowledge of other languages is excellent, too. You can see from this letter that I know English perfect. I won’t waste your time with a long list of my many qualifications and vast experience, as I shall be able to tell you all about these at the interview. When I inform you that I am working for Atlantis Radio Ltd. (or was, until last week), you may wonder why I am anxious to change my job. First, they were not paying me enough (I expect, and I am entitled to, a minimum of £2,000 per annum or its equivalent, by the way, and an annual holiday of ten weeks). Second, the head of my department can only be described as a mentally unbalanced stick-in-the-mud and insisted on absolute punctuality. Third, I was victimised because I am an active trade unionist and a strong advocate of worker participation in management. If you are wise and have the welfare of your business at heart, you will take me on at once so that I can make things a bit more efficient over there (I have heard that your technical translating is rather slipshod). Remember, too, that I have a wife and three and a half children! Looking forward to coming to an interview.

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Yours very faithfully, Jacques Dupont

PS You will be interested to know that my hobby is underwater fishing.

Identify the mistakes in the application letter above.

The parts of the application letter The application letter has four main sections, each of which has a paragraph:

1. Introduction stating how the post came to the notice of the applicant. 2. Statement of all relevant information about the applicant: age, education, qualifications,

career to date, names of referees. As these details often take up a lot of space, they can be typed in a separate CV

3. Mention of any special qualifications or experience and an expression of interest and enthusiasm. It is in this section that one would probably give reasons for wanting to change one’s job, if already working.

4. The last paragraph would deal with the writer’s availability for interview.

Rules for writing an application letter

It is inadvisable in this kind of letter to ask for further details of the post in question or to state the wages and the conditions which would be acceptable.

One must never give a personal reason for needing the job; apointments are made on grounds of ability, suitability, personality etc

One must not hop about from one point to another just as ideas come into one’s head. This gives the impression of being disorderly and casual

Information essential to the prospective employer must be set out clearly and anything irrelevant omitted

Above all one must not criticise one’s present or former employer, even when he is a competitor of the one to whom aplication is being made

If the letter begins with ‘Dear Sir / Madam’ it has to be ended with ‘Yours faithfully’ and if it begins with ‘Dear Mr X / Mrs Y’, it has to end with ‘Yours sincerely’.

Application letter to be sent without a CV: …………………….

………………… 17 September 2002

Dear Mrs Dryden,

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I have seen your advertisement for a personal assistant / secretary in the Guardian and would like to apply for the post.

I am 28 years old and was educated at Redhill Comprehensible School and the South Surrey College. I have a diploma in Business Studies and have also passed the Pitman examination (Stage 111) in shorthand and typing. I studied French to ‘A’ level and can speak it fluently.

For the last six years I have been working as the personal assistant to Mr Mares, the Finance Director of E.M.F. of Croydon. Unfortunately the company is moving its main offices to Bristol and I have therefore decided to look for a new position in the London area.

Before joining E.M.F. I worked for one year as the personal secretary to Mr Handley, Marketing Manager of Universal toys in Reading.

Both Mr Mares and Mr Handley are willing to give me references.

I am on holiday until 21 September but will be available for an interview on any day after that. I would be able to take up a new post on any date from 1 October.

I look forward to your reply.

Yours sincerely, Edith Roberts

Application letter to accompany a typed CV: 6 Carlswood Street Redhill Surrey Tel: 28736455Mrs Cynthia Dryden44 Randolph SquareLondon EC1 4BE 17 September 2002

Dear Mrs Dryden,

I would like to apply for the post of personal assistant / secretary advertised in today’s Guardian.

As you can see from my curriculum vitae, I have had six years’ experience as a personal secretary. Five of these have been in films and television and I am particularly keen to continue working in this industry.

I enclose my curriculum vitae and will be available for interview any day after 21 September and able to take up a new appointment from 1 October.

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I look forward to your reply.

Yours sincerely, Edith Roberts

Another application letter

Your address (No, str.,town) The firm’s address Date

Dear Sir / Madam

I am writing to you concerning the Medical Representative Position, advertised in yesterday’s ‘the Time’. I am interested in working within your company especially as my skills and knowledge acquired in the last year within the Romanian pharmaceutical field allow me to suitably fill in the above mentioned position. In addition, I would like to mention that the company sales increased with 200 % in the last year. My language skills and communication abilities, that have proved to be efficient in my previous activities, could also be an asset for your company.

Being an energetic person, highly motivated, who enjoys working both individually and within a well-organized team, I consider myself to be the appropriate person for this position. Challenge is one of my favourite topics and that’s why I would like to take up work within your company.

I look forward to hearing from you. However, if there is any further information you require in the meantime, please contact me.

Yours faithfully,

…………..

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CURRICULUM VITAE

Name:Address:

Telephone number:E-mail:

Personal data

Name: Date of birth: Marital status: single

Education 199_-199_: The Economic Highschool… 199_-200_: The ‘Petru Maior’ University…

Experience 200_ - 200_ teacher at... 200_ - ........

