LIBER V

Route taken by Cimbri, Teutones and allies, c.113-101 B.C.

[1] Dum bellum in Numidiā contrā Iugurtham geritur, Rōmānī cōnsulēs M. Mānlius et Q.

While war in Numidia against Jugurtha is-waged Roman consuls Marcus Manlius and Quintus

Caepiō ā Cimbrīs et Teutonīs et Tugurīnīs et Ambrōnibus, quae erant Germānōrum et

Caepio by Cimbri and Teutones ans Tugurini and Ambrones who were of-Germans and

Gallōrum gentēs, vīctī sunt iuxtā flūmen Rhodanum et ingentī internīciōne; etiam castra sua et

of-Gauls tribes defeated were by River Rhone and with-huge slaughter also camp their and

magnam partem exercitūs perdidērunt. Timor Rōmae grandis fuit, quantus vix Hannibalis

great part of-army they-lost fear at-Rome enormous was so-great-as scarcely Hannibal’s

tempore Pūnicīs bellīs, nē iterum Gallī Rōmam venīrent. Ergō Marius post victōriam

in-time in-Punic wars that again Gauls to-Rome might-come therefore Marius after victory

Iugurthīnam secundō cōnsul est factus bellumque eī contrā Cimbrōs et Teutonēs dēcrētum est.

against-Jugurtha second-time consul was made and-war to-him against Cimbri and Teutones assigned was

Tertiō quoque eī et quārtō dēlātus est cōnsulātus, quia bellum Cimbricum prōtrahēbātur. Sed

Third also on-him and fourth-time bestowed was consulship because war Cimbric was-being-dragged-out but

in quārtō cōnsulātū collēgam habuit Q. Lutātium Catulum. Cum Cimbrīs itaque cōnflīxit et

in fourth consulship colleague he-had Quntus Lutatius Catulus with Cimbri therefore he-fought and

duōbus proeliīs CC mīlia hostium cecīdit, LXXX mīlia cēpit et ducem eōrum Teutobodum,

in-two battles 200 thousands of killed 80 thousands captured and leader of-them Teutobodus

propter quod meritum absēns quīntō cōnsul est factus.

because-of which merit in-absentia fifth-time consul he-was made

[2] Intereā Cimbrī et Teutonēs, quōrum cōpia adhūc īnfīnīta erat, ad Ītaliam trānsiērunt. Iterum

Meanwhile Cimbri and Teutones whose numbers still boundless were to Italy crossed-over again

ā C. Mariō et Q. Catulō contrā eōs dīmicātum est, sed ā Catulī parte fēlīcius. Nam proeliō,

by Gaius Marius and Quintus Catulus against them fought it-was but on Catulus’s part more-successfully for in-battle

quod simul ambō gessērunt, CXL mīlia aut in pugnā aut in fugā caesa sunt, LX mīlia capta.

.which at-same-time both fought 140 thousands either in fight or in flight killed were 60 thousands captured

Rōmānī mīlitēs ex utrōque exercitū trecentī periērunt. Tria et trīgintā Cimbrīs signa sublāta

Roman soldiers from each army three-hundred perished three and thirty from-Cimbrians standards taken-away

sunt; ex hīs exercitus Mariī duo reportāvit, Catulī exercitus XXXĪ. Is bellī fīnis fuit; triumphus

were out-of these army of-Marius two brought-back of-Catalus army 31 this of-war end was triumph

utrīque dēcrētus est.

for-each decreed was

[3] Sex. Iūliō Caesare et L. Marciō Philippō cōnsulibus, sexcentēsimō quīnquāgēsimō nōnō

With-Sxtus Julius Caesar and Lucius Marcius Philippus consuls in-six-hundredth fiftieth ninth

annō ab urbe conditā, cum prope alia omnia bella cessārent, in Ītaliā gravissimum bellum

year from city founded when almost all other wars were-ceasing in Italy most-serious war

Pīcentēs, Marsī Pēlignīque mōvērunt, quī, cum annīs numerōsīs iam populō Rōmānō

Picentes Marsi and Peligni launched who when for-years many already people Roman

obēdīrent, tum lībertātem sibi aequam adserere coepērunt. Perniciōsum admodum hoc bellum

had-been-obeying then liberty for-selves equal to-claim began destructive quite this war

fuit. P. Rutilius cōnsul in eō occīsus est, Caepiō, nōbilis iuvenis, Porcius Catō, alius cōnsul.

was Publus Rutilius consul in it killed was Caepio noble youth Porcius Cato another consul

Ducēs autem adversus Rōmānōs Pīcentibus et Marsīs fuērunt T. Vettius, Hiērius Asinius, T.

Leaders on-other-hand against Romans for-Picentes snd Msrsi were Titus Vettius Hierius Asinius Titus

Hērennius, A. Cluentius. Ā Rōmānīs bene contrā eōs pugnātum est ā C. Mariō, quī sexiēs

Herennius Aulus Cluentius by Romans well against them fought was by Gaius Marius who six-times

cōnsul fuerat, et ā Cn. Pompēiō, maximē tamen ā L. Cornēliō Sullā, quī inter alia ēgregia

consul had-been and by Gnaeus Pompeius especially however by Lucius Cornelius Sulla who among other outstanding-deeds

ita Cluentium, hostium ducem, cum magnīs cōpiīs fūdit, ut ex suīs ūnum āmitteret.

So Cluentius of-enemy leader with huge forces routed that out-of own-men [only]one he-lost

Coin issued by the rebel confederacy, with the Italian bull goring the Roman wolf and `Italy’ written right-to-left in Oscan, the language of the Samnites and their neighbours

Quadrienniō cum gravī tamen calamitāte hoc bellum tractum est. Quīntō dēmum annō fīnem

For-four-years with great however disaster[s] this war dragged-out was in-fifth finally year end

accēpit per L. Cornēlium Sullam cōnsulem, cum anteā in eōdem bellō ipse multa strēnuē,

it-received through Lucius Cornelius Sulla consul when before in same war himself many-things energetically

sed praetor, ēgisset.

but as-praetor he-had-done

[4] Annō urbis conditae sexcentēsimō sexāgēsimō secundō prīmum Rōmae bellum cīvīle

In-year og-city founded six-hundredth sixtieth second first in-Rome war civil

commōtum est, eōdem annō etiam Mithridāticum. Causam bellō cīvīlī C. Marius sexiēns

brought-about was in-same year also Mithridatic [war] Cause for-war civil Gaius Marius six-times

cōnsul dedit. Nam cum Sulla cōnsul contrā Mithridātem gestūrus bellum, quī Asiam et

consul gave for when Sulla as-consul against Mithridates going-to-wage war who Asia and

Achāiam occupāverat, mitterētur, isque exercitum in Campāniā paulisper tenēret, ut bellī

Achaia had-seized was-being-sent and-he army in Campania a-short-while was-keeping so-that of-war

sociālis, dē quō dīximus, quod intrā Ītaliam gestum fuerat, reliquiae tollerentur, Marius

social about which we-spoke which within Italy waged had-been last-remnants should-be-removed Marius

adfectāvit, ut ipse ad bellum Mithridāticum mitterētur. Quā rē Sulla commōtus cum

contrived that he-himself to war Mithridatic should-be-sent by-which thing Sulla disturbed with exercitū ad urbem vēnit. Illīc contrā Marium et Sulpicium dīmicāvit. Prīmus urbem Rōmam

army to city came there against Marius and Sulpicius he-fought first city Rome

armātus ingressus est, Sulpicium interfēcit, Marium fugāvit, atque ita ōrdinātīs cōnsulibus

armed he-entered Sulpicius he-killed Marius he-put-to-flight and thus having-been-appointed as-consuls

in futūrum annum Cn. Octāviō et L. Cornēliō Cinnā ad Asiam profectus est.

for future year Gnaeus Octavius and Lucius Cornelius Cinna for Asia he set out

Expansion of Pontus – core kingdom in deep purple, conquests of Mithridates VI (reigned c.113-63 B.C.) before the 1st Mithridatic War (88-85 B.C.) in light purple and territory gained in the war in pink

Javierfv1212 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithridates_VI_of_Pontus#/media/File:PonticKingdom.png

[5] Mithridātēs enim, quī Pontī rēx erat atque Armeniam minōrem et tōtum Ponticum mare in

Mithridates for who of-Pontus king was and Armenia Minor and whole Pontic sea along

circuitū cum Bospōrō tenēbat, prīmum Nīcomēdēn, amīcum populī Rōmānī, Bīthȳniā

coast with Bosphorus was-holding first Nicomedes friend of-people Roman from-Bithynia

voluit expellere senātuīque mandāvit bellum sē eī propter iniūriās, quās passūs fuerat,

wanted to-expel and-to-senate he-sent-message war himself on-him because-of wrongs which suffered he-had

inlātūrum. Ā senātū respōnsum Mithridātī est, sī id faceret, quod bellum ā Rōmānīs et ipse

going-to-make By senate replied to-Mithridates it-was if this he-did that war from Romans also he paterētur. Quārē īrātus Cappadociam statim occupāvit et ex eā Ariobarzānen, rēgem et amīcum

would-suffer by-this angered Cappadocia at-once he-seized and from it Ariobarzanes kinbg and friend

populī Rōmānī,fugāvit. Mox etiam Bīthȳniam invāsit et Paphlagoniam pulsīs ex eā rēgibus, of-people Roman he-drove soon also Bithynia he-invaded and Paphlagonia having-been-driven from there kings

amīcīs populī Rōmānī, Pylaemene et Nīcomēde. Inde Ephesum contendit et per omnem Asiam

friends of people Roman Pylaemenes and Nicomedes from-there to-Ephesus he-marched and through all Asia

litterās mīsit,ut ubicumque inventī essent cīvēs Rōmānī, ūnō diē occīderentur.

letters he-sent [ordering] that wherever found had-been citizens Roman on-one day they should-be-killed.

Athens and the Piraeus with the `Long Walls’

https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Siege_of_Athens_and_Piraeus_(87%E2%80%9386_BC)

[6] Intereā etiam Athēnae, cīvitās Achāiae, ab Aristōne Athēniēnsī Mithridātī trādita est.

