Linguistic Semantic Presentasi

8/13/2019 Linguistic Semantic Presentasi

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SEMANTIC


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GROUP 7

DYAHAYU PRAMUSHINTA 122084203

ADI SASONGKO ROMADHON 122084204

TERY KUSUMAWARDANI 122084205

SAVIRA CESARANDARI 122084206


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WHAT IS SEMANTICS ???

Study of the meaning ofwords, phrases, and

sentences.


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Conceptual and Associative Meaning

CONCEPTUAL MEANING

Conceptual covers the basic or the

essential component of meaning that areconveyed by the literal use of words.

Example : Word Needle

Thin, Sharp,

Steel intrument.


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ASSOCIATIVE MEANING

Associative meaning focuses more on

the interpretation of words.Example : Word Needle

Pain

llness

Blood

Thread

Knitting or something hard to find.


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SEMANTICS FEATURES

The hamburger ate the boy

The table listens to the radio

The horse is reading newspaper

We should notice that the oddness of those

sentences does not derive from syntactic

structure.


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NP V NP

The Hamburger ate the boy.

Sintactically good, Semantically odd.


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Noun of Hamburger must be different from

noun of the boy, thereby preventing one from being

used as the subject of the verb ate.

The kind of noun must denote the entity that

is capable of eating

Hamburger ------ Not capable.

The boy----------- Capable.


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Diagram

table horse boy man girl woman

animate - + + + + +

human - - + + + +

female - - - - + +

adult - + - + - +


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Example:

The ________ is reading news paper.N [+ human].

Answer can be the boy, the man, the girl, the woman,

and all required feature [ + human].


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SEMANTICS ROLES

Lets take a look at the roles.

The boy kicked the ball. (verb action is KICK)

The noun phrases describe the roles of entities.

(People and things)


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AGENT AND THEME

The word the boy as the entity that

per forms the action , technically known as

Agent.

The word the ball as the entity that isinvolved in or af fected by action is called

Theme


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AGENT

Agents are typically Human, but they can be non-

human such as natural force, a machine, or a creature.

Example :

Human ( The boy, The man, The girl).

Non-human ( The wind, A car, The dog).


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THEME

The theme is typically non-human, but can behuman, as in The dog chased the boy. The physical

entity can appear in two different semantics roles.

Example :

The boy cu t himself .

The boyis the Agentand himsel f is Theme


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INSTRUMENT EXPERIENCER

Experiencer: animate entity

which perceives a stimulus or registers

a particular mental or emotional processor state. It appears with psychological

verbs or verbs of perception (e.g. see,

understand, hear, taste, frighten,etc.)John understood the problem


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Instrument: inanimate entity usedby an agent or experiencer in order to

do something to a patient or theme

John opened the lock with a key


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Location, Source, and Goal

Location: used to designate

where a situation takes place or where an

object is located.

They stayed at the village


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Source: it describes the origin (i.e.

Starting point) of a motion/trajectory.

Jennifer walked home from the office


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Goal: it describes the destination (i.e.

Endpoint) of a motion/trajectory.

Jennifer walked home from the office


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Lexical RelationWords we have been using everyday also

have relation to each other. We often explain the

meaning of the words in term of theirrelationship. We are characterizing the meaning

of each word, not in term of each component

features but in term of its relationship to other

words. This approach is used in semanticdescription of language and treated as the

analysis of lexical relation.


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Synonymy

Two or more words with very closely

related meaning are called synonyms.

Some common example of synonyms

are like; big/large, couch/sofa,

buy/purchase, cab/taxi.


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Though the sameness idea are using in

synonym does not mean they are in total

sameness meaning. There are many occasionswhen the synonym will be looked odd when

used to subtitute some words in sentence.

Sandy had only one answer correct on the

test,the word answerwill be looked odd

when replaced by reply.


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Antonymy

Two forms with opposite meanings are

called antonym.

For example : alive/dead, big/small,

fast/slow.


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Antonymy are usually divided into two main types,

gradable (opposite along a scale) and non-gradable (direct

opposite). Gradable antonymy can be used in comparative

constructions. For example Imbigger than you and a pony is

smaller than a horse. Non-gradable antonymy (also called

complementary pairs), comparative constructions are not

normally used. For example : male/female, married/single.


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Hyponymy

When the meaning of one form isincluded in the meaning of another, the

relationship is described as hyponymy.

Examples are the pairs: animal/dog,

dog/poodle, vegetable/carrot, flower/rose.


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Prototypes

The idea of thecharacteristic instance

of a category is known as the prototype.

The concept of a prototype helps explain

the meaning of certain words, like bird, not

in terms of component features (e.g. has

feathers,haswings)


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Homophones and

HomonymsWhen two or more different(written) form have the same

pronounciation, they are described

homophones.

Examples are bare/bear, meat/meet,flour/flower, sew/so and to/too/two


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We use homonyms when one form (written or

spoken) has two or more unrelated meanings as in this

examples:

-bank(of a river) -bank(financial institution)

-pupil(at school) -pupil(in the eye)

-race(contest of speed) -race(ethnic group)


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METONYMY Metonymy is a figure of speech that

replaces the name of one thing with

the name or something else closelyassociated with it.

Example:

1.He drank the whole bottle.2. The White House supports the bill.


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POLYSEMY

` Polysemy is the same form and related

meanings from two or more words.

For example, the word head use to

refer to the top of the body, top of a glass,

person at the top of company


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WORDPLAY The manipulation of language (in particular, the sounds

and meanings of words) with the intent to amuse are

described as wordplay, or we can called it as a playing

on words or speech sounds.

Example:

1. Mary had a little lamb= a small animal

Mary had a little lamb, some rice and vegetables = small

amount of meat

2. Why was 6 afraid of 7?

The answer is: because 789


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COLLOCATION

Collocation is a familiar grouping of

words especially words that habitually

appear together and thereby convey

meaning by association. Collocational

range refers to accompany a word. The

size of collocational range is partiallydetermined by a words level of specificity

and number of meanings.


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Example:

hammer = nail

Table = chair

Butter = bread


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Thank You

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Linguistic Semantic Presentasi