Qualifications June 2001: Cambridge CAE Diploma, grade A

Foreign languages

Advanced knowledge of English Medium knowledge of French Medium knowledge of Italian

Abilities Flexibility, resourcefulness, communication abilities

Driving licence Category ‘B’ - obtained in 20__

PC „Office 2000”: Word, PowerPoint

Interests PC, foreign languages, reading, travelling.

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Business letters

1 Business enquiries2 Replies to business enquiries3 Business orders 4 Replies to orders5 Business complaints6 Replies to business complaints7 First debt collection letter 8 Second debt collection letter9 Third debt collection letter10 Asking a favour

Business enquiries

These are usually requests for information about goods or services which one firm addresses to another. They should be short, businesslike and polite. as the writer is a prospective buyer, and thus in a privileged position, he does not need to be excessively courteous and humble.

Dear Sirs,

As one of the largest importers of cloth in Switzerland, we are interested in the men’s suitings you displayed at the recent Zurich trade fair. There is considerable demand in this country for English tweeds, particularly the high quality ranges and fashionable designs, and we should like to see your pattern books. Please let us have your latest export prices, together with your terms of payment, and state whether you would be able to deliver within three weeks of receipt of order. We should also like to know if you allow a quantity rebate for regular purchases of large quantities. We look forward to receiving your reply. Yours faithfully, David Smith

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Replies to business enquiries

Paragraph 1

1 acknowledgement of enquiry and principal point of reply, in this case a reference to the enclosure of the price quotation2 reference to despatch of pattern books3 delivery guarantee4 invitation to order soon

Paragraph 2

5 terms of payment6 discount7 polite conclusion

Dear Sirs,

In reply to your enquiry of 8th May, we enclose our detailed quotation. A complete range of patterns was sent to you by post yesterday, and we are happy to inform you that we can guarantee delivery of any of these within three weeks of receipt of your order. Owing to the heavy demand for these materials, however, we would ask you to order without delay After receiving the usual references, we should be pleased to offer the following terms: payment against bill of exchange at 60 days, less 2 ½ per cent. We are willing to allow a 5 per cent reduction in price on all orders over 400 pieces. You can rely on us to give your order immediate attention. Yours faithfully, Roger Davidson

Notice that:

the request for references is mentioned in passing as if it were a mere formality ‘We are happy to inform you’ is preferred instead of ‘We inform you’ or ‘We

must inform you’ ‘We would ask you’ is more polite than ‘We ask you’

In the letter above the enquirer seems determined to buy from this companyIf it seems that the enquirer has not yet decided whether to buy from this firm or from another, the reply will also have to persuade him to buy from your company and to

53

convince him of the superior quality of your products. You can mention successful sales and convincing reasons for them.

You can begin with: ’We were very pleased to receive your enquiry of 14th March and thank you for your interest in our products’

Useful concluding sentences:

We should appreciate the opportunity of showing how efficiently we can supply your needs. Our whole experience is at your service and we shall spare no effort to give you full satisfaction If we have not covered all the points in your enquiry, please do not hesitate to write to us again. We are certain that our products will meet your requirements and we look forward to receiving your order.

Business orders

A business order should be written in a polite style and the goods ordered must be described precisely and exhaustively, to avoid misunderstandings.

Paragraph 1Acknowledgement of receipt of reply to enquiry and quotation.

Paragraph 2The order itself. This should include accurate catalogue references and detailed specifications. If alternative goods are acceptable, these can be stated here. Delivery date.

Paragraph 3Type of packing , transport, and insurance desired. Mention of any documents the buyer may require.

Paragraph 4Any special conditions attached to the order; advertising on the part of the supplier; terms of payment etc.

Paragraph 5Conclusion inviting prompt execution of the order.

54

Dear Sir,

Many thanks for your quotation for jams and marmalades, and also for the samples which arrived last week. We are now convinced that some of the lines will find a ready sale here, and would like you to send us the following quantities at once:

4 dozen gift boxes (containing 5 assorted jams)6 dozen ‘Strawberry Jam’

As your makes are comparatively unknown in this country, we hope you will go ahead with the advertising campaign mentioned by your representative on his last visit. Our order is subject to your acceptance of our usual terms of payment, viz.1, 60 days after date of invoice. If this first order is executed satisfactorily, we shall be happy to place further business with you. Yours faithfully, Jane Roberts

1 viz. (contraction of Lat. videlicet) = namely; that is to say

Short order:

Dear Sirs,

Will you please supply 2 dozen rubber stamps, mounted on plastics or wood, exactly as the enclosed sketch. We should be grateful if you could expedite2 delivery. Yours faithfully, Susan Moore

2 expedite = deal quickly with

Opening phrases

We are pleased to place the following order with you… Kindly supply the following materials as soon as possible: Following our telephone conversation of ….., please supply ….. Thank you for your samples. We should now like to order …. Please arrange for the immediate supply of …..

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Concluding sentences

Please advise us as soon as the goods have been sent. We trust you will give this order your immediate attention. Prompt despatch of this order will be greatly appreciated. We shall be grateful if you will give this order your careful attention We hope the goods will arrive by next …. at the latest.