Meanwhile also Athens city of-Achaea by Aristo Athenian to-Mithridates handed-over

Mīserat enim iam ad Achāiam Mithridātēs Archelāum, ducem suum, cum centum et vīgintī

Had-sent for already to Achaia Mithridates Archelaus general his with hundred and twenty

mīlibus equitum ac peditum, per quem etiam reliquā Graeciā occupāta est. Sulla Archelāum

thousands of-cavalry and infantry by whom also rest-of Greece occupied was Sulla Archelaus

apud Pīraeum, nōn longē ab Athēnīs, obsēdit, ipsās Athēnās cēpit. Posteā commissō proeliō

at Piraeus not far from Athens besieged itself Athens captured afterwards having-been-joined batttle

contrā Archelāum ita eum vīcit, ut ex CXX mīlibus vix decem Archelāō superessent, ex Sullae

against Archelaus thus him defeated that out-of 120 thousands scarcely ten for-Archelaus were-left from Sulla’s

exercitū XIĪĪ tantum hominēs interficerentur. Hāc pugnā Mithridātēs cognitā septuāgintā

army 13 only men were-killed with-this fight Mithridates known seventy

mīlia lēctissima ex Asiā Archelāō mīsit, contrā quem iterum Sulla commīsit. Prīmō proeliō

thousand most-elite from Asia to-Archelaus sent against whom again Sulla engaged in-first battle

quīndecim mīlia hostium interfecta sunt et fīlius Archelāī Diogenēs; secundō omnēs

fifteen thousands of-enemies killed were and son of-Archelaus Dogenes in-second all

Mithridātīs cōpiae extīnctae sunt, Archelāus ipse trīduō nūdus in palūdibus latuit. Hāc rē

of-Mithridates’ forces destroyed were Archelaus himself for-three-days naked in marshes hid with-this thing

audīta Mithridātēs iussit cum Sulla dē pāce agī.

heard Mithtidates ordered with Sulla about pace there-to-be-negotiations

[7] Interim eō tempore Sulla etiam Dardanōs, Scordiscōs, Dalmatās et Maedōs partim vīcit,

Meanwhile at-that time Sulla also Dardani Scordosci Dalmatians and Maedi in-part conquered

aliōs in fidem accēpit. Sed cum lēgātī ā rēge Mithridāte, quī pācem petēbant, vēnissent, nōn

others into allegiance received but when legates from king Mithridates who peace were-seeking had-come not

aliter sē datūrum Sulla esse respondit, nisi rēx relictīs hīs, quae occupāverat, ad

otherwise self going-to-give Sulla to-be replied unless king having-been abandoned those {places} which he-had-seized to

rēgnum suum redīsset. Posteā tamen ad colloquium ambō vēnērunt. Pāx inter eōs ōrdināta est,

kingdom own had-returned afterwards however to discussion both came peace between them arranged was

ut Sulla ad bellum cīvīle festīnāns ā tergō perīculum nōn habēret. Nam dum Sulla in Achāiā

so-that Sulla to war civil hastening in rear danger not would-have for while Sulla in Achaea

atque Asiā Mithridātem vincit, Marius, quī fugātus erat, et Cornēlius Cinna, ūnus ex

and Asia Mithridates was-defeating Marius who routed had-been and Cornelius Cinna one of

cōnsulibus, bellum in Ītaliā reparāvērunt et ingressī urbem Rōmam nōbilissimōs ē senātū et

consuls war in Italy had-restarted and having-entered city Rome noblest from senate including

cōnsulārēs virōs interfēcērunt, multōs prōscrīpsērunt, ipsīus Sullae domō ēversā fīliōs et

of-consular-rank men included many proscribed of-himself Sulla with-house ruined sons and

uxōrem ad fugam conpulērunt. Ūniversus reliquus senātus ex urbe fugiēns ad Sullam in

wife into flight forced whole remaining senate from city fleeing to Sulla in

Graeciam venit, ōrāns, ut patriae subvenīret. Ille in Ītaliam trāiēcit, bellum cīvīle gestūrus

Greece came begging that fatherland he-assist he into Italy crossed war civil to-wage

adversus Norbānum et Scīpiōnem cōnsulēs. Et prīmō proeliō contrā Norbānum dīmicāvit nōn

against Norbanus and Scipio consuls and in-first battle against Norbanus he-fought not

longē ā Capuā. Tum sex mīlia eius cecīdit, sex mīlia cēpit, CXXIV suōs āmīsit. Inde etiam ad

far from Capua then six thousands of-his he-killed six thousands he-captured 124 own-men he-lost then also to

Scīpiōnem sē convertit et ante proelium tōtum eius exercitum sine sanguine in dēditiōnem

Sckipio self turned and before battle whole his army without bloodshed into surrender

accēpit.

he-received

The Colline Gate, situated at the most northerly point on the Servian Wall

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porta_Collina#/media/File:The_British_Library_-_Rome_-_Porta_Collina.jpg

[8] Sed, cum Rōmae mūtātī cōnsulēs essent, Marius, Mariī fīlius, ac Papīrius Carbō

But when at-Rome changed consuls had-been Marius of-Marius son and Papirius Carbo

cōnsulātum accēpissent, Sulla contrā Marium iūniōrem dīmicāvit et XV mīlibus eius occīsīs

consulship had-received Sulla against Marius junior fought and with15 thousands of-his killed

CCCC dē suīs perdidit. Mox etiam urbem ingressus est. Marium, Mariī fīlium, Praeneste

400 of his-own he-lost soon also city entered Marius of-Marius son to-Praeneste

persecūtus obsēdit et ad mortem conpulit. Rūrsus pugnam gravissimam habuit contrā

having-followed he-besieged and to death forced again battle most-serious he-had against

Lampōnium et Carinatem, ducēs partis Mariānae, ad portam Collīnam. LXX mīlia hostium

Lamponius and Carinas leaders of-faction Marian at gate Colline 70 thousands of-enemies

in eō proeliō contrā Sullam fuisse dīcuntur. XIĪ mīlia sē Sullae dēdidērunt, cēterī in aciē, in

in that battle against Sulla to-have-been are-said 12 thousands selves to-Sulla surrendered rest in battle-line in

castrīs, in fugā īnsatiābilī īrā victōrum cōnsūmptī sunt. Cn. quoque Carbō, cōnsul alter, ab

in-camps in flight by-insatiable anger of-victors eliminated were Gnaeus also Carbo consul other from

Arīminō ad Siciliam fūgit et ibi per Cn. Pompēium interfectus est, quem adulēscentem Sulla

Ariminum to Sicily fled and there by Gnaeus Pompeius killed was which young-man Sulla

atque annōs ūnum et vīgintī nātum cognitā eius industriā exercitibus praefēcerat, ut secundus

and years one and twenty old having-been-learn his industry of-armies put-in-charge so-that second

ā Sullā habērētur.

[only]after Sulla he-was considered

[9] Occīsō ergō Carbōne Siciliam Pompēius recēpit. Trānsgressus inde ad Āfricam, Domitium,

Having-been-killed therefore Carbo Sicily Pompey recovered having-crossed from-there to Africa Domitius

Mariānae partīs ducem, et Hiardam, rēgem Maurītāniae, quī Domitiō auxilium ferēbat,

of-Marian faction leader and Hiardes king of-Mauritania who to-Domitius help was-giving

occīdit. Post haec Sulla dē Mithridāte ingentī glōria triumphāvit. Cn. etiam Pompēius, quod

he0killed after this Sulla over Mithridates with-great glory triumphed Gnaeus also Pompey which

nūllī Rōmānōrum tribūtum erat, quārtum et vīcēsimum annum agēns dē Āfricā triumphāvit.

to-none of-Romans granted had-been fourth and twentieh year being-in over Africa triumphed

Hunc fīnem habuērunt duo bella fūnestissima, Ītalicum, quod et sociāle dictum est, et cīvīle,

This end had two wars most-deadly Italian which also social called was and civil

quae ambō tracta sunt per annōs decem. Cōnsūmpsērunt autem ultrā CL mīlia hominum, virōs

which both prolonged were over ten years they-devoured moreover over 150 thousands of-men men

cōnsulārēs XXIV, praetōriōs VIĪ, aedīliciōs LX, senātōrēs ferē CC.

consular-rank 24 ex-praetors 7 ex-aediles 60 senators around 200.

BOOK VI

Areas controlled by Sertorius (green) and the Roman government (beige) in 75 B.C.

https://arrecaballo.es/edad-antigua/guerras-civiles-romanas/quinto-sertorio-en-hispania/

[1] M. Aemiliō Lepidō Q. Catulō cōnsulibus, cum Sulla rem pūblicam conposuisset, bella

With-Marcus Aemilius Lepidus Qjuintus Catulus consuls when Sulla state had-arranged wars

nova exārsērunt, ūnum in Hispāniā, aliud in Pamphȳliā et Ciliciā, tertium in Macedoniā,

new flared-up one in Spain another in Pamphylia and Cilicia third in Macedonia

quārtum in Dalmatiā. Nam Sertōrius, quī partium Mariānārum fuerat, timēns fortūnam

fourth in Dalmatia for Sertorius who of-faction Marian had-been fearing fate

cēterōrum, quī interēmptī erant, ad bellum commōvit Hispāniās. Missī sunt contrā eum ducēs

of-others who killed had-been for war stirred-up Spains sent were against him as-generals

Q. Caecilius Metellus, fīlius eius, quī Iugurtham rēgem vīcit, et L. Domitius praetor. Ā Sertōriī

Quintus Caecilius Metellus son of-him who Jugurtha king defeated and Lucius Domitius praetor by Sertorius’s

duce Hirtulēiō Domitius occīsus est. Metellus variō successū contrā Sertōrium dīmicāvit.

commander Hirtuleius Domitius killed was Metellus varying with-success against Sertorius fought

Posteā, cum inpār pugnae sōlus Metellus putārētur, Cn. Pompēius ad Hispāniās missus est. Ita