Replies to orders

When the exporter receives an order, he usually acknowledges it at once, expresses his satisfaction, and says that it has already been despatched or that it will be despatched in the near future. Some replies of this kind repeat the order in full as an additional check, but this is not always considered necessary.

Dear Sir,

We were very glad to receive your order dated 5th June fot our jams.

These have been despatched to you today, and should reach you in 7-9 days, provided there are no unforeseen delays. The jars have been carefully packed in special reinforced cases to prevent damage in transit.

You will be pleased to hear that orders already received from your country have been most encouraging, and we have decided to launch our advertising on a national scale. The television advertisements have been scheduled to start in the autumn.

The terms of payment you suggested are perfectly satisfactory, and you may rely on us to give all your orders prompt attention.

Yours faithfully, Peter Simpson

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Business complaints

A business complaint should be characterised by restraint in tone combined with clarity of exposition. An eventual second letter of complaint will become firmer.

Structure

First, the situation is outlined and evidence of the damage is provided. Secondly, a

suggestion about insurance is made and then the firm is invited to send replacements.

Dear Sirs, Our Order No. 6235

We regret to inform you that two cases of records in your consignment were in a badly damaged state on arrival, and that the entire contents are unsaleable. It looks as though they have been roughly handled or crushed by somrthing heavy. The external damage is very noticeable and we indicated this on our receipt when accepting delivery. Presumably you will take the matter up at your end as insurance was effected by you. As stated in our order, these goods are required urgently, and we feel sure that in the circumstances you will want to send replacements as soon as possible.

Yours faithfully, Doris Lewis

Notice how neatly the replacements are asked for (‘we feel sure that…you will want to send replacements’) instead of ‘we insist that replacements are sent as soon as possible’

Useful opening sentences

We regret to inform you that your recent delivery was definitely below your usual standard. Your consignment was delivered today and was in order with the exception of … We are very surprised that we have not yet received our Order No…

57

Useful concluding sentences

Perhaps you would let us know without delay how you propose to remedy this.We are confident you will send replacements as soon as possible.Unfortunately this is not the first time we have had to complain and if the matter is not dealt with satisfactorily, we shall not place any further orders with you.Unless we hear from you by return we shall be compelled to place the matter in the hands of our solicitors.

Replies to business complaints

Principles:

1 Promptitude 2 Courtesy 3 Brevity of the explanation 4 Redress

Dear Sirs, Your order No. 6235

Thank you for your letter dated 3rd July. We are very sorry to hear about the two damaged cases of records, and since they were packed with the utmost care we can only conclude, as you suggest, that they were carelessly handled in transit. The matter has been reported to our insurers, and we shall be obliged if you will keep the cases at our disposal. Replacements were despatched to you today, and we shall be grateful to hear when they have arrived safely. Please accept our sincere apologies for the inconvenience caused, which was due to circumstances quite beyond our control. We shall take all possible steps to ensure that such a situation does not arise again. Yours faithfully, Jonathan Reeds

Useful sentences

We were very sorry to learn that the material was inferior in quality. We very much regret the loss of business which the delay has entailed. We are extremely sorry that you have been put to this inconvenience.

58

In the circumstances we can only ask you to accept our sincere apologies for the trouble caused. While we greatly regret the inconvenience, we feel sure you will understand it was due to circumstances quite beyond our control. Though we are in no way responsible for this unfortunate situation, we will naturally do everything in our power to remedy it.

First debt collection letter

Dear Sirs,

May we draw your attention to the fact that our last quarterly statement amounting to £116.90 is overdue. We look forward to receiving your cheque at your earliest convenience. Yours faithfully, John Dean

Second debt collection letter

Dear Sirs,

It is now almost three weeks since you were reminded of the overdue balance of your account, and payment has not yet been received. We have not even had a reply to our letter of 3rd November. We must now insist on settlement by the end of this month at the latest. Yours faithfully, Sidney Bloom

Third debt collection letter

Dear Sirs,

In spite of the two reminders your account is still outstanding and we have received no explanation of the delay or indeed any communication at all from you. We must therefore inform you with regret that we shall be compelled to place the matter in the hands of our legal advisers unless payment is received within six days. Yours faithfully, Laura Ames

59

Asking a favour

Structure

Four paragraphs:

1 a reference to the subject of the letter (failure to setle an account), and an apology2 a request for more time in which to pay3 an explanation of why this is necessary4 a conclusion stating that any help will be appreciatedDear Sirs,

The reminder about your quarterly statement reached us yesterday and we very much regret that delay in payment made it necessary to send this.

Previously, as you know, your account has always been settled promptly, and it is with the greatest reluctance that we now have to ask you for an extension of several weeks in which to clear the current liability.

Our difficult situation is fortunately only temporary and has been caused by the recent transport strike which held up deliveries to all our customers and consequently delayed their payments to us. We can assure you, however, that within 5-6 weeks at the latest full settlement will be made.

We shall greatly appreciate it if you will allow us this exceptional concession.

Yours faithfully, Anne Doris

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English in technology

I

1. _ C _ _ _ 2. _ O _ _3. _ _ N4. N _ _ _ 5. _ _ _ E _ _6. C _ _ _ _ 7. _ _ T8. _ O _ _9. _ R _ _ _ _ _10. S _ _ _ _ _

1. we use a screwdriver to put it on or take it out.2. mountaineers use it to keep together and avoid falling3. it is used in dressmaking to hold pieces of cloth together4. we use hammer to knock it into wood5. we use needle to sew cloth with it6. it is made of iron and it is used to keep large ships in port in place7. it is made of metal and used with 8. to keep different parts of machines together8. used with 7. to keep different parts of machines together9. to pin a notice to a notice board we use ……… pins 10. we tie up a parcel with it

II Complete:

1. We cut down trees with an _ _ _2. We cut paper or cloth with a pair of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _3. We knock nails into wood with a _ _ _ _ _ _4. We raise a car to change a wheel with a _ _ _ _5. We put in and take out screws with a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _6. We tighten or loosen nuts with a _ _ _ _ _ _ _7. We saw wood with a _ _ _8. We bend and cut wire with _ _ _ _ _ _9. We break up roads, rocks etc. with a _ _ _ _ _ _ _10. We draw corks out of bottles with a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

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III Give the Romanian translations for the following garden tools:

fork hoe lawnmower rake scythe shearssicklespade

IV Fill the blanks with the nouns of quantity given below:

bunch bundle deck fleet flight heap lump pile pint plate row string

1 a……………….of flowers 2 a.………………….. of houses3 a.………………..of stones 4 a ……………..……of ships5 a………………....of sticks 6 a .……………………of beads7 a ……………..……of blankets 8 a....…………………..of stairs9 a …………………of playing cards 10 a…………………..of sandwiches11 a……...…………...of beer 12 a……………...……of sugar

V Give the English translations for the following instruments:

1. vioara2. trompeta3. tobe4. chitara5. tambal6. cimpoi7. flaut, fluier8. harpa

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VI Complete with the following words:

aperture developing film flashbulbs holder image indoors lens light light rays opening picture shutter shutter release button taking viewfinder wind

The parts of a camera

A camera is a box with an aperture, or small ………………., at one end. The ………………. lets light into the camera just as a window lets …………… into a room. A shutter over the opening works like a Venetian blind. When you take a ………….., you press the ………….. The ……………….. opens, lets light into the camera, and quickly closes. Light passes through a glass ……………. when it enters the camera. The lens bends the ………….. so that they form a sharp image on a section of the film. The ……………. appears on the film only after the film has gone through a complicated chemical process called ………………. Before ……………… a picture, you look through the…………….….. of the camera to make sure that all of your subject will appear in the picture.. After taking the picture, you ……………….. the ………………. on to get the camera set for the next picture. Most cameras are equipped with a ……………….. for flashbulbs. The use of ……………. adds extra light to a scene, especially ………………

VII Give the English translations for the following things found in the artist’s studio:

1. pensula2. paleta3. panza, tablou4. sevalet

VIII Give the Romanian translations for the following:

1. buckle2. button

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3. hook and eye4. pin5. press stud6. snap / popper7. zipper / zip8. thimble9. pin cushion10. tape measure

IX Give the English translations for the following verbs:

a coasea tricotaa tese

X Choose the correct answer:

1 When you turn off the TV, please pull out the …………….., too.

a) block b) plug c) switch d) wire

2 When you ……………… this red button, the machine stops.

a) hit b)lift

c) press d) pull

3 He ……………….. the tap but could get no water.

a) adjusted b) controlled c) opened d) turned on

4 Where is the book of ……………… for using this washing maschine?

a) directives b) b) instructions c) c) orders

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d) d) regulations 5 Don’t touch that wire or you may get an electric ………………

a) attack b) current c) shock d) surprise

6 There is a lot of water on the floor. I think the washing machine must be ……………

a) dropping b) leakingc) oozing d) seeping

7 We have to use the stairs as the lift is out of ……………….

a) function b) movement c) order d) practice

8 There is something ………….. with my TV. The picture won’t come on.

a) bad b) missing c) unusual d) wrong

9 The central heating doesn’t seem to be ……………… properly.

a) going b) performing c) warming d) working

10 When I turned on the switch, the lights …………….

a) cracked b) expired c) fired d) fused

11 She keeps a supply of candles in the house in case of a power ………………

a) absence

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b) cut c) lack d) shortage

12 Hang your coat up by the …………………… at the back of the collar.

a) band b) hole c) hook d) loop

13 Please close the window; there’s a terrible ………….

a) breeze b) current c) draught d) headwind

14 Before using the paint, you should …………… it in the tin.

a) roll b) stir c) turn d) twist

66

KEYS TO THE EXERCISES ENGLISH IN HISTORY

I1. b2. c3. d4. c5. b6. b7. c8. d9. b10. a11. d12. d13. c14. b

II

ROYAL FAMILY: consort, king, prince, princess, queen

ROYAL HOUSEHOLD: herald, jester, lady-in-waiting, minstrel, page

PEERAGE: baron, duke, earl, marquis

KNIGHT (EQUIPMENT): armour, gauntlet, lance, shield, sword

CASTLE: banqueting-hall, battlement, bedchamber, courtyard, drawbridge, dungeon, fortress, moat, tower, turret

III

1300 The Renaissance began in Italy with Giotto’s PAINTINGS and WRITINGS by Petrarch and Boccaccio.1334-1351 The Black DEATH swept across Europe, destroying about a fourth of the POPULATION.