Afterwards since unequal to-fight on-own Metellus was=thought Gnaeus Pompeius to Spains sent was th

duōbus ducibus adversīs Sertōrius fortūnā variā saepe pugnāvit. Octāvō dēmum annō per suōs

with-two commanders opposing Sertorius with-fortune varying often fought in-eighth finally year by own-men

occīsus est, et fīnis eī bellō datus per Cn. Pompēium adulēscentem et Q. Metellum Pium atque

killed he-was and end to-that war given by Gnaeus Pompey youth and Quintus Metellus Pius and

omnēs prope Hispāniae in diciōnem populī Rōmānī redāctae.

all almost Spains under control of-people Roman were-brought

Quintus Sertorius and the horse tail, painted by Gerard van der Kuijl, 1638

https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Quintus_Sertorius

[2] Ad Macedoniam missus est Ap. Claudius post cōnsulātum. Levia proelia habuit contrā

To Macedonia sent was Appius Claudius after consulship Minor battles he-conducted against

variās gentēs, quae Rhodopam prōvinciam incolēbant, atque ibi morbō mortuus est. Missus

various tribes who Rhodopa province inhabited and there from-disease he died sent

eī successor C. Scrībōnius Cūriō post cōnsulātum. Is Dardanōs vīcit et usque ad Danubium

to-him as-successor Gaius Scribonius Curio after consulship He Dardani defeated and up to Danube

penetrāvit triumphumque meruit et intrā triennium bellō fīnem dedit.

he-penetrated and-triumph earned and within three-years to-war end he-gave

Southern Asia Minor showing Lycia, Pamphyliam Isauria and Cilicia

By Caliniuc since Putzger & Westermann atlases (Atlas zur Weltgeschichte, Stier, H.E., dir., 1985) - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=58363914

[3] Ad Ciliciam et Pamphȳliam missus est P. Servīlius ex cōnsule, vir strēnuus. Is Ciliciam

To Cilicia and Pamphylia sent was Publius Servilius ex consul man energetic he Cilicia

subēgit, Lyciae urbēs clārissimās oppugnāvit et cēpit, in hīs Phasēlida, Olympum, Cōrycum

subdued of-Lycia cities most-famous he-attacked and captured among them Phaselis Olympus Corycus

Ciliciae. Isaurōs quoque adgressus in diciōnem redēgit atque intrā triennium bellō fīnem dedit.

of-Cilicia Isaurians also having-attacked under control he-brought and within three-years to-war end gave

Prīmus omnium Rōmānōrum in Taurō iter fēcit. Revertēns triumphum accēpit et nōmen

First of-all Romans in Taurus journey he-made returning triumph he-received and name

Isauricī meruit.

of-Isauricus earned

[4] Ad Illyricum missus est C. Coscōnius prō cōnsule. Multam partem Dalmatiae subēgit,

To Illyria sent was Gaius Cosconiux in-place-of consul great part of-Dalmatia he-conquered

Salōnās cēpit et conpositō bellō Rōmam post biennium rediit.

Salona he-captures and having-been-ended war to-Rome after two-years retuirned

[5] Īsdem temporibus cōnsul M. Aemilius Lepidus, Catulī collēga, bellum cīvīle voluit

At-same period consul Marcus Aemilius Lepidus of-Catulus colleague war civil wanted

commovēre, intrā ūnam tamen aestātem mōtūs eius oppressus est. Ita ūnō tempore multī

to-start within one however summer rising his put-down was thus at-one time many

simul triumphī fuērunt, Metellī ex Hispāniā, Pompēiī secundus ex Hispāniā, Cūriōnis ex

simultaneously triumphs there-were of-Metellus for Spain of-Pompey second-one for Spain of-Curio for

Macedoniā, Servīliī ex Isauriā.

Macedonia of-Servilius for Isauria,.

NW Asia Minor showing the locations of Chalcedon (Kalchedon) and Cyzichus (Kyzikos)

Detail from https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=58363914

[6] Annō urbis conditae sexcentēsimō septuāgēsimō sextō, L. Liciniō Lūcullō et M. Aurēliō

In-year of-city founded six-hundredth seventieth sixth with-Lucius Licinius Lucullus and Marcus Aurelius

Cottā cōnsulibus mortuus est Nīcomēdēs, rēx Bīthȳniae, et per testāmentum populum

Cotta consuls died Nicomedes king of-Bithynia and by will people

Rōmānum fēcit hērēdem. Mithridātēs pāce ruptā Bīthȳniam et Asiam rūrsus voluit invādere.

Roman he-made heir Mithridates with-peace broken Bithynia and Asia again wished to-invade Adversus eum ambō cōnsulēs missī variam habuēre fortūnam. Cotta apud Chalcēdonem victus

Against him both consuls sent various had fortune Cotta at Chalcedon conquered

ab eō aciē, etiam intrā oppidum coāctus est et obsessus. Sed cum sē inde Mithridātēs Cȳzicum

by him in-battle also within town forced was and besieged but when self from-there Mithridates to-Cyzicus

trānstulisset, ut Cȳzicō captā tōtam Asiam invāderet, Lūcullus eī, alter cōnsul, occurrit. Ac

had taken-across so-that with Cyzicus captured whle-of Asia he-might-invade Lucullus him the-other consul encountered and

dum Mithridātēs in obsidiōne Cȳzicī commorātur, ipse eum ā tergō obsēdit famēque

while Mithridates in siege of-Cyzichus stayed he him from rear besieged and-with-famine

cōnsūmpsit et multīs proeliīs vīcit, postrēmō Bȳzantium, quae nunc Cōnstantīnopolis est,

wore-out and in-many battles defeated finally to-Byzantium which now Constantiople is

fugāvit. Nāvālī quoque proeliō ducēs eius Lūcullus oppressit. Ita ūnā hieme et aestāte ā

made-to-flee in-navl also battle commanders of-him Lucullus overwhelmed thus in-one winter and summer by

Lūcullō ad centum ferē mīlia rēgis extīncta sunt.

Lucullus up-to one-hunred about thousands of-king killed were

[7] Annō urbis Rōmae sexcentēsimō septuāgēsimō octāvō Macedoniam prōvinciam M.

In-year of-city of-Rome six-hundedth seventieth eighth Macedonia province Marcus

Licinius Lūcullus accēpit, cōnsōbrīnus Lūcullī, quī contrā Mithridātem bellum gerēbat. Et in

Licinius Lucullud received cousin of-Lucullus who against Mithridates war was-waging and in

Ītaliā novum bellum subitō commōtum est. Septuāgintā enim et quattuor gladiātōrēs ducibus

Italy new war suddenly launched was seventy for and four gladiators with-leaders

Spartacō, Crixō et Oenomaō effrāctō Capuae lūdō fūgērunt. Et per Ītaliam vagantēs

-Spartacus Crixus and Oenomaus having-been-broken-open at-Capua [training]school fled and through Italy roaming

paene nōn levius bellum in eā, quam Hannibal mōverat, parāvērunt. Nam multīs ducibus et almost not lighter war in it than Hannibal had-conducted they-prepared for with-many commanders and

duōbus simul Rōmānōrum cōnsulibus victīs sexāgintā ferē mīlium armātōrum exercitum

two at-same-time of-Romans consuls defeated sixty around of-thousands of-armed-men army

congregāvērunt, vīctīque sunt in Āpūliā ā M. Liciniō Crassō prō cōnsule, et post multās

they-gathered and-defeated they-were in Apulia by Marcus Licinius Crassus pro consul and after many

calamitātēs Ītaliae tertiō annō bellō huic est fīnis inpositus.

disasters for-Italy in-third year to-war this was end put

Kirk Douglas as Spartacus in the 1960 film

[8] Sexcentēsimō octōgēsimō prīmō annō urbis conditae, P. Cornēliō Lentulō et Cn. Aufidiō

In-sixhundredth eightieth first year of-city founded with-Publius Cornelius Lentulus and Cnaeus Aufidius

Orestē cōnsulibus duo tantum gravia bella in imperiō Rōmānō erant, Mithridāticum et

Orestes consuls two only major wars in empire Roman were Mithridatic andMacedonicum. Haec duo Lūcullī agēbant, L. Lūcullus et M. Lūcullus. L. ergō Lūcullus

Macedonian These the-two Luculli were-condicting Lucius Lucullus and Marcus Lucullus Lucius therefore Lucullus

post pugnam Cyzicēnam, quā vīcerat Mithridātem, et nāvālem, quā ducēs eius

after fight at-Cyzicus in-which he-had-defeated Mithridates and naval[battle] in-which commanders his

oppresserat, persecūtus est eum et receptā Paphlagoniā atque Bīthȳniā etiam rēgnum eius

he-had-overwhelmes purseued him and having-been-recovered Paphlagonia and Bithynia also kingdom his

invāsit, Sinōpēn et Amīson, cīvitātēs Pontī nōbilissimās, cēpit. Secundō proeliō apud Caberam

invaded Sinope and Amisus cities of-Pontus most-noble took in-second battle at Cabera

cīvitātem, quō ingentēs cōpiās ex omnī rēgnō addūxerat Mithridātēs, cum XXX mīlia

state to-where huge forces from whole kingdom had-brought Mithridates when 30 thousand

lēctissima rēgis ā quīnque mīlibus Rōmānōrum vastāta essent, Mithridātēs fugātus est, castra

elite of-king by five thousands of-Romans smashed had-been Mithridates put-to-flight was camp

eius dīrepta. Armenia quoque minor, quam tenuerat, eīdem sublāta est. Susceptus tamen est

of-him ransacked Armenia also lesses which he-had-held from-him taken-away was given-protection however was

Mithridātēs post fugam ā Tigrāne, Armeniae rēge, quī tum ingentī glōriā imperābat, Persās

Mithridates after flight from Tigranes of-Armenia king who then with-huge glory ruled Persians

saepe vīcerat, Mesopotamiam occupāverat et Syriam et Phoenīcēs partem.