67

1337-1453 France and England FOUGHT the Hundred Years’ WAR , a series of wars broken by truces and TREATIES. It began with the English INVASION of Normandy. The English won the battles of Crecy, Poitiers and Agincourt, but the French DEFEATED them at Orleans, and finally drove them out of France.1378-1417 The Great SCHISM divided the Roman Catholic Church. Two popes, one Italian and one French, claimed control of the CHURCH.1429 Joan of Arc led the French to VICTORY over the English in the battle of Orleans. Later, the English burned her at the STAKE in Rouen.1440 Johannes Gutenberg, a German printer, INVENTED movable type for PRINTING. 1485 England came under the INFLUENCE of the Renaissance after the wars of the ROSES, which ended in 1485.1517 Martin Luther, a German MONK, began the Protestant REFORMATION in Germany when he nailed his Ninety-Five THESES to the door of All Saints’ Church in Wittenberg.1519-1522 Spanish SHIPS made the first VOYAGE around the world. Ferdinand Magellan, the Portuguese navigator and EXPLORER, commanded the voyage.

IV

HISTORIC = famous, or important in history; something that will be remembered as a significant event in history

e.g.: This is a(n) historic occasion.

HISTORICAL = concerning past events = based on the study of history = something that has actually occurred or existed

e.g.: historical novel; historical research; historical evidence

V

COMMODITY = article, product or material that is exchanged in trade

ANTHEM = song or hymn adopted by a nation, used to express loyalty and patriotism, Especially on ceremonial occasions

UNDERTOOK = (start to) make oneself responsible for something

CURATOR = person in charge of a museum

MOUNTING = increasing

68

ENGLISH IN MEDICINE

I

1. f2. e3. j4. a5. c6. d7. i8. b9. g10. h

II

Treatment of a Minor Injury

CLEANSE the wound thoroughly and apply an ANTISEPTIC to counteract germs which spread DISEASE.Otherwise the wound may FESTER. Sticking PLASTER may be applied or the WOUND may be bandaged.OINTMENT may be smeared over the SKIN.

III

1. SNEEZING2. CURE3. PRESCRIPTION4. FEE5. DIET

69

IV

My wife complained that something was wrong WITH her. She said she had a pain IN her back and that she suffered FROM bad headaches. As she was getting worse and worse I sent FOR a doctor. Immediately afterwards she was taken TO hospital. Yesterday she was operated ON. Now she feels much better.V

1. c2. a3. a4. a5. c6. b7. b8. c9. c10. c11. d12. c13. d14. a15. a

VI

1. c2. a3. d4. i5. j6. f7. h8. e9. g10. b

VII

blink: eyes clench: teeth cross: arms, legs, fingers fold: arms

70

nod: head stick out: tongue point: finger shrug: shoulders snap: fingers stamp: feet

VIII

1. appendicitis2. bronchitis3. chicken pox4. diabetes5. hay fever6. hepatitis7. influenza8. leukemia (leukaemia)9. measles10. tuberculosis

IX

1. g2. h3. i4. a5. b6. d7. c8. f9. e

X

1. GENERAL PRACTITIONER2. NURSE3. IN-PATIENT4. OUT-PATIENT5. SURGEON6. CASUALTY7. MIDWIFE8. SPECIALIST

71

XI

1. A2. B

XII

1. Pediatrician (Paediatrician)2. Radiologist3. Dermatologist4. Geriatrician5. Oculist6. Neurologist7. Optician8. Gynecologist (Gynaecologist)9. Orthopedist (Orthopaedist)10. Orthodontist11. Physiotherapist12. Obstetrician

XIII

In these infections caused by virus agents it seems that the clinical manifestations are mostly those of a bacterial infection, which is superimposed over the initial damage of the mucous membrane by the virus agent. A variety of organisms have been isolated from the acute infections of the bronchia, among which more common are the staphylococci and the influenzal bacilli.

ENGLISH IN TRANSPORT

I

Airliners, or PASSENGER planes, differ from light planes not only in SIZE but also in speed and equipment. They are designed to CARRY a greater number of people over longer DISTANCES without stopping to refuel. A passenger airliner has a comfortable CABIN with soft carpets, adjustable upholstered SEATS, washrooms, and individual AIR VENTS and reading lights. It has a GALLEY for preparing food. Many airlines offer TOURIST, or economy class service, which costs less than first –class travel.

72

The CRUISING SPEED of four-engine airliners range from about 350 mph for propeller-driven planes to more than 500 mph for JET-PROPELLED planes. The CREW of an airliner works as a team to make the trip smooth ans pleasant. While the passengers take their seats, the pilot or CAPTAIN, co-pilot, flight engineer, and stewardesses prepare the plane for FLIGHT. The pilot, assisted by the CO-PILOT, checks the instruments and tests the controls. The FLIGHT ENGINEER controls the other mechanical equipment. The stewardesses check the PASSENGER LIST, make sure that passengers fasten their SAFETY BELTS for TAKE OFF. Later, the STEWARDESSES distribute magazines, serve meals, and do other things to make the TRIP enjoyable.

II

KINDS OF SHIPS: freighters, liner, warships

PARTS OF A SHIP: bow, cabins, galley, gang-way, hold, rudder, stern

THINGS FOUND ON A SHIP: bunks, compass, deck-chairs, life-jacket, rope, charts

PEOPLE FOUND ON A SHIP: captain, crew, mate, navigator, seamen, stewards

OTHERS: (to) board, cliffs, coast, cranes, cruise, docks, (to) embark, fleet, harbour, knots, latitude, lighthouses, loaded, moored, (to) navigate, overboard, seasickness, stormy, vessels, voyage, waves, wreck.

III

Barge: carrying cargo Cargo boat: carrying cargo Ferry: carrying cargo and passengers from one side of a lake, river, or short sea to

the other side Liner: carrying passengers Rowing boat: pleasure Submarine: warship Tanker: carrying petrol Yacht: pleasure

IV

ANCHOR = ancora

MAST = catargBOW = prora

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PROPELLER = elice

FUNNEL = cos de fum

RUDDER = carmaSTERN = pupa

V

1. c2. c3. b4. b5. b6. a7. a8. b9. a10. b11. d

VI

COCKPIT = carlinga

NOSE = prora

FIN = stabilizator

RUDDER = carma

FUSELAGE = fuselaj

UNDERCARRIAGE = tren de aterizare

HATCH = trapa

WING = aripa

74

VII

river canal lake sea underwater

A barge X XA cargo boat XA ferry X X XA liner XA rowing boat X XA submarine XAn oil tanker XA yacht X X

VIII

1. d2. a3. d4. c5. c6. b7. c8. a9. a10. a11. c12. d13. b14. a15. a16. b17. d18. b

IX

75

1. steering wheel2. windscreen3. can4. spare parts5. safety belt6. brake7. ignition switch8. jack9. gearbox10. tool kit11. fuel pump12. headlight13. the main/high beam14. the dipped beam15. the accelerator pedal16. brake-lights17. turn indicator18. clutch19. horn20. bumper21. left/right wing22. top/hood23. tow cable24. driving mirror / rear view mirror25. (wind)screen wiper26. spark-plug27. the front screen gun28. tyre29. fuel tank30. inflator31. antifreeze liquid32. brake fluid33. petrol (Br.), gas (Am.)34. to overtake

76

ENGLISH IN THE ARMY

I

1. LOSSES2. VICTORY, CAMPAIGN, DEFEAT3. CASUALTY4. SURRENDER5. CONQUEST6. CEASEFIRE / TRUCE

II

WEAPONS: bazookas, guided missiles, howitzers, machine guns, mortars, riflesSHIPS: aircraft carriers, cruisers, destroyers, mine-sweepers, submarines, tugs

AIRCRAFTS: bombers, fighters, helicopters,

III

1 j2 f3 a4 b5 l6 e7 c8 g9 k10 h11 i12 d

IV

A typical day for a SOLDIER depends on his ASSIGNMENT. During peacetime at a permanent ARMY POST, the bugler sounds REVEILLE at 5:30 or 6 a.m. to waken the TROOPS. After ROLL CALL, the men wash and shave, go to the MESS HALL for breakfast. Next they form ranks for DRILL. They practice various MARCHING routines and the use and care of WEAPONS. Other men take care of housekeeping details. The

77

COOKS begin their work long before reveille. The first sergeant and the company clerk handle the ADMINISTRATIVE DUTIES and ‘paperwork’ of the unit. The mess sergeant SUPERVISES the cooks. The SUPPLY SERGEANT cares for and issues clothing and equipment. Each Saturday, the UNIT COMMANDER inspects the entire company. Drill is usually completed by 11 a.m. After dinner at noon, the men return to their jobs or TRAINING. All day and night some officers and men are on GUARD DUTY. They are posted at warehouses, motor pools, storage depots and around the PERIMETER. Parades and REVIEWS sometimes take place in the afternoon until about 5 p.m. After supper, SOLDIERS not assigned special duties may do as they please. Most army posts have RECREATION buildings called service clubs. Each COMPANY- SIZED UNIT has a clubroom called a DAYROOM. Men who do not have permission to stay out must be in their BARRACKS by 11 p.m. and lights must be turned off.