Often had-conquered Mesopotamia he-had-occupied and Syria and of-Phoenicia part

Armenian Empire under Tigranes the Great

From H. Hewsen, Armenia: A Historical Atlas;. The University of Chicago Press, 2001 Map 20, page 34., CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1557220

[9] Ergō Lūcullus repetēns hostem fugātum etiam rēgnum Tigrānis quī Armeniīs imperābat

Therefore Lucullus again-going-after enemy routed also kingdom of-Tigranes who Armenians ruled

ingressūs est. Tigrānocertam, cīvitātem Arzanenae, nōbilissimam rēgnī Armeniacī, cēpit,

entered Tigranocerta city of-Arzanenae noblest of-kingdom Armenian he-captured

ipsum rēgem cum septem mīlibus quīngentīs clībanāriīs et centum mīlibus sagittāriōrum et

himself king with seven thousands five-hundred armoured-cavalry and hundred thousands of-archers and

armātōrum venientem decem et octo mīlia mīlitum habēns ita vīcit, ut magnam partem

[regular] fighters coming ten and eight thousands of-soldies having so defeated that great part

Armeniōrum dēlēverit. Inde Nisibin profectus eam quoque cīvitātem cum rēgis frātre cēpit.

of-Armenians he-destroyed from-there to-Nisbis setting-out this also city with king’s brother he-captured

Sed hī, quōs in Pontō Lūcullus relīquerat cum exercitūs parte, ut regiōnēs vīctās et iam

But those whom in Pontus Lucullus had-left with of-army part so-that regions conquered and now

Rōmānōrum tuērentur, neglegenter sē et avārē agentēs occāsiōnem iterum Mithridātī in

belonging-to-Romans they-could-protect negligently selves and greedily conducting opportunity again to-Mithridates into

Pontum inrumpendī dedērunt, atque ita bellum renovātum est. Lūcullō parantī captā

Pontus of-breaking-into gave and thus war renewed was for-Lucullus preparing having-been-captured

Nisibī contrā Persās expedītiōnem successor est missus.

Nisibis against Persians expedition successor was sent

Reconstructed section of the walls of Apollonia Pontica (modern Sozopol in Bulgaruia)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sozopol#History

[10] Alter autem Lūcullus, quī Macedoniam administrābat, Bessīs prīmus Rōmānōrum intulit

The-other however Luculllus who Macedonia was-administering on-Bessi first of-Romans made

bellum atque eōs ingentī proeliō in Haemō monte superāvit. Oppidum Uscudamam, quod

war and them in-huge battle on Haemus mountain defeated town Uscudama which

Bessī habitābant, eōdem diē, quō adgressus est, vīcit, Cabylēn cēpit, usque ad Danubium

the-Bessi inhabited on-same day on-which he-attacked he-conquered Cabyle he-took up to Danube

penetrāvit. Inde multās suprā Pontum positās cīvitātēs adgressūs est. Illīc Apollōniam

he-penetrated from-there many on Black Sea situated towns he attacked there Apollonia

ēvertit, Callatim, Parthenopolim, Tomōs, Histrum, Burziaōnem cēpit bellōque cōnfectō

he-destroyed Callatis Parthenopolis Tomi Hister Burziaon he-captured and-with-war finished

Rōmam rediit. Ambō triumphāvērunt, tamen Lūcullus, quī contrā Mithridātem pugnāverat, to-Rome returned Both held-triumphs however Lucullus who agaimst Mithridates had-fought

maiōre glōriā,cum tantōrum rēgnōrum victor redīsset.

with-greater glory since of-such-great kingdoms conqueror he-had-returned

The Black Sea coast, showing some of the cities taken by Marcus Lucullus in 72 B.C.

Detail from Javierfv1212 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithridates_VI_of_Pontus#/media/File:PonticKingdom.png

[11] Cōnfectō bellō Macedonicō, manente Mithridāticō, quod recēdente Lūcullō rēx

Having-been-finished war Macedonian remaining Mithridatic-one which on-retreat of-Lucullus king

collēctīs auxiliīs reparāverat, bellum Crēticum ortum est. Ad id missus Q. Caecilius Metellus

having-been-collected allies had-restarted war Cretan broke out to it sent Quintus Caecilius Metellus

ingentibus proeliīs intrā triennium omnem prōvinciam cēpit appellātusque est Crēticus atque

in-huge battles within three-years whole province captured and-called was Creticus and

ex īnsulā triumphāvit. Quō tempore Libya quoque Rōmānō imperiō per testāmentum

for island held-triumph at-which time Libya also Roman empire by will

Appīonis, quī rēx eius fuerat, accessit, in quā inclutae urbēs erant Berenīcē, Ptolomais,

of-Appion who king of-it had-been joined in which famous cities were Berenice Ptolomais

Cȳrēnē.

Cyrene

[12] Dum haec geruntur, pīrātae omnia maria īnfestābant ita, ut Rōmānīs tōtō orbe victōribus

While these-things were-being-done pirates all seas were-infesting so that for-Romans in-whole world victors

sōla nāvigātiō tūta nōn esset. Quārē id bellum Cn. Pompēiō dēcrētum est. Quod intrā paucōs

on-own voyage safe not was therefore this war to-Gnaeus Pompeius assigned was this within a-few

mēnsēs ingentī et fēlīcitāte et celeritāte cōnfēcit. Mox eī dēlātum etiam bellum contrā rēgem

months with-huge both success and speed he-finished soon to-him was allotted also war against king

Mithridātem et Tigrānem. Quō susceptō Mithridātem in Armeniā minōre nocturnō proeliō

Mithridates and Tigranes with-which undertalen Mithridates in Armenia Lesser in-night battle

vīcit, castra dīripuit, quadrāgintā milia eius occīdit, vīgintī tantum dē exercitū suō perdidit et

he-defeated camp ransacked fourty thousands of-his killed twenty only from army own he-lost and

duōs centuriōnēs. Mithridātēs cum uxōre fugit et duōbus comitibus. Neque multō post, cum in

two centurions Mithridates with wife fled and two companions and-not much later since to

suōs saevīret, Pharnacīs, fīliī suī, apud mīlitēs sēditiōne ad mortem coāctus venēnum hausit.

own-people of-Pharnaces son own among soldiers by-revolt to-death forced poison he-took

Hunc fīnem habuit Mithridātēs. Periit autem apud Bosphōrum, vir ingentis industriae

This end had Mithridates he-dies moreover in Bosphorus man of-great energy

cōnsiliīque. Rēgnāvit annīs sexāgintā, vīxit septuāgintā duōbus, contrā Rōmānōs bellum habuit

and-ingenuity he-reigned for-years sixty lived seventy two against Romans war he-conducted

annīs quadrāgintā.

for-years forty

Pompey’s settlement of the East

http://xenohistorian.faithweb.com/neareast/ne06.html

[13] Tigrānī deinde Pompēius bellum intulit. Ille sē eī dēdidit et in castra Pompēiī sextō

On-tigranes then Pompey war made he self to-him surrendered and into camp of-Pompeiis at-sixth

decimō mīliāriō ab Artaxatā vēnit ac diadēma suum, cum prōcubuisset ad genua Pompēiī, in

tenth milestone from Artaxata came and crown his when he-prostrated-self at knees of-Pompey in

manibus ipsīus conlocāvit. Quod eī Pompēius reposuit honōrificēque eum habitum rēgnī

hands of-him placed this to-him Pompey restored and-respectfully him having-been-treated of-kingdom

tamen parte multāvit et grandī pecūniā. Adēmpta est eī Syria, Phoenīcē, Sophānēnē; sex

however part deprived and of-large-sum-of money taken-away was from-him Syria Phoenicia Sophanene six

mīlia praetereā talentōrum argentī indicta, quae populō Rōmānō daret, quia bellum sine causā

thousands besides of-talents of-gold stipulated which to-people Roman he-should-give because war without reason

Rōmānīs commōvisset.

against-Romans he-had-launched

`Magdala Stone’, believed to depict the `Holy of Holies’ in the temple at Jerusalem

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_of_Holies#/media/File:Magdala_Stone_(4).jpg

[14] Pompēius mox etiam Albānīs bellum intulit et eōrum rēgem Orōdēn ter vīcit, postrēmō

Pompey soon also on-Albani war made and their king Orodes three-times defeated finally

per epistulās ac mūnera rogātus veniam eī ac pācem dedit. Hibēriae quoque rēgem Artacēn

though letters and gifts asked pardon to-him and peace gave of-Hiberia also king Artaces

vīcit aciē et in dēditiōnem accēpit. Armeniam minōrem Dēiotarō, Galatiae rēgī, dōnāvit,

he-defeated in-battle and into surrender received Armenia Lesser to-Deotarus of-Galatia king gave

quia socius bellī Mithridāticī fuerat. Attalō et Pylaemenī Paphlagoniam reddidit. Aristarchum

because ally of-war Mithridatic he-had-bee to-Attalus and Pylaemenes Paphlagonia he-restored Aristarchus

Colchīs rēgem imposuit. Mox Itūraeōs et Arabās vīcit. Et cum vēnisset in Syriam,

on-Colchians king he-imposed soon Ituraei and Arabs he-defeated and when he-had-come into Syria

Seleucīam, vīcīnam Antiochīae cīvitātem, lībertāte dōnāvit, quod rēgem Tigrānēn nōn

Seleucia near to-Antiochia city with-freedom he-endowed because king Tigranes not

recēpisset. Antiochēnsibus obsidēs reddidit. Aliquantum agrōrum Daphnēnsibus dedit, quō

it--had-received To-Antiochians hostages he-returned a-little territory to the Daphnensians gave with-which

lūcus ibi spatiōsior fieret, dēlectātus locī amoenitāte et aquārum abundantiā. Inde ad

grove there more-spatious could-become delighted of-place by-atractiveness and of-waters by-abundance from-there to

Iūdaeam trānsgressus est, Hierosolyma, caput gentis, tertiō mēnse cēpit XIĪ mīlibus Iūdaeōrum

to-Iudaea he crossed over and Jerusalem capital of-the-nation in-third month captured with-XII thousands of-Jews

occīsīs cēterīs in fidem acceptīs. Hīs gestīs in Asiam sē recēpit et fīnem antīquissimō bellō

killed rest into allegiance accepted with-these-things done into Asia self took-back and end to-very-old war dedit

he-put

Cicero denouncing Cataline before the senate, 63 B.C.

Painting by Cesare Maccari (1889)

[15] M. Tulliō Cicerōne ōrātōre et C. Antōniō cōnsulibus, annō ab urbe conditā sexcentēsimō

With-Marcus Tullius Cicero the-orator and Gaius Antonius consuls in-year from city founded in-sixth-hundredth

octōgēsimō nōnō, L. Sergius Catilīna, nōbilissimī generis vir, sed ingeniī prāvissimī, ad

eightieth ninth Lucius Sergius Catalina of-noblest family man but of-character most-depraved for

dēlendam patriam coniūrāvit cum quibusdam clārīs quidem, sed audācibus virīs. Ā Cicerōne

being-destroyed fatherland conspired with certain prominent indeed but reckless men by Cicero

urbe expulsus est. Sociī eius dēprehēnsī in carcere strangulātī sunt. Ab Antōniō, alterō

from-city expelled he-was accomplices his having-been-seized in prison strangled were by Antonius the-other

cōnsule, Catilīna ipse victus proeliō est et interfectus.

consul Catalina himself defeated in-battle was and killed

[16] Sexcentēsimō nōnāgēsimō annō urbis conditae D. Iūniō Sīlānō et L. Mūrēnā

In-the sixth-hundredth ninetieth year of-the-city founded with-Decimus Junius Silanus and Lucius Murena

cōnsulibus Metellus dē Crētā triumphāvit, Pompēius dē bellō pīrāticō et Mithridāticō.

consuls Metellus for Crete held-a-triumph Pompeius for war against-pirates and against-Mithridates

nūlla umquam pompa triumphī similis fuit. Ductī sunt ante eius currum fīliī Mithridātis,

no ever procession of-triumph similar was led were before his chariot sons of-Mithridates

fīlius Tigrānis et Aristobulus, rēx Iūdaeōrum; praelāta est ingēns pecūnia et aurī atque argentī

son of-Tigranes and Aitobulus king of-Jews displayed was vast-amount-of money and of-gold and of-silver

īnfīnītum. Hōc tempore nūllum per orbem terrārum grave bellum erat.

boundless-quantity at-this time no throughout world major war there-was

[17] Annō urbis conditae sexcentēsimō nōnāgēsimō tertiō C. Iūlius Caesar, quī posteā

In-year of-city founded six-hundredth nine-hundredth third Gaius Julus Caesar who afterwards

imperāvit, cum L. Bibulō cōnsul est factus. Dēcrēta est eī Gallia et Illyricum cum legiōnibus

was-ruler with Lucius Bibluus consul was made allotted was to-him Gaul and Illyria with legions

decem. Is prīmus vīcit Helvētiōs, quī nunc Sēquanī appellantur, deinde vincendō per bella

ten he first defeated Helvetii who now Sequani ae-called then by-conquering through wars

gravissima usque ad Ōceanum Britannicum prōcessit. Domuit autem annīs novem ferē omnem

very-great up to Occean British advanced he-subdued moreover in-years almost all

Galliam, quae inter Alpēs, flūmen Rhodanum, Rhēnum et Ōceanum est et circuitū patet ad

Gaul which between Alps fiver Rhone Rhine and Ocean is and in-circumference extends to

bis et trīciēs centēna mīlia passuum. Britannīs mox bellum intulit, quibus ante eum nē

twice and thirty hundred miles on-Britons soon war he-made to-whom before him not

nōmen quidem Rōmānōrum cognitum erat, eōsque vīctōs obsidibus acceptīs stīpendiāriōs

name even of-Romans known was and-them defeated with-hostages received tribute-paying

fēcit. Galliae autem tribūtī nōmine annuum imperāvit stīpendium quadringentiēs,

made on-Gaul moreover of-tribute in-name annual he-imposed payment forty million sesterces

Gaul in 59 B.C.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=42753

Germānōsque trāns Rhēnum adgressūs inmānissimīs proeliīs vīcit. Inter tot successūs ter

and-Germans across Rhine having-attacked in-huge battles he-defeated among so-many successes three-times

male pugnāvit, apud Arvernōs semel praesēns et absēns in Germāniā bis. Nam lēgātī

with-bad-result he-fought amon Arverni once personally-present and when-absent in Germany twice for legates

eius duo, Titūrius et Aurunculēius, per īnsidiās caesī sunt.

of-his two Titurius and Arunculeius in ambush slain were

[18] Circā eadem tempora annō urbis conditae sexcentēsimō nōnāgēsimō septimō, M. Licinius

Around same time in-year of-city founded six-hundredth ninetieth seventh Marcus Licinius

Crassus, collēga Cn. Pompēiī Magnī in cōnsulātū secundō, contrā Parthōs missus est et cum

Crassud colleague of-Gnaeus Pompey the-Great in cosulship second against Parthans sent was and when

circā Carrās contrā ōmen et auspicia dīmicāsset, ā Sūrēnā, Orōdis rēgis duce, victus ad

near Carrhae against omen and portents hh-had-fought by Surena Orodes of-king general conquered at

postrēmum interfectus est cum fīliō, clārissimō et praestantissimō iuvene. Reliquiae exercitūs

end killed was with son most-distinguished outstanding young-man remainder of-army

per C. Cassium quaestōrem servātae sunt, quī singulārī animō perditās rēs tantā virtūte

by Gaius Cassius quaestor saved were who with-singular spirit lost situation with-such-great courage

restituit, ut Persās rediēns trāns Euphrātēn crēbrīs proeliīs vinceret.

Restored that Persians returning across Euphrates in-numerous battles he-defeated

[19] Hinc iam bellum cīvīle successit exsecrandum et lacrimābile, quō praeter calamitātēs,

From-this-point now war civil followed detestable and lamentable in-which apart-from calamities

quae in proeliīs accidērunt, etiam populī Rōmānī fortūna mūtāta est. Caesar enim rediēns ex

which in battles happened also of-people Roman fortune changed was Caesar for returning from

Galliā victor coepit poscere alterum cōnsulātum atque ita ut sine dubietāte aliquā eī

Gaul as-victor began to-demand another consulship and in-such-a-way that without doubt any to-him

dēferrētur. Contrādictum est ā Mārcellō cōnsule, ā Bibulō, ā Pompēiō, ā Catōne, iussūsque

it-would be granted opposed it-was by Marcellus consul by Bibulus by Pompey by Cato and-ordered

dīmissīs exercitibus ad urbem redīre. Propter quam iniūriam ab Arīminō, ubi mīlitēs

having-been-dismissed armies to city to-return because-of this wrong from Ariminum where soldiers

congregātōs habēbat, adversum patriam cum exercitū vēnit. Cōnsulēs cum Pompēiō

gathered-together he-had against fatherland with army came consuls with Pompey

senātusque omnis atque ūniversa nōbilitās ex urbe fūgit et in Graeciam trānsiit. Apud

and-senate all and whole-of nobility from city fled and to Greece crossed-over in

Ēpīrum, Macedoniam, Achāiam Pompēiō duce senātus contrā Caesarem bellum parāvit.

Epirus Macedonia Achais with-Pompey as-leader senate against Caesar war prepared

Caesar’s movements in the Civil Wars (49-45 B.C.), with Roman provinces in brown, client kingdoms in green

http://www.emersonkent.com/map_archive/roman_civil_war.htm

[20] Caesar vacuam urbem ingressūs dictātōrem sē fēcit. Inde Hispāniās petiit. Ibi Pompēiī

Caesar empty city having-entered dictator himself made from-there Spains he-made-for there Pompey’s

exercitūs validissimōs et fortissimōs cum tribus ducibus, L. Afrāniō, M. Petrēiō, M. Varrōne,

armies stongest and bravest with three commanders Lucius Afranius Marcus Petreus Marcus Varro

superāvit. Inde regressus in Graeciam trānsiit, adversum Pompēium dīmicāvit. Prīmō

he-defeated from-there having-returned into Greece he-crosseed-over against Pompey fought in-first

proeliō victus est et fugātus, ēvāsit tamen, quia nocte interveniente Pompēius sequī nōluit,

battle defated he-was and put-to-flight he-escaped however because with-night-intervening Pompey to-pursue did-not-want

dīxitque Caesar nec Pompēium scīre vincere et illō tantum diē sē potuisse superārī. Deinde

and-said Caesar nor Pompey know-how to-win and on-that only day self to-have-been-able to-be-defeated then

in Thessaliā apud Palaeopharsalum prōductīs utrimque ingentibus cōpiīs dīmicāvērunt.

in Thessaly at Palaeopharsalus haing-been-led-forth on-both-sides huge forces thy-fought

Pompēī aciēs habuit XL mīlia peditum, equitēs in sinistrō cornū sexcentōs, in dextrō

Pompey’s battle-line had 40 thousanda of-infantry cavalry on left wing six-hundred on right

quīngentōs, praetereā tōtīus Orientis auxilia, tōtam nōbilitātem, innumerōs senātōrēs,

five-hundred besides of-whole East auxiliaries whole nobility innumerable senators

praetōriōs, cōnsulārēs et quī magnōrum iam bellōrum victōrēs fuissent. Caesar in aciē suā

ex-praetors ex-consuls and thoe-who of-great already wars victors had-been Caesar in battle-line

habuit peditum nōn integra XXX mīlia, equitēs mīlle.

had of-infantry not a-whole 30 thousand cavalry on-thousand

[21] Numquam adhūc Rōmānae cōpiae in ūnum neque maiōrēs neque meliōribus ducibus

Never till-then Roman forces into one [place] neither greater nor with-better commandrs

convēnerant, tōtum terrārum orbem facile subāctūrae, sī contrā barbarōs dūcerentur. Pugnātum

had-come-together whole of-lands world easily going-to-subdue if against barbarians they-were-to-be-led fought

tamen est ingentī contentiōne victusque ad postrēmum Pompēius et castra eius dīrepta sunt.

however it-was with-huge struggle and-defeated in end Pompey and camp his ransacked was

Ipse fugātus Alexandrīam petiit, ut ā rēge Aegyptī, cui tūtor ā senātū datus

He-himself put-to-flight Alexandria mede-for so-that from king of-Egypt, to-whom as-guardian by senate given

fuerat propter iuvenīlem eius aetātem, acciperet auxilia. Quī fortūnam magis quam amīcitiam

had-been because-of young his age he-could-receive help he fortune more than fiendship

secūtus occīdit Pompēium, caput eius et ānulum Caesarī mīsit. Quō cōnspectō Caesar etiam

following killed Pompey head his and ring to-Caesar sent with-which caught-sight-of Caesar even

lacrimās fūdisse dīcitur, tantī virī intuēns caput et generī quondam suī.

tears to-have-shed is-said of-such-great man looking-at head also son-in-law once his-own

Caesar sailing into Alexandria

https://www.deviantart.com/radojavor/art/Alexandria-378233058

[22] Mox Caesar Alexandrīam vēnit. Ipsī quoque Ptolomaeus parāre voluit īnsidiās, quā causā

Soon Caesar to-Alexandria came for-him also Ptolem to-prepare wanted ambush for-which reason

bellum rēgī inlātum est. Victus in Nīlō periit inventumque est corpus eius cum lōrīcā aureā.

war on-king made was defeated in Nile he-perished and-found was body his with breastplate golden

Caesar Alexandrīā potītus rēgnum Cleopatrae dedit, Ptolomaēī sorōrī, cum quā cōnsuētūdinem

Caesar Alexandria having-taken kingdom to-Cleopatra gave Ptolemy’s sister with whom custom

stuprī habuerat. Rediēns inde Caesar Pharnacēn, Mithridātis Magnī fīlium, quī Pompēiō in

of-incest he-had-had returning from-there Caesar Pharnaces of-Mithridates the-Great son who to-Pompey for

auxilium apud Thessaliam fuerat, rebellantem in Pontō et multās populī Rōmānī prōvinciās

insistence in Thessaly had-been rebelling in Pontus and many of-people Roman provinces

occupantem vīcit aciē, posteā ad mortem coēgit.

occupying conquered in-battle afterwads into death forced

[23] Inde Rōmam regressus tertiō sē cōnsulem fēcit cum M. Aemiliō Lepidō, quī eī magister

from-there to-Rome returning third-time self consul he-made with Marcus Aemilius Lepidus who for-him master

equitum dictātōrī ante annum fuerat. Inde in Āfricam profectus est, ubi īnfīnīta nōbilitās

of-horse as-dictator before year had-been thence for Africa he set out where immense-number of-nobility

cum Iubā, Maurētāniae rēge, bellum reparāverat. Ducēs autem Rōmānī erant P. Cornēlius

with Juba of-Mauretania king war had-again-prepared commanders moreover Roman were Publius Cornelius

Scīpiō ex genere antīquissimō Scīpiōnis Āfricānī (hic etiam socer Pompēiī Magnī fuerat),

Scipio from family most-ancient of-Scipio Africanus he also son-in-law of-Pompey the-Great had-been

M. Petrēius, Q. Vārus, M. Porcius Catō, L. Cornēlius Faustus, Sullae dictātōris fīlius. Contrā

Marcus Petreius Quintus Varus Marcus Porcius Cato Lucius Cornelius Faustus of-Sulla dictator son against

hōs commissō proeliō, post multās dīmicātiōnēs victor fuit Caesar. Catō, Scīpiō, Petrēius, Iuba

those having-been-joined battle after many struggles victor was Caesar Cato Scipio Petreius Juba

ipsī sē occīdērunt. Faustus, Sullae quondam dictātōris fīlius, Pompēiī gener, ā Caesare

themselves selves killed Daustis, of-Sulla once dictator son of-Pompey son-in-law by Caesar

interfectus est.

killed was

17th century engraving of the Battle of Thapsus, with Caesar’s army on the right

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=613271

[24] Post annum Caesar Rōmam regressus quārtō sē cōnsulem fēcit et statim ad Hispāniās est

After year Caesar to-Rome returning fourth-time self consul made and at-once to Spains did

profectus, ubi Pompēiī fīliī, Cn. Pompēius et Sex. Pompēius, ingēns bellum praeparāverant.

Set-out where of-Pompey sons Cnaeus Pompeius and Sextus Pompeius huge war had-prepared

Multa proelia fuērunt, ultimum apud Mundam cīvitātem, in quō adeō Caesar paene victus est,

Many battle there-were finally at Munda city in which-place so Caesar nearly defeated was

ut fugientibus suīs sē voluerit occīdere, nē post tantam reī mīlitāris glōriam in potestātem

that while-fleeing his-men self he-wanted to-kill leat after suc-great of-affairs military glory into power

adulēscentium, nātus annōs sex et quīnquāgintā, venīret. Dēnique reparātīs suīs vīcit.

of-youngsters aged years six and fifty he-should-come finally having-been-rallied his-men he-conquered

Ex Pompēiī fīliīs maior occīsus est, minor fūgit.

Out-of Pompey’s sone elder killed was younger fled.

Column at Zela (Zile in northern Turkey) supposedly including VENI, VIDI, VICI

https://www.sondakika.com/haber/haber-zile-yi-veni-vidi-vici-tanitiyor/

[25] Inde Caesar bellīs cīvīlibus tōtō orbe conpositīs Rōmam rediit. Agere īnsolentius coepit et

Then Caesar with-wars civil in-whole world finished to-Rome returned to-act quite-insolently he-began and

contrā cōnsuētūdinem Rōmānae lībertātis. Cum ergō et honōrēs ex suā voluntāte praestāret,

against custom of-Roman liberty when therefore both honours by own will he-was-bestowing

quī ā populō anteā dēferēbantur, nec senātuī ad sē venientī adsurgeret aliaque rēgia

which by the-people before were-conferred and-not for-senate to him coming he-got-up and-other-things monarchical

et paene tyrannica faceret, coniūrātum est in eum ā sexāgintā vel amplius senātōribus

and almost tyrannical he-did conspiracy-formed was against him by sixty or more senators

equitibusque Rōmānīs. Praecipuī fuērunt inter coniūrātōs duo Brūtī ex eō genere Brūtī, quī

and-knights Roman chief were among conspitators the-two Brutuses from the family of-Brutus who

prīmus Rōmae cōnsul fuerat et rēgēs expulerat, et C. Cassius et Servīlius Casca. Ergō Caesar,

first of-Rome consul had-been and kings had-expelled and Gaius Cassius and Servilius Casca therefore Caesar

cum senātus diē inter cēterōs vēnisset ad cūriam, tribus et vīgintī vulneribus cōnfossus

when of-senate[meeting] among the-rest had-come to senate-house with-three and twenty wounds stabbed

est.

was

� The consuls were defeated in 105 at Arausio (modern Orange) in the worst Roman military disaster since Cannae, with up to 80,000 regular troops lost. Eutropius omits the smaller-scale defeat near Burdigala (Bordeaux in western France) in 107, when two Roman generals had been killed and a third sent `under the yoke’ (see details at � HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Burdigala" �https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Burdigala� ). The Celtic Tugurini who fought alongside the Germanic tribes at both battles were part of the larger Helvetii tribe, whose homeland was in present-day Switzerland. Fifty years later, Julius Caesar cited their role at Burdigala as a reason for refusing the Helvetii permission to migrate through Gallia Narbonensis (De Bello Gallico, I.3). The Ambrones were Germans who had probably accompanied the Cimbri and Teutones from Jutland.

� Marius was elected consul for each year from 104 to 100, whilst Catulus was consul in 102. Having already during the Jugurthine war opened military recruitment to the urban proletariat, Marius was given time to raise and train fresh troops as, after Arausio, the Cimbri entered Spain and the Teutones remained in Gaul, each apparently seeking land to settle, a demand which they had previously made unsuccessfully to the Romans. Failing to overcome resistance from the Celtiberians in Spain and the Gauls, the invaders in 102 headed again for Italy, the Teutones and Ambrones moving through southern Gaul, the Cimbri circling north to come down through the Brenner Pass in the Eastern Alps and the Tigurini entering Italy even further to the east in Venetian territory. Marius intercepted the Teutones at Aquae Sextiae (Aix-en-Provence),defeating them in two engagements at the same site (see � HYPERLINK "http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Marius*.html" �http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Marius*.html� ).

� Catulus, who remained in Italy, retreated south of the Po in the face of the Cimbrian advance and was joined by Marius in 101 for the decisive battle at Vercellae (modern Vercelli, between Turin and Milan. Marius was in overall command but, according to Plutarch, most of the standards captured anywhere on the battlefield were stored to Catulus’s camp and he used this fact to exaggerate his role in the fighting. For a detailed account of this last battle and Marius’s earlier career see � HYPERLINK "https://erenow.net/ancient/crisis-of-rome-the-jugurthine-and-northern-wars-and-the-rise-of-marius/13.php" �https://erenow.net/ancient/crisis-of-rome-the-jugurthine-and-northern-wars-and-the-rise-of-marius/13.php� The Tigurini in the north-east were defeated by Sulla.

� The `Social War’ broke out in 91), after the assassination of a tribune, M.Livius Drusus, who, like Gaius Grachhus thirty years earlier, had unsuccessfully sought to give the Italian allies Roman citizenship. Etruria, nearly all of Latium and the Greek coastal cities in the south stood aside but the revolt, aimed now at complete independence, was supported by twelve groups in central Italy (see the map in Book 2, p.24 for locations) among whom the Campanians were conspicuous and the Samnites the most important. Among the inhabitants of Picenum on the Adriatic coast probably only the people of Asculum (modern Ascoli) were involved. The Paeligni, possibly descendants of the Sabines, were neighbours of the Marrucini and Frentani (see maps in EUTROPII BREV..1-2, p.24 and at � HYPERLINK "https://linguae.weebly.com/eutropius.html" �https://linguae.weebly.com/eutropius.html� and Salmon, � HYPERLINK "https://www.amazon.com/Samnium-Samnites-Salmon/dp/0521135729" ��Samnium and the Samnites�, chapters 9-10)

� Publius Rutilius Lupus was killed fighting the Marsi in June 90 but Marius, who had been acting as his legate but whose advice Rutilius had not heeded, was able afterwards to capture the enemy camp. See � HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Rutilius_Lupus_(consul)" �https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Rutilius_Lupus_(consul)� Lucius Porcius Cato, consul in 89, also died in battle with the Marsi, though some claim he was killed by Marius’s son, who was enraged at his comparing himself to his father (see � HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Porcius_Cato" �https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Porcius_Cato�)

� Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo, the father of Pompeius `Magnus’ (`Pompey the Great’), was consul in 89 B.C. His son fought under his command but only in a junior capacity. For details see � HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompey" \l "Early_life_and_political_debut" �https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompey#Early_life_and_political_debut�

� Sulla was consul in 88 (the third rather than the fifth year of fighting), when the major victories were won, but some resistance continued till 86. The Romans had quickly conceded citizenship early on to those who remained loyal and even former rebels eventually received it. Lucius Cluentius had led an army to relieve Pompeii, which Sulla was besieging, but was repulsed and pursued towards Nola. Twenty thousand rebels supposedly died in fighting near the town and one account was that Sulla personally killed Cluentius. See � HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulla" �https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulla�

� The use of the future participle to express purpose, not found in classical authors like Cicero, was presumably an imitation of a common Greek idiom.

� The Roman province of Achaea comprised most of Greece south of the Thessalian plain, including Athens, Thebes, Delphi and the Peloponnese

� In 88, Marius got the tribune Publius Sulpicius Rufus to persuade the people’s assembly to countermand the earlier decision to entrust the war to Sulla and violence broke out in which Sulla’s son-in-law was killed. Since the time of the Gracchi, intimidation and sometimes assassination had increasingly become part of the political process. See the detailed account at � HYPERLINK "https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/rome-and-the-making-of-a-world-state-150-bce20-ce/spiral-of-violence-10480-bce/38567A53DDAAAF43D30F5AE8E7943E2F/core-reader" �https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/rome-and-the-making-of-a-world-state-150-bce20-ce/spiral-of-violence-10480-bce/38567A53DDAAAF43D30F5AE8E7943E2F/core-reader�

� Sulla was the first general to lead troops into Rome to enforce his will. Soldiers regularly marched through Rome behind their commander in the triumphal procession but unarmed and in civilian dress.

� `Bosp[h]horus refers here to the Crimean kingdom, not the strait on which Istanbul now stands

� This should logically be plural eīs as he is referring to both kingdoms.

� Mithridates had occupied Bithynia and Cappadocia in 91 or 90, then withdrawn at the insistence of a Roman mission led by Manius Aquilius, who had served under Marius and been his fellow consul in 101. Aquilius subsequently encouraged Nicomedes to raid Pontic territory but Mithridates’ re-occupation of Cappadocia in 89, when Rome was occupied by the Social War, probably resulted more from long-term intentions than this recent provocation. In 88 Mithridates took control of the rest of Asia Minor, including the Roman province of Asia, representing himself as the region’s champion against the rapacity of Roman tax collectors. The `Asiatic Vespers’, the massacre in May 88 of up to 80,000 Roman citizens, was suggested to the king by a Greek philosopher at his court, Metrodorus, nicknamed Misoromaios (`Hater of Romans’), who argued it would bind the province to Pontus irrevocably. Aquilius himself was captured and executed by pouring molten gold down his throat. See � HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manius_Aquillius_(consul_101_BC)" �https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manius_Aquillius_(consul_101_BC)�

� Eutropius varies the normal word order here by placing the subject inside the ablative absolute phrase hāc pugnā cognitā

� Mithridates’ agent Aristion was able to gain control of Athens partly because of the unpopularity of the pro-Roman government. Resentment against Rome as well as the arrival of Mithridatic forces under Archelaus led many other cities to rebel but most submitted after Sulla’s army arrived in spring 87. Because the Long Walls which joined Athens to its port of Piraeus were no longer intact, Sulla conducted separate sieges of the two, capturing them in spring 86. (see the detailed account at � HYPERLINK "https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Siege_of_Athens_and_Piraeus_(87%E2%80%9386_BC)" �https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Siege_of_Athens_and_Piraeus_(87%E2%80%9386_BC)�. After two battles in Boeotia (the region around Thebes), in which Archelaus’s original army was defeated at Chaeronea and then the relief force at Orchomenus, Mithridates sought to negotiate..

� The Dardanians were an Illyrian and/or Thracian tribe occupying parts of what is now Albania, Kosovo, Serbia and North Macedonia; on the Scordisci see note 103 in Book 4; the Dalmatae were Illyrians and the Maedi a Thracian tribe located roughly in the south-west of modern Bulgaria.

� Sulla and Mithridates agreed peace terms, under which Mithridates was to relinquish his conquests, at Dardanus near Troy in summer 85.

� Marius had fled to Africa after Sulla’s capture of Rome but returned to take control of the city together with one of the consuls for 87, Lucius Cornelius Cinna. Marius used a band of Illyrian auxiliaries to hunt down many of his opponents until Cinna set his own troops upon them. Cinna and Marius declared themselves consuls for 86, but Marius’ death a few days after taking office left Cinna, who continued as consul in 85 and 84, in sole charge of Rome’s government. Although many anti-Marians did flee to join Sulla in Greece, Eutropius’s phrase ūniversus reliquus senātus is an exaggeration as many other senators cooperated with the new regime, which successfully completed the enfranchisement of the Italian allies. Cinna declared Sulla an outlaw and sent out a force ostensibly to assist in the campaign against Mithridates but with secret instructions to its commander to fight Sulla. This army eventually went over to Sulla’s side and, after failed negotiations, Cinna himself was killed in a mutiny at Ancona on the Adriatic coast when about to sail east. Sulla returned to Italy at the start of 83, defeating Gaius Norbanus’s army near Capua, after which he won over the army of the other consul, Lucius Cornelius Scipio, by offering higher pay.

� For the battles of 82 B.C. Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, who had been Cinna’s fellow-consul in 85and 84 and de facto head of the government since Cinna’s death, mobilised the Samnites from southern Italy, who saw the Marians as more sympathetic to the Italian allies, while Gaius Marius Jnr. recruited some of his father’s former soldiers. Sulla forced Marius to take refuge in Praeneste (modern Palestrina in Latium) and was then able to re-take Rome before out-manoeuvring Carbo in Etruria, who then fled to Sicily. The fall of Praeneste and Marius’s suicide came only after Sulla’s victory at the Colline Gate. For details of the battle, in which most Samnites fought to the end and Sulla ordered the killing of those who surrendered, see � HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Colline_Gate_(82_BC)" �https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Colline_Gate_(82_BC)�

� ā Sulla habērētur could in theory also means `was considered by Sulla’ but the context is against this. Pompey, together with L. Licinius Crassus, had also played an important role in Sulla’s victory in northern Italy. Carbo’s defeat and death took place in 81.

� Cn Domitius Ahenobarbus had married Cinna’s elder daughter and Julius Caesar his younger one.

� Sulla celebrated his triumph in January 81 and Pompey probably held his in 80.

� Lepidus and Catulus were consuls in 78, in which year Sulla died, having resigned his dictatorship in 79. His constitutional settlement was meant primarily to strengthen the power of the senate, who were given a right of veto over the decisions of the comitia tributa (tribal assembly)/concilium plēbis . Together with constraints’ on the tribunes’ right of veto, this restricted the ability of radical tribunes to challenge the power of the senatorial aristocracy. Sulla also limited the role of the class below the senators, the Equites, who included many financiers and who had been favoured by Marius and other populist leaders. More significant, however, was the precedent set by his proscription of his enemies, who could then be hunted down and killed with impunity and their property confiscated whilst their sons and grandsons were barred from public office. Despite misgivings, he was persuaded not to act against Julius Caesar, who was both nephew of Marius’s widow and Cinna’s son-in-law, There were, however, brutal reprisals against Italian communities, in particular the Samnites, which had supported the Marians. For further details see � HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulla" �https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulla�

� Quintus Sertorius was probably sent to Spain as praetor in 83. Forced by a Sullan army to flee to North Africa, he was invited to return by the Lusitanians and maintained himself in power with the support of many of the Spanish tribesmen, also co-operating with Mithridates, who remained Rome’s main foe in the Eastern Mediterranean. Sertorius’ assassination in 72 by his lieutenant Perperna enabled Pompey and Metellus to put a quick end to the war. A charismatic leader, he claimed that a white fawn he had received as a gift from a native chieftain brought messages to him from the goddess Diana. He is also said to have explained the theory of guerrilla warfare with the analogy of pulling off a horse’s tail by taking out one hair at a time. See also � HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Sertorius" �https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Sertorius�

� Rhodopa corresponds roughly to the Rhodope mountains which are mostly in Bulgaria but extend into Greece

� Appius Claudius Pulcher was consul in 79 and Gaius Scribonius Curio in 76. For the Dardani, see note 16 above.

� Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus, consul in 79, campaigned in 78-74 against pirates based on the south coast of Anatolia. For the Taurus mountain range, which separate the Cilician plain and northern Syria from the Anatolian uplands, see map in Book IV, chapter 24. In 177, Lycia was organised as a democratic federation which attracted the attention of the framers of the USA’s constitution and the bouleterion (parliament building) where representatives met has been excavated (see the � HYPERLINK "https://archive.vn/20120905123826/http:/www.nytimes.com/2005/09/19/international/europe/19patara.html" ��New York Times� 2005 article).

� Originally an Illyrian settlement, Salona later also became a Greek trading-post and was made capital of the Roman province of Dalmatia by Julius Caesar. The emperor Diocletian (reigned 284-305) may have been born there. The extensive remains of the ancient city form Croatia’s biggest archaeological park, See � HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salona" �https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salona�

� Marcus Aemilius Lepidus had fought for Sulla in the civil war but, as consul of 78, he sought to undo the Sullan settlement and to rehabilitate the dictator’s victims, which was opposed by the other consul, Quintus Lutatius Catulus. He was allocated Transalpine Gaul as his province in 77 but, after his premature recall, marched on Rome with his army. He was defeated by Catulus and Pompey and fled to Sardinia where he died.

� Lucullus and Cotta were consuls in 74 but Eutropius’s A.U.C. date would be 78 if calculating frm 754 B.C.or 76 if from 751. After the peace agreement in 85, Lucius Licinius Murena, whom Sulla had left in charge of the Roman forces in Asia Minor, re-commenced operations against Mithridates in 83 because the latter he had not yet fully implemented the withdrawal from occupied territore and also becaue he wrongly believed forces being raised for action against rebels on the north side of the Black Sea were intended for use against Rome. The Romans were defeated in one battle and in 81ceased hostilities on Sulla’s instructions. See also � HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Mithridatic_War" �https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Mithridatic_War�

� After Cotta’s defeats in 74 and 73, Lucullus’s victories in 73 forced Mithridates to retreat to Pontus.

� Marcus Licinius Lucullus, consul in 73 and sent to Macedonia in 72, was actually Lucius’s brother but had been adopted by Marcus Terentius Varro (no relation to the scholar of the Latin language and Roman history). See � HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro_Lucullus" �https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro_Lucullus� for the Lucullis’

family connections both to Sulla and to the dictator’s ally Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius, Pontifex Maximus and consul in 80.

� Spartacus was a Thracian, who after his breakout in 73 was joined by up to 90,000 other runaway slaves and gladiators, mostlyThracians, Celts and Germans, He was eventually defeated in southern Italy by Marcus Licinius Crassus, later partner of Caesar and Pompey in the `First Triumvirate’, who was then a propraetor rather than proconsul. Rebels not killed in battled were crucified along the Apppian Way, the road connecting Rome and Brundisium

� Lentulus, the adoptive father of Mark Anthony, and Aufidius were consuls in 71.

� Lucullus defeated Mithridates near the city of Cabira (later successively called Diopolis, Sebaste, and Neokaisareia and now Niksar) in Pontus in 72 or 71. The Roman forces’ enthusiasm for looting may have allowed the king himself to avoid capture.

� Before taking refuge with Tigranes, his son-in-law, Mithridates ordered that his sisters, wives and concubines be killed rather than fall into Roman hands. Tigranes had not occupied the whole of Mesopotamia but controlled a large part of it.

� The clibanarii were cavalry with elaborate, closely-fitting armour. Units of this type were long maintained both by the Persians and the Byzantines. See � HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clibanarii" �https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clibanarii�

� After taking Tigranocerta, Tigranes’ capital, in 69, Luculluis moved towards the old Armenian capital at Artaxata. According to Roman accounts, he defeated Tigranes and Mithridates in a major battle on 6 October 68 but withdrew to capture Nisibis in Mespoptamia and make it his winter quarters because his troops refused to stay longer in the cold Armenian highlands. Armenian historians, however maintain he was defeated at Artaxata (see � HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigranes_the_Great" �https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigranes_the_Great� and thus forced to retreat,

� Lucullus returned to Pontus after his lieutenants’ defeats in 67 but his troops refused to continue the campaign and in 66 he was replaced by Pompey. The disaffection among his men may actually have been encouraged by one of his officers, Publius Clodius Pulcher, who, although Lucullus’s own brother-in-law, may have been acting as Pompey’s agent. On his return to Rome, Lucullus was compelled to wait three years before holding a triumph, due to opposition from Pompey’s allies. Until his death in 57, he then dedicated himself to the luxurious living with which his name has become synonymous, until his death in 57. Further details at � HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucullus" �https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucullus�.

� The Bessi were a Thracian tribe whose territory included the Haemus mountain range separating Thrace from the Danube valley. Uscudama (aka Orestias or Hadrianopolis) is now Karaağaç, just inside Trukey’s border with Greece, while � HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabile" ��Cabyle �in SE Bulgari, later an important Roman city, is today a major archaeological site. Some think the Bessi later moved west to become the earlyAlbanians though most scholars see the latter as descendants of the Illyrians. See � HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessi" �https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessi�

� Hister (or Histria), Apollonia Pontica (modern Sozopol), whose statue of Apollo Lucullus removed to Rome, Tomi and Callatis were cities on the west coast of the Black Sea formerly controlled by Mithridates. Parthenopolis may be the modern Bulgarian city of Sadanski, much further inland, and the location of Burziaonis is unknown.

� Metellus, consul in 69, was assigned Crete in 68 to suppress the Cretans involvement in piracy and also their provision of mercenaries to Mithridates. Metellus’s triumph was delayed unti 62 because of obstruction by Pompey, who had been given command of the Mediterranean in 67 and whose orders Metellus ignored. The Cretans had wanted to surrender to Pompey rather than to Metellus, who they saw as more ruthless.See � HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Caecilius_Metellus_Creticus" �https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Caecilius_Metellus_Creticus�

� Cyrene in North Africa was probably willed to Rome in 96 but only organised as a province in 74.

� The pirates’ principal base was on the coast of Cilicia in SE Asian Minor. Pompey divided the Mediterranean into sections, each of which was swept clear by one of his commanders,

� See � HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lycus" �https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lycus� for this battle in the Lycus valley, near the later site of Nicopolis

� After Tigranes, who was dealing with a Parthian invasion Pompey had engineered, refused to give him refuge, Mithridates fled to the Crimean Bosphorus. He killed his son Machares, who had been governing the territory and was now co-operating with the Romans, and tried to organise new resistance but in 63 another son, Pharnaces, whom Pompey had been cultivating, revolted and put his father under siege. Mithridates finally requested his bodyguard to run him throughwith a sword since, after years of building his resistance to poisons by ingesting small doses, he could not commit suicide that way. Eutropius’s final words exemplify the grudging respect the Romans held for their old enemy.

� Mithridates was born in 135 and came to the throne around 120 so Eutropius’s first two figures are correct, but, even if calculating from 95, when Rome first provided backing for Bithynia, rather than from the commencement of the Mithridatic Wars proper in 88, his struggle with Rome lasted closer to 30 than 40 years. His staying power was a result of determination and political skill but also of impression management: he was of mixed Greek and Persian ancestry and could emphasise either side as necessary. He was also said to have learned all 21 languages spoken by his subjects and so in the 19th century the word Mithridates’ was sometimes used in the title for books on linguistics.

� Tigranes remained on the throne as a Roman ally until his death in 55.

� Caucasian Albania and Iberia were kingdoms which had lost territory to Armenia and been reduced to vassal kingdoms. The Albanians’ core region was in present-day Azerbaijan, whilst Iberia formed the nucleus of present-day Georgia. Caucasian Albanians later mostly switched to speaking Azebaijani or Persian but the endangered Udi language with a few thousand speakers in Azerbaijan and southern Russia is a continuation of their original Caucasian speech. For more details see � HYPERLINK "https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317232007_Caucasian_Albanian_and_the_Question_of_Language_and_Ethnicity" �https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317232007_Caucasian_Albanian_and_the_Question_of_Language_and_Ethnicity� and � HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia" �https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia�

� The Ituraei were an ethnic group in Coele-Syria, which included parts of Lebanon and eastern Syria.

� Daphne was a park just outside Antioch with a magnificent temple of Apollo. Established by Seleucus I of Syria, its circumference was probably enlarged by Pompey to about ten miles and a palace later erected within it. The park has been described as Versailles to Antioch’s Paris and was a favourite resort of Roman emperors (see the 1854 � HYPERLINK "http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0064%3Aentry%3Ddaphne-geo" ��Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography�). The temple burned down in October 362 when the emperor Jovian and Eutropius himself were at Antioch,

� Pompey intervened in a dispute between the brothers Aristobulus, who held Jerusalem, and Hyrcanus, descendants of the Maccabees who had established a semi-independent Jewish state within greater Syria. Aristobulus’s partisans held out for three months in the Temple. After his victory Pomey entered the inner shrine, the Holy of Holies, which the Jews believed only their high priests should go inside. He established Hyrcanus as client king in a rump kingdom in the south of the country and annexed the remaininder.

� The Catalinarian conspiracy of 63 is documented in detail by Cicero’s own speeches to the senate and people as well as by Sallust’s monograph, Catalinae Coniuratio. Robert Harris’s � HYPERLINK "https://www.amazon.com/Lustrum-Robert-Harris/dp/0099406322" ��Lustrum�, an historical novel telling the story with Cicero’s secretary, Tiro, as narrator, is based closely on the known facts. Cicero’s execution without trial of the conspirators arrested in the city led to his own temporary exiling from Rome seven years later.

� Silanus and Murena were consuls in 62 but Pompey’s triumph, his third, was not celebrated until 61. For details of its unparalleled magnificence, see � HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompey" �https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompey�

� Julius Caesar was consul in 59 B.C., having reconciled his existing patron, Crassus, and Crassus’s erstwhile rival, Pompey, and the three then dominating Rome in an informal alliance known as`The First Trumvirate.’ Caesar was originally assigned only Illyricum (roughly modern Albania and a part of former Yugoslavia) and Cisalpine Gaul (the Po Valley) but Gallia Narbonensis was later added. For Caesar’s whole career see the PowerPoint at � HYPERLINK "https://linguae.weebly.com/caesar.html" �https://linguae.weebly.com/caesar.html�

� The Helvetii, whose name is preserved in the official name of Switzerland, Confederatio Helvetica, attempted to migrate into Gaul but were forced by Caesar to reurn tho their original home. The Sequani were originally divided from the Helveti by the Jura mountains but at the end of the 3rd century A.D.. Diocletian merged the latters’ territory into the fomers’ to create Provincia Maxima Sequanorum.

� Caesar’s two British expeditions were in 55 and 54. Although on the second occasion he crossed the Thames and defeated a tribal coalition under Cassivellaunus, the British submission was purely formal and the island remained independent until the Claudian invasion a century later. Eutropius also exaggerates British isolation: there was extensive trade across the Channel and the Britons will have been well aware of Caesar’s campaigns in Gaul.

� Literally `four hundred times’, with `a hundred thousand sesterces’ understood. This was the regular Roman method of expressing large sums of money.

� Caesar was defeate