V

1. IN2. FIRED3. LOSS4. COMMEMORATES5. EXPLODE6. AWARDED7. IMMINENT8. TRIGGER9. SWEAR10. REJECTED11. MORALE

78

ENGLISH IN THE CHURCH

I

1. d2. b3. d4. d5. b6. b7. b8. c9. c10. d

II

1. DIOCESE2. PARISH3. HEAVEN, ANGELS, SAINTS4. CARDINALS5. WORSHIP6. SERVICE, MASS7. PRAYERS, SERMON8. CONGREGATION, BLESSING9. CREATION10. PARADISE11. GOSPELS12. SINS13. DEVIL, HELL14. CONVERT

III

1. CHRISTIANITY – reincarnation2. ISLAM – curate3. JUDAISM – saints4. HINDUISM – church5. BUDDHISM – baptism

IV The Clergymen or the Church of England

79

Here are Church of England, or ANGLICAN Church, CLERGYMEN, arranged in order of importance: an archbishop, a BISHOP, a vicar, a curate. A VICAR is sometimes called a rector, and his house a vicarage, or a RECTORY. A dean is the clergyman in charge of a CATHEDRAL. A churchwarden is a LAYMAN (not a clergyman) who shares responsibility for church business matters. The organist plays the organ and the CHOIRMASTER trains the church choir.

V Temptation Sin Sorrow for sin Determination to atone Confession Penance Absolution Holy Communion

VI1. a, h2. a, h3. c4. a5. a, h6. g7. b8. f, g9. d10. h, i11. d12. h13. e14. c15. a, h

VII1. c2. e3. f4. a5. g6. d7. b

80

ENGLISH IN LAW

I

1. THIEF2. PICKPOCKET3. BLACKMAILER4. HIJACKER5. SHOPLIFTER6. MURDERER7. BURGLAR8. ROBBER9. KIDNAPPER10. SPY11. VANDAL12. BIGAMIST

II

suspected interrogated accused arrested charged tried convicted sent to prison paroled

III

1. c2. f3. h4. e5. i6. b7. a8. g9. j10. d

IV

81

Trial by Jury

A jury is a selected group of laymen that hears the WITNESSES in LEGAL DISPUTES and decides the facts. A courtroom trial in which a JURY decides the facts is called a TRIAL by jury. Before each COURT term, a jury commissioner or another public OFFICER prepares a panel, or large initial LIST of qualified jurors. For each trial, JURORS are selected by lot from this PANEL. Before the trial begins, the jurors SWEAR to decide the facts fairly. They hear the TESTIMONY given by witnesses for both sides, including CROSS-EXAMINATIONS. Then COUNSEL for each side sum up, or summarize the case, and the JUDGE explains the applicable law in his instructions to the jury. In CIVIL SUITS for financial damages, the jury must decide who is at FAULT and must determine the amount of MONEY to be paid. In criminal cases, the jury must decide whether or not the ACCUSED is guilty ‘beyond a reasonable doubt’, and then either return a verdict of guilty, or ACQUIT the defendant by a verdict of not guilty. If the verdict is GUILTY the judge imposes the SENTENCE, or punishment, within limits that have been fixed by the LEGISLATURE.

V

1. f2. g3. k4. d5. j6. b7. l8. e9. i10. c11. h12. a

VI

82

Crime Crime violates the laws of a community, STATE or nation. It is punishable in accordance with these LAWS. The definition of crime varies according to time and place, but the laws of most COUNTRIES consider as crimes such OFFENCES as arson, BIGAMY, burglary, FORGERY, murder and TREASON. Not all offences against the law are CRIMES. The laws that set down the punishments for crimes form the CRIMINAL LAW. This law defines as crimes those offences considered most harmful to the COMMUNITY. On the other hand, a PERSON may wrong someone else in some other way that offends the CIVIL law. The common law recognizes three CLASSES of crime: treason, FELONY and misdemeanour. Death or LIFE IMPRISONMENT is the usual PENALTY for treason. Laws in the United States, for example, define a felony as a crime that is punishable by a TERM of one year or more in a state or federal PRISON. A person who commits a MISDEMEANOUR may be punished by a FINE or a jail term of less than one year.

VII

1. d2. b3. c4. c5. b6. c7. d8. c9. a10. b11. d12. c13. b14. b15. a16. d17. b18. c19. b20. a21. d22. c23. c24. b25. b26. b27. c28. b29. b

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ENGLISH IN THE MEDIA

I

1. a2. b3. b4. d5. a6. c7. b8. c9. d10. c11. b12. a13. b14. c15. b

II

Articles for sale – CLASSIFIED ADS

Clothes - FASHION

The editor’s comments on the news - EDITORIAL

Films being shown locally - ENTERTAINMENT

Houses for sale – HOUSE HUNTER’S GUIDE

News from abroad – OVERSEAS NEWS

People who have died recently - OBITUARIES

Recently published books – ARTS, REVIEWS

Second-hand cars – CLASSIFIED ADS

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Duties performed by the Queen yesterday – COURT AND SOCIAL

III

1. a2. a3. c4. d5. d6. d7. a8. a9. a10. b11. c12. d13. b14. b15. c

ENGLISH IN BUSINESS

The Application Letter

Mistakes

the candidate is too boastful he mentions his family and financial problems as reasons for obtaining the job he uses colloquial English (‘to get it’, ‘take me on’) he criticises his former boss and workplace he criticises the company he makes demands in the application letter sentence number 9 sounds like an order he mentions a hobby not connected with the job he applies for

I

1. SALARY

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2. LOAN3. DEBT4. CASH5. WAGE6. ALIMONY7. DUTY8. BILL9. INTEREST10. FEE11. GRANT12. PENSION13. FINE14. TAXES15. FARE

II

1. e2. f3. m4. l5. i6. b7. h8. j9. g10. d11. a12. k13. c

III

1. FARES2. DUTY3. PENSION, INTEREST4. WELL OFF, SALARY5. INVESTMENT6. STANDARD, PERCENT7. MORTGAGE8. OBLIGATION9. SAVING, FINANCIAL10. EQUAL11. CHEQUE BOOK, CREDIT CARD12. NOTES, WALLET

IV

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People SAVE money in banks for future use. A man may be PAID each week for his work. He probably will not want to SPEND all his pay the day he receives it. It may be risky for him to carry all his unspent money in his POCKET, or to HIDE it at home. So he may decide to put some of his money in a bank for SAFEKEEPING. The money he puts in the bank is called a DEPOSIT. This money is CREDITED, or added, to his ACCOUNT. Am account is a RECORD of the money a depositor has in the bank. When the depositor wants to WITHDRAW, or take out, part of his deposit, the BANK must be ready to pay him.

Banks use the money of DEPOSITORS for loans to those who need FUNDS. The bank that makes the loan is called a lender, or CREDITOR. The bank charges the borrower, or DEBTOR, interest for the use of the LOAN. Charging INTEREST for the use of money is the chief source of BANK INCOME.

V

1. d2. a3. d4. a5. c6. a7. a8. b9. a10. d11. c12. a13. b14. c15. c16. d17. a18. b19. c20. a21. c22. a

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ENGLISH IN TECHNOLOGY

I

1. SCREW2. ROPE3. PIN4. NAIL5. THREAD6. CHAIN7. NUT8. BOLT9. DRAWING 10. STRING

II

1. AXE2. SCISSORS3. HAMMER4. JACK5. SCREWDRIVER6. SPANNER7. SAW8. PLIERS9. PICKAXE10. CORKSCREW

III

Furca Sapa Masina de tuns iarba Grebla Coasa Foarfeci mari Secera Harlet

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IV

1. BUNCH of flowers2. ROW of houses3. PILE of stones4. FLEET of ships5. BUNDLE of sticks6. STRING of beads7. PILE of blankets8. FLIGHT of stairs9. DECK of playing cards10. PLATE of sandwiches11. PINT of beer12. LUMP of sugar

V

Violin Trumpet Drums Guitar Cymbal (dulcimer) Bagpipes Flute Harp

VI

The parts of a camera

A camera is a box with an aperture, or small OPENING, at one end. The APERTURE lets light into the camera just as a window lets LIGHT into a room. A shutter over the opening works like a Venetian blind. When you take a PICTURE, you press the SHUTTER RELEASE BUTTON. The SHUTTER opens, lets light into the camera, and quickly closes. Light passes through a glass LENS when it enters the camera. The lens bends the LIGHT RAYS so that they form a sharp image on a section of the film. The IMAGE appears on the film only after the film has gone through a complicated chemical process called DEVELOPING. Before TAKING a picture, you look through the VIEWFINDER of the camera to make sure that all of your subject will appear in the picture. After taking the picture, you WIND the FILM on to get the camera set for the next picture. Most cameras are equipped

89

with a HOLDER for flashbulbs. The use of FLASHBULBS adds extra light to a scene, especially INDOORS.

VII

1. BRUSH2. PALETTE3. CANVAS4. EASEL

VIII

1. catarama2. nasture3. mos si baba4. ac cu gamalie5. capsa6. capsa mica7. fermoar8. degetar9. pernita de ace10. centimetru

IX

a coase = to sew a tricota = to knit a tese = to weave

X

1. b2. c3. d4. b5. c6. b7. c8. d9. d10. d

90

11. b12. d13. c14. b15. c16. b

91

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The British Council, English for Science & Technology, Cavallioti Publishing House, 1997

The British Council, English for Business and Administration, Cavallioti Publishing House, 1997

Misztal, M. Test your Vocabulary, Teora, 1998

Brown, P., Scrieciu, I., Stefanescu, C. Business English, Prietenii Cartii, Bucuresti, 2002

Riley, A. English for Law, Macmillan Publishers, 1995

Dobrovici, V. & Bostaca, I. English in Medicine, Polirom, 1999

Levitchi, L. & Bantas, A. Dictionar englez-roman, Teora, 1999

Levitchi, L. & Bantas, A. Dictionar roman-englez, Teora, 1999

Levitchi, L. Dictionar tehnic englez-roman, Teora, 2000

Webster’s Dictionary of the English Language, Lexicon Publications, Inc., 1993